Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Parent survivant'

Le conjoint survivant a, très souvent, été considéré comme un parent pauvre en matière successorale. Généralement défini, dans les pays d’Afrique francophone, comme l’époux non divorcé et contre lequel il n’existe pas de jugement de séparation passé en force de chose jugée, ses droits y ont connu une évolution significative.Les législations de ces pays ont été fortement inspirées des textes de la France, ex-puissance colonisatrice, principalement du Code civil de 1804 et des réformes subséquentes.Originellement, ces droits, caractérisés par leur hétérogénéité, ont, d’une part, coexisté entre eux, sous l’empire d’institutions traditionnelles hétéroclites, générant des droits inégalitaires, fondées notamment sur les privilèges de masculinité et de primogéniture. Cette coexistence s’est réalisée, d’autre part, avec les droits exogènes, en l’occurrence le droit français et le droit musulman, lesquels ont contribué à la mise en place générale d’un pluralisme juridique et d’un pluralisme successoral spécifique, dans un contexte partagé entre opposition et coordination des règles en présence.Aujourd’hui, le caractère homogène desdits droits est affirmé sur l’étendue du territoire de chacun des pays en revue. Ces droits sont dès lors octroyés par la loi, tout comme ils peuvent l’être par la volonté, sous réserve du respect des prohibitions relatives au contrat de mariage, et de la réserve des héritiers réservataires. En marge de cette consécration qui met surtout en évidence la vocation successorale du conjoint survivant, ces droits sont pour autant malmenés. Par conséquent, ils en appellent d’abord à une protection davantage fondée sur des règles de dévolution favorables au resserrement du noyau familial autour du foyer conjugal. Aussi, fort de l’espace communautaire et linguistique dans lequel ils évoluent, serait-il intéressant et adéquat d’envisager l’harmonisation des droits du conjoint survivant dans les pays d’Afrique francophone
The surviving spouse has very often been considered a poor relation in matters of inheritance. Generally defined, in French-speaking African countries, as the non-divorced spouse and against whom there is no final judgment of separation, his rights have undergone significant development. The laws of these countries were strongly inspired by the texts of France, the former colonizing power, mainly from the civil Code of 1804 and subsequent reforms.Originally, these rights, characterized by their heterogeneity, have, on the one hand, coexisted among themselves, under the influence of heterogeneous traditional institutions, generating unequal rights, based in particular on the privileges of masculinity and primogeniture. This coexistence was achieved, on the other hand, with the exogenous laws, in this case French law and Muslim law, which contributed to the general establishment of legal pluralism and specific inheritance pluralism, in a context shared between opposition and coordination of existing rules.Today, the homogeneous nature of these rights is affirmed throughout the territory of each of the countries under review. These rights are therefore granted by law, just as they can be by will, subject to compliance with the prohibitions relating to the marriage contract, and the reservation of reserved heirs. In addition to this consecration which above all highlights the inheritance vocation of the surviving spouse, these rights are nevertheless abused. Consequently, they first call for protection based more on devolution rules favorable to the tightening of the family nucleus around the matrimonial home. Also, on the strength of the community and linguistic space in which they operate, it would be interesting and appropriate to consider the harmonization of the rights of the surviving spouse in French-speaking African countries

Le deuil d’un parent chez le jeune enfant entre 2 et 5 ans à la suite d'un cancer présente des spécificités en lien avec son jeune âge et la qualité de l’étayage familial dont il peut bénéficier. Parfois les stratégies de régulation émotionnelle de l’enfant ne sont pas adaptées et ce deuil précoce provoquera des troubles psychiques à moyen et long termes. Nous avons souhaité mieux comprendre les facteurs de risque de développer une pathologie après un deuil chez le très jeune enfant et les facteurs de protection qui favorisent un processus de résilience. Nos hypothèses concernent les compétences des enfants pour réguler les émotions, leur style d’attachement, la cohésion et l’adaptabilité familiales. Nous souhaitions également évaluer un dispositif thérapeutique groupal mis en place pour accompagner les familles. Nous avons ainsi étudié le vécu d’un deuil précoce auprès d’un échantillon de 8 jeunes adultes (entre 18 et 25 ans). Nous avons également constitué un échantillon de 7 jeunes enfants qui venaient de perdre un parent décédé du cancer. Ces enfants participaient avec leur parent survivant au dispositif thérapeutique familial groupal (« La Petite Fille aux Allumettes »). Les résultats mettent en évidence tant chez les jeunes adultes endeuillés dans leur enfance que chez les jeunes enfants une mosaïque de tableaux cliniques, tous empreints de souffrance. L'accompagnement de la famille endeuillée dans un dispositif groupal améliore la régulation émotionnelle et favorise l'émergence de la résilience des jeunes enfants. Le dispositif a un effet de résilience assistée sur le jeune enfant. De façon plus large, le dispositif favorise la résilience familiale
The bereavement of a parent in a young child between 2 and 5 years of age following a cancer attack presents specificities related to his or her young age and the quality of the family support from which he or she can benefit. Sometimes the child's emotional regulation strategies are not adapted and this early mourning will cause medium and long term psychological disorders. We wanted to better understand the risk factors for developing a pathology after a bereavement in a very young child and the protective factors that promote a resilience process. Our hypotheses concern children's skills in regulating emotions, their attachment style, family cohesion and adaptability. We also wanted to evaluate a group therapeutic device set up to accompany families. We thus studied the experience of early bereavement in a sample of 8 young adults (between 18 and 25 years old). We also selected a sample of 7 young children who had recently lost a parent from cancer. These children participated with their surviving parent in a group family therapy session (« La Petite Fille aux Allumettes »). The results show a mosaic of clinical pictures, all marked by suffering, in both young adults who had been bereaved as children and in young children. Supporting the bereaved family in a group setting improves emotional regulation and promotes the emergence of resilience in young children. The system has an assisted resilience effect on the young child. In a broader sense, the system promotes family resilience

How does the organizational legacy of a rebel group affect its ability to survive within a conflict? I theorize that adopting the institutional structure from a parent organization can strengthen the rebel group’s ability to resist the government. By drawing upon literature that identifies how such a pre-established structure is complementary to, or serves as a substitute for an informal system of social control, I posit that rebel groups emerging from a pre-existing organization are less likely to get militarily defeated by the government than rebel groups without a parent organization. I test this hypothesis empirically by using the FORGE dataset that identifies not only whether rebel groups emerge from pre-existing organizations, but also from which type of parent organization. I find that only rebel groups with a pre-existing parent organization that has an institutional base pre-designed to resist repression from the government in order to avoid their militarily defeat have positive implications on rebel groups’ durability. In contrast, rebel groups that emerged from the military and non-military faction of the government are found to be more prone to a militarily defeat by its parent.

