Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Parental emotional styles'

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Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
Psychology

The present study investigated parental attachment insecurity, specifically Insecure-Anxious and Avoidant attachment styles, and their relationship to children’s ADHD symptoms of hyperactivity, inattention and aggression. The study used a between­ subjects, correlational (cross­sectional) design and quantitative data was collected using reliable and valid self-report questionnaires. Data was analysed using SPSS 19.0. There were no significant differences in attachment insecurity or attachment styles between parents of ADHD and non-ADHD children. However a highly significant association was found between parental attachment insecurity and child aggression, and a moderate association with hyperactivity. There was no significant effect of attachment style, but the study was underpowered and a larger sample size may have differentiated specific effects of parental attachment style. The study used a largely non-clinical sample, with children who were low risk and significantly less impaired than the ADHD participants. A higher risk population would have potentially brought some of the trends of association between parental attachment and child symptoms to significant levels. The study concluded that parental insecure attachment, specifically Dual/Disorganised attachment style, contributes to the emotional environment that increases risk of child aggression and hyperactivity, however methodological limitations were acknowledged. Clinical implications were drawn and recommendations made for future research.

Previous research has been interested in studying parental emotion socialization practices in parents of typically developing (TD) children. The current study aimed to explore such practices among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Seventy-eight families participated in this study. Self-reported rating scales were adopted to measure the child's social competence, parenting stress and maternal emotional styles. As hypothesized, results showed significantly different patterns in maternal emotional styles between mothers of children with ASD and those with TD children. However, inconsistent to our hypothesis, the maternal emotional styles were found to be neither related to child's social competence nor parenting stress within the ASD group. Implications of findings on future research and practice are discussed.
published_or_final_version
Educational Psychology
Master
Master of Social Sciences

A revisão da literatura mostrou que há uma carência de estudos específicos para a avaliação do abuso emocional e de suas repercussões especialmente no Brasil. Esta dissertação consistiu em dois estudos: o primeiro foi uma revisão da literatura sobre as relações entre abuso emocional, autoestima, bem-estar subjetivo e estilos parentais percebidos. O segundo, teve como objetivo analisar as relações entre a memória de abuso emocional, autoestima, bem-estar subjetivo e verificar diferenças na incidência de memória de abuso emocional nos diferentes estilos parentais percebidos. Participaram 305 universitários (64,7% mulheres), de 17 a 62 anos (M= 21,6) de Porto Alegre. Os sujeitos responderam questionários para investigar: dados sócio-demograficos, abuso emocional, autoestima, afeto positivo e negativo, satisfação de vida e estilos parentais. Foram encontradas correlações negativas entre abuso emocional, autoestima e afeto positivo e satisfação de vida e correlações positivas entre abuso emocional, idade e afeto negativo. Os resultados também mostraram diferenças significativas entre as médias de memória de abuso emocional, autoestima e bem-estar subjetivo entre os diferentes estilos parentais. Os resultados do segundo estudo sugerem que os estilos parentais autoritário e negligente são prejudiciais ao desenvolvimento da autoestima, do bem-estar subjetivo e estão relacionados com memórias de abuso emocional.
The revision of literature showed a lack of specific instruments for the assessment of emotional abuse especially in Brazil. The present study consisted of two studies: the first one, a theoretical research about the relations between emotional abuse, self-esteem, subjective well-being and perceived parenting styles. The second study aimed to examine empirically the links between the memory of emotional abuse and self-esteem, subjective well-being and to verify the differences in the incidence of the memory of emotional abuse in the different perceived parenting styles. The participants consisted of 305 university students (64.7% women and 35.3% men), ranging from 17 to 62 years of age (M=21.6 years; SD=5.4), of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Subjects answered self-report questionnaires comprising demographics, emotional abuse in childhood, self-esteem, subjective well-being, and parenting styles. Negative correlations were found between emotional abuse and self-esteem, positive affect and life satisfaction. Positive correlations were found between emotional abuse, age and negative affect. Significant differences were found between the means of the memories of emotional abuse, self-esteem and subjective well-being between the different the parenting styles. The results shown in the second study suggest that the authoritarian and negligent parenting styles are harmful to the development of self-esteem, subjective well-being and are related with memories of emotional abuse.

Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti ryšį tarp tėvų auklėjimo stiliaus ir paauglių emocinių bei elgesio sunkumų. Tyrime dalyvavo 270 (152 merginos ir 118 vaikinų) Šakių „Žiburio“ gimnazijos, Šakių „Varpo“ vidurinės mokyklos ir Lukšių V.Grybo vidurinės mokyklos moksleiviai. Jų amžius – 16 – 17 metų. Paauglių nusikalstamumas, savižudybės, pasitraukimas iš mokyklos ir dar eilė problemų tampriai siejasi su paauglių emociniais ir elgesio sunkumais. Manoma, kad emociniai ir elgesio sunkumai yra susiję su vaiko aplinka, tai yra, tėvų auklėjimo stiliumi. Todėl kyla klausimas, kiek ir koks tėvų auklėjimas padeda paaugliams išvengti ir susitvarkyti su gyvenimo sunkumais. Remiantis literatūros analize, buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas atskleisti sąsajas tarp paauglių emocinių ir elgesio sunkumų bei paauglių suvokiamo tėvų auklėjimo stiliaus. Tyrimas atliktas taikant “Jaunimo klausimyną” (YSR 11/18: Youth Self-Report, Achenbach, 1991) ir EMBU klausimyną (EMBU: Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran, Arrindell, 1999; Arrindell et al., 1994). Siekiant nustatyti, kaip tėvų auklėjimo stiliai susiję su paauglių emociniais ir elgesio sunkumais buvo naudota daugialypė tiesinė regresija. Iš daugialypės tiesinės regresinės analizės rezultatų matyti, paaugliams vaikinams, kurie suvokia tėvo ir motinos auklėjimo stilių kaip atstūmimo ir emosinės šilumos bei globos trūkumą yra labiau išreikštas nusišalinimas / depresiškumas bei somatiniai simptomai. Nerimui / depresiškumui įtakos turi paauglių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The aim of the research: define the connection between the style of parental upbringing and emotional and behavioural difficulties of teenagers. 270 students (152 girls and 118 boys) of Šakiai „Žiburys“ gymnasium, Šakiai „Varpas“ and Lukšiai V. Grybas secondary schools participated in the research. Their age rage is 16-17 years. Criminality, suicides, absences from school and a lot of other problems are closely connected with emotional and behavioural difficulties of teenagers. It is thought that emotional and behavioural difficulties are in close relationship with their environment, i.e. the style of parental upbringing. Therefore the question is raised how and what style of parental upbringing helps teenagers to avoid and deal with difficulties in their lives. According to the literature analysis a research was carried out aiming to detect relation between emotional and behavioural difficulties of teenagers and the style of parental upbringing perceived by teenagers. The research was carried out using “Youth Self-Report” (YSR 11/18: Youth Self-Report, Achenbach, 1991) and EMBU questionnaire (EMBU: Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran, Arrindell, 1999; Arrindell et al., 1994). Multiple linear regression was used in order to define how the style of parental upbringing is related to emotional and behavioural difficulties. It can be seen from the result analysis of the multiple linear regression that teenage boys who understand the style of parental upbringing as alienation... [to full text]

