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Strachan, D. P., and D. G. Cook. "Parental smoking and childhood asthma: longitudinal and case-control studies." Thorax 53, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.53.3.204.
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Lee, W. "Potential for Gene–Gene Confounding Bias in Case–Parental Control Studies." Annals of Epidemiology 13, no. 4 (April 2003): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-2797(02)00410-6.
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Lee, W. C. "Estimating Genotype Relative Risks in Case-Parental Control Studies: An Optimal Weighting Approach." American Journal of Epidemiology 152, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/152.5.487.
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Flanders, W. D. "New Estimator of the Genotype Risk Ratio for Use in Case-Parental Control Studies." American Journal of Epidemiology 154, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/154.3.259.
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Korz, Vanessa, Maira M. Kremer, Deisi Maria Vargas, and Carlos R. O. Nunes. "Cow’s milk protein allergy, quality of life and parental style." Journal of Human Growth and Development 31, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v31.11077.
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Introduction: Cow’s milk protein allergy requires changes in family habits to maintain children’s health.
Objective: This study evaluated the effects of cow’s milk protein allergy on the health of children, the quality of life of parents and children, and the adopted parental styles.
Methods: Control case study. The case group consisted of children with cow’s milk protein allergy, from eight months to five years old, and those guardians, and the Control Group, for healthy children of the same age group, and their parents. The quality of life of the child (TNO-AZL Preschool Children Quality of Life) and the caregiver (SF-36) were evaluated; parental style (Parental Beliefs and Care Practices Scale); and socioeconomic and health data of the child. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the groups (p <0.05).
Results: 76 dyads from the case group and 44 from the control group participated. Children with cow’s milk protein allergy had a lower quality of life in the health dimension, worse nutritional status, followed up with a larger number of health professionals. Those in charge of the case group offered less body stimulation to the children. Those in the control group had a lower quality of emotional life.
Conclusions: Cow’s milk protein allergy had an impact on the health and nutritional status of children, on the corporal stimulation received by the children, and on the quality of emotional life of those guardians.
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Pike, K. M., A. Hilbert, D. E. Wilfley, C. G. Fairburn, F. A. Dohm, B. T. Walsh, and R. Striegel-Moore. "Toward an understanding of risk factors for anorexia nervosa: a case-control study." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 10 (December 10, 2007): 1443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707002310.
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BackgroundProspective, longitudinal studies of risk factors for anorexia nervosa (AN) are lacking and existing cross-sectional studies are generally narrow in focus and lack methodological rigor. Building on two studies that used the Oxford Risk Factor Interview (RFI) to establish time precedence and comprehensively assess potential risk correlates for AN, the present study advances this line of research and represents the first case-control study of risk factors for AN in the USA.MethodThe RFI was used for retrospective assessment of a broad range of risk factors, while establishing time precedence. Using a case-control design, 50 women who met DSM-IV criteria for AN were compared to those with non-eating disorder DSM-IV psychiatric disorders (n=50) and those with no psychiatric disorder (n=50).ResultsWomen with psychiatric disorders reported higher rates of negative affectivity, maternal and paternal parenting problems, family discord, parental mood and substance disorder, and physical and sexual abuse than women with no psychiatric disorder. Women with AN specifically reported greater severity and significantly higher rates of negative affectivity, perfectionism and family discord, and higher parental demands than women with other psychiatric disorders. The role of weight and shape concerns was most salient in the year preceding onset of AN.ConclusionsConvergent data identifying common risk factors as well as those more severe in the development of AN are emerging to inform longitudinal risk factor and prevention studies for this disorder.
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Silove, Derrick. "Perceived Parental Characteristics and Reports of Early Parental Deprivation in Agoraphobic Patients." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 20, no. 3 (September 1986): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678609158884.
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It is commonly believed that patients with agoraphobia have suffered more frequently from aberrant family experiences in childhood. Some authors have described an excess of parental deprivation and others have incriminated parental overprotectiveness. Recent studies have failed to confirm these impressions but, instead, find that agoraphobic patients recall deficits in parental warmth and care during their early years. This report of a Sydney case-control study adds support to the view that parental overprotectiveness in isolation is unlikely to place the child at greater risk of developing agoraphobia in the future. Only when the child experiences a sense of parental neglect and lack of care, either alone or in combination with overprotection, does the risk of agoraphobia in adulthood appear to be increased.
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Vorobtsova, I., M. Kanaeva, A. Semenov, and M. Dobrogorskaya. "PARENTAL AGE AT CONCEPTION AND RISK OF MALIGNANCIES IN CHILDREN." Problems in oncology 64, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2018-64-1-41-47.
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There are considered results of studies on the association between parental age at conception and risk of various childhood and adult-onset cancers in progeny. In spite of inconsistency of data available it is possible to affirm that advanced parental age is a risk factor of cancer in progeny as well as of other adverse health effects. Paternal age seems to be more significant then maternal age due to particularity of gametogenesis in men lasted during whole life (as opposed to women). In a result sperm accumulates much more potential carcenogenic injuries (mutations, epigenetic alterations, particularity of telomeres) transmitted to progeny. The standard designs of studies are described (case-control, population cohort) as well as sources of personal information (Cancer Registers, Registers of Births, interview), parameters of assessment of parental age effect (mean age of parents in case and control groups, odds ratio - OR, relative risk - RR). The causes of discrepancy of results are discussed. Some unusual results are described (association between parental age and hematological cancer, in adult offspring limited to participants without siblings in childhood, protective effect of older ages of parents for some kinds of malignancies in children) which need further investigations.
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Babchishin, K. M., M. C. Seto, A. Sariaslan, P. Lichtenstein, S. Fazel, and N. Långström. "Parental and perinatal risk factors for sexual offending in men: a nationwide case-control study." Psychological Medicine 47, no. 2 (October 13, 2016): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171600249x.
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BackgroundPrior studies suggest parental and perinatal risk factors are associated with later offending. It remains uncertain, however, if such risk factors are similarly related to sexual offending.MethodWe linked socio-demographic, family relations, and perinatal (obtained at birth) data from the nationwide Swedish registers from 1973 to 2009 with information on criminal convictions of cases and control subjects. Male sex offenders (n = 13 773) were matched 1:5 on birth year and county of birth in Sweden to male controls without sexual or non-sexual violent convictions. To examine risk-factor specificity for sexual offending, we also compared male violent, non-sexual offenders (n = 135 953) to controls without sexual or non-sexual violent convictions. Predictors included parental (young maternal or paternal age at son's birth, educational attainment, violent crime, psychiatric disorder, substance misuse, suicide attempt) and perinatal (number of older brothers, low Apgar score, low birth weight, being small for gestational age, congenital malformations, small head size) variables.ResultsConditional logistic regression models found consistent patterns of statistically significant, small to moderate independent associations of parental risk factors with sons’ sexual offending and non-sexual violent offending. For perinatal risk factors, patterns varied more; small for gestational age and small head size exhibited similar risk effects for both offence types whereas a higher number of older biological brothers and any congenital malformation were small, independent risk factors only for non-sexual violence.ConclusionsThis nationwide study suggests substantial commonalities in parental and perinatal risk factors for the onset of sexual and non-sexual violent offending.
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Martinić, Pia, and Andrea Brajša Žganec. "ULOGA RODITELJSKOG PONAŠANJA I SAMOPOŠTOVANJA OCA I MAJKE U SAMOPOŠTOVANJU I SAMOKONTROLI DJEČAKA I DJEVOJČICA." Annual of Social Work 27, no. 3 (April 24, 2021): 481–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/ljsr.v27i3.186.
