Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Parental care'
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Duckworth, John William. "Parental care in the Reed Warbler." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358636.
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Gasson, Catherine Emma. "Game-theoretic models of parental care." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299330.
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Powell, Cindy M. "Parental perception of pediatric emergency care /." Staten Island, N.Y. : [s.n.], 1997. http://library.wagner.edu/theses/nursing/1997/thesis_nur_1997_powel_paren.pdf.
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Gilbert, James David Jensen. "The evolution of parental care in insects." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265485.
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This thesis concentrates on evolutionary costs and benefits of insect parental care. I use phylogenetic methods to test large-scale hypotheses, and field studies to test proximate hypotheses. Initially I look at the evolution of variation in the sex performing care, reconstructing transitions across insect evolutionary history. Consistent with theory, early insects had no care, and their descendants evolved either male care, or female care followed sometimes by biparental care. Secondly, I investigate parental care trade-offs. I find that in insects, care is associated positively with offspring survival but negatively with fecundity, suggesting a general trade-off between current and future reproduction. In the second part of the thesis, I use the assassin bug genus Rhinocoris to investigate proximate costs and benefits influencing male care, the rarest form of care. High density is predicted to favour male care; I investigate why male-caring Rhinocoris live at high density on the plant Stylosanthes. Plant preference is rare in predators and I show that the plant protects eggs from predators as well as harbouring favourable prey, factors not usually linked to parental care. Lastly I investigate an unstudied sexual conflict in male-carers. If females prefer caring males, males should be selected to display their eggs conspicuously. Conspicuousness may carry costs to eggs, so females should prefer inconspicuous locations. In the field this conflict exists for one Rhinocoris species but is absent in a sister species, showing that parental care can have complex effects. My results show that while broad patterns of costs and benefits largely follow theory, finer patterns depend on subtle ecological factors.
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Wybourn, Adele. "Fathers' experiences of parental care after divorce." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11052008-120015.
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Longo, Kimber Josephine. "Parental perceptions of care, satisfaction and goal achievement." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq22716.pdf.
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Bird, Chloe J. "Genetic influences on parental care in Nicrophorus vespilloides." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/112301.
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The burying beetle (Nicrophorus vespilloides) has unusually highly developed parental care; parents prepare and maintain a food resource (thereby providing indirect parental care), feed through direct provisioning by regurgitation, and protect their larvae. Parental care is highly variable and can be uniparental female care, uniparental male care, or biparental. There are genetic components to the parenting behaviour of the burying beetle, the amount of direct and indirect care given, and the size of the brood are heritable and therefore genetic traits. In this thesis I have focused on two candidate genes that I predicted would influence parental care behaviour. The first is foraging, which has been shown to influence a range of social and reproductive behaviours in other insect species. Using QRTPCR and pharmacological manipulations I have investigated the role of Nvfor in adult and juvenile burying beetles. The second gene is inotocin, the insect orthologue of oxytocin. Oxytocin has been shown to influence social behaviour as well as many behaviours associated with reproduction in vertebrates and invertebrates, however the effects of inotocin have not yet been investigated in insects. I have used pharmacological manipulations to investigate the role of inotocin in parental behaviour in female burying beetles. Collectively my results demonstrate the central role of Nvfor in the control of direct parental care and the association with major behavioural changes in both adult and larval burying beetles. I have also demonstrated the possible involvement of oxytocin in the control of aggression towards conspecific larvae. These insights suggest the controlling mechanism for the behavioural changes seen in burying beetles is complex and involves interactions between many genes. Combined with previous research on these genes, it is clear they are key components in the evolution of sociality. Finally, my research indicates the power of the candidate gene approach, and suggests additional components of the related pathways that could be investigated.
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Balshine-Earn, Sigal. "The evolution of parental care in cichlid fishes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361761.
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Thomas, Lisa Katherine. "The evolution of parental care in assassin bugs." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361688.
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West, Hannah E. R. "The evolution of male parental care in mammals." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16571.
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Males care for offspring across a diverse range of taxa. Why males give up mating opportunities and spend time and energy caring for offspring is unclear, especially when females already provide parental care. The evolutionary drivers for biparental care are currently uncertain, as are the evolutionary consequences of male care on female and offspring fitness. Using modern phylogenetic comparative methods, I test hypotheses on the evolution of biparental care in a sample of over 500 mammalian species while considering the diversity in parental care behaviours. Both male care and monogamy occur in species where levels of paternity are high, but only monogamy associates with reduced investment in sperm competition traits. Male care also has energetic benefits for females and offspring; females have higher fecundity and offspring faster growth in species with biparental care, in support of the ‘load-lightening’ hypothesis. I find strong support for the hypothesis that monogamy drives the evolution of male care but only for behaviours that provide fecundity benefits, while behaviours unrelated to female fecundity may either precede or follow monogamy. However, I find no support for the hypothesis that infanticide by males promotes the evolution of male care. Lastly, I investigate whether care by non-parental helpers exhibit similar associations with life history traits as male care and find that care by helpers associates with increased fecundity, but by influencing different times of the female reproductive cycle. Overall I identify a two-step process of evolution between male care and social monogamy, with care behaviours which do not confer fecundity benefits facilitating the evolution of social monogamy and higher paternity levels, which subsequently promote the evolution of further care behaviours with higher energetic benefits. Thus, this research demonstrates the importance of considering the care behaviour performed, the time of female reproduction at which it is performed, and the identity of the carer, in studies investigating the evolution of parental care.