Our main findings in the present study are that parents of children surviving leukaemia have in general an average level of resilience. Regarding mental health, fathers show more mental health symptoms. Fathers struggle with depression and anxiety, while mothers show no such symptoms. Despite showing symptoms for depression and anxiety, fathers are still capable of being structured and having social competence in the daily life. The same goes for mothers who manage future planning well. As a result, the first hypothesis which stated that parents of ALL children had weaker resilience, as well as the second hypothesis about the relationship between high resilience and good mental health can be rejected. The course of childhood cancer is not predictable for either children or parents. Some children respond rapidly to treatment, and have a relatively smooth course, while others go through a tough time and experience more difficulties. Parents’ physical and mental health also fluctuates during the active cancer period. The child and the parents affect each other by their adaption and coping style. Besides researchers and health care professionals, other parents and family members in the same situation, will also gain from new knowledge about protective factors and other factors that might lead to or strengthening ones’ resiliency and mental.

The study that I detail in the following thesis is a component of a three-part collaborative project to provide the U. S. National Park Service and Cape Cod National Seashore (CCNS) with data needed to inform management decisions for protection of the endangered northwest Atlantic Roseate Tern (ROST) during fall pre-migratory staging. This study was designed to address objectives related to hatch-year (HY) ROST behavior and survival in response to human and non-human activities and environmental variables at CCNS. Behavioral data showed that disturbance, specifically human and non-human activities, were related to increased HY ROST locomotion (flying and walking). We also found that environmental variables, including day of season and time of day were related to increased locomotion. Flock-level HY ROST begging behavior was decreased in the presence of human disturbance, but we did not see the same effect at the individual level. We found no evidence that the observed behavioral effect of disturbance resulted in decreased residency, recruitment, or staging duration of HY ROST at CCNS. Our work demonstrates that disturbance events around staging flocks have behavioral consequences, but it is unknown whether HY ROST behavioral responses to disturbances are great enough to impact survival after departure from CCNS. A conservative and proactive management strategy to minimize the potential for negative carryover effects on survival should limit ROST exposure to disturbance, particularly human activities, by exclosing staging sites between mid-July–mid-September to encompass the period of time when the highest number of ROST use CCNS.
Master of Science

Background: The death of a child can be a devastating experience for many parents; research suggests it results in an intense and enduring grief which can negatively impact on parents' psychological well-being. Parents with surviving children face the task of navigating their own grief and continuing to parent. Surviving children's responses to the loss of a sibling is complex and sometimes problematic; it is suggested that family functioning is a key aspect of the sibling's response. Psychological literature shows that sibling bereavement has been under-researched (Woodrow, 2007) with little attention given to the quality of the emotional relationship between parent and child, before and after sibling loss. Aims: Research to explore the stories of bereaved parents and how they experienced their emotional relationship with their surviving children after the death of another child can build on and expand existing literature; resulting in suggestions for clinical psychologist on how to better support surviving relationships at this difficult time. Methodology: Qualitative methods allow for richness, context and allow parents to tell stories of their emotional relationships with surviving children. Stories are the way in which we give order and meaning to the events in our lives (Gilbert, 2010). Consequently, a narrative analysis was viewed as the most epistemologically and ethically appropriate research method; and most appropriate to answer the research question. Analysis and Findings: Parents told stories of connection and disconnection in their emotional relationship with their surviving children after the death of another child in the family. Emotional connection and disconnection is influenced by the competing and potentially incompatible tasks of 'parenting' and 'grieving'. Stories of connection with surviving children were constructed as 'putting my living children first' and 'avoiding the fog' of grief; these stories illustrated less connection to the deceased child and parental grief. Conversely, stories of disconnection with surviving children were constructed as getting 'stuck in the fog' of grief and 'remembering'; these stories illustrated more connection to the deceased child and parental grief.

Parents’ presence and participation in their child’s care in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is now commonplace. Despite parents expressing a deep need to be with their child particularly during periods of crisis, it is precisely at these times that they are often prevented from staying. The growing debate regarding family presence during a cardiopulmonary (CPR) resuscitation attempt continues to be controversial and conflicting. Current knowledge is mostly derived from quantitative studies conducted in the adult intensive care or emergency environments. The experiences of parents of children in the PICU, and the nurses caring for them are unknown. Using van Manen’s hermeneutic phenomenological approach, this study describes the phenomenon of parental presence during resuscitation of a child in PICU for eight Australian parent couples and six nurses. Experiential descriptions, obtained in tape-recorded unstructured interviews were subjected to two layers of analysis. Thematic analysis provided the phenomenological description in seven themes. Four themes refer to the parents’ experience in Being only for a child; Making sense of a living nightmare; Maintaining hope: facing reality and Living in a relationship with staff. Three themes describe the nurses’ experience: Under the parents’ gaze; Walking in their shoes and Holding parents in mind. A second layer of hermeneutic analysis revealed parents’ and nurses’ collective experience to have their being in four elements of the phenomenon. These elements are Being in chaos; Struggling to connect; Being for another and Being complete. The final description of the parents’ and nurses’ experience of parental presence during resuscitation in PICU as Sharing and surviving the resuscitation is drawn from the findings from each of these layers of meaning. The findings from this study conclude that the parents’ inherent need to be with their child overrode their anxieties of the resuscitation scene, curbing their feelings of chaos. Parental presence however, was a complex and dynamic concept that required a new relationship between parents and nurses. Implications of this study include recommendations for improving staff knowledge and education, as well as practical interventions for enhanced support for both parents and nurses
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