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THE ROLE OF PARENTAL BEHAVIOUR AND SELF-ESTEEM OF FATHER AND MOTHER ON SELF-ESTEEM AND SELFCONTROL OF BOYS AND GIRLS The aim of the research was to analyse the connection between parental behaviours and self-esteem of the parents on the self-esteem and self-control of the children. The pupils of the seventh and eighth grade of six primary schools in the area of the city of Zagreb and the city of Split and their parents participated in the research. The children filled out the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, the Brief Self-Control Scale and the Perception of Parental Behaviour Scale, while the parents filled out the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Regression analysis was used and it has determined that the parental control is the best predictor for the child’s self-esteem. Self-esteem of boys is better predicted by the sets of parental predictors and it is somewhat more connected with the father’s self-control, while self-esteem of girls is more connected with the mother’s self-control. Self-control of girls is best predicted by the mother’s acceptance and control, so that the sets of parental variables, more specifically the mother’s variables, are significant only for predicting self-control of girls. The assumption about the greater role of the mother in the development of self-esteem and self-control of children was confirmed, while the assumptions about the gender differentiation in upbringing were confirmed only in the case of the child’s self-control, but not in the case of their self-esteem, which shows that there are differences in the direction of transition towards more modern upbringing practices. The results, as well as the existing studies and theoretical assumptions, point out the importance of the parental role as the model for the development of the child’s self-esteem and self-control, and the different approaches in the upbringing of boys and girls can be addressed specifically.
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Flanders, W. D., and M. J. Khoury. "Analysis of Case-Parental Control Studies: Method for the Study of Associations between Disease and Genetic Markers." American Journal of Epidemiology 144, no. 7 (October 1, 1996): 696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008982.
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De Braekeleer, M., S. Froda, D. Gautrin, H. Tetreault, and D. Gauvreau. "Parental Age and Birth Order in Alzheimer's disease: A Case-Control Study in the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean Area (Quebec, Canada)." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 15, no. 2 (May 1988): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100027505.
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ABSTRACT:Parental age at the time of birth of 133 clinically diagnosed Alzheimer patients from the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean area (Quebec, Canada) were compared with those of 6 control groups formed out a population registry. The birth order of the Alzheimer patients was also analyzed. The results did not show any parental age or birth order effect, which is in agreement with previous reports. The importance of control selection in such studies is stressed.
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Ezzat, Sameera, Osamah Saeedi, Doa’a A. Saleh, Hala Hamzeh, Mohamed A. Hamid, Nancy Crowell, Camille Boostrom, Christopher A. Loffredo, and Irene A. Jillson. "Parental perceptions of congenital cardiovascular malformations in their children." Cardiology in the Young 26, no. 6 (November 12, 2015): 1158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104795111500253x.
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AbstractWe assessed parental attitudes towards congenital cardiovascular malformations in their children in a cross-sectional study in Egypt. Parents face many problems related to concerns about their child’s prognosis, but these associations with parental stress have never been evaluated in Egypt or examined in relation to religiosity in a predominantly Muslim society. Accordingly, we conducted interviews in Cairo with mothers of 99 sequential infants born with conotruncal heart malformations (cases) and 65 mothers of age-matched controls. The survey assessed healthcare access and usage, knowledge of congenital cardiovascular malformations, religiosity, the Locus of Control Scale, and the Parenting Stress Index. Results showed that 45% of the mothers of cases had correct knowledge about their child’s diagnosis; 85% were satisfied with the clinical care; and 79% reported that the cost of care was burdensome. Compared with parents of cases, parents of controls were more likely to report stress overall and all its subscales. Regarding belief about locus of control over health, God as a determining factor was given the highest endorsement. Mothers in the congenital cardiovascular malformations group reported a higher level of parental locus of control than did those in the control group. The correlations between stress and locus of control were stronger in the control than in the case group. Religiosity was related neither to stress nor to locus of control. Future studies can explore the roles that personal, familial, and societal factors play in exacerbating or reducing stress levels among parents of sick children, particularly in developing countries where economic pressures are acute.
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SATO, T., K. SAKADO, T. UEHARA, T. NARITA, S. HIRANO, K. NISHIOKA, and Y. KASAHARA. "Dysfunctional parenting as a risk factor to lifetime depression in a sample of employed Japanese adults: evidence for the ‘affectionless control’ hypothesis." Psychological Medicine 28, no. 3 (May 1998): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291797006430.
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Background. Although many case–control studies have replicated an association between dysfunctional parenting and a lifetime diagnosis of depression, few epidemiological studies have explored the association. In addition, little is known about the association in non-western countries.Methods. Using logistic regression analyses, additive and interactive contributions of parental child-rearing behaviours, as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), toward the risk for having a lifetime diagnosis of major depressive disorder were explored in 418 employed Japanese adults. The diagnosis was provided by using the Inventory to Diagnose Depression, lifetime version. The analyses were conducted for male and female subjects separately.Results. Parental care rather than parental protection was primary in predicting lifetime depression in both male and female subjects. An interactive combination of low care and high protection (‘affectionless control’) was a significant risk factor for lifetime depression in male respondents' reporting child-rearing behaviours of both parents and female respondents' reporting paternal child-rearing behaviours. Model improvements when entering the PBI scores were larger in male subjects than in female subjects.Conclusions. The results suggested that a combination of low care and over-protection increases a risk to lifetime depression even in a non-clinical sample; that an association between dysfunctional parenting (particularly low care) and the development of depression is independent of culture; and that Japanese boys are more sensitive than Japanese girls to dysfunctional parenting as regards the development of depression.
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McGovern, Ruth, Eilish Gilvarry, Michelle Addison, Hayley Alderson, Emma Geijer-Simpson, Raghu Lingam, Debbie Smart, and Eileen Kaner. "The Association Between Adverse Child Health, Psychological, Educational and Social Outcomes, and Nondependent Parental Substance: A Rapid Evidence Assessment." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, no. 3 (May 8, 2018): 470–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838018772850.
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Background: Between 5% and 30% of children in high-income countries live with a substance misusing parent, the majority of which is below dependent levels. However, little is understood about the impact of nondependent parental substance misuse upon children. Methods: We searched the international literature using rigorous systematic methods to identify studies examining parental substance misuse and adverse outcomes in children. The inclusion criteria were cross-sectional, longitudinal, case-control, and cohort studies; of children aged 0–18 years whose parents are high-risk substance misusers; reporting on their health, psychological, substance use, educational, and social outcomes. Results: We identified 36 papers (from 33 unique studies), most of which were assessed as being of medium to high methodological quality ( N= 28). Parental nondependent substance misuse was found to be associated with adversity in children, with strong evidence of an association with externalizing difficulties ( N = 7 papers, all finding an association) and substance use ( N = 23 papers, all finding an association) in adolescents and some evidence of adverse health outcomes in early childhood ( N = 6/8 papers finding an association). There is less evidence of an association between parental substance misuse and adverse educational and social outcomes. The body of evidence was largest for parental alcohol misuse, with research examining the impact of parental illicit drug use being limited. Conclusion: Methodological limitations restrict our ability to make causal inference. Nonetheless, the prevalence of adverse outcomes in children whose parents are nondependent substance misusers highlights the need for practitioners to intervene with this population before a parent has developed substance dependency.