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van, Dijk Rene E. "Sexual conflict over parental care in penduline tits." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507745.
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Sexual conflict, the different interests of males and females over reproduction, is a potent evolutionary force. Here I investigate sexual conflict in the context of parental care by focussing on two questions: (i) which behavioural, morphological and environmental traits influence the parents’ decision to care for the brood or desert? (ii) How does sexual conflict influence the evolution of behaviour and morphology? I investigate both questions using a small, polygamous passerine bird, the Eurasian penduline tit Remiz pendulinus, which exhibits intense sexual conflict over parental care such that either the male, the female or both parents desert the clutch. Using detailed behavioural observations during the crucial few days preceding desertion, I argue that it may be in the parents’ best interest to conceal their intention to care for (or desert) their brood. The rapid resulting process that leads to variable parental care resembles a coordination game in which either parent may desert first. I developed a game-theoretical model that suggests that a key to resolving the conflict between parents is the sex difference in reproductive payoffs for given parental care strategies, rather than differences in parental quality per se. Environmental variables (e.g. food availability and mating opportunities) seem only subsidiary in the decision-making process of parents. My final chapter explores ramifications of sexual conflict at an evolutionary timescale. By comparing the highly polygamous Eurasian penduline tit with the monogamous Cape penduline tit, I show that morphological and behavioural differences between these two species are consistent with predictions of sexual conflict theory. During my PhD I also identified that there is considerable variation in breeding systems within different species of penduline tits. I argue that by studying these systems new insights will emerge into (i) the drivers of breeding systems, and (ii) neural and genomic traits that underlie breeding system evolution.
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Thorogood, Rose. "Colour, carotenoids and the evolution of parental care." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608802.
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Mattey, Sarah Nadine. "Social effects of inbreeding associated with parental care." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9639.
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Inbreeding is associated with reduced fitness, a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. I investigated direct and indirect effects of inbreeding on social traits associated with parental care in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides. This species breeds on small vertebrate carcasses and the parents provide care by maintaining the carcass and regurgitating food to begging larvae. I quantified the survival of outbred offspring produced by inbred and outbred parents. I found that inbred offspring had reduced survival compared to outbred offspring, and that outbred offspring produced by inbred parents survived less well. Such intergenerational effects of inbreeding suggests that inbreeding may affect the amount of parental care provided to offspring. I tested this by investigating the amount of care inbred and outbred male and female parents provided to outbred offspring. I found no reductions in the amount of care provided by inbred parents but found that parents provided more care when their partner was inbred. In addition, I investigated effects of inbreeding on parent-offspring communication, when either female parents or their offspring were inbred. I found that whilst inbred offspring begged less, parents provided inbred offspring with more care. The effects of inbreeding had significant consequences affecting biparental negotiation and parent-offspring communication. Next, I tested for the effects of inbreeding on the antimicrobial properties of secretions that both parents apply to the carcass during larval development. I found that the bactericidal activity of inbred male parents was reduced compared to outbred male parents during the dispersal stages and no evidence for the secretions of inbred and outbred female parents differing. Finally, to test whether the strong inbreeding depression found in this species influenced the mating decisions, I presented females with related or unrelated males, and found no evidence that females avoided inbreeding. These results show that to accurately estimate the fitness consequences of inbreeding the social effects on all individuals within a family must be accounted for.
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Hopwood, Paul Edward. "Nutritional and social environmental effects on parental care." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15476.
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Parental care is likely to evolve when benefits of care are greater than costs. Provision of parental care may buffer vulnerable offspring against unpredictable or hazardous environments permitting parents to breed in situations too hostile for unassisted juvenile survival. The nature of environmental unpredictability faced by parents and their offspring (e.g., availability of nutritional resources, breeding resources and/or the strength of competition) provides the ecological context in which costs and benefits of parental traits are defined. Therefore investigations about how the environment might shape parental traits ought not only to be conducted in the laboratory but also in a natural setting where unanticipated parameters may have profound effects on theoretical predictions. I conducted a series of manipulative experiments and observational studies in the laboratory and in the field using burying beetles, Nicrophorus vespilloides, to examine the effects of environmental variation on parental competitive ability, reproductive productivity, longevity and the expression of parental sex-role differences and alternative reproductive tactics. In these beetles a relative size advantage confers success in contests for scarce and vital breeding resources so a central prediction was that reproductive success would be positively correlated with body size. In contrast I found that reproductive performance was favoured over contest success when nutritional resources were delayed temporarily during a developmental window. Larger beetles do win contests for breeding-resources but the benefits of being large depend on the quality of the social environment experienced (i.e., the relative size of an opponent). In a naturalistic setting, smaller males avoided direct contests because they attracted proportionately more females and as a result their breeding associations were more often monogamous. This has potential benefits for females because they avoid female-female contests and brood parasitism. Variation in the nutritional environment provided by parents (the carcass size on which offspring are reared) directly influences body size creating a dynamism between the nutritional and social environments experienced by these beetles depending on their size, which has ramifications for their individual success and maintenance of alternative strategies in the population as a whole.