INTRODUÇÃO: As hérnias de parede abdominal têm elevada incidência em pacientes cirróticos. Ascite e desnutrição contribuem para que essas hérnias adquiram grandes proporções, causando sintomas álgicos, decréscimo da qualidade de vida e maior risco de complicações locais que exijam tratamento cirúrgico de urgência. Contudo, o tratamento conservador é o mais empregado pela elevada morbimortalidade associada a procedimentos cirúrgicos nesses pacientes. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico de hérnias de parede abdominal em pacientes cirróticos. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, baseado no seguimento de pacientes cirróticos com hérnia de parede abdominal no Ambulatório de Transplante Hepático do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, durante o período de 01/01/2009 à 01/11/2014. Foram analisadas as características demográficas, da hepatopatia, do tipo de hérnia, ocorrência de complicações e mortalidade dos pacientes que foram submetidos à cirurgia eletiva ou mantidos em acompanhamento clínico. Desse último grupo, os pacientes que apresentaram complicações com indicação de cirurgia, foram submetidos à cirurgia de urgência. Os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia eletiva foram selecionados de forma randômica. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 246 pacientes nesse período do estudo. A cirurgia eletiva foi realizada em 57 pacientes. Desses, 186 permaneceram em acompanhamento clínico. A incidência de complicações exigindo tratamento cirúrgico de urgência foi de 22,7% (43 pacientes). A sobrevida a longo prazo foi maior entre os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia eletiva em relação aos pacientes em acompanhamento clínico (p=0,012). A cirurgia de urgência apresentou maior incidência de complicações pós-operatórias e maior mortalidade em comparação à cirurgia eletiva (p=0,005). CONCLUSÕES: O paciente cirrótico, com hérnia de parede abdominal, apresenta elevada mortalidade em sua evolução, independente da realização da correção cirúrgica da hérnia. A cirurgia eletiva proporcionou maior sobrevida em comparação aos pacientes mantidos em acompanhamento clínico. A cirurgia de urgência foi um fator de risco para maior morbidade e mortalidade
INTRODUCTION: Cirrhotic patients have higher incidence of abdominal wall hernias. Ascistes and sarcopenia are risk factors to development of huge hernias, leading to pain, poor quality of life and need of urgent surgery due local complications. However, hernia surgery is usually delayed among cirrhotic patients due higher morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the surgical treatment of abdominal wall hernias in cirrhotic patients. METHODS: A prospective, analytical study, based on follow-up of cirrhotic patients with abdominal wall hernia that were followed in Liver Transplant Clinic at the Hospital das Clinicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, during the period from January 2009 to November 2014. We analyzed demographics, characteristics of liver disease, type of hernia, complications and mortality of patients who underwent elective hernia surgery or were kept in exclusive clinical follow up. The exclusive clinical group underwent urgent hernia surgery when indicated. Elective surgery was performed in unselected patients. RESULTS: We enrolled 246 patients during the study period. Elective surgery was performed in 57 patients. 186 patients had clinical follow up, incidence of urgent surgery was 22,7% (43 patients). Elective surgery provided better long term survival then clinical follow up (p=0.012). Urgent surgery had higher morbidity and it was an independent risk factor for mortality (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: cirrhotic patients with abdominal wall hernia have higher mortality, regardless of performing the surgical correction. Hernia elective repair provided better survival than patients in conservative treatment. Urgent surgery imposes higher morbidity and mortality than elective surgery

A l'heure où la famille moderne se conçoit au pluriel, à l'heure où les ascendants organisent en amont la transmission et la dévolution de leur patrimoine, à l'heure où la mondialisation prône l'uniformisation du droit et la fin des spécificités étatiques, il est nécessaire de s'interroger sur l'avenir de la réserve héréditaire. Les parents ne souhaitent plus être privés de leur pouvoir de disposer librement de leur patrimoine, même pour cause de mort. Que répondre à un père qui angoisse à l'idée de voir son patrimoine dilapidé par un enfant ingrat avec lequel il ne vit que de conflits ? Que dire à cet enfant qui a vu son frère avantagé par décision maternelle, de manière abusive et arbitraire ? Quels conseils donner à ces individus qui ouvrent chaque jour la porte de nos offices pour demander l'aide de leur notaire ? Que dire à cet époux qui veut protéger son conjoint de la véhémence d’enfants d’un premier lit ? Afin de leur répondre dans la pratique, appliquons-nous à étudier les moyens de contourner cette réserve héréditaire. Attachons-nous à vérifier leur efficacité. Au-delà des mécanismes classiques du Code civil tels que le testament et la donation, l'intérêt de cette thèse est de se tourner vers des mécanismes plus complexes, afin de répondre aux parents déçus par leur progéniture, mais aussi à eux, enfants lésés, pour leur donner des moyens juridiques de contrer une injuste privation. Il est utile de comprendre et de connaître ce qu’il est possible de faire pour transmettre son patrimoine avec une liberté recouvrée sans risquer les foudres de la loi. A travers l’étude de ces instruments, de leur efficacité et de leur traitement tant légal que familial, la question de la modernisation de la réserve ressurgit. La famille change, et avec elle, la conception traditionnelle de la réserve héréditaire
At a time when the modern family is conceived in the plural, at a time when ascendants organize upstream transmission and devolution of their heritage, at a time when globalization advocates the standardization of law and the end of specificities States, it is necessary to question the future of the hereditary reserve. Parents no longer wish to be deprived of their power to freely dispose of their patrimony, even for reasons of death. What to answer to a father who is anxious about seeing his heritage squandered by an ungrateful child with whom he lives only conflicts ? What to say to this child who saw his brother favored by maternal decision, in an abusive and arbitrary way ? What advice can be given to those individuals who open the door of our offices every day to ask the help of their notary ? What to say to this husband who wants to protect his spouse from the angry of children from a first bed ? In order to answer them in practice, let us study ways of circumventing this hereditary reserve. Let's focus on checking their effectiveness. Beyond the classical mechanisms of the Civil Code such as the will and the gift, the interest of this thesis is to turn to more complex mechanisms, in order to answer the parents disappointed by their offspring, but also to them, children wronged to give them legal means to counter unfair deprivation. It is useful to understand and know what can be done to transmit one's heritage with a recovered freedom without risking the wrath of the law. Through the study of these instruments, their efficiency and their legal and family treatment, the question of the modernization of the reserve resurfaces. The family changes, and with it, the traditional conception of the hereditary reserve