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Rios, Ligia, Liliana Vásquez, Mónica Oscanoa, Iván Maza, and Jenny Gerónimo. "Advancing Parental Age and Risk of Solid Tumors in Children: A Case-Control Study in Peru." Journal of Oncology 2018 (June 19, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3924635.
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Background. The causes of childhood cancer are not well known, but the advanced age of the parents has been suggested as a risk factor for childhood cancer in several observational studies. In this study, we examine a possible link between parental age and childhood solid tumors. Methods. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study (310 cases and 620 controls, matched by age and gender) at Rebagliati Hospital, Lima, Peru. Odd ratio was used to compare categories of advancing maternal and paternal age with and without adjusting for possible confounding factors were calculated. Results. The risk of childhood retinoblastoma was significantly higher among children of mothers aged> 35 years (adjusted OR 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09-6.08) and fathers aged> 35 years (OR 1.17; 1.01-16.33). A significant trend with increasing mother's age (p = 0.037) and father's age (p = 0.005) was found. There were more risks to development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (p = 0.047) and gonadal germ cell tumors (p = 0.04) for advanced paternal age. There was a strong protective effect of increasing parity on risk of solid tumors in children (p=0.0015). Conclusion. Our results suggest that advanced parental age is associated with the risk for the development of retinoblastoma. Advanced paternal age increases the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and gonadal germ cell tumor. The higher the order of birth of the children, the less the chance of developing any neoplasm.
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Fear, N. T., P. A. McKinney, C. C. Patterson, R. C. Parslow, and H. J. Bodansky. "Childhood Type 1 diabetes mellitus and parental occupations involving social mixing and infectious contacts: two population-based case-control studies." Diabetic Medicine 16, no. 12 (December 1999): 1025–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00204.x.
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Abdelhamid, Kenzy, Rea Konci, Hassan ElHawary, Andrew Gorgy, and Lee Smith. "Advanced parental age: Is it contributing to an increased incidence of non-syndromic craniosynostosis? A review of case-control studies." Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.11.016.
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Febvey, Olivia, Joachim Schüz, Helen D. Bailey, Jacqueline Clavel, Brigitte Lacour, Laurent Orsi, Tracy Lightfoot, et al. "Risk of Central Nervous System Tumors in Children Related to Parental Occupational Pesticide Exposures in three European Case-Control Studies." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58, no. 10 (October 2016): 1046–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000000852.
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Baygi, Fereshteh, Ahmad Reza Dorosty, Roya Kelishadi, Mostafa Qorbani, Hamid Asayesh, Morteza Mansourian, and Kamal Mirkarimi. "Determinants of Childhood Obesity in Representative Sample of Children in North East of Iran." Cholesterol 2012 (July 15, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/875163.
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Childhood obesity has become, a global public health problem, and epidemiological studies are important to identify its determinants in different populations. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with obesity in a representative sample of children in Neishabour, Iran. This study was conducted among 1500 randomly selected 6–12-year-old students from urban areas of Neishabour, northeast of Iran. Then, through a case-control study, 114 obese (BMI≥95th percentile of Iranian reference) children were selected as the case group and were compared with 102 controls (15th≤BMI<85th percentile). Factors suggested to be associated with weight status were investigated, for example, parental obesity, child physical activity levels, socio-economic status (SES), and so forth. The analysis was conducted using univariate and multivariate logistic regression (MLR) in SPSS version 16. In univariate logistic regression model, birth weight, birth order, family extension, TV watching, sleep duration, physical activity, parents’ job, parents’ education, parental obesity history, and SES were significantly associated with children’s obesity. After MLR analysis, physical activity and parental obesity history remained statistically significant in the model. Our findings showed that physical activity and parental obesity history are the most important determinants for childhood obesity in our population. This finding should be considered in implementation of preventive interventions.
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Firooz, Mahbobeh, Fereshteh Eidy, Zohreh Abbasi, and Seyed Javad Hosseini. "Parental Factors Affecting the Incidence of Infantile Colic: A Systematic Review." Journal of Pediatrics Review 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jpr.9.2.930.1.
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Context: Infantile Colic (IC) is an essential problem in infancy that is influenced by factors related to infants and parents. The parental factors associated with colic have not been comprehensively assessed. Objectives: The present systematic review was conducted to investigate the parental factors affecting the incidence of IC. Data Sources: Databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google scholar, as well as Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran (Iranian websites) were searched to identify all eligible papers concerning parental factors affecting infantile CI. The registration number of this study was CRD42020163518 in the PROSPERO database. Study Selection: A total of 423 relevant articles published up to the end of December 2019 were assessed. The selected articles were screened based on duplicated, eligibility criteria, and quality appraisal. The main inclusion criteria were observational studies and articles in Persian and English languages. Data Extraction: The Mesh keywords and Boolean operators included (“risk factors” OR “causality”) AND (“parents” OR “fathers” OR “mothers”) AND (“infant”) AND (“colic”). Consequently, 18 papers were thoroughly studied and the related data were extracted. Two researchers independently performed the data extraction and quality assessment based on the STROBE checklist from the observational studies. The information of selected studies was recorded in a table, i.e. consisted of authors’ names, purpose, design, population, and main results. Results: Final articles consisted of 10 prospective, 6 cross-sectional, and 2 case-control studies. Eventually, the effective factors were placed in 6 categories, as follows: psychological factors, physical factors, taking medications, perinatal factors, family’s socioeconomic status, and maternal diet. The most important characteristics predisposing to IC were parental depression, anxiety, smoking, maternal history of migraine, young age, primiparity, low family support, high socioeconomic status, high-risk pregnancies, and delivery, taking antibiotics, as well as the consumption of celery, onions, and bananas. Conclusions: Various parental factors affect the incidence of colic. Identifying these risk factors and accurate planning can be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of IC.
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Talibov, Madar. "O1B.2 Parental occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and the risk of leukaemia in the offspring." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A5.1—A5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.13.
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BackgroundLeukaemia is the most common cancer diagnosed in children worldwide, accounting for about one third of all paediatric malignancies in economically developed countries. Despite extensive research, the aetiology of this cancer remains largely unknown. Previous studies suggested that parental occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) may increase leukaemia risk in the offspring.ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the association of parental occupational exposure to ELF-MF with the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in their offspring.MethodsWe pooled data from 11 case-control studies participating in the Childhood Leukaemia International Consortium (CLIC). The studies included 9723 childhood leukaemia cases and 17 099 controls. Data on parental job history and other characteristics of the study population were collected by questionnaires and interviews, except for the Finnish study where data was obtained from population registries and censuses. Parental occupational ELF-MF exposure was estimated by linking job histories to an independently developed international ELF-MF job-exposure matrix. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). We employed two analytical approaches to obtain summary risk estimates. First, we conducted pooled analyses of all studies combined. Second, we summarized ORs from individual studies in meta-analyses.ResultsThe summary OR estimates from pooled analyses for paternal ELF-MF exposure at conception were 1.04 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for ALL and 1.06 (95% CI 0.87–1.29) for AML, at >0.2 microtesla (µT) compared to ≤0.2 µT. Corresponding estimates for maternal ELF-MF exposure during pregnancy, using again the 0.2 µT cut-off, were 1.00 (95% CI 0.89–1.12) for ALL and 0.85 (95% CI 0.61–1.16) for AML. No trends with increasing exposure level were evident. Furthermore, no associations were observed in the meta-analyses.ConclusionOur study did not find any associations between parental occupational ELF-MF exposure and childhood leukaemia.