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Öst, Markus. "Feeding constraints and parental care in female eiders." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2000. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/ekolo/vk/ost/.
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Koontz, Victoria S. "Parental satisfaction in a pediatric intensive care unit." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=346.
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Ygge, Britt Marie. "Parental Involvement in Pediatric Hospital Care-Implications for Clinical Practice and Quality of Care." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4010.
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Berg, Mathew Leslie. "Sexual selection and reproductive strategies in songbirds territoriality, mate attraction, parentage and parental care /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2007. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/300721439.
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Board, Rhonda Marie. "Parental care of their children in the PICU: effects on parental physical and psychological symptoms." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1399557683.
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Masterson, Dawn E. "Infanticide and parental care in mice Mus musculus domesticus." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241418.
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Goodwin, Nicholas B. "The evolution and ecology of parental care in fishes." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323386.
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Lee, Wanjeong. "Child Care and Parental Beliefs in Korean-American Families." DigitalCommons@USU, 1995. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3116.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate Korean-American families' beliefs about child development and their child-care practices. Questionnaires were distributed and mailed to wives of Korean-American dual-earner families residing in Utah with young children. Incorporated measures were the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA), Maternal Expectations of Child Development, questions on the type of child care and its quality, and the Child Care Satisfaction Scale (CCSS). Seventy-three mothers filled out the questionnaire for 104 children's child-care situations.
Results showed that Korean-American mothers were moderately acculturated and held both American and Korean values concerning the growth and development of children. There were consistent relationships among the type of child care, mothers' quality rating, and maternal satisfaction, as they relate to family characteristics. That is, the child's age, family income, and the availability of relatives were factors related to the type of child care. Korean-American mothers considered educational activities or learning opportunities as important factors in child care and gave higher ratings to center care than they gave to relative or neighbor care. Also, maternal satisfaction with the care arrangements was positively related to their ratings of quality.
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Gill, Fenella. "Paediatric intensive care nursing behaviours to reduce parental stress." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1028.
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A child's admission to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is stressful for the family. Parental presence and involvement with their child in hospital have been recognised as important in reducing their stress. Several studies have identified parental needs in the PICU. Nurses have reported that they felt inadequately prepared to meet those needs. Although principles to guide nursing strategies have been identified, contextual behaviours of PICU nurses to reduce parental stress have not A qualitative study, using an ethnographic approach, was designed to describe contextual behaviours of experienced PICU nurses. Participants self identified their level of clinical practice to be at The Competency Standards for Specialist Critical Care Nurses (CACCN Inc., 1996). Fifteen nurses from six Australian PJCUs (two each in Brisbane and Sydney, one each in Melbourne and Adelaide) were interviewed. Recalled critical incidents identifying nursing behaviours to reduce parental stress were audiotaped, transcribed, analysed and interpreted. NUD•IST (version 4.0) was used to facilitate the initial data analysis. King's conceptual framework for nursing (1981), was used to illustrate the interactions of the interpersonal relationships between staff and parents and the effect of the culture within the PlCU. King's conceptual framework consists of three interacting, open systems; individuals as personal systems, two or more individuals forming interpersonal systems, and larger groups with common interests forming social systems or cultures. The nurses described parental stressors and behaviours. Nursing behaviours were anticipatory or in response to parental cues. Demonstrating empathy, sensitivity, caring and encouraging the parental role enabled rapport to be developed. Keeping parents fully informed, listening and talking through problems were also important stress reducing behaviours. PICU cultural behaviours, such as restricting parents' presence with their child, resulted in increased stress. The nurses found their role more difficult when parents were non English speaking, were of a different culture, religion or social background, or had long stays in the PICU. The nurses' personal challenges included the death of a patient, the need to remain impartial, and the pressure to always perform. The PICU nurses' ability to quickly establish rapport during a stressful time in the parents' lives was crucial to be able to reduce their stress. Many contextual nursing behaviours to reduce parental stress were described. However, consideration must be given to modifying those behaviours that increased parental stress. From both the perspective of positive and negative nursing behaviour, this study will enable nurses to be aware of behaviours that reduce and exacerbate parental stress in order to improve their practice in supporting parents.
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Chen, Wen-Lin. "Nurses' and parents' attitudes toward pain management and parental participation in postoperative care of children." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16127/1/Wen-Lin_Chen_Thesis.pdf.
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Over the last 25 years, inadequate pain management for postoperative children continues to be reported in the literature. Inadequate postoperative pain management leads to detrimental physiological and psychological effects, and lengthens children's hospitalisation. Parental participation can improve the quality of care in hospital and after discharge. Both pain management and parental participation are influenced by the attitudes of nurses and parents. However, only little attention has been paid to this field particularly in Taiwan.
The purpose of the present study was: firstly, to understand nurses' and parents' attitudes toward pain management and parental participation in postoperative child care. Secondly, to explore the personal factors affecting their attitudes to pain management and parental participation. The third purpose was to compare nurses' and parents' attitudes toward pain management and parental participation in postoperative care of children in Taiwan. A descriptive, cross sectional design was used to survey paediatric nurses (n=63) and parents (n=133) of children from 0 to 17 years old who had undergone surgery in three Taiwan teaching hospitals.