This study aimed to explore the emotional and behavioral problems of Turkish adoptees and compare them with non-adopted peers raised by their biological parents. To fulfill this aim, 61 adopted children aged between 6-18 were compared to 62 age and gender matched non-adopted children. A second classification was made in terms of being followed in a child psychiatry unit. Both parents were asked to rate their children&rsquo
s problem behaviors on &ldquo
Child Behavior Check List / 6-18&rdquo
, temperament characteristics on &ldquo
School Age Temperament Inventory&rdquo
, their own personality traits on &ldquo
Basic Personality Traits Inventory&rdquo
and own parenting styles on &ldquo
Measure of Child Rearing Styles&rdquo
. Children were asked to rate both parents&rsquo
availability and reliability as attachment figures on &ldquo
Kerns Security Scale&rdquo
and parenting styles on &ldquo
Measure of Child Rearing Styles&rdquo
. Adolescents between ages 11-18, rated their own problem behaviors on &ldquo
Youth Self Report&rdquo
. Group differences and correlations were analyzed. The results indicated non-significant differences between adopted and non-adopted groups in all of the measures. Children in clinical group unit displayed more problem behaviors, were less task persistent and had more activity than children in non-clinical group. Children under 10 years rated their mothers as being more available attachment figure, being more accepting and responsive than their fathers. Contrary to the literature, age of the child at the time of adoption was not found to be related with problem behaviors or attachment relations. On the other hand, results indicated that the older the child learned about her/his adoption status, the more emotional and behavioral problems occurred. Findings of the study were discussed in the frame of relevant literature. Clinical and policy implications were offered.

L’obiettivo di questo progetto di ricerca è quello di esaminare il ruolo del parenting e dello stile emotivo del genitore con bambini con callous-unemotional traits (CU traits). In particolare, il presente lavoro di ricerca vuole indagare l’associazione tra parenting e difficoltà comportamentali ed emotive del figlio, considerando il ruolo di interazione delle emozioni e degli stili emotivi genitoriali durante la prima infanzia. Per fare questo, il presente lavoro prende in considerazione non solo dimensioni strettamente legate alle pratiche di parenting ma incentrate su dimensioni affettive connesse con l’esperienza di genitorialità. The purpose of this research project is to examine the role of parenting, and the parental emotional styles on children’s callous-unemotional traits (CU traits). Particularly, the study aims to investigate the association between parenting and children's behavioral and emotional difficulties, considering the co-occurring role of parental feelings and emotional styles in early childhood. In so doing, the current research takes into account not only variables strictly connected to parenting practices but also focused specifically on affective dimensions of parenting.

Text in Afrikaans
The child in early middle childhood experiences certain developmental changes. He is absorbed in the foundation phase of the formal education system and parents are no longer the most important authoritative figures. Social interaction now also includes the school environment and peer groups start playing a very important role. To face the new challenges, the possession of EI skills is of cardinal importance. The ability to observe, recognise and understand personal and other people's emotions and to react correctly is now developed. The study, a quantitive research process, is directed by holism as the point of departure from the Gestalt approach in which `totality' is a key concept. According to this concept all situations in the child's terms of reference will influence his development, including the parental style of his parents. The purpose of the study therefore was to determine and describe the correlation between parental style and emotional intelligence.
Social Work
M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

O estudo procura explorar as práticas de bullying nas escolas angolanas, tendo como suporte teórico o modelo ecológico de Bronfenbrenner (1994) e o modelo tripartido da influência familiar na regulação emocional (Morris, Silk, Steinberg, Myers & Robinson, 2007). Pretende-se analisar o papel da regulação emocional na relação entre a família (estilos parentais) e o (des)ajustamento (bullying e bem-estar subjetivo) e a moderação das características dos pais e das crianças. Os participantes são 544 estudantes angolanos, de ambos os sexos, entre os 10 e os 16 anos, das províncias de Benguela, Huíla e Luanda. O instrumento é um questionário de autorrelato, adaptado ao contexto angolano. O estudo foi aprovado pelas Direções Provinciais da Educação e consideraram todos os procedimentos éticos, de acordo com a OPP e a APA. De acordo com os resultados, o desenvolvimento da regulação emocional, através de práticas parentais mais adequadas, poderá prevenir o bullying e promover um maior bem-estar das crianças e jovens.
This research attempts to explore bullying practices in Schools of Angola, based on the technical support of the theoretic ecologic method of Bronfenbrenner (1994) and the tripartite model of family influence in emotional regulation of the family (Morris, Silk, Steinberg, Myers & Robinson, 2007). It intends to analyze the role of emotional regulation in the relationship between the family (parental styles) and the (mal)adjustment (bullying and subjective well-being) and the moderation of the parents and children characteristics. The participants are 544 (five hundred and forty four) Angolan students, both genders, between 10 to 16 years old, from the provinces of Benguela, Huila and Luanda. The applied instrument is a self-report questionnaire, adapted to the Angola Context. This research has received approval from Provincial Directions of Education in respective provinces, having considered all the ethic procedures as being in accordance with the OPP and the APA. The results of the study showed that the emotional development regulation, throughout the most adequate practices, might prevent bullying and promote well-being of children and young people.