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Han (韩逸平), Stone, Artemis Ching-Fang Chang (张静芳), and Hsi-Mei Chung (钟喜梅). "Transgenerational Intent of Taiwanese Business Families in Brisbane, Australia." Journal of Chinese Overseas 17, no. 2 (October 13, 2021): 365–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341449.
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Abstract This study investigates the impact of immigrant context on continuity and success in Chinese family business. We conceptualize the immigrant context as exposure to country differences in family logic, arguing that the immigrant context influences transgenerational intent by affecting family practices and relations. Based on a multiple-case study of Taiwanese business families in Brisbane, Australia, we show that variations in three family practices – parental control, children’s filial piety, and parental role in children’s career development – play an important role in this matter. To explain why, we theorize that the extent to which Taiwanese immigrant business families continue with or depart from traditional Chinese family logic in terms of these three practices enables particular meaning of intrafamily succession to prevail in the family, which ultimately affects their transgenerational intent.
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Weinberg, C. R., and A. J. Wilcox. "RE: "DISTINGUISHING THE EFFECTS OF MATERNALAND OFFSPRING GENES THROUGH STUDIES OF 'CASE PARENT TRIADS'" AND " A NEW METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE RISK RATIO IN STUDIES USING CASE PARENTAL CONTROL DESIGN"." American Journal of Epidemiology 150, no. 4 (August 15, 1999): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010024.
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Talibov, Madar, Ann Olsson, Helen Bailey, Friederike Erdmann, Catherine Metayer, Corrado Magnani, Eleni Petridou, et al. "Parental occupational exposure to low-frequency magnetic fields and risk of leukaemia in the offspring: findings from the Childhood Leukaemia International Consortium (CLIC)." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 10 (July 29, 2019): 746–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-105706.
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ObjectivesPreviously published studies on parental occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in their offspring were inconsistent. We therefore evaluated this question within the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium.MethodsWe pooled 11 case–control studies including 9723 childhood leukaemia cases and 17 099 controls. Parental occupational ELF-MF exposure was estimated by linking jobs to an ELF-MF job-exposure matrix (JEM). Logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs in pooled analyses and meta-analyses.ResultsORs from pooled analyses for paternal ELF-MF exposure >0.2 microtesla (µT) at conception were 1.04 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.13) for ALL and 1.06 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.29) for AML, compared with ≤0.2 µT. Corresponding ORs for maternal ELF-MF exposure during pregnancy were 1.00 (95% CI 0.89 to 1.12) for ALL and 0.85 (95% CI 0.61 to 1.16) for AML. No trends of increasing ORs with increasing exposure level were evident. Furthermore, no associations were observed in the meta-analyses.ConclusionsIn this large international dataset applying a comprehensive quantitative JEM, we did not find any associations between parental occupational ELF-MF exposure and childhood leukaemia.
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Szejko, Natalia, Pedro Macul Ferreira de Barros, Victor J. Avila-Quintero, Adam Lombroso, and Michael Howard Bloch. "Parental Age and the Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease in Offspring: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 11, no. 2 (June 8, 2021): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515523.
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<b><i>Background:</i></b> Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, accounting for 50–75% of all cases. While older maternal and paternal age at childbirth are established risk factors for Down syndrome which is associated with later AD, it is still not entirely clear whether parental age is a risk factor for AD. Previous studies have suggested contradictory findings. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine whether parental (maternal and paternal) age at birth was associated with AD and whether individuals born to younger or older parents were at an increased risk for AD. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Two reviewers searched the electronic database of PubMed for relevant studies. Eligibility for the meta-analysis was based on the following criteria: (1) studies involving patients with AD and an adequate control group, (2) case control or cohort studies, (3) studies investigating parental age. All statistical analyses were completed in STATA/IC version 16. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Eleven studies involving 4,371 participants were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta-analysis demonstrated no significant association between maternal (weighted mean difference [WMD] 0.49, 95% CI –0.52 to 1.49, <i>p</i> = 0.34) and paternal age and AD (WMD 1.00, 95% CI –0.55 to 2.56, <i>p</i> = 0.21). Similarly, individuals born to younger (<25 years) or older parents (>35 years) did not demonstrate a differential risk for AD. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Overall, this meta-analysis did not demonstrate an association between parental age and the risk of AD in offspring. These findings should be interpreted with caution given the limited power of the overall meta-analysis and the methodological limitations of the underlying studies as in many cases no adjustment for potential confounders was included.
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Harrison, Lee H., Claire V. Broome, and Allen W. Hightower. "Haemophilus influenzae Type b Polysaccharide Vaccine: An Efficacy Study." Pediatrics 84, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.2.255.
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The Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine was licensed for use in the United States in April 1985. Postlicensure case-control efficacy studies have yielded markedly different estimates of efficacy, leading to contradictory recommendations to practicing physicians. To obtain additional information about the efficacy of the vaccine, we studied cases of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease ascertained through active surveillance in areas with a total population of 34 million. We enrolled children 24 to 59 months of age who did not attend day-care centers. (Data from our day-care study have been published elsewhere.) For each case child, as many as three 24- to 59-month-old control children were chosen from a roster of acquaintances supplied by the child's parent. Conditional logistic regression was used, and vaccine efficacy was estimated to be 62% (95% confidence interval = 0%, 85%), which did not change significantly after adjusting for age and parental smoking, variables that were significantly different for case and control children. Results of this study support our previous finding of a positive protective efficacy, albeit lower than the efficacy of 90% found in children 18 to 71 months of age in the Finnish prelicensure trial.
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McNally, Richard JQ. "The Epidemiology of Childhood Cancers." European Oncology & Haematology 05, no. 01 (2009): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/eoh.2009.05.1.79.
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In this article, the recent epidemiological literature on childhood cancer is reviewed. This includes findings from descriptive, case-control and cohort studies. The aetiology of most childhood cancers is unclear. Both genetic and environmental factors are likely to contribute. Increasing incidence, findings of clustering and seasonality in the incidence of certain cancers support a role for environmental agents in aetiology. The evidence concerning putative risk factors is considered and suggests that the aetiology is likely to be multifactorial and involve a number of different agents. These include infections, ionising radiation, certain chemical exposures, parental smoking, parental alcohol consumption and hair dyes. Conversely, breastfeeding and certain dietary supplements may convey protection. Recent findings regarding electromagnetic fields suggest that this factor is not likely to have a major role in aetiology.
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Pierce, Matthias, Holly F. Hope, Adekeye Kolade, Judith Gellatly, Cemre Su Osam, Reena Perchard, Kyriaki Kosidou, et al. "Effects of parental mental illness on children's physical health: systematic review and meta-analysis." British Journal of Psychiatry 217, no. 1 (October 15, 2019): 354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.216.