The findings indicate that misconceptions about pain medications were found in both parents and nurses. Both parents and nurses held neutral to positive attitudes towards parental participation and postoperative pain management. Both parents and nurses who had higher education levels had more positive attitudes toward the use of pain medication. Parents who were younger, had a higher education level, had previous experience of caring for their child during hospitalisation, had previous experience with their child having surgery and who had younger children, had more positive attitudes toward parental participation. Nurses who had more working experience with children had more positive attitudes toward parental participation. Nurses and parents all had higher agreement in using non-pharmacological methods for children's postoperative pain relief. Nurses had more agreement than the parents in the subscale of "parent-professional collaboration" and another five items in the PPAS questionnaire which included parents being allowed to change simple dressings, restrain their child, and feed their baby; parents being informed; and enhanced professional-patient relationship with parental involvement. Parents had more positive attitudes than nurses to the subscale of "parent presence" and the parents were more in favour than nurses of the provision of facilities such as free meals or parking fees.
Improvement in the quality of children's pain management requires more education to enhance nurses' and parents' knowledge and attitudes toward children's pain management and parental participation. Additional programs are needed that target nurses with less paediatric experience as well as older parents to develop more positive attitudes to parental participation. Paediatric nurses need to be aware and satisfy parents' desire to be present during their child's hospitalisation, as well as help parents to clarify their misconceptions about side effects and tolerance of analgesics utilisation.
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Chen, Wen-Lin. "Nurses' and Parents' Attitudes toward Pain Management and Parental Participation in Postoperative Care of Children." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16127/.
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Over the last 25 years, inadequate pain management for postoperative children continues to be reported in the literature. Inadequate postoperative pain management leads to detrimental physiological and psychological effects, and lengthens children's hospitalisation. Parental participation can improve the quality of care in hospital and after discharge. Both pain management and parental participation are influenced by the attitudes of nurses and parents. However, only little attention has been paid to this field particularly in Taiwan. The purpose of the present study was: firstly, to understand nurses' and parents' attitudes toward pain management and parental participation in postoperative child care. Secondly, to explore the personal factors affecting their attitudes to pain management and parental participation. The third purpose was to compare nurses' and parents' attitudes toward pain management and parental participation in postoperative care of children in Taiwan. A descriptive, cross sectional design was used to survey paediatric nurses (n=63) and parents (n=133) of children from 0 to 17 years old who had undergone surgery in three Taiwan teaching hospitals. The findings indicate that misconceptions about pain medications were found in both parents and nurses. Both parents and nurses held neutral to positive attitudes towards parental participation and postoperative pain management. Both parents and nurses who had higher education levels had more positive attitudes toward the use of pain medication. Parents who were younger, had a higher education level, had previous experience of caring for their child during hospitalisation, had previous experience with their child having surgery and who had younger children, had more positive attitudes toward parental participation. Nurses who had more working experience with children had more positive attitudes toward parental participation. Nurses and parents all had higher agreement in using non-pharmacological methods for children's postoperative pain relief. Nurses had more agreement than the parents in the subscale of "parent-professional collaboration" and another five items in the PPAS questionnaire which included parents being allowed to change simple dressings, restrain their child, and feed their baby; parents being informed; and enhanced professional-patient relationship with parental involvement. Parents had more positive attitudes than nurses to the subscale of "parent presence" and the parents were more in favour than nurses of the provision of facilities such as free meals or parking fees. Improvement in the quality of children's pain management requires more education to enhance nurses' and parents' knowledge and attitudes toward children's pain management and parental participation. Additional programs are needed that target nurses with less paediatric experience as well as older parents to develop more positive attitudes to parental participation. Paediatric nurses need to be aware and satisfy parents' desire to be present during their child's hospitalisation, as well as help parents to clarify their misconceptions about side effects and tolerance of analgesics utilisation.
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Buckley, Jonathan. "Parental care and the development of the parent offspring conflict in discus fish (Symphysodon spp.)." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1041.
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Parental care has evolved across the animal kingdom to increase the probability of offspring surviving in an environment fraught with danger. While parental care is common among mammals and birds, it is relatively rare in fish with the vast majority of fish showing no form of parental care at all, whilst those that do, often just provide parental care to developing eggs pre-hatch. The provision of parental care in discus fish (Symphysodon spp.) is, therefore, interesting in that parents provide mucus to offspring as a source of nutrition during the first few weeks of care. In mammals this post-birth provision of parental care can lead to the development of the parent offspring conflict. It is, however, possible that this conflict is also present in discus fish. This thesis examines both the interesting parental care strategy of discus fish along with the potential for the parent offspring conflict to develop. To examine the dynamics of parental care in discus fish, a range of behavioural and mucus composition studies were carried out. The analysis of mucus revealed that similar to mammals, parents provided offspring with an initial high quantity of nutritional and non-nutritional factors including antibodies (IgM), essential ions and hormones. Behavioural studies also revealed that initially parents were highly diligent in providing care to offspring but that after two weeks of care, the behaviour of parents changed making it harder for offspring to obtain mucus. At this point a weaning period was initiated where offspring began spending less time with parents and more time foraging for external food sources. The initiation of this weaning period suggests the presence of the parent offspring conflict and indicates that a point is reached where the energetic demands of offspring are too great and that energy is better invested in to future offspring. Research into the bite size and feeding rate of fry suggest that during the weaning period fry could demand excessive amounts of mucus, which may be energetically unsustainable leading to the observed offspring avoiding behaviour of parents. As parental care behaviour is known to be intimately associated with mate choice, mate choice behaviour was also assessed in discus fish with the hypothesis that the ability to provide mucus would be selected for by prospective mates. While my dietary experiment did not influence mucus quality, the mate choice experiment did reveal the importance of hierarchies in discus fish, indicating that dominant individuals were significantly more likely to pair than subordinates. This is similar to that observed in closely related cichlids where the ability to be dominant and protect a territory was indicative of the ability to successfully raise offspring. In conclusion, the parental care behaviour of discus fish appears to share more similarities with that seen in mammals than that observed in fish. The implications of these findings indicate that parental care in discus fish could be a new model of parent offspring conflict hitherto unseen in fish which could ultimately help our understanding of the evolution of parental care in fish.