Introdução: O número de crianças e adolescentes que sobrevivem ao câncer tem aumentado de maneira significativa nas últimas décadas. A sobrevivência é uma experiência que não se limita àquele que sobreviveu ao câncer, mas engloba também a sua família. Considerando as evidências do impacto que o câncer exerce sobre a vida familiar e sobre o relacionamento entre pais e criança com câncer, este estudo tem como foco famílias de crianças e adolescentes que sobreviveram ao câncer, na perspectiva da parentalidade. Objetivos: Identificar os elementos do processo da parentalidade na sobrevivência do câncer infantojuvenil e apresentar um modelo teórico deste processo que represente a integração desses elementos. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo, que teve como referenciais teórico e metodológico, respectivamente, o Interacionismo Simbólico e a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com nove casais, pais e mães de crianças e adolescentes que sobreviveram ao câncer infantojuvenil. Resultados: A análise comparativa dos dados permitiu compreender o processo da parentalidade na sobrevivência do câncer revelada pelo modelo teórico ALERTA E PROTEÇÃO PARENTAL NA SOBREVIVÊNCIA DO CÂNCER DO FILHO. O modelo evidencia que os elementos simbólicos essenciais para a construção e o exercício da parentalidade no contexto da sobrevivência do câncer estão estruturados em torno de dois fenômenos: O TEMPO DE LUTA CONTRA O CÂNCER DO FILHO, que representa a desorganização causada pela doença na vida da família, direcionada pelo risco de morte do filho e exigindo uma redefinição do self parental e A FAMÍLIA SOBREVIVENTE AO LONGO DO TEMPO, que representa a resistência da família enfrentando a luta, reorganizando-se e avançando na trajetória, bem como o processo de aprendizagem da parentalidade no contexto da sobrevivência. Conclusão: O modelo teórico representa a configuração dos elementos que compõe a construção da parentalidade na sobrevivência do câncer infantojuvenil, evidenciando o alerta e a proteção dos pais em um contexto de luta e resistência aos inúmeros desafios ao longo do tempo. Crenças, medos, incertezas, perdas e forças também emergem nesta experiência que integra continuamente vida, morte e sobrevivência. O alerta e a proteção parental são os elementos essenciais para que os pais possam preservar a história do filho e da família
Introduction: The number of children and adolescents who survive cancer has increased significantly over the last decades. Survival is an experience that is not limited to the survivors themselves, as it also includes their family. Considering the evidence of the impact that cancer has on family life and on the parent-child relationship, this study focuses on families of children and adolescents who survived cancer, from the perspective of parenting Objectives: Identify the elements of the parenting process in the survival of child-adolescent cancer and present a theoretical model of this process, representing the integration of these elements. Methodology: This qualitative study was performed with Symbolic Interactionism and the Grounded Theory as theoretical and methodological frameworks, respectively. Data were collected by means of interviews with nine couples, parents of children and adolescents who survived child-adolescent cancer. Results: Comparative data analysis allowed for understanding the parenting process in the survival of cancer, revealed by the theoretical model PARENTAL ALERTNESS AND PROTECTION IN CANCER SURVIVAL OF CHILDREN. This model evidences that essential symbolic elements for the construction and exercise of parenting in the cancer survival context are structured around two phenomena: THE LENGTH OF THE BATTLE AGAINST THEIR CHILDS CANCER, which represents the disorganization caused by the disease in the life of the family, determined by their childs risk of death, and demanding a redefinition of the parental self; and THE SURVIVING FAMILY OVER TIME, which represents the resistance of the family facing the battle, reorganizing themselves and advancing in the trajectory, as well as the process of parenting learning in the survival context. Conclusion: The theoretical model represents the configuration of the elements composing the construction of parenting in the survival of child-adolescent cancer, evidencing the alertness and protection of parents in a context of battle and resistance to the countless challenges faced over time. Beliefs, fears, uncertainties, losses and strengths also emerged in this experience, which continuously integrates life, death and survival. Parental alertness and protection are essential elements for parents to preserve their childs and their familys histories