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BackgroundChildren of parents with mental disorder face multiple challenges.AimsTo summarise evidence about parental mental disorder and child physical health.MethodWe searched seven databases for cohort or case–control studies quantifying associations between parental mental disorders (substance use, psychotic, mood, anxiety, obsessive–compulsive, post-traumatic stress and eating) and offspring physical health. Studies were excluded if: they reported perinatal outcomes only (<28 days) or outcomes after age 18; they measured outcome prior to exposure; or the sample was drawn from diseased children. A meta-analysis was conducted. The protocol was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42017072620).ResultsSearches revealed 15 945 non-duplicated studies. Forty-one studies met our inclusion criteria: ten investigated accidents/injuries; eight asthma; three other atopic diseases; ten overweight/obesity; ten studied other illnesses (eight from low-and middle-income countries (LMICs)). Half of the studies investigated maternal perinatal mental health, 17% investigated paternal mental disorder and 87% examined maternal depression. Meta-analysis revealed significantly higher rates of injuries (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.04–1.26), asthma (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.12–1.41) and outcomes recorded in LMICs (malnutrition: OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.74–3.73; diarrhoea: OR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.65–2.84). Evidence was inconclusive for obesity and other atopic disorders.ConclusionsChildren of parents with mental disorder have health disadvantages; however, the evidence base is limited to risks for offspring following postnatal depression in mothers and there is little focus on fathers in the literature. Understanding the physical health risks of these vulnerable children is vital to improving lives. Future work should focus on discovering mechanisms linking physical and mental health across generations.Declaration of interestNone.
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Heck, Julia E., Di He, Zuelma Arellano Contreras, Beate Ritz, Jørn Olsen, and Johnni Hansen. "Parental occupational exposure to benzene and the risk of childhood and adolescent acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a population-based study." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 8 (May 28, 2019): 527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-105738.
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ObjectivesOnly a small number of studies have reported on the association of parental occupational exposure to benzene and risk of childhood and adolescent leukaemias. We examined associations with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in this population-based study in Denmark.MethodsBenzene was largely banned from Danish workplaces after 1975, thus this case-control study focused on the immediately prior years. Paediatric cancer cases (<age 20) were ascertained from the Danish Cancer Registry among children born 1968–1974, and controls were selected from population records. Paternal occupation within the 3 months preconception and maternal pregnancy occupation were identified from nationwide pension fund records. Blinded, we assigned benzene exposure using a job-exposure matrix that had been developed for the Danish population. Risk for ALL was estimated using conditional logistic regression. In an exploratory analysis, we also examined other cancers with at least five case parents exposed.ResultsWe identified 217 employed case fathers and 169 employed case mothers, of which 22 (10.1%) and 11 (6.5%), respectively, were exposed to benzene (vs 6.7% and 2.9% of control fathers and mothers). Most exposed parents worked as machine or engine mechanics, or in the shoe industry. Maternal occupational exposure to benzene in pregnancy was related to increased risk of ALL in offspring (adjusted OR=2.28, 95% CI 1.17 to 4.41), while paternal preconceptional benzene exposure was not as strongly associated (adjusted OR=1.40, 95% CI 0.88 to 2.22).ConclusionsOur study supports an increased risk for ALL with parental occupational benzene exposure.
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Bangun, Paulina K., Bidasari Lubis, Sri Sofyani, Nelly Rosdiana, and Olga R. Siregar. "Risk factors of childhood leukemia." Paediatrica Indonesiana 54, no. 6 (December 30, 2014): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi54.6.2014.358-64.
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Background The incidence of childhood leukemia has increasedannually. Recent studies have shown that childhood leukemia isinitiated in utero, and have focused on prenatal risk factors suchas birth weight and parental age. Exposure to pesticides andradiation, as well as parental smoking, breastfeeding, and thenumber of older siblings have also been sugges ted as risk factorsfor childhood leukemia.Objective To evaluate possible risk factors for childhood leukemia,including birth weight, parental age, and other risk factors.Methods This case-con trol study was conducted from October2011 to February 2012 in Haji Adam Malik Hospital, Medan .Case subjects were children aged below 18 years and diagnosedwith leukemia. Control subjects were children aged below 18years who were diagnosed with any non-cancerous acute illnessesin this hospital, and individually matched for age and gen der tothe case subject group. Patients and parents were asked to fill astructured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using conditionallogistic regression .Results A total of 140 subjects were eligible, with 70 subjects ineach group. Birth weight 2: 4000 g and maternal age 2:35 yearswere significant risk factors with OR 10.13 (95%CI 1.124 to 91.2 7)and OR 4.98 (95%CI 1.276 to 19.445), respectively. Paternal ageof 2:35 years was not a significant risk factor. Exposure to pesticideswas also noted as another significant risk factor (OR= 6.66; 95%CI2.021 to 21.966) .Conclusion High birth weight, advan ced maternal age, andexposure to pesticides are risk factors of childhood leukemia.
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Istiharoh, Septi, Maria Ulfah, and Hadi Wiyono. "Parents' Social Control of Children Using Smartphones at Home During Covid-19." International Journal of Learning and Instruction (IJLI) 3, no. 2 (October 6, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/ijli.v3i2.50649.
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AbstractThis study aims to describe repressive and persuasive controls by parents on their children using smartphones at home during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study conducted at Bhayangkararia BTN complex, Sungai Garam Hilir Village, and North Singkawang District. The research method used was qualitative in the form of a case study. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation studies, while the data collection tools used were observation guidelines, interview guidelines, and documentation tools. Informants in this study were parents and children. The results of this study indicated that parents have carried out both repressive and persuasive controls on children using smartphones at home during the covid-19 pandemic. The repressive constraint carried out by parents was by giving warnings and punishments to children who violate the rules, such as using smartphones excessively that causes children not to focus on learning. In addition, persuasive control carried out by parents was by giving directions, persuasion, appeals, and guidance to children so as not to overly use the smartphone and instilling an understanding of the positive and negative impacts of using smartphones. Keywords: Case Study, Covid-19 Pandemic, Parental Social Control, Smartphone
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Schweizer, Roger. "Headquarters–Subsidiary Relationships during Dramatic Strategic Changes—The Local Implementation of a Global Merger between MNCs in India." Review of Market Integration 2, no. 1 (April 2010): 101–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492921000200107.
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This article, using an in-depth single case study approach, studies the local integration process between two globally merging multinational companies’ (MNCs) subsidiaries in India. The focus is on the interplay between the parent company and the subsidiary level during the local implementation of such a global strategic decision. The article shows that the parent company does not in detail coordinate and control the local implementation due to (a) an in-beforehand strictly defined framework and (b) the existing vacuum in MNC internal values and norms. The article further suggests that the strategic importance of a subsidiary’s market is positively and the degree of perceived resemblance between the parent’s home country and the subsidiary’s local environment is negatively related to the degree of parental involvement. Finally, the article suggests that subsidiaries’ reactions towards parental involvement are influenced by: (a) the type of involvement/coordination mechanisms used, (b) the local institutional environment and (c) the relational context.
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Huoi, Catherine, Ann Olsson, Tracy Lightfoot, Eve Roman, Jacqueline Clavel, Brigitte Lacour, Peter Kaatsch, et al. "Parental occupational exposure and risk of childhood central nervous system tumors: a pooled analysis of case–control studies from Germany, France, and the UK." Cancer Causes & Control 25, no. 12 (October 5, 2014): 1603–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0465-4.
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Wright-Costello, Beth, and Kate Phillippo. "Constrained Consumers: Middle-Class Parents’ Resistance of School Closure and Consolidation in Chicago." Education and Urban Society 52, no. 9 (April 3, 2020): 1372–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124520908259.
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Many urban districts use a portfolio management model, hoping to promote school choice and improve school performance. This model requires school closure, which has predominantly impacted lower income families. In 2013, Chicago Public Schools relocated Granger Elementary into one of 48 schools it closed, placing its middle-class parents in the unusual position of resisting a school closure-related decision. Our case study explores parents’ resistance from a perspective of capital use and parental agency. Interview participants leveraged extensive capital in response to the proposed closure–relocation. When their efforts failed to halt the directive, they used their resources as consumers, largely finding their children spaces in other schools. Parents were unable to effectively exercise agency to influence district-level policy, but they secured educational advantages for their own children by leveraging their capital. Findings inform implications for market-based policy theory, equity, and democratic control of public schools.