This research was undertaken to analyse and evaluate the nature and quality of the role of parents in terms of the development of emotional intelligence in their adolescents. The results of this study indicate that emotional intelligence does appear to be higher in adolescents who have been exposed to a caregiver whose predominant style of parenting is that of an emotion coach. Parenting style therefore, appears to be related to a nurturant interaction with open communication and empathy. The adolescents who displayed less of the characteristics of emotional intelligence and experienced a low self-concept, perceived their primary caregivers as less empathetic, as communicating their emotions less effectively and as less able to put strategies into place to deal with their emotions. The researcher recognised limitations of the research and made recommendations on ways in which parents and adolescents can create more suitable environments for the development of emotional intelligence.
Psychology of Education
M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
教育心理與輔導學系
105
The purpose of this study aims to explore the relationship among emotional labor, parent-child relationship amd the humor styles of elementary school teachers. Questionnaire survey was used and 302 copies were distributed to elementary school teachers with stratified sampling in Taipei City. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson's product-moment correlation, and canonical correlation were employed for further analysis. The conclusions are as follows: 1.Teachers in elementary schools perceive high level of emotional labor. Their parent-child relationship is highly positive and tends to have affiliative humor style. 2.Female teachers’ deep acting, genuine expression in emotional labor and emotional attachment are higher than male teachers. Male teachers use more aggressive humor and self-defeating humor than female teachers. 3.Teachers in the seniority of 10 years are higher perceived in the diversity of emotional displays. 4.The teachers who are in the same school with their children have higher variety of emotional displays and higher emotional attachment than those who are not in the same school with their children. 5.There is a positive correlation between emotional labor and parent-child relationship for elementary school teachers. 6.There is a positive correlation between positive humor style and emotional labor, parent-child relationship for elementary school teachers. 7.There is a negative correlation between negative humor styles and emotional labor, parent-child relationship for elementary school teachers. 8.The higher deep acting, genuine expression and regulations of emotional displays of elementary school teachers are perceived, the better the trust and respect, emotional attachment are received. 9.The higher the variety of emotional displays of the elementary school teachers is perceived, the worse interactive relationship is received. 10.The more aggressive humor and self-defeating humor of elementary school teachers are perceived, the higher deep acting, genuine expression and regulations of emotional displays are received. 11.The more affiliative humor and self-enhancing humor of elementary school teachers are perceived, the better the trust and respect, emotional attachment and interactive relationship are received. The more aggressive humor and self-defeating humor of elementary school teachers are perceived, the worse the trust and respect, emotional attachment and interactive relationship are received. Finally, according to the results, suggestions are also provided for elementary school teachers, schools and future studies.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica
Aos olhos da sociedade, a adolescência é considerada um conjunto de alterações que o adolescente sofre ao longo do tempo tornando esta etapa complexa e levando à constante adaptação e regulação do jovem. Para que o adolescente beneficie de um melhor desenvolvimento, é importante a participação da família ao longo desta fase, uma vez que a natureza das relações influência diretamente o desenvolvimento dos sujeitos. Além disso, as relações parentais são ainda consideradas um dos fatores principais que influenciam a saúde mental dos jovens. Esta investigação tem como objetivo principal analisar o papel mediador da regulação emocional do adolescente na relação entre os estilos parentais e o bem-estar emocional, psicológico e social do jovem. Participaram neste estudo 351 adolescentes com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e 21 anos (M= 18,7). De modo a verificarmos este objetivo, foram aplicados 3 questionários para além dos dados sociodemográficos: Questionário de Estilos Educativos Parentais Revisto (QEEP-r); Questionário da regulação das emoções 2; Escala Contínua da Saúde Mental – versão reduzida (Jovens) (MHC-SF). Os resultados deste estudo indicam como esperado, que as variáveis em análise estão correlacionadas. A análise dos modelos de mediação para as variáveis, permitiu concluir que existe uma mediação parcial da Regulação Emocional na relação entre os estilos parentais e o Bem-estar emocional, psicológico e social dos jovens. Adicionalmente foi ainda verificada a existência de uma diferença significativa na perceção que os adolescentes fazem do estilo parental do pai e da mãe, contudo é importante referir que o sexo do próprio individuo não teve impacto.
In the eyes of society, adolescence is considered a of changes that the adolescent suffers over time, making this stage complex and leading to the constant adaptation and regulation of the youth. For the adolescent to benefit from a better development, the family's participation throughout the phase is important, since the nature of the relationships directly influences their development. In addition, family relationships are also considered one of the main factors that influence individuals’ mental health. This investigation aims to analyze the mediating role of adolescent emotional regulation in the relationship between parenting styles and the psychological well-being of young people. This study has the participation of 351 adolescents aged between 14 and 21 years (M= 18,7). In order to verify the objective of the present investigation, 3 questionnaires were applied in addition to the sociodemographic data: Revised Parental Educational Styles Questionnaire (QEEP-r); Emotion regulation questionnaire 2; Continuum Mental Health Scale – short version (Youth) (MHC-SF). The results of this study indicate, as expected, that the variables under analysis are correlated. The analysis of mediation models for the other variables allowed us to conclude that there is a partial mediation of Emotional Regulation in the relationship between parenting styles and the well-being of young people. Additionally, it was found that there is a significant difference in the perception that adolescents make about the parenting style of the father and mother, however it is important to mention that the sex of the individual himself had no impact.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
輔導與諮商學系研究所
97
Abstract The purposes of this study were to explore, parenting styles, parent-child interaction, and emotional stability for the new-immigrant children. We wanted to analyze the relationships among new-immigrant children’s personal profiles, parenting styles, parent-child interaction, and emotional stability. 543 subjects were chosen from the new-immigrant members and native children in Taichung city and Taichung country. All subjects were measured by,〝Parenting Styles Scale〞, 〝Parent-Child Interaction Scale〞, 〝Emotional Stability Scale〞. All data had been dealt and analyzed by SPSS for Windows 10.0, descriptive statistics, one-way MANOVA, Pearson’s Product-Moment correlation and Multiple Stepwise Regression Analysis. Summary of the results of this study were as follows: 1. The new-immigrant children (native children) who perceived authoritative parenting style and neglect parenting style were highest on Father and Mother. 2. There was significant difference in emotional stability between different parenting styles. 3. There was significant difference in emotional stability between different parent-child interaction. 4. There were significant positive corrlations between Parenting styles and emotional stability. 5. There were significant positive corrlations between parent-child interaction and emotional stability. 6. The new-immigrant children’s physical interaction of father and psychological interaction of mother may serve as predictors of their emotional stability. According to the above conclusions, some suggestions to parents, school educational workers, and future researchers are provided.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
教育心理與輔導學系在職進修碩士班
98
The research aims to explore the relationship among parenting styles, parent-child relationship,and emotional intelligence.There are four purposes included in the research:(1)explore the differences of parenting styles,parent-child relationship and emotional intelligence among new immigrant children of different background variables.(2)explore the differences of parenting styles,parent-child relationship and emotional intelligence between new immigrant children and native children.(3)investigate the relationships of parenting stylea,parent-child relationship and emotional intelligence of new immigrant children.(4)analyze the predicability for emotional intelligence between parenting styles,parent-child relationship of new immigrant children. New immigrant childrens and native children form 4th to 6th grade in I-Lan County were survied .Such research tools as the questionnaire for “personal basic data”, “parenting styles scale”, “parent-child relationship scale”. “the scale of emotional intelligence for elementary student”were utilized here.all results were analyzed by statistical methods such as “descripitive statistics”, “one way Manova”, “Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation”and “Multiple Stepwise Regression Analysis.” The research results can be concluded as follows: 1. in terms of gender. Schoolgirls of new immigrant children had better score of intrapersonal emotional intelligence obviously than schoolboys of new immigrant children. 2. new immigrant children whose mothers from china have better parenting styles and better parent-children relationship than mothers form southeasten countries. 3. in terms of familiy structure,the new immigrant children who live with parent have better mother’s responsiveness and better positive parent-child relationship than those who live with single parent. 4. as to nationalities,the native children have better positve parent-children relationship and better emotional intelligence than the new immigrant children. 5. it revealed positive correlation on the attitude toward perceived maternal parenting styles and emtotional intelligence among new immigrant children. 6. it revealed positive correlation on the attitude toward positive parent-child relationship and emotional intelligence among new immigrant children. 7. 42% of variations of emotional intelligence can be effectively predicted by percived matemal parenting styles and parent-children relationship In the end,the researcher based upon these findings and discuss them adequately.and provide concrete suggestions as references for parents,schools, and further studies.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
心理與諮商學系碩士班
102
The purpose of this study was to explore the relations among college students’ perception of parental marital relationships, emotion regulation, and conflict-coping styles in love relationship. Participants were college students in Taiwan. There are 691 students as subjects, 224 males and 387 females. The instruments included “Perception of Parental Marital Relationships Scale”, “Emotion Regulation Scale” and “Conflict-Coping Styles Scale”. The research data were analyzed by using description statistics, Pearson’s product moment correlation and hierarchical regression. The results were summarized as followed: 1. The male college students’ parental marital relationships of “Get along” was positively correlated with conflict-coping styles of “Seek for support” in love relationship. 2. The female college students’ parental marital relationships was positively correlated with conflict-coping styles in love relationship. 3. Findings highlight emotion regulation as full mediation between the parental marital relationships and conflict-coping styles of female college students, but which is none mediation of male college students.