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Davidson, Lindy Grief. "Spiritual Frameworks in Pediatric Palliative Care: Understanding Parental Decision-making." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6216.
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Parents of seriously ill children are charged with making complicated medical decisions, and many of those decisions are made during their children’s hospitalizations. As medical staff seek to support parents, it is important for them to understand what resources parents are drawing upon for decision-making. This project explored parental decision-making by examining the following research questions: RQ1: What resources do parents draw upon to make medical decisions for their seriously ill children? RQ2: How do parents enact their spiritual or religious frameworks in clinical settings when faced with medical decisions for their seriously ill children? Methods of research included ethnographic observation of a pediatric palliative care team and semi-structured interviews with twenty parents and grandparents of seriously ill children. Analysis of the interview data brought out three main themes: the role of spirituality for parents of seriously ill children, the ways parents perceive spiritual conversations with hospital personnel, and the role of spirituality for parents making difficult decisions. A case study is presented as an exemplar of complex decision-making, and the author offers her personal narratives of parenting a seriously ill child. The author suggests new directions for practitioners based on a constitutive approach to communication in which practitioners and parents work together to build towards an understanding of the child’s illness. The findings from this study contribute to the current understanding of families with seriously ill children and should shape medical education in a way that will benefit the next generation of professional care providers as they seek to meet the needs of children and their families.
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Attanasi, Kim. "Perceived Parental Barriers to Preventive Dental Care Programs for Children." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4417.
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Dental caries is the most prevalent childhood illness and disproportionately affects children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Dental organizations are collaborating within communities to decrease oral health disparities among children by offering free preventive oral health events. These programs face the problem of low enrollment due to lack of informed parental consent. Also, gaps in the literature indicated the need to examine oral health perceptions and dental-care-seeking practices of culturally diverse low-income parents regarding preventive care for their children. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the reasons why parents are not allowing their children to participate in the aforementioned programs. This inquiry examined how perceived barriers impede parents from seeking free preventive dental care for their children. The transtheoretical model and social cognitive theory were used in this study. Open-ended questions were used to interview 20 purposefully sampled parents regarding perceptions of free preventive dental care programs until saturation. Interviews were audio recorded, and all data were transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed thematically. The main themes revealed through this analysis were lack of trust and cultural dissimilarities as potential barriers. Additional themes of money, fear, lack of insurance, transportation, time, and access to care were also confirmed. This study may contribute to positive social change by increasing knowledge that may inform the development of clinical and policy solutions aimed at improving parents' awareness regarding children's oral health, ultimately enabling a reduction in childhood caries and oral health disparities.
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Moore, Christopher Paul. "The roles of parental bonding and self-esteem in depression." Thesis, Keele University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362167.
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The research contained in this thesis was concerned with the parental care afforded to children and the effect of that parenting on the child's self-concept in relation to the aetiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). It was based upon psychoanalytic and cognitive theories of depression, which implicate negative relationships with significant others in childhood as of aetiological importance in MDD. Both schools also argue that this link is mediated by negative self-beliefs which a child develops as a consequence of such relationships. An attempt was made to identify, firstly, which aspects of parenting style are associated with such depression and, secondly, whether low self-esteem acts as a vulnerability factor for MDD. A measure of 'self-concept' was also created to test whether the way in which an individual thinks about themselves occupies a distinct role in the aetiology of MDD. A measure of neuroticism was taken in order to examine the role that this personality characteristic plays in relation to parenting and self-esteem. The main finding was that lack of maternal care was indirectly associated with MDD via 'selfconcept' and self-esteem, with the former preceding the latter in a hypothesised temporal order. A further indirect link was found between high levels of paternal overprotection and depression; this link being mediated, firstly, by self-esteem and, secondly, by neuroticism. It is suggested that there may be two separate routes to MDD and that these routes may be based upon 'sociotropic' and 'autonomy' schemas. The main suggestion, however, is that low levels of maternal care lead to the development of a sociotropic depressogenic schema and that this schema represents a vulnerability to depression. It is suggested that this schema will only lead to depression, however, if an individual experiences a schema relevant negative life-event which lowers self-esteem and sets up a cyclical process culminating in major depressive disorder.