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Carr, Matthew J., Sarah Steeg, Pearl L. H. Mok, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Sussie Antonsen, Nav Kapur, and Roger T. Webb. "Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Subsequently Engaging in Self-Harm and Violence towards Other People—“Dual Harm”." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 9409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249409.
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The etiology of “dual harm” (the co-occurrence of self-harm and externalized violence in the same individual) is under-researched. Risk factors have mostly been investigated for each behavior separately. We aimed to examine adversities experienced between birth and age 15 years among adolescents and young adults with histories of self-harm and violent criminality, with a specific focus on dual harm. Three nested case-control studies were delineated using national interlinked Danish registers; 58,409 cases in total aged 15–35 were identified: 28,956 with a history of violent criminality (but not self-harm), 25,826 with a history of self-harm (but not violent criminality), and 3987 with dual-harm history. Each case was matched by date of birth and gender to 20 controls who had not engaged in either behavior. We estimated exposure prevalence for cases versus controls for each of the three behavior groups, and incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Experiencing five or more childhood adversities was more prevalent among individuals with dual-harm history (19.3%; 95% CI 18.0, 20.8%) versus self-harm (10.9%; 10.5, 11.3%) and violence (11.4%; 11.0%, 11.8%) histories. The highest IRRs for dual harm were linked with parental unemployment (5.15; 95% CI 4.71, 5.64), parental hospitalization following self-harm (4.91; 4.40, 5.48) or assault (5.90; 5.07, 6.86), and parental violent criminality (6.11; 5.57, 6.70). Growing up in environments that are characterized by poverty, violence, and substance misuse, and experiencing multiple adversities in childhood, appear to be especially strongly linked with elevated dual-harm risk. These novel findings indicate potential etiologic pathways to dual harm.
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Shrestha, Ashish, Ha Hoang, Suzanne Gardner, Archana Pradhan, and Leonard Crocombe. "Global Early Childhood Caries: A Review of Literature." Nepal Medical College Journal 23, no. 3 (October 17, 2021): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v23i3.40418.
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Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a major public health concern in the world. There is a high prevalence of ECC in developing countries. The review aimed to synthesise the published literature on the global prevalence of ECC and its associated factors. Researches conducted in Asian, European, American and African countries were included. The review included observational cross-sectional, case-control, cohort studies, and clinical trials. The ECC varies across countries and the continents. Several studies showed inequitable distribution of ECC within regions of a country. The result of this review provides global prevalence of ECC and associated risk factors. Despite the variation of prevalence of ECC, it remains a universal burden. Studies have demonstrated that even in developed countries, ECC represents a significant burden in preschool children. The S. mutans and , oral hygiene habits, breastfeeding and bottle feeding along with factors such as parental education are major risk factors for ECC. There have been limited studies conducted on ECC in Nepal.
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Ernst, Sinja Alexandra, Tilman Brand, Anna Reeske, Jacob Spallek, Knud Petersen, and Hajo Zeeb. "Care-Related and Maternal Risk Factors Associated with the Antenatal Nondetection of Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Case-Control Study from Bremen, Germany." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1746146.
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Objective. To identify care-related and maternal risk factors for the antenatal nondetection of IUGR.Methods. In this hospital-based case-control study we compared antenatally undetected IUGR neonates (cases) to detected IUGR neonates (controls). Data were collected using newborn documentation sheets and standardized personal interviews with the mothers. We calculated antenatal detection rates and used uni- and multivariable logistic regression models to assess the association of antenatal nondetection of IUGR and maternal and care-related factors.Results. A total of 161 neonates from three hospitals were included in the study. Suboptimal fetal growth was identified antenatally inn=77pregnancies while inn=84it was not detected antenatally (antenatal detection rate: 47.8%). Severity of IUGR, maternal complications, and a Doppler examination during the course of pregnancy were associated with IUGR detection. We did not find statistically significant differences regarding parental socioeconomic status and maternal migration background.Conclusions. In our study, about half of all pregnancies affected by suboptimal growth remained undetected. Future in-depth studies with larger study populations should further examine factors that could increase antenatal detection rates for IUGR.
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Segman, Ronnen H., and Arieh Y. Shalev. "Genetics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." CNS Spectrums 8, no. 9 (September 2003): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900008889.
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ABSTRACTPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent anxiety disorder marked by behavioral, physiologic, and hormonal alterations. PTSD is disabling and commonly follows a chronic course. The etiology of PTSD is unknown, although exposure to a traumatic event constitutes a necessary, but not sufficient, factor. A twin study of Vietnam veterans has shown significant genetic contribution to PTSD. The fact that PTSD's underlying genotypic vulnerability is only expressed following trauma exposure limits the usefulness of family-based linkage approaches. In contrast to the other major psychiatric disorders, large studies for the search of underlying genes have not been described in PTSD to date. Complementary approaches for locating involved genes include association-based studies employing case-control or parental genotypes for transmission dysequilibrium analysis and quantitative trait loci studies in animal models. Identification of susceptibility genes will increase our understanding of traumatic stress disorders and help to elucidate their molecular basis. The current review provides an up-to-date outline of progress in the field of PTSD.
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Shu, Xiao Ou, John P. Perentesis, Wanqing Wen, Jonathan D. Buckley, Evelyn Boyle, Julie A. Ross, and Leslie L. Robison. "Parental Exposure to Medications and Hydrocarbons and ras Mutations in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 13, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.1230.13.7.
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Abstract Ras proto-oncogene mutations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many malignancies, including leukemia. While both human and animal studies have linked several chemical carcinogens to specific ras mutations, little data exist regarding the association of ras mutations with parental exposures and risk of childhood leukemia. Using data from a large case-control study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; age <15 years) conducted by the Children's Cancer Group, we used a case-case comparison approach to examine whether reported parental exposure to hydrocarbons at work or use of specific medications are related to ras gene mutations in the leukemia cells of children with ALL. DNA was extracted from archived bone marrow slides or cryopreserved marrow samples for 837 ALL cases. We examined mutations in K-ras and N-ras genes at codons 12, 13, and 61 by PCR and allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization and confirmed them by DNA sequencing. We interviewed mothers and, if available, fathers by telephone to collect exposure information. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived from logistic regression to examine the association of parental exposures with ras mutations. A total of 127 (15.2%) cases had ras mutations (K-ras 4.7% and N-ras 10.68%). Both maternal (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.7-6.1) and paternal (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.7) reported use of mind-altering drugs were associated with N-ras mutations. Paternal use of amphetamines or diet pills was associated with N-ras mutations (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.1-15.0); no association was observed with maternal use. Maternal exposure to solvents (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.0-9.7) and plastic materials (OR 6.9, 95% CI 1.2-39.7) during pregnancy and plastic materials after pregnancy (OR 8.3, 95% CI 1.4-48.8) were related to K-ras mutation. Maternal ever exposure to oil and coal products before case diagnosis (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.8) and during the postnatal period (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-5.5) and paternal exposure to plastic materials before index pregnancy (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.1) and other hydrocarbons during the postnatal period (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0-1.3) were associated with N-ras mutations. This study suggests that parental exposure to specific chemicals may be associated with distinct ras mutations in children who develop ALL.