A compreensão emocional, bem como, a comunicação das emoções são competências relevantes na idade pré-escolar, com impacto em diversas áreas do desenvolvimento. Nestas idades, os Estilos Parentais adotados pela mãe e pelo pai podem assumir um papel central nas experiências das crianças ao nível emocional, nomeadamente, no auto-conhecimento, auto-regulação e no ajuste das suas interações com os outros. Neste sentido, analisou-se as relações entre os estilos parentais e a compreensão emocional das crianças, controlando as variáveis sociodemográficas dos pais (idade e habilitações literárias) e da criança (idade, sexo). Partriciparam 41 crianças portuguesas, em idade pré-escolar e ambas as figuras parentais. Foram aplicados o Teste de Compreensão Emocional (TEC) às crianças e o Questionário de Estilos e Dimensões Parentais (QDEP) aos pais. Os resultados indicaram que as variáveis sociodemográficas dos progenitores não se encontram associadas aos Estilos Parentais, nem às competências emocionais das crianças. A idade das crianças está associada a todas as Fases da Compreensão Emocional, não existindo diferenças em função do sexo. A componente "Reconhecimento das Emoções" referente à Fase Externa da Compreensão Emocional foi a que apresentou maior percentagem de acertos. Verificam-se associações positivas e significativas entre o Estilo Parental Materno Autoritário e a Fase Mental, assim como, o Estilo Parental Materno Autoritativo e a Fase Reflexiva. Foram encontradas associações negativas e significativas entre o Estilo Parental Materno Permissivo Materno e a Fase Mental, assim como, Estilo Parental Materno Autoritário e a Fase Reflexiva, verificando-se o mesmo para o Estilo Parental Paterno Permissivo e a Fase Reflexiva.
The emotional comprehension, as its communication, are relevant competences in preschool age, affecting diverse areas of development. At these ages, the Parental Styles adopted by the parents can assume a central role in the child’s experiences in an emotional level, namely in self-knowledge, self-regulation and in the adjustment of interactions with others. In this sense, we sought to determine the extent to which the sociodemographic variables of the parents (age and literacy) and child (age, sex) may be associated with predictor variables (Parental Styles) and criterion (Emotional Comprehension). Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyse the emotional comprehension of 41 portuguese children, pre-school age, based on the hierarchical model proposed by Pons et al. (2004) and the Parenting Styles of the mother and the father. The Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC) and the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) were applied in this study. The results indicate that the sociodemographic variables of the parents are not associated to the Parenting Styles reported by them, nor to the emotional competences of the children. The age of the children is associated with all the phases of the Emotional Comprehension, and there are no differences according to sex. The component "Recognition of Emotions" related to the External Phase of Emotional Comprehension was the one that presented the highest percentage of correct answers. However, the children in the sample also showed competence in the "Morality" component of the Reflective Phase of the development in terms of the comprehension of the emotion. There are positive and significant associations between the Authoritative Maternal Parenting Style and the Mental Phase, as well as the Maternal Parenting Style and the Reflexive Phase. Negative and significant associations were found between the Maternal Permissive Maternal Style and the Mental Phase, as well as the Maternal Authoritative Parenting Style and the Reflexive Phase, with the same for the Permissive Parenting Style and the Reflexive Phase.