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) are known to be important pieces on the board of the Regional Development. Plays an important role in generating employment and income, strongly contributing to such development. It is exclusive of the city of Francisco Beltrão / PR, locus of this research, as it actually happens in any region of the country. However, the high rate of mortality of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Brazil has been featured in the press over the years. It's no different in the state of Paraná, and it appears that is also not in the municipality of Francisco Beltrão. This has been studied in several areas of human knowledge, especially by the Entrepreneurship scholars, but also the Government, Economics, Public Management, Regional Development, among others. This study has as its theme the Company Mortality related to competitiveness effect, leadership profile, tools used for decision making and training manager and its consequences for regional development. The presented objective is to identify discriminating factors for survival and mortality of Micro and Small Enterprises Francisco Porte Beltrão - Paraná. This research can be classified in various ways. First as to the method of approach, characterized by the hypothetical-deductive method because it uses the rationalization of the deductive method and experimentation of the inductive method. The method of procedure was the statistician, related to quantitative research approach, the research is still applied nature. As for the goal, distinguishes itself as exploratory. Have the technical procedures were used to descriptive statistics, by checking the frequency and data crossing (crosstabs), generating inferences for the use of Binary Logistic Regression, Data Multivariate Analysis tool, using the computational tool SPSS 18.0. We investigated a sample of 315 companies of Francisco Beltrao, with 266 active and 49 discontinued. The results answer the question problem of this dissertation, were statistically proven that 7 variables were identified and characterized a set of discriminating factors, which were 3 for mortality: permission for the team to solve problems without management intervention; conducting customer satisfaction surveys; and goal setting; and 4 for survival: inventory control; the calculation of profitability; the use of cash flow as a source of information for decision making; and the number of courses taken by the manager.
As Micro e Empresas de Pequeno Porte (MPE) são reconhecidamente peças importantes no tabuleiro do Desenvolvimento Regional. Tem papel importante na geração de emprego e renda, contribuindo fortemente para o tal desenvolvimento. Não é exclusividade do município de Francisco Beltrão/PR, lócus desta pesquisa, pois este fato acontece em qualquer região do país. Contudo, o alto índice de mortalidade das Micro e Empresas de Pequeno Porte (MPE) no Brasil tem sido destaque na imprensa ao longo dos anos. Não é diferente no estado do Paraná, e infere-se que também não o seja no município de Francisco Beltrão. Tal fato tem sido estudado em diversas áreas do conhecimento humano, principalmente pelos estudiosos do Empreendedorismo, mas também da Administração, das Ciências Econômicas, da Gestão Pública, do Desenvolvimento Regional, entre outros. Este estudo tem como tema a Mortalidade de Empresas, relacionado como efeito de competitividade, perfil de liderança, ferramentas utilizadas para a tomada de decisão e formação do gestor e sua consequência para o desenvolvimento regional. O objetivo apresentado é identificar fatores discriminantes para a sobrevivência e mortalidade das Micro e Empresas de Pequeno Porte de Francisco Beltrão - Paraná. Esta pesquisa pode ser classificada de diversas formas. Primeiramente quanto ao método de abordagem, caracteriza-se pelo método hipotético-dedutivo, pois utiliza-se da racionalização do método dedutivo e da experimentação do método indutivo. O método de procedimento foi o estatístico, relacionado à abordagem de pesquisa quantitativa, A pesquisa é ainda de natureza aplicada. Quanto ao objetivo, distingue-se como exploratória. Já nos procedimentos técnicos foram utilizadas a Estatística Descritiva, através da verificação da frequência e do cruzamento de dados (CrossTabs), que geraram inferências para o uso da Regressão Logística Binária, ferramenta da Análise Multivariada de Dados, com uso da ferramenta computacional SPSS 18.0. Foram pesquisadas uma amostra de 315 empresas de Francisco Beltrão, sendo 266 ativas e 49 descontinuadas. Os resultados encontrados respondem à questão problema desta dissertação, estatisticamente ficaram comprovados que 7 variáveis foram identificadas e caracterizam um conjunto de fatores discriminantes, sendo elas 3 para mortalidade: a permissão para que a equipe resolva problemas sem intervenção do gestor; a realização de pesquisas de satisfação dos clientes; e o estabelecimento de metas; e 4 para a sobrevivência: o controle de estoque; o cálculo da rentabilidade; o uso do fluxo de caixa como fonte de informação para tomada de decisão; e a quantidade de cursos realizados pelo gestor.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender como o espaço constitui as práticas de sobrevivência cotidiana das pessoas que transformam a rua em casa na cidade de Ponta Grossa, Paraná. O fenômeno da população “(em situação)” de rua está em evidente crescimento nas grandes e médias cidades do mundo. Em Ponta Grossa, Paraná, segundo dados do Centro de Referência Especializada de Assistência Social para a População de Rua (Creas POP) da cidade, existem entre 120 e 140 pessoas transformando a rua em casa na cidade. Os dados da pesquisa foram obtidos através de trabalho de campo nas ruas, praças e parques da cidade e no Ministério Melhor Viver, instituição cristã que acolhe pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade social, principalmente que estão transformando a rua em casa. Foram realizadas 8 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com essa população nas ruas e na instituição. Através dessas entrevistas foi possível categorizar as principais espacialidades citadas e analisar como contribuem para as práticas de sobrevivência cotidiana. As espacialidades de auxílio, a rua, as espacialidades das casas de familiares, o trabalho e as espacialidades das drogas foram as que mais apareceram nas entrevistas. Os espaços para a população de rua são em alguns momentos performáticos. Através desses espaços a população que transforma a rua em casa na cidade de Ponta Grossa-PR (sobre)vive na relação com as instituições de assistência, outras pessoas 'em situação' de rua, com as autoridades de segurança pública, as conflituantes relações familiares, com o tráfico de drogas e com o alcoolismo. Ademais, esses corpos são lidos enquanto abjetos e passíveis de morte, ou melhor, 'devem' morrer
The present work has as objective to gather space in the practice of daily actions of the people that transform the street in house in the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná. The phenomenon of the population "in situation" of street is located in large growing in the large and medium-sized cities of the world. In Ponta Grossa, Paraná, according to data from Creas POP of the city, between 120 and 140 people transforming the street at home in the city. The survey data were seen through fieldwork on the streets, squares and parks of city and in the Ministério Melhor Viver, the Christian institution that shelter people in situations of social vulnerability, mainly who are transforming the street at home. Eight semi-structured interviews were carried out with this population at the streets and in the institution. Through these interviews it was possible to categorize the main spatialities mentioned and analyze how they contribute to daily survival practices. The aid spatialities, the street, the spatiality of the family houses, the work and the spatialities of drugs were the ones that appeared the most in the interviews. The spaces for the street population are sometimes performative. Through these spaces, the population that transforms the street at home in the city of Ponta Grossa-PR survives in the relationship with the care institutions, other people 'in situation' of street, with the authorities of public security, the conflicting family relations, with drug trafficking and alcoholism. Moreover, these bodies are read as abject and liable to death, or rather, 'should' die.

The research assessed the potential of developing a selective breeding programme for the UK rainbow trout industry. Levels of genetic variation at 12 microsatellite loci were first compared in seven different commercial strains. The Observed heterozygosity ranged from Ho = 48.1% in a gold rainbow trout strain (GTR) to Ho = 66.4% in a newly derived broodstock population constructed from a number of different sources (GIT). The Expected Heterozygosity (He) was highest in GIM1 (He= 79.5%) and lowest in the GTR strain (He = 56.9%). The Effective number of alleles (Mae) showed that the GIM1, GIM2, GIM3, and GIT strain (5.4; 5.2; 4.8; 4.2) were significantly more variable than the other strains and that GTR strain had the lowest value (2.5). There appears to be substantial genetic variability within the commercial United Kingdom rainbow trout strains surveyed in this study. This appears to be the case despite very different management histories and levels of record keeping. The strains appear to be genetically distinct (based on population genetic analyses), though the reasons for this remain unclear (and possibly unanswerable given the poor records kept by the different companies). The Glenwyllin farm strains (GIM) were chosen to form the base population for the project because of their high genetic variability, disease free status and because the farm produced around 20 million ova per year, so any genetic gains would have a widespread impact. The farm has an early (Strain A) and a late spawning (Strain B) and these were mated in a partial factorial design, 20 females and 20 neomales per strain (A & B) were chosen on the basis of maturity and gamete quality in November 2002 so that each male was crossed to 4 females (2 in the same strain and 2 in the other), a total of 160 families were created. All broodstock were biopsied to enable them to be genotyped. The families were reared separately up to the eyed stage at which point the eggs from each family were divided into three to generate three communal replicate populations. One of these was sent to a fingerling producer (Iwerne Spring) for ongrowing to fingerling size and formed the basis of a commercial production trial at Test Valley Trout farm (TVT) in Hampshire. When the fish reached an average weight of 5 g they were transferred from Iwerne Spring to TVT and 1500 were randomly selected, PIT tagged and biopsied to enable them to be assigned to their family using 11 multiplexed microsatellite loci. Parental assignment was based on exclusion (FAP) but the results were compared with another parental assignment based on likelihood (PAPA). Of the 1500 offspring (OIM) PIT tagged 1242 82.8% could be assigned to a single family utilizing different combinations of more than 6 loci (6 to 11). The growth of the 1500 OIM fish was tracked throughout the grow out period before they were finally harvested and fully processed. The results of OIM strain at the end of the trial period were mean weight of 415.5 g, and a mean length of 314.5 mm. The visual measurement of colour gave a mean flesh colour values of 26.01 on the 20-34 scale (SalmoFan™), and 11.0 with the colotimetry evaluation of colour (a*). The heritability results for the IOM strain were 43 ± 9% for weight, 42 ± 9% for gutted, and 28 ± 8% for length. The heritability estimates for the visual colour variables were 19 ± 7% and when using the colorimeter, the red chromaticity (a*) heritability was 14 ± 6%. Therefore, the heritability results of the IOM strain indicate that there are opportunities of substantial and rapid improvement of the growth rate and flesh colour traits. Also no line effects were observed or indications of non-additive genetic variation. In contrast to these last results, the overall survival of the GIM strain from the time of the physical tagging with PIT until harvest was 52.8%, and survival heritability was extremely low, 3 ± 2%, hardly significant.