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Hiller, Sarah E. "The Parental Patriarchy: How U.S. Parental Leave and Child Care Policies Perpetuate Motherhood Inequality in the Workplace." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/665.
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This thesis looks at how parental leave and early child care policies in the U.S. can reshape our understanding of the role of government, parental responsibility, and gender within paid labor in order to dismantle the systems of oppression and domination that lead to motherhood inequality. The United States is the only developed economy without mandated paid parental leave, and privatized child care costs can be greater than tuition at public universities. As a result, mothers, still overwhelmingly the primary caregivers in families, are forced to juggle the responsibilities of paid and domestic labor in a way that leads to employment discrimination. Because policies have a unique power to incentivize behavior and change socially ingrained biases, I propose that Congress institute paid parental leave through the FAMILY Act and revives the Comprehensive Child Development Act of 1971 to establish public child care.
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Ben-Ami, Gabriel. "Secular parents' choice of Ultra Orthodox day-care : a grounded theory study of parental decision making." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440248.
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Foster, Norma. "Nurses' perspectives of parental participation in the care of preterm infants in a special care nursery." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29712.
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Nurses in neonatal special care nurseries with a philosophy of family centered care involve parents in the care of preterm infants. There is little research describing nurses' perspectives of parental participation in care. Using interview data obtained from one secondary level neonatal special care nursery, this study attempts to understand the meaning parental participation in care has for neonatal nurses and the way that meaning is expressed in various nursing activities.
Twelve nurses were interviewed about their reaction to parental participation in various activities such as feeding and bathing their babies. These nurses are all full time staff members in the nursery.
Findings of the research are that there are two main nursing perspectives of parental participation in the care of preterm infants in a special care nursery. These two perspectives are labelled the 'our baby' and 'their baby' perspective. The 'our baby' group of subjects maintain a traditional role of control of care. The 'their baby' group are committed to the philosophy of family centered care within certain boundaries. An example of the difference., in the two perspectives was discovered in the area of infant feeding. The 'our baby' nurses thought that parents engaged in this activity increased the workload while the 'their baby' nurses thought that parents decreased workload. The 'our baby' nurses treated most parents in a similar way but the 'their baby' nurses individualized their approach to parents. The 'their baby' nurses' enjoyed spending time with parents but the other group said that there were less parents to deal with when they were working at night. Both groups work side by side with little conflict.
Implications for the selection and training of nurses are noted as well as implications for further research.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
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Song, Minkyoung. "Termination of parental rights and adoption in foster care a foster care decision on child maltreatment." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007. http://d-nb.info/985771186/04.
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Henry, E. C. "Behavioural mechanisms underlying infant care in male and female Mongolian gerbils." Thesis, University of Abertay Dundee, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377707.
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The introduction of parental behaviour in naive animals has been studied in several species. Male and female adult Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus were singly exposed to protected pups (PP exposures). Exposures lasted for ten minutes, and were carried out each day. Behaviour patterns shown by the adults were recorded, and their frequencies measured. After several PP exposures (3-18), adults were exposed to unprotected pups (UP exposures) in order to detect whether or not the normal aggressive response to pups was still present, or had been overcome and replaced by parental responsiveness. Preliminary experiments showed the aggressive response could be overcome in as little as five ten minute exposures. A variety of parental behaviour patterns were shown by some individuals, suggesting that stages may exist in the process under investigation. Following on from preliminary experiments, the effect of increasing the number of both PP and UP exposures was investigated. Increasing PP and UP exposures increased the percentage of animals responding non-aggressively towards pups. However no increase was seen in the range of parental responses shown. Again, results suggested the development of the parental response was a non-unitary process occurring in stages: first the overcoming of fear of pups or aggression towards pups; second, investigation of the pup; third, the development of parental responsiveness. The role of olfactory and auditory cues from the pups were next investigated. If a pup bore the scent gland sebum of the experimental adult, aggression was overcome more quickly than before. Also, more parental behaviour patterns were shown. If the pup bore the experimental adult's urine, aggression was overcome more quickly than in preliminary experiments, but not as quickly as when the pups bore the adult's sebum. No correlation was found between the rate of ultrasonic calling and the rate of the induction of parental responsiveness. This was thought to be an artefact of the recording procedure, since the source of individual calls was not identified, and the frequency of calls could therefore have been increased due to adults calling. Parental responsiveness appeared to be maintained 2 weeks after its induction, but not 10 weeks after induction. An exception to this was the animals exposed to pups smeared with the experimental adults sebum, who did not appear to maintain responsiveness even up to 2 weeks after induction. Overall twice as many males as females were able to be induced to show parental responsiveness. Males overcame their aggression to pups, and showed parental responsiveness more quickly than females did. Further work arising from the present studies would include a more detailed study of both the influence of ultrasonic calling by pups on the development of parental responsiveness and the quicker development of parental responsiveness found when pups bore an odour familiar to the adults.
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Chan, Pak-yan, and 陳柏茵. "Evidence-based interventions to reduce parental peri-operativeanxiety." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44622843.
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Safiniuk, Brad. "Offspring solicitation of parental care in American white pelicans, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0014/MQ53219.pdf.
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Lozano, George A. "Parental care and female mate choice in yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia)." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40389.