Traditionally seen as a time for increasing independence and autonomy, the college experience is often the first major, long-term physical separation from parents (Chickering, 1969; Chickering & Reisser, 1993). For previous generations, living away from home provided conditions for autonomy development partially based on infrequent contact with parents. In contrast, the rapid evolution of communication technology in the recent past allows today's generation of college students to connect to their parents instantly and frequently through a variety of electronic means including cellular phone calls, text messages, emails, video chats, and social media. The current study used self-report data from 180 residential college students at a mid-sized private institution in the southeastern United States to explore parent-child communication patterns as they relate to parenting styles and the development of emotional autonomy and adjustment to college. Emotional autonomy was measured with items from the Emotional Autonomy Scale (EAS; Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986). Following Beyers, Goossens, Van Calster, & Duriez (2005), a separation scale (derived from the EAS subscales of parental deidealization, nondependence on parents, and individuation) was used as a measure of emotional autonomy. Two scales from the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (Baker & Siryk, 1989) measured students' academic and social adjustment to college.

Results indicated that, in a given week, students reported an average contact frequency (with both parents combined) of 10.92 cell phone calls, 49.88 text messages, and 6.04 email exchanges. Contact was initiated by students and parents at roughly the same rates, and females had more contact with parents than males, in general. Facebook was more popular than Twitter and Instagram for connecting with parents through social media, and the majority of students felt either neutral or positive about being "Facebook friends" with their parents. Overall, students reported high satisfaction with both the frequency and the quality of communication with their parents. Greater levels of parental closeness significantly predicted higher satisfaction with the parent-child Facebook friendship.

The relationships between the traditional parenting styles of permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian parenting (Baumrind, 1991) were investigated in relation to communication patterns, autonomy, and adjustment. Helicopter parenting was also included as a predictor variable, though it is considered separate from the traditional parenting styles (Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012). Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that parents' higher scores on authoritarian parenting and helicopter parenting predicted more frequent cell phone contact with parents. Parental closeness also emerged as a significant, positive predictor of frequency of cell phone and total communication. Students who talked on their cell phones more frequently overall (not including parental contacts) tended to talk to their parents more often on the phone, and the same went for texting, as well.

Helicopter parenting also predicted lower emotional autonomy, which was in line with the only previous study of helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood (Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012). Surprisingly, authoritative and permissive parenting significantly predicted lower emotional autonomy, while authoritarian parenting was related to greater autonomy. Analyses investigating frequency of cell phone contact with parents as a moderator of this relationship indicated that more frequent phone conversations predicted decreased autonomy when parents were more authoritative. High levels of authoritarian parenting, on the other hand, resulted in higher levels of autonomy regardless of how often students talked on the phone with parents, while high contact with less authoritarian parents predicted decreased autonomy. Frequency of cell phone contact with parents was unrelated to academic and social adjustment to college. Findings are discussed in light of previous research and situated within a framework proposing that technological advances in communication have contributed to lengthening the path to adulthood.