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Andersson, Pentti. "Post-traumatic stress symptoms linked to hidden Holocaust trauma among adult Finnish evacuees separated from their parents as children in World War II, 1939–1945: a case-control study." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 4 (September 20, 2010): 654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210001791.
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ABSTRACTBackground: The aim of this study was to identify long-term effects of diagnostic criteria on the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C) for a test group of Finnish evacuees from World War II and compare the outcome effect with a control group of children who lived in Finland during the war in 1939–1945.Methods: 152 participants were recruited by the local leader of the Finnish War Child Association in Sweden and Finland. The selected group answered questions on the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C) and the EMBU (Swedish acronym for “Own Memories of Parental Rearing”).Results: Evidence suggests a link between childhood parental separation and termination of the internalized attachment hierarchy of origin in a detachment process among Finnish evacuees. Based on the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Total (PCL-C) diagnosis an extreme traumatization for 36.7% of the test group subjects was identified, including a hidden Holocaust trauma in the population of Finnish evacuees.Conclusions: The study met the criteria for satisfying global evidence value. Sixty-five years after the end of World War II and in line with other studies on war children, the data show high levels of different trauma exposures from the war with 10.6 higher risk (odds ratio) for the exposed group of Finnish evacuees. Despite some limitations, the data highlight the need for further investigation into different parts of the detachment process among seriously traumatized groups to reveal resilience and other dimensions of importance in professional mental health creation.
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Alimoradi, Zainab, Chung-Ying Lin, and Amir H. Pakpour. "Worldwide Estimation of Parental Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine for Their Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Vaccines 11, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030533.
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Currently, the best method to well control the spread of COVID-19 without severe mental health problems is to reach herd immunity. Therefore, the vaccination rate of the COVID-19 vaccine is critical. Among the populations, children are the vulnerable ones to get vaccinated; therefore, it is important to assess parents’ and guardians’ willingness to have their children vaccinated. The present systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized evidence to estimate the parents’ acceptance rate of COVID-19 vaccination toward their children. Additionally, factors explaining the acceptance rate were investigated. Four academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest) together with Google Scholar were searched, and the references of the included publications were searched as well. Using the PECO-S framework (population, exposure, comparison, outcome, and study design), observational studies of cross-sectional, cohort, or case-control studies were included. The outcome was parents’ or guardians’ willingness to let their children be vaccinated. The studies included in the present review were restricted to English and peer-reviewed papers published between December 2019 and July 2022. A total of 98 papers across 69 different countries with 413,590 participants were included. The mean age of the parents was 39.10 (range: 18–70) years and that of their children was 8.45 (range: 0–18) years. The pooled estimated prevalence of parental acceptance to vaccinate their children with the COVID-19 vaccine was 57% (98 studies, 95% CI: 52–62%, I2: 99.92%, τ2: 0.06). Moreover, data collection time was a significant factor explaining parental willingness in the multivariable meta-regression, with a 13% decrease in parental willingness by each month increase in time, explaining 11.44% of variance. Qualitative synthesis results showed that parents’ COVID-19 vaccine knowledge, trust in theCOVID-19 vaccine, and facilitators in vaccination (e.g., low cost, good vaccine accessibility, and government incentive) were significant factors for higher willingness, while mental health problems (e.g., having worries and psychological distress) were significant factors for lower willingness. Given that the acceptance rate was relatively low (57%) and does not achieve the requirement of herd immunity (i.e., 70%), governments and healthcare authorities should try to elevate parents’ knowledge and trust in the COVID-19 vaccine, facilitate in vaccination, and reduce their mental difficulties to improve the overall vaccination rate among children.
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Peh, Oon Him, Attilio Rapisarda, and Jimmy Lee. "Childhood adversities in people at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 07 (January 8, 2019): 1089–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171800394x.
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AbstractChildhood adversities have been reported to be more common among individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. This paper systematically reviewed and meta-analysed (i) the severity and prevalence of childhood adversities (childhood trauma exposure, bullying victimisation and parental separation or loss) among the UHR, and (ii) the association between adversities and transition to psychosis (TTP). PsycINFO, PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies reporting childhood adversities among UHR individuals. Only published articles were included. Risk of bias was assessed using Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guideline (von Elm et al., 2007) and the tool developed by Hoy et al. (2012). Seventeen case–control, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were included. UHR individuals experienced significantly more severe trauma than controls, regardless of trauma subtype. UHR were 5.5, 2.5 and 3.1 times as likely to report emotional abuse, physical abuse and bullying victimisation, respectively. There was no association with parental separation. However, childhood trauma was not significantly associated with TTP (follow-up periods: 6 months to 15 years), suggesting that trauma alone may not be a sufficient risk factor. Sexual abuse was associated with TTP but this may have been driven by a single large study. Potential confounders and low rates of TTP among UHR are limitations of this review. This is the first meta-analysis that quantitatively summarises the associations between childhood adversities and TTP among UHR, and between specific abuse subtypes and TTP. Specific recommendations have been made to increase the quality of future research. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42017054884.
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Khan, A., J. Feulefack, and CM Sergi. "Exposure to pesticides and pediatric Wilms’ tumor. A meta-analysis on pre-conception and pregnancy parental exposure with an IARC/WHO commentary." Human & Experimental Toxicology 41 (January 2022): 096032712211362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09603271221136211.
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Background There are hereditary types of nephroblastoma or Wilms’ tumor associated with exposure of the germ cells of either parent to harmful environmental factors. Some studies have examined the exposure of compounds used pesticides and herbicides as a risk factor for Wilms’ tumor. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out on case-control studies to establish the potential link between exposure to these organic molecules and Wilms’ tumor occurrence in children rigorously. We examined the monographs on some organo-phosphate insecticides and herbicides issued by the International Association for the Research on Cancer (IARC) under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO). PUBMED, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar studies (1960–2021) were identified and systematically reviewed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Subgroup analyses were conducted after stratification for occupational versus residential exposure and before birth (prenatal) vs. after birth (postnatal) exposure. In addition, we revised the monographs on chemical compounds issued recently by the IARC/WHO. Results Our findings seem to consolidate that parental pesticide exposure during the preconception or pregnancy period is correlated with an increased occurrence risk for Wilms’ tumor. We confirm the validity of the WHO essays on certain organophosphate herbicides and insecticides, which support these compounds, may be highly relevant in future cancer prevention policies. Conclusion Parental exposure to pesticides, particularly in household settings, is poorly emphasized in our society. There is a strong association between these organophosphate compounds and pediatric cancer. Public health agencies may need to take stronger action than in the past.
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Snihirova, Yelyzaveta, David E. J. Linden, Therese van Amelsvoort, and Dennis van der Meer. "Environmental Influences on the Relation between the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Mental Health: A Literature Review." Genes 13, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13112003.
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22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a clinically heterogeneous genetic syndrome, associated with a wide array of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The clinical presentation is likely to be influenced by environmental factors, yet little is known about this. Here, we review the available research literature on the role of the environment in 22q11DS. We find that within-patient design studies have mainly investigated the role of parental factors, stress, and substance use, reporting significant effects of these factors on the clinical profile. Case-control studies have been less successful, with almost no reports of significant moderating effects of the environment. We go on to hypothesize which specific environmental measures are most likely to interact with the 22q11 deletion, based on the genes in this region and their involvement in molecular pathways. We end by discussing potential reasons for the limited findings so far, including modest sample sizes and limited availability of environmental measures, and make recommendations how to move forward.