I conducted demographic and behavioral studies of Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) breeding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta, Alaska (1998-2005). In chapter one, I estimated apparent annual survival (product of true survival and site fidelity) while correcting for the probability of encounter for 237 males and 296 females. Overall return rates (individual returned to the site in a subsequent season) were lower for females (40%) than males (65%), as was apparent annual survival (± SE, females = 0.65 ± 0.05, males = 0.78 ± 0.03), and encounter rate (females = 0.51 ± 0.07, males = 0.74 ± 0.04). In chapter two, I examined the effects of mate and site fidelity on nesting success (N = 430 nests). Annual divorce rate ranged between 37-83%, with 17-63% of pairs reuniting annually. Reuniting pairs initiated clutches earlier than newly formed pairs, and clutches that were initiated early in the season had higher nest success rates compared to late-season nests. When I controlled for clutch-initiation date, nests tended by individuals with prior breeding-site experience had higher daily survival rates compared to birds breeding at the site for the first time. The effect of site experience was greater for males than females. In chapter 3, I reported that Western Sandpipers exhibited aggregated breeding behavior on a 36 ha plot. Breeding aggregations occurred when dominant and/or older individuals excluded younger, subordinate individuals from preferred habitat. The pattern of habitat occupancy conformed to an ideal despotic distribution with aggregated nesting birds in less preferred habitat experiencing lower reproductive success. In chapter 4, I described and demonstrated the form and function of parent-chick communication in the Western Sandpiper. Through experimental playback of adult vocalizations to chicks in the field, I demonstrated: (1) chicks respond to the alarm call by vocalizing relatively less often and moving away from the signal source, (2) chicks respond to the gather call by vocalizing relatively more often and moving toward the signal source, (3) and chicks respond to the freeze call by vocalizing relatively less often and crouching motionless on the substrate for extended periods of time. I also describe two distinct chick vocalizations (chick-contact and chick-alarm calls).
Ph. D.

У роботі розроблено структурно-логічну модель оцінювання ефективності національної системи протидії кібершахрайствам та легалізації кримінальних доходів. У резуьтаті дослідження було здійснено аналіз ефективності національної системи протидії кібершахрайствам та легалізації кримінальних доходів на основі методу Каплана-Мейєра. Виявлено залежності ефективності національної системи протидії кібершахрайствам та легалізації кримінальних доходів від часового інтервалу після виявлення фактів порушення.
The paper examines provides a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications on the effectiveness of cyber fraud and combating money laundering. As a result of the study, the effectiveness of the national system for combating cyber fraud and money laundering was analyzed based on the Kaplan-Meier method. Also, it is revealed the dependences of the effectiveness of the national system for combating cyber fraud and legalization of criminal proceeds from the time interval after the identification of violations.

O desenvolvimento de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) aumentou a sobrevida de pacientes graves, que passaram a receber alta das UTIP e, conseqüentemente, aumentou o número de doenças crônicas sequelares. A proposta deste trabalho é identificar se houve diminuição da expectativa média de vida das crianças, após cinco anos de alta da UTIP, quais tipos de co-morbidades apresentam e identificar alterações no desempenho escolar, observando se necessitam de escola regular ou especial, os índices de reprovação e abandono escolar, correlacionando-os com situação sócio-econômica, doença da internação e tipo de atendimento prestado, público ou privado, no momento da internação. A pesquisa iniciou identificando as crianças internadas na UTIP da Santa Casa de Maringá, que possui atendimento misto (SUS E NÃO SUS), desde que, no momento da internação, apresentassem mais de vinte e oito dias de idade, ficassem internadas por mais de 24 horas e não evoluíssem para óbito durante a internação. Após seleção, aplicamos dois questionários, o primeiro relacionado à internação, com dados pessoais e clínicos, e o segundo aplicado às famílias das crianças encontradas após cinco anos da alta. Encontramos 84% da amostra, com taxa de sobrevida de 88% e 98% para NÃO SUS e SUS respectivamente. Observamos que 35% das crianças estão em escola especial e 18% com seqüelas motoras. No restante das crianças, o índice de reprovação chega a 45%, com 5% de abandono escolar
The development of Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) increased the survival of critically ill patients, now discharged from PICU, and consequently, increased the number of chronic diseases and sequelae. The purpose of this study is to identify whether there was a decrease of average life expectancy of children after five years of discharge from PICU, what types of co morbidities present and identify changes in school performance, noting if they need regular or special school, the failure rates and dropout, correlating them with socioeconomic status, disease hospitalization and type of care provided, public or private, at the time of admission. The research began by identifying the children admitted to the PICU at Santa Casa de Maringá, which has mixed attendance (SUS AND NON SUS) since, at the time of admission, presented more than twenty-eight days old, stayed in hospital for more than 24 hours and not died during hospitalization. After selection, we applied two questionnaires, the first related to the hospital, with personal and clinical data, and the second applied to childrens families found five years after discharge. We found 84% of the sample, with survival rate of 88% and 98% for NO SUS and SUS, respectively. We observed that 35% of children are at special school and 18% of them with motor sequelae. In the remaining children, the failure rate is about 45%, with 5% of dropout