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In this thesis my initial goal was to use yellow warblers to examine the effect of paternal care on female mate choice. I first examined whether mate choice based on paternal care could be considered adaptive. Paternal care was variable among males and important to female fitness, but, contrary to a previous report, male chest striping could not be used to predict paternal care. Females did not compensate for reductions of male parental care, which resulted in significantly reduced nestling growth. In chapter two I tested the idea that monogamy in birds is maintained because of the need for biparental care. I reduced the need of strict biparental care by providing pairs at some nests with supplemental food, and found that the main effect of supplemental food was on maternal, not paternal behaviour. The first two chapters suggest that males and females provide for their brood independently from each other, which is in disagreement with current models on the maintenance of biparental care. These models assume that any given factor must affect maternal and paternal care equally for biparental care to be maintained. In Chapter three I showed that the effects of brood size and nestling age on parental care are similar for both sexes. In Chapter four I deal with age-related changes in reproductive success and the possible effects on female mate choice. Age affected the likelihood of breeding in females, but only the time of breeding in males. These changes were accompanied by age-related increases in size in both sexes. These results raise the possibility of age-related increases in parental ability, and female preference for older males.
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Dickens, Megan. "Family conflicts over parental care in the blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440407.
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Wetzel, Daniel P. "THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN PARENTAL CARE BEHAVIOR." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_etds/12.
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Behavioral traits can be remarkably flexible depending on the conditions in which they are expressed, yet, in spite of this flexibility, persistent differences between individuals appear to limit the potential expression of behaviors. For example, despite evidence that parents provide variable amounts of parental care in response to changing environmental conditions, they also differ in the overall level of care they provide. I used a behavioral reaction norm approach to study individual variation in parental care behavior in free-living house sparrows (Passer domesticus). I investigated the nature of this variation by studying the relationship between different forms of parental care, the biological basis of individual variation in care, and the effect of this variation in care on offspring. First, I found a positive covariance between nestling provisioning and nest defense. Parents that provided high levels of care in one context provided high levels of care in the other context, even after accounting for measures of offspring value. Second, I sought to identify the biological sources that create and maintain consistent individual differences in the level of care a parent provides. I found that the likelihood of feeding nestlings large food items was positively associated with genetic heterozygosity, but did not find evidence that nestling provisioning was influenced by additive genetic variation in this population. Parents hatched from larger eggs provisioned offspring at a higher rate than parents hatched from smaller eggs, but there was no effect of other conditions experienced in the nest on the level of care expressed as an adult. I also tested if differences in problem-solving ability were related to differences in parental care behavior. Although I found that problem-solving parents fledged more offspring than parents that could not solve the problem, parental care was not associated with any measure of problem-solving ability. Finally, I found that individual variation in parental care reaction norms predicted the growth rate, size, and immune response of nestlings, which in turn positively affected offspring survival and recruitment. My findings reveal factors maintaining individual differences in parental care behavior and offer new insights into the causes and consequences of individual variation.
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Knotek, W. Ladd. "Smallmouth bass mortality during parental care : implications for year-class strength /." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-172544/.
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Petteys, Annie R. "Effects of neonatal palliative care consultation on parental stress of patients in the neonatal intensive care unit." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1522646.
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The hospitalization of one's infant is a stressful situation that can lead to decreased bonding and poor health outcomes. This longitudinal comparative design study examined the effects of neonatal palliative care (PC) consultation on stress levels and satisfaction scores of parents of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) infants. Clinical data was abstracted from the medical record. Demographic data, stress scores, and satisfaction reports were obtained via self-report.
Mean stress scores indicated most parents experienced moderate stress due to NICU hospitalization. Some parents met diagnostic criteria for acute stress disorder. While all parents expressed satisfaction with care received; PC parents were extremely satisfied with care. No statistically significant differences in stress or satisfaction scores were noted between parents who received PC consultation and those who did not. Study conclusions validate previous research regarding NICU parent stress and show that additional quantitative and qualitative research regarding NICU palliative care is warranted.
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Redetzke, Christine. "Level of parental involvement in a nationally accredited childcare center." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2006. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2006/2006redetzkec.pdf.
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Wright, Jonathan. "Sex differences in parental investment : seeking an evolutionary stable strategy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256387.
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Fraser, Gail S. "Parental care and sexual selection in socially monogamous crested auklets (Aethia cristatella)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0021/NQ54836.pdf.
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Vasey, Jackie. "Tokenism or true partnership : parental involvement in a child's acute pain care." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/26181/.