Dissertation

Códigos PsycINFO: 2950 Casamento e Família, 2956 Educação Infantil e Cuidado da Criança, 2970 Papéis de Género e Problemáticas do Género Feminino
O aumento da participação da mulher no mercado de trabalho representa uma das grandes mudanças na sociedade portuguesa, que maior destaque representou na reorganização da estrutura familiar. O papel do pai adquire, assim, novas formas, passando a ser expectável que assuma de modo mais demarcado uma posição de cuidador e não somente suporte financeiro. Neste sentido, com uma amostra de 27 mães, pais e crianças, visou-se analisar de que forma as cinco dimensões do envolvimento paterno se encontram relacionadas com os estilos parentais educativos e a compreensão emocional de crianças dos 3 aos 5 anos, tendo em conta algumas variáveis sociodemográficas. Os resultados indicam que, na perspetiva das mães, as atividades de cuidados são frequentemente realizadas pelas mesmas, ao passo que nas atividades de brincadeira e lazer os pais tendem a manter uma partilha de tarefas mais igualitária. Foram ainda encontradas associações entre as dimensões do envolvimento do pai (variável associada à quantidade), tanto ao nível dos cuidados como da socialização, e os estilos parentais (variável associada à qualidade). Todavia, não se verificaram correlações significativas entre o envolvimento, os estilos e a compreensão das emoções. Estudos compreendendo as dimensões do envolvimento e os estilos tornam-se necessários para melhor se compreender o impacto e benefícios da relação pai-criança, no desenvolvimento das crianças, nomeadamente a nível emocional.
The increase in women’s participation in the labor market represents one of the great changes in Portuguese society, and implied a huge reorganization in family structure. The father’s role thus acquires new forms, being expectable to take a more definite position as caregiver and not only as a finance supporter. In this context, we aimed to analyze, in a sample of 27 mothers, fathers and children, how the five dimensions of paternal involvement were related to educational parenting styles and the emotional comprehension of children aged 3 to 5, attending, also, to socio-demographic variables. Results show that, from the mothers’ perspective, care activities are often carried out by themselves, while in playing and leisure activities fathers tend to sustain an identical sharing of tasks. Associations were found between the fathers involvement dimensions (a quantity-related variable), both in terms of caring and socialization, and parenting styles (a quality-related variable). However, there were no significant correlations between involvement, parenting styles and emotions. More studies on the involvement dimensions and parenting styles arise as necessary in order to better understand the impact and benefits of father-child relationships on children´s development, particularly at emotional level.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Temas de Psicologia do Desenvolvimento apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
A influência parental para o desenvolvimento de habilidades emocionais e bem-estar dos seus filhos, é considerada como um fator importante para o desenvolvimento pessoal tanto da fase da adolescência como para os adultos emergentes, que se encontram no intermédio de uma fase de preparação para a vida adulta. Este estudo, tendo em conta estes dois grupos da faixa etária, pretende avaliar a dimensão da importância dos estilos educativos parentais e a sua relação com a inteligência emocional e o bem-estar subjetivo, tal como aferir relações básicas de predição entre variáveis, especialmente com as dimensões do bem-estar subjetivo. A amostra é composta por 398 estudantes, 193 do sexo feminino e 205 do sexo masculino. Com dois grupos de idades um com 143 adolescentes (15-18 anos) e outro com 255 adultos emergentes (18-25 anos). Os valores de consistência interna são equivalentes aos de outros estudos, sendo até nalgumas dimensões superiores. As diferenças entre estes dois grupos não são estatisticamente significantes o que justifica a aplicação de todas as escalas num espetro mais alargado de idades, algo também apoiado pela análise fatorial, porém não se verificou o mesmo com o género da amostra. O bem-estar subjetivo e os estilos educativos parentais correlacionam-se de forma fraca a moderada com a inteligência emocional. Os estilos educativos parentais sozinhos predizem em cerca de 23,7% a satisfação com a vida, que aumenta até 38,7% quando incluídas dimensões das escalas de inteligência emocional. Já o afeto positivo é predizído em no máximo 22,5% e o afeto negativo em 24,9% no máximo.
The parental influence for the development of emotional skills and well-being of their offspring is considered as an important factor in personal growth both in the adolescence phase, as well as in emerging adulthood, which are placed in between a preparation phase for the adult life. This study, regarding these two age groups, aims to evaluate the dimension of the importance of parenting styles and their relation with emotional intelligence and subjective well-being as well as to assess basic predictability between variables, especially with the dimensions of subjective well-being.The sample is comprised of 398 students, 193 female and 205 male. With two age groups, one with 143 adolescents (15-18 years), the other with 255 emerging adults (18-25 years). The internal consistency values (Cronbach’s alpha) are in pair with other studies, if not superior in some dimensions. The differences between these two groups are not statistically significant which justifies the use of the scales for a broader age range, something that is also supported by the factorial analysis, although that is not the case for gender. The subjective well-being and parenting styles correlate in a weakly to moderate fashion with emotional intelligence. The parenting styles alone predict about 23,7% of life satisfaction with increases up to 38,7% when dimensions from the emotional intelligence scales are included. The positive affect is predicted at a maximum of 22,5% and the negative affect to 24,9% maximum.