Le fonctionnement d'un système, de façon générale, peut être affecté par un incident imprévu. Lorsque cet incident a de lourdes conséquences tant sur l'intégrité du système que sur la qualité de ses produits, on dit alors qu'il se situe dans le cadre des événements dits extrêmes. Ainsi, de plus en plus les chercheurs portent un intérêt particulier à la modélisation des événements extrêmes pour diverses études telles que la fiabilité des systèmes et la prédiction des différents risques pouvant entraver le bon fonctionnement d'un système en général. C'est dans cette optique que s'inscrit la présente thèse. Nous utilisons la Théorie des Valeurs Extrêmes (TVE) et les statistiques d'ordre extrême comme outil d'aide à la décision dans la modélisation et la gestion des risques dans l'usinage et l'aviation. Plus précisément, nous modélisons la surface de rugosité de pièces usinées et la fiabilité de l'outil de coupe associé par les statistiques d'ordre extrême. Nous avons aussi fait une modélisation à l'aide de l'approche dite du "Peaks-Over Threshold, POT" permettant de faire des prédictions sur les éventuelles victimes dans l'Aviation Générale Américaine (AGA) à la suite d'accidents extrêmes. Par ailleurs, la modélisation des systèmes soumis à des facteurs d'environnement ou covariables passent le plus souvent par les modèles à risque proportionnel basés sur la fonction de risque. Dans les modèles à risque proportionnel, la fonction de risque de base est généralement de type Weibull, qui est une fonction monotone; l'analyse du fonctionnement de certains systèmes comme l'outil de coupe dans l'industrie a montré qu'un système peut avoir un mauvais fonctionnement sur une phase et s'améliorer sur la phase suivante. De ce fait, des modifications ont été apportées à la distribution de Weibull afin d'avoir des fonctions de risque de base non monotones, plus particulièrement les fonctions de risque croissantes puis décroissantes. En dépit de ces modifications, la prise en compte des conditions d'opérations extrêmes et la surestimation des risques s'avèrent problématiques. Nous avons donc, à partir de la loi standard de Gumbel, proposé une fonction de risque de base croissante puis décroissante permettant de prendre en compte les conditions extrêmes d'opérations, puis établi les preuves mathématiques y afférant. En outre, un exemple d'application dans le domaine de l'industrie a été proposé. Cette thèse est divisée en quatre chapitres auxquels s'ajoutent une introduction et une conclusion générales. Dans le premier chapitre, nous rappelons quelques notions de base sur la théorie des valeurs extrêmes. Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse aux concepts de base de l'analyse de survie, particulièrement à ceux relatifs à l'analyse de fiabilité, en proposant une fonction de risque croissante-décroissante dans le modèle à risques proportionnels. En ce qui concerne le troisième chapitre, il porte sur l'utilisation des statistiques d'ordre extrême dans l'usinage, notamment dans la détection de pièces défectueuses par lots, la fiabilité de l'outil de coupe et la modélisation des meilleures surfaces de rugosité. Le dernier chapitre porte sur la prédiction d'éventuelles victimes dans l'Aviation Générale Américaine à partir des données historiques en utilisant l'approche "Peaks-Over Threshold"
The operation of a system in general may at any time be affected by an unforeseen incident. When this incident has major consequences on the system integrity and the quality of system products, then it is said to be in the context of extreme events. Thus, increasingly researchers have a particular interest in modeling such events with studies on the reliability of systems and the prediction of the different risks that can hinder the proper functioning of a system. This thesis takes place in this very perspective. We use Extreme Value Theory (EVT) and extreme order statistics as a decision support tool in modeling and risk management in industry and aviation. Specifically, we model the surface roughness of machined parts and the reliability of the associated cutting tool with the extreme order statistics. We also did a modeling using the "Peaks-Over Threshold, POT" approach to make predictions about the potential victims in the American General Aviation (AGA) following extreme accidents. In addition, the modeling of systems subjected to environmental factors or covariates is most often carried out by proportional hazard models based on the hazard function. In proportional hazard models, the baseline risk function is typically Weibull distribution, which is a monotonic function. The analysis of the operation of some systems like the cutting tool in the industry has shown that a system can deteriorated on one phase and improving on the next phase. Hence, some modifications have been made in the Weibull distribution in order to have non-monotonic basic risk functions, more specifically, the increasing-decreasing risk function. Despite these changes, taking into account extreme operating conditions and overestimating risks are problematics. We have therefore proposed from Gumbel's standard distribution, an increasingdecreasing risk function to take into account extreme conditions, and established mathematical proofs. Furthermore, an example of the application in the field of industry was proposed. This thesis is organized in four chapters and to this must be added a general introduction and a general conclusion. In the first chapter, we recall some basic notions about the Extreme Values Theory. The second chapter focuses on the basic concepts of survival analysis, particularly those relating to reliability analysis by proposing a function of increasing-decreasing hazard function in the proportional hazard model. Regarding the third chapter, it deals with the use of extreme order statistics in industry, particularly in the detection of defective parts, the reliability of the cutting tool and the modeling of the best roughness surfaces. The last chapter focuses on the prediction of potential victims in AGA from historical data using the Peaks-Over Threshold approach