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Mallon, K., C. Mcbride, G. Doherty, and R. Burns. "P883 Parental and perinatal risk factors associated with onset of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 17, Supplement_1 (January 30, 2023): i1001—i1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac190.1013.
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Abstract Background Several risk factors have been associated with the onset of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including pre and early life exposures occurring during gestation and up to the end of an infant’s first year of life. Perinatal factors linked to the subsequent development of IBD include parental and environmental exposures. It is postulated that exposure to such factors impacts immune system development leading to alterations in immune responses and increased susceptibility to disease. Limited evidence evaluates this association systematically whilst focusing specifically on the perinatal period. The purpose of this review was to systematically determine whether parental and perinatal factors are associated with IBD onset. Methods We searched the following electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Searches were conducted from 01/01/2002 until 26/01/2022. Keywords and search terms related to ‘perinatal’ and ‘inflammatory bowel disease’ were applied. Case control studies, RCTs and cohort studies evaluating the association between parental and perinatal factors and IBD were included. Study protocol details have been published on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Available from: http://https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022290798Databases Results Our initial search identified 14,989 potentially relevant articles to include (see Figure 1). After title and abstract screening there were 119 articles that met the eligibility criteria. After full-text review and further assessment of these 119 articles, 18 articles were deemed suitable for study synthesis based on the eligibility criteria. Across the 18 articles, a range of parental and perinatal factors were included: family history IBD (n=8), breastfeeding (n=7), disease during pregnancy (n=4), maternal age (n=4), birth delivery method (n=4), antibiotic exposure (n=3), pre-term birth (n=3), birth weight (n=2), environmental exposures in infancy (e.g. pet exposure, rural dwelling) (n=2), diet (n=1), vaccination (n=1) and maternal smoking (n=1). Conclusion This review provides a detailed summary of parental and perinatal factors associated with the onset of IBD. The evidence generated will influence the development of diagnostic risk assessment tools and detailed patient pathway paradigms to address current shortcomings within the delivery of IBD care, providing opportunities to improve efficiency and reduce healthcare costs. The findings will inform on key targets for primary prevention strategies at this early life stage and provide valuable insight on IBD onset to academics, clinicians, patients and policy makers.
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Almobarak, Sulaiman. "Pelizaeus Merzbacher Disease in a Female due to Proteolipid Protein 1 duplication: A Case Report." Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/151.
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Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a rare X-linked central nervous system disease involving the proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) gene on Xq22.1. PMD patients’ commonly exhibit signs including nystagmus, hypotonia, and developmental delay. We report a female case of mild spectrum phenotypic expression of PMD attributable to a de novo Copy Number Variant (CNV) change. A two and half-year-old girl presented to our clinic with hypotonicity. She had apneic spells at birth, and was diagnosed to have nystagmus when she was 3 months old. In addition, she presented with delayed motor development including poor head control and inability to sit independently at 6 months of age, eventually standing with support at 20 months, and a prominent wide-based gait at 24 months. MRI head revealed diffuse, markedly delayed myelination, with a reduction in white matter volume. A chromosomal microarray testing indicated that patient carries an Xq22.1 q23 duplication of uncertain significance, of which the PLP1 is fully duplicated. Parental studies were normal. X-inactivation study was normal. Therefore, our case represents a phenotypic expression of PMD due to de novo mutation, a rare occurrence in a female.
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ØGENDAHL, BETTINA KIRK, ESBEN AGERBO, MAJELLA BYRNE, RASMUS W. LICHT, W. W. EATON, and PREBEN BO MORTENSEN. "Indicators of fetal growth and bipolar disorder: a Danish national register-based study." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 9 (July 12, 2006): 1219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008269.
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Background. Several studies have found an association between indicators of fetal growth and/or obstetric complications and schizophrenia but only a few studies have investigated the possible association between these factors and bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the results of these studies have been contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the risk of bipolar disorder is associated with exposure to indicators of fetal growth.Method. A national population nested case-control study based on Danish longitudinal register databases was carried out. Conditional logistic regression was used, controlling for potential confounding factors such as parental age at birth, socio-economic indicators and psychiatric history. We identified 196 cases, and each case was time-, age- and sex-matched with 25 normal population-based controls. All cases were between the ages of 12 and 26 years at the time of diagnosis, were born between 1973 and 1983 and were admitted and diagnosed between 1987 and 1999.Results. During the study period 1973–1983, none of the individual variables available for analyses (birthweight, birth length, gestational age and number of previous pregnancies in the mother) was associated with receiving a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.Conclusions. None of the indicators of fetal growth under study could be identified as risk factors for bipolar disorder, suggesting that the etiologies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, at least in part, are different.
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Brew, Bronwyn K., Tong Gong, Dylan M. Williams, Henrik Larsson, and Catarina Almqvist. "Using fathers as a negative control exposure to test the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis: A case study on maternal distress and offspring asthma using Swedish register data." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 45, no. 17_suppl (July 2017): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817702324.
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Background: Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis (DOHaD) studies are often observational in nature and are therefore prone to biases from loss to follow-up and unmeasured confounding. Register-based studies can reduce these issues since they allow almost complete follow-up and provide information on fathers that can be used in a negative control analysis to assess the impact of unmeasured confounding. Aim: The aim of this study was to propose a causal model for testing DOHaD using paternal exposure as a negative control, and its application to maternal distress in pregnancy and offspring asthma. Methods: A causal diagram including shared and parent-specific measured and unmeasured confounders for maternal (fetal) and paternal exposures is proposed. The case study consisted of all children born in Sweden from July 2006 to December 2008 ( n=254,150). Information about childhood asthma, parental distress and covariates was obtained from the Swedish national health registers. Associations between maternal and paternal distress during pregnancy and offspring asthma at age five years were assessed separately and with mutual adjustment for the other parent’s distress measure, as well as for shared confounders. Results: Maternal distress during pregnancy was associated with offspring asthma risk; mutually adjusted odds ratio (OR) (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.23, 1.43). The mutually adjusted paternal distress−offspring asthma analysis (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.97, 1.13) indicated no evidence for unmeasured confounding shared by the mother and father. Conclusions: Using paternal exposure in a negative control model to test the robustness of fetal programming hypotheses can be a relatively simple extension of conventional observational studies but limitations need to be considered.
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Kalaij, Ayers Gilberth Ivano, Michael Sugiyanto, and Ahmad Fadhil Ilham. "Factors Associated With Vaccination Compliance in Southeast Asian Children: A Systematic Review." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 33, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10105395211014640.
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Although vaccination coverage has reached a peak of 86% globally, around 19.9 million infants and children are yet to receive routine vaccinations—with Asia holding the highest prevalence of noncompliance. This implies notable gaps in vaccination coverage among some regions in the world. This study aims to analyze the factors associated with compliance toward childhood vaccination in Southeast Asia. A systematic review of observational studies was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane. Included studies analyze factors affecting compliance with childhood vaccination in Southeast Asia, and assessed with Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale’s criteria. Sixteen observational studies were included, with a total of 41 956 subjects, consisting of 15 cross-sectional studies and one case-control study. Our results suggested that parental personal–related, children and family status–related, socioeconomic, and health care–related factors strongly affected subjects’ compliance with immunization. Prominent determinants were older maternal age, higher economics groups, parents in government or health care sectors, and frequent antenatal care visits. On the other hand, noncompliance were associated with younger age, large quantity of family members, lower economic groups, lower education, and unemployed parents. We hope that this comprehensive assessment thoroughly addresses challenges and inform strategies to raise compliance toward childhood vaccination in Southeast Asia.