Tese de doutoramento em Psicologia, na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica, apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
De acordo com as estimativas da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS, 2009), o suicídio constitui uma das principais causas de morte entre os indivíduos dos 15 aos 24 anos de idade. O comportamento suicidário não letal constitui o principal fator de risco para o suicídio (Corcoran et al., 2004; Nimeus et al., 2002; Reinherz et al., 2006; Sidley et al., 1999; Brown, Beck, et al., 2000). A prevalência tanto da ideação suicida como da tentativa de suicídio têm vindo a aumentar consideravelmente entre os adolescentes, nos últimos anos (Rey et al., 1998). Não são conhecidos estudos sobre os comportamentos suicidários em Cabo Verde. O objetivo principal da presente dissertação foi analisar os comportamentos suicidários (ideação e para-suicídio) em adolescentes cabo-verdianos. Especificamente, pretendeu-se avaliar a prevalência de ideação suicida e de para-suicídio nessa população, e analisar os seus correlatos psicológicos e demográficos. Isto é, avaliar a contribuição das variáveis sintomatologia depressiva, desesperança, ansiedade, perceção de suporte social, autocompaixão, autocriticismo, autotranquilização, comparação social, vergonha externa, derrota, encurralamento, comportamentos de submissão, experiências de vida precoces, estilos parentais na infância, qualidade dos relacionamentos interpessoais, regulação emocional e variáveis sociodemográficos, na predição da ideação suicida. E a contribuição das variáveis de rank social na predição do para-suicídio nessa população. Os estudos, de desenho transversal, foram realizados em amostras não clínicas e clínica, num total de 2017 adolescentes cabo-verdianos de ambos os géneros, dos 14 aos 22 anos de idade. Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma prevalência tanto de ideação suicida como de para-suicídio entre os adolescentes estudados similares às de diversos países onde esses comportamentos já são considerados problemas de saúde pública. Os resultados dos estudos sublinham ainda a importância das variáveis do rank social (especialmente a derrota, o encurralamento externo e o encurralamento interno), da sintomatologia depressiva e da desesperança, na predição da ideação suicida. Ademais, realçam a função protetora da perceção do suporte social da família na génese da ideação suicida. Por outro lado, os resultados evidenciaram a importância e impacto das experiências de vida precoces de ameaça, submissão e desvalorização na ideação suicida, e o papel mediador das dificuldades de regulação emocional na relação entre as experiências de vida precoces e a ideação suicida. Na amostra clínica os resultados mostraram a importância das variáveis do rank, especialmente a derrota, e de níveis elevados de sintomatologia depressiva na predição do para-suicídio. Em síntese, os resultados desta dissertação sublinharam a importância das variáveis do rank na predição da ideação suicida e do para-suicídio, da perceção do suporte social enquanto fator protetor da predição da ideação suicida, e da regulação emocional enquanto mediador da relação entre as experiências de vida precoces e a ideação suicida. Esses resultados parecem importantes para esforços de prevenção que procurem reduzir os comportamentos suicidários e para a promoção da investigação nas áreas da saúde pública e saúde mental em Cabo Verde.
According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2009) estimates, suicide is one of the leading causes of death among individuals from 15 to 24 years old. Nonlethal suicidal behaviour is are the main risk factor for suicide (Corcoran et al., 2004; Nimeus et al., 2002; Reinherz et al., 2006; Sidley et al., 1999; Brown, Beck, et al., 2000). The prevalence for both suicidal ideation and suicide attempt has been substantially rising among adolescents in the last years (Rey et al., 1998). There are no studies about suicidal behaviors in Cape Verde. The main aim of the current dissertation is to analyze suicidal behaviours (ideation and parasuicide) in Cape Verdean adolescents. Specifically, we aim at assessing the prevalence of suicidal ideation and parasuicide in such population, and at examining their psychological and demographical correlates. That is, to assess the contribution of the variables depressive symptomatology, hopelessness, anxiety, social support, selfcompassion, self-criticism, self-reassurance, social comparison, external shame, defeat, entrapment, submissive behaviours, early life experiences, parental styles in childhood, quality of interpersonal relationships, emotion regulation, gender, age, years of education, marital status and occupation, in the prediction of suicidal ideation. And the contribution of the ranking variables in predicting suicide attempts in this population. The studies, with a cross-sectional design, were conducted in nonclinical and clinical samples, comprising a total of 2017 Cape Verdean adolescents of both genders, with ages ranging from 14 to 22 years old. The results showed a not negligible prevalence of both suicidal ideation and parasuicide among the studied adolescents. They highlight the importance of social ranking variables (especially external shame, internal and external entrapment, and submissive behaviours), of depressive symptomatology and of hopelessness, in the prediction of suicidal ideation. Moreover, they emphasize the protective function of family social support in the onset of suicidal ideation. On the other hand, the results revealed the importance and the impact that early life experiences of threat, submissiveness and devaluation have on suicidal ideation, and the mediational role that difficulties in emotion regulation play in such association. In the clinical sample the results showed the importance of ranking variables, especially defeat, and of increased levels of depressive symptomatology, in predicting suicide attempt. To sum up, the results of this dissertation underline the importance of ranking variables in predicting suicidal ideation and parasuicide, of the perception of social support as a protective factor in the prediction of suicidal ideation, and of emotion regulation as a mediator on the relationship between early life experiences and suicidal ideation. These results are important to promote prevention efforts aimed at reducing suicidal behaviours, and to promote research and prevention efforts in the field of mental health in Cape Verde.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
社會政策與社會工作學系
87
This study aimed at understanding the extent of life stress, coping style, social support and emotional adjustment(depressive symptomatology and anxiety), as well as examining the relationship between life stress, coping style, social support and emotional adjustment. Data were collected through mailed questionnaire from the 119 single parents who received services from the Sunflower Association sponsored by the Kaohsiung County Government. Statistical procedures used in this study included factor analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, T-test, one way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. The major findings of this study were as follows： (1)The independent variables explained 27.85% of the variance in the single parents’ depressive symptomatology, and the significant correlates were：life stress and the extant of satisfaction in journal social support . Life stress was the most important correlate of single parents’ depressive symptomatology. (2)The independent variables explained 25.71% of the variance in the extent of anxiety among single parents. Life stress were the only significant correlate anxiety. Base on these findings, this study proposed some recommendations for the social work practitiones who work with parent families： (1)to help single parents maintain and establish social support network. (2)to concern the issue of single parents’ emotion of adjustment, and to provide training courses regarding emotion management. (3)to help single parents form self-help support groups.

Orientação: Fernanda Salvaterra
O objectivo desta investigação foi estudar a relação entre a segurança de vinculação das crianças e a representação da vinculação, as práticas educativas e estilos parentais, com a finalidade de compreender a ligação entre estas variáveis e o ajustamento emocional das crianças. Este estudo foi constituído por 36 díades Pais-Filhos, com crianças entre os 7 e os 12 anos de idade. Os instrumentos utilizados para os pais foram: Escala de Vinculação no Adulto - EVA, para avaliar a representação da vinculação nos adultos, a Escala de memórias na Infância para pais - EMBU-P, que avalia as práticas educativas do pais e, o Questionário de Dimensões e Estilos Parentais - QDEP, que avalia os estilos educativos dos pais segundo a tipologia de Baumrind. Os instrumentos utilizados para as crianças foram: Kerns Security Scale - KSS, que avalia a segurança de vinculação ao pai e à mãe e, as memórias na Infânica para Crianças - EMBU-C , que avalia as práticas educativas parentais percebidas pelas crianças. Nesta investigação, a relação entre a representação da vinculação aos pais não foi conclusiva, não se tendo verificado a nível estatístico. No entanto, pode-se concluir a influência das práticas educativas no ajustamento emocional dos filhos.
The general goal of this investigation was to study the relation between security attachment in child’s and the representation, educational practices and parenting styles of parents, analysing the relation between this variables with the emotional adjustment on children. This study was composed with 36 dyads Parents-Child, with childs between 7 and 12 years old. The instruments to evaluate the parents were: Escala de Vinculação no Adulto – EVA, to evaluate the representations of attachment in adults, the Escala de Memórias na Infância para Pais – EMBU-P, to evaluate the parenting practices on parents and the Questionário de Dimensões e Estilos Parentais – QDEP to evaluate the parenting styles of parents by Baumerind typology. The instruments used on child’s were the Kerns Security Scale – KSS, to evaluate the security of attachment in both parents and the Memórias na Infância para Crianças – EMBU-C, to evaluate the perceptions of parenting styles on children. In this investigation the relation between attachments was not conclusive because it was not possible to verify statistically. However it was possible to conclude the influence of educational practice of the parents in emotional adjustment of the children.