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Background: Despite the growing evidence about acute pain management in children and the availability of practice guidelines, children still experience unnecessary pain when in hospital. Involving parents in their child’s pain care has been identified as being central to the pain management in children. However, little is known about how parents and nurses work in partnership in acute children’s wards to care for the child experiencing pain. This thesis explored the experiences and perceptions of parents and nurses and the extent to which parents are involved and partners in the child’s pain care, and the factors that influence parental involvement in care. The family-centred care practice continuum was the theoretical framework that underpinned the study. Methods: A qualitative ethnographical study using non-participant observation and follow up interviews was undertaken. Fourteen nurses and 44 parents/grandparents participated, recruited from the children’s wards of two district general hospitals. The framework approach underpinned data analysis. Findings: While some evidence of parental involvement was identified, the study revealed variations in the way parents are involved in their child’s pain care. A range of challenges were highlighted in relation to the implementation of family-centred care as an approach to promote parental involvement in care. Parents wanted to be more involved in their child’s pain care, and act as an advocate for their child, particularly when they perceived their child’s pain care to be sub-optimal. At times nurses created barriers to parental involvement in pain care, for example, by not communicating effectively with parents and planning pain care without involving parents. The ‘Pillars of Partnership in Pain Care Model’ is offered as an alternative approach to engaging with parents, to address the barriers to involvement and assist nurses shift from a paternalistic approach to involvement to one of working collaboratively with parents in the context of the care of child in pain. Conclusions and implications for practice: Parental involvement in their child’s acute pain care can improve the child’s pain experience, increase parents’ satisfaction in care and reduce parental anxiety. The challenge for nurses is to embrace parental contribution to care and develop the confidence to support parents to advocate for their child.
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Shephard, Allyson Lee. "Parental presence during paediatric trauma resuscitation: Health care professionals' attitudes and beliefs." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26773.
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A qualitative study, using interpretive description, was conducted at a tertiary paediatric hospital. Its purpose was to determine attitudes and beliefs of nurses and physicians about parental presence during paediatric trauma resuscitations in the Emergency Department.
Parental presence was believed to have both benefits and problems for patients, parents and the trauma team. Registered nurses and physicians expressed largely similar attitudes and beliefs related to parental presence. These depended heavily on context. Most participants believed presence was appropriate with stable children and when death was imminent. In between these two ends of the continuum, participants had greater variability in their attitudes and beliefs.
Findings provide insight into how health care professionals believe they can deliver the highest quality technical care for the patient while meeting the psychosocial needs of all involved. Relevance of the findings to family centred-care is discussed. Implications for nursing practice, education and research are identified.
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Pitcher, Trevor Edgar. "Male parental care and extrapair copulation effort in hooded warblers (Wilsonia citrina)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq27371.pdf.
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Taylor, Sabrina Simone. "Parental care during incubation and chick-rearing in Humboldt penguins, Spheniscus humboldti." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0034/MQ66588.pdf.
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Taylor, Kathryn J. "Nest defence as parental care in the grey warbler and the rifleman." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7023.
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Nest defence behaviour, an important component of parental care in birds, was studied in two endemic passerines, the Grey Warbler, Gerygone igata, and the South Island Rifleman, Acanthisitta chloris chloris, at Kowhai Bush, South Island, New Zealand. Theoretical models based on Triver's parental investment theory predict that parents will increase the risk taken to defend their offspring as offspring age. By testing nest defence response of Grey Warblers and Riflemen to a mounted Little Owl, Athene noctua, near the nest I found that both species took a higher level of risk while defending nestlings than eggs. However, I show that the methodology used to study nest defence can affect the results obtained. I repeatedly exposed Grey Warbler and Rifleman parents to the model owl. Their responses after several tests became less intense than for parents that were only exposed to the model once. The level of intensity of nest defence was not affected by either the sex of the parent or whether parents were responding together or alone. Within pairs, Riflemen had highly correlated levels of nest defence response, whereas this correlation was less evident with Grey Warblers. Riflemen were found to adjust their level of defence according to the type of predator threatening the nest. Nest guarding, a previously undescribed aspect of nest defence in male Grey Warblers, was found to be carried out by males only at second nests. I suggest that nest guarding is a response to the threat of brood parasitism by the Shining Cuckoo, Chrysoccocyx lucidus.
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Bush, Sarah Louise. "Courtship and male parental care in the Mallorcan Midwife toad Alytes muletensis." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359320.
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Sexual selection theory predicts that the sex with the lower parental investment, usually the male, will be the more competitive and more highly adorned sex. Species in which males have a high investment In the form of parental care or nuptial gifts are instructive for testing the predictions of sexual selection theories. In the Mallorcan Midwife toad (Alytes muletensis), the male performs the parental care by carrying the eggs wrapped in a string around his legs. In laboratory experiments, both sexes were active in courtship and females were observed to compete more frequently than males. Both males and females incurred growth costs as a result of reproduction; males were also susceptible to physical injuries including the loss of limbs during brooding. Because the costs of reproduction are high for both sexes, either sex might be expected to exercise choice when finding a mate. Large males were not significantly better at caring for the eggs than were small males, and there was no correlation between female size and clutch size. Both sexes could benefit by choosing large mates, however, because hatchling size was significantly associated with both male size and female size, and large hatchlings are likely to enjoy fitness benefits. No evidence for female mate choice was evident in two-speaker arena experiments, but it is possible that mate choice in this species is mediated by non-acoustic cues. Double clutching, which enables brooding males to reduce the mating cost of providing parental care, is less common in A. muletensis than in the other species of midwife toads. Experiments and models indicated that the low frequency of double clutching is probably due to a time limit which constrains males to obtaining the second clutch within three days of the first. The potential reproductive rate of females was higher than that of males, suggesting that a female-biased OSR is responsible for the observed competition between females, but the reproductive rates of both sexes are expected to vary with the seasons. The resulting shifts in the OSR should be accompanied by seasonal shifts in the competitive sex