Orientação : Ana Filipa Beato
Vários modelos teóricos e estudos empíricos apontam para o papel do contexto familiar para o surgimento e manutenção de problemas de ansiedade em crianças e adolescentes. Comportamentos parentais, como o controlo e a promoção de autonomia, têm um papel importante e comprovado no reforço e manutenção da ansiedade nos filhos. Porém, o papel que as cognições e emoções parentais podem ter no desenvolvimento e no incremento da ansiedade infantil, tem sido menos abordado na literatura. Assim, a presente investigação tem como principal objetivo identificar as cognições e as emoções dos pais (n=46; 50% mães) de crianças com perturbações de ansiedade, numa situação real em que o filho se tenha sentido ansioso e numa situação hipotética/ambígua potencialmente ansiogénica. Adicionalmente, procurou-se explorar as cognições e emoções dos pais consoante o género parental em ambas as situações (reais e hipotéticas). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria dos pais interpretaram as situações reais como uma ameaça e pais interpretaram o cenário ambíguo de tipo físico como ameaçador ao contrário do cenário hipotético de tipo social. Não se verificaram diferenças significativas na análise das interpretações e emoções dos pais em função do género parental tanto em situações reais como nas hipotéticas. Considera-se que a presente investigação representa um contributo para a literatura empírica permitindo aprofundar interpretações parentais sobre a ansiedade dos filhos, pela forma como se centra na identificação das cognições e emoções parentais, permitindo assim, uma melhor abordagem terapêutica.
Several theoretical models and empirical studies point out the role of the family context regarding the emergence and maintenance of anxiety problems in children and adolescents. Parental behavior, such as control and promotion of autonomy, play an important and proven role in strengthening and maintaining anxiety in children. However, the role that parental cognitions and emotions may play in the development and increase of childhood anxiety has been less addressed in the literature. Thus, the main objective of the present investigation is to identify the cognitions and emotions of parents (n = 46; 50% mothers) of children with anxiety disorders, in real life situation where the child felt anxious and in a hypothetical / ambiguous situation potentially anxiogenic. Additionally, we sought to explore the cognitions and emotions of parents according to parental gender in both situations (real and hypothetical). The results showed that most parents interpreted real situations as a threat and the ambiguous scenario of physical type as threatening unlike the hypothetical scenario of social type. There were no significant differences in the comparison of parents' interpretations and emotions according to parental gender in both real and hypothetical situations. Regarding this, the present investigation adds contribute to the empirical literature, allowing a deeper interpretation of children’s’ anxiety considering the focus in identifying parental cognitions and emotions, promoting an improved therapeutic approach.

The relevance of the topic is due to the crisis state of the modern family, an increase in the number of problem families, multiplied by the number of manifestations of deviant behavior among children. The topic is socially significant and insufficiently studied. Object of study: the moral sphere of senior preschoolers. Subject of research: cognitive and emotional components of the moral sphere of older preschoolers, depending on the relationship with parents. Objective: to identify the relationship between the characteristics of relationships with parents and indicators of the moral sphere of senior preschoolers. The master's thesis consists of introduction, 2 chapters, conclusion, list of references (59 sources) and applications. The work consists of 71 pages, 6 tables and 9 figures. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, sets goals and objectives, defines the object and subject of research, formulates hypotheses, research methods and an empirical basis. The first chapter includes a review and analysis of the literature on the research problem, a description of the basic concepts. Psychological constructs are examined in detail: the moral sphere of older preschoolers, the style of parent-child interaction. The conclusions in the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It provides a description of the progress of the study and interpretation of the results. Based on the data obtained, conclusions on the relationship between the characteristics of the moral sphere and the characteristics of relationships with parents of older preschoolers are demonstrated. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, are summarized in general form, the practical significance of the study is substantiated. The study made it possible to verify that the characteristics of the moral sphere of the personality of older preschoolers are determined by the characteristics of the relationships in their families: rejection of the child, hypoprotection, and lack of responsibilities negatively affect the development of the moral sphere of older preschoolers, especially the characteristics of the cognitive and emotional components. Based on the materials of the master's thesis, an article was published in the collection of the 3rd Youth Convention: Multidimensionality of society: a digital turn in humanitarian knowledge: materials of the international student conference March 14–16, 2019.
Актуальность темы обусловлена кризисным состояние современной семьи, увеличением числа проблемных семей, умножающимся количеством проявлений девиантного поведения среди детей. Тема социально значима и недостаточно изучена. Объект исследования: нравственная сфера старших дошкольников. Предмет исследования: когнитивный и эмоциональный компоненты нравственной сферы старших дошкольников в зависимости от взаимоотношений с родителями. Цель исследования: выявление связи между особенностями взаимоотношений с родителями и показателями нравственной сферы старших дошкольников. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, 2 глав, заключения, списка литературы (59 источников) и приложений. Работа состоит из 71 страницы, 6 таблиц и 9 рисунков. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, ставятся цель и задачи, определяются объект и предмет исследования, сформулированы гипотезы, методы исследования и эмпирическая база. Первая глава включает в себя обзор и анализ литературы по проблеме исследования, описание основных понятий. Подробно рассматриваются психологические конструкты: нравственная сфера старших дошкольников, стиль детско-родительского взаимодействия. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание хода исследования и интерпретация результатов. На основе полученных данных продемонстрированы выводы о связи между характеристиками нравственной сферы и особенностями взаимоотношений с родителями старших дошкольников. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования. Проведенное исследование позволило убедиться в том, что характеристики нравственной сферы личности старших дошкольников обусловлены особенностями взаимоотношений в их семьях: отвержение ребенка, гипопротекция, отсутствие обязанностей негативно сказывается на развитии нравственной сферы старших дошкольников, в особенности на характеристиках когнитивного и эмоционального компонентов. По материалам магистерской диссертации опубликована статья в сборнике 3-го Молодежного конвента: Многомерность общества: цифровой поворот в гуманитарном знании: материалы международной студенческой конференции 14–16 марта 2019 года.