ABSTRACT Social relationships, habitat utilisation and life history characteristics provide a framework which enables the survival of populations in fluctuating ecological conditions. An understanding of behavioural ecology is critical to the implementation of Natural Resource Management strategies if they are to succeed in their conservation efforts during the emergence of climate change. Egernia whitii from Wedge Island in the Spencer Gulf of South Australia were used as a model system to investigate the interaction of life history traits, scat piling behaviour and chemosensory communication in social lizards. Juveniles typically took ¡Ý 3 years to reach sexual maturity and the results of skeletochronological studies suggested longevity of ¡Ý 13 years. Combined with a mean litter size of 2.2, a pregnancy rate estimated at 75% of eligible females during short-term studies, and highly stable groups, this information suggests several life history features. Prolonged juvenile development and adult longevity may be prerequisite to the development of parental care. Parental care may, in turn, be the determining factor that facilitates the formation of small family groups. In E. whitii parental care takes the form of foetal and neonatal provisioning and tolerance of juveniles by small family or social groups within established resource areas. Presumably, resident juveniles also benefit from adult territorialism. Research on birds suggests that low adult mortality predisposes cooperative breeding or social grouping in birds, and life history traits and ecological factors appear to act together to facilitate cooperative systems. E. whitii practice scat piling both individually and in small groups. Social benefits arising from signalling could confer both cooperative and competitive benefits. Permanent territorial markers have the potential to benefit conspecifics, congenerics and other species. The high incidence of a skink species (E. whitii) refuging with a gecko species (N. milii) on Wedge Island provides an example of interspecific cooperation. The diurnal refuge of the nocturnal gecko is a useful transient shelter for the diurnal skink. Scat piling may release a species ¡®signature¡¯ for each group that allows mutual recognition. Scat piling also facilitates intraspecific scent marking by individual members, which has the potential to indicate relatedness, or social or sexual status within the group. The discovery of cloacal scent marking activity is new to the Egernia genus. E. Whitii differentiate between their own scats, and conspecific and congeneric scats. They scent mark at the site of conspecific scats, and males and females differ in their response to scent cues over time. Scat piling has the potential to make information concerning the social environment available to dispersing transient and potential immigrant conspecifics, enabling settlement choices to be made. This thesis explores some of the behavioural strategies employed by E. whitii to reduce risks to individuals within groups and between groups. Scents eliciting a range of behavioural responses relevant to the formation of adaptive social groupings, reproductive activity, and juvenile protection until maturity and dispersal are likely to be present in this species. Tests confirming chemosensory cues that differentiate sex, kin and age would be an interesting addition to current knowledge. The interaction of delayed maturity, parental care, sociality, chemosensory communication and scat piling highlights the sophistication of this species¡¯ behaviour. An alternative method for permanently marking lizards was developed. Persistence, reliability and individual discrimination were demonstrated using photographic identification and the method was shown to be reliable for broad-scale application by researchers. Naturally occurring toe loss in the field provided a context against which to examine this alternative identification method and revealed the need to further investigate the consequences of routine toe clipping, as this practice appears to diminish survivorship.

Introduction : Les évaluations parentales et les évaluations auto-rapportées sur le statut psychologique des enfants ne concordent pas. Des caractéristiques propres aux enfants et parents prédiraient les différences. Objectifs : (1) identifier les accords mères-enfants et pères-enfants sur l’anxiété, la dépression et la détresse de l’enfant (2) évaluer la taille des différences entre les évaluations (3) explorer l’effet prédictif des caractéristiques sociodémographiques (âge de l’enfant, sexe de l’enfant, revenu parental) et des symptômes psychologiques sur les écarts entre les évaluations. Méthodologie : 62 triades enfant-mère-père ont complété des mesures d’anxiété, de dépression et de détresse pour l’enfant. Les parents ont aussi complété une mesure de symptômes psychologiques. Des coefficients de corrélation intraclasse, des tailles d’effets, des graphiques Bland-Altman et des régressions hiérarchiques ont été utilisés. Résultats : Les indices d’accord étaient faibles pour les évaluations mères-enfants et pères-enfants. Les parents avaient tendance à surestimer l’anxiété, la dépression et la détresse de leur enfant. Les tailles de différences étaient modérées. Les symptômes psychologiques des parents prédisaient les écarts entre les évaluations. Conclusion : Nos résultats supportent la méthode multi-informateur pour identifier la détresse chez les jeunes survivants. Des mesures d’ajustements pourraient être développées pour corriger l’effet de symptômes psychologiques élevés sur les évaluations parentales.
Introduction: Cancer care guidelines recommend to evaluate distress, but few studies target young childhood cancer survivors. Parents’ ratings and children’s self-report of anxiety, depression, and distress do not correspond. Children’s or parents’ characteristics could be associated with the gap between ratings. Objectives: (1) identify mother-child and father-child agreement on anxiety, depression and distress ratings (2) evaluate the size of the difference between ratings of parents and children (3) explore the predictive effects of sociodemographic characteristics (child age, child sex, parental income) and of parental psychological symptoms the gap between ratings. Methods: 62 young cancer survivors (<18 years old) and both their parents participated. Parents further completed a measure of psychological symptoms. Intraclass correlation coefficients and sizes of the differences were calculated. Bland-Altman plots and hierarchical regression were used. Results. Agreement ranged from poor to fair for mother-child and father-child ratings. Parents overestimated anxiety, depression, and distress. Moderated effect sizes were found between ratings. Parental psychological symptoms predicted the gap between parents’ and children’s ratings. Conclusion: Our results support a multi-informant strategy to identify distress in young survivors. Adjustment strategies could be developed to account for the effect of elevated parental psychological symptoms on parent’s ratings when they are the only source of available information on the child.

The quality of early infant-caregiver interactions determines the path of an infant's social, cognitive and emotional development. Theoretical and empirical evidence supporting this claim is reviewed, and the implications for early relationship-focussed interventions are considered. The study focuses on infants from birth to three years of age. Developmental psychology research findings are presented, and the role of risk and protective factors in planning preventative interventions are discussed. Recommendations are made for developing a centre-based relationship-enhancing early intervention program for infants and their depressed caregivers. The program is intended for implementation in a rural or periurban South African Primary Health Care setting.
Thesis (M.A.)- University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

While researchers have explored many important aspects of living with childhood cancer, including the multitude of strains on family members and their reactions, very little is known about the experiences of children with brain tumours and their parents. Grounded theory methods were utilized to explore the unique and shared elements of the experiences of childhood brain tumours, from the perspectives of these children and their parents. Woven throughout their stories were expressions of grief and uncertainty related to the tumour and its effects on their lives. Children and parents tried to maintain a positive outlook and a sense of normalcy, in order to cope and to adapt to the struggles and the changes in their lives. A substantive theory of Balancing Grief and Survival was developed, offering a lens through which to view the children’s and parents’ complex experiences, struggles and coping strategies as integrated, dynamic processes.

This report examines the influence of parent’s migration status on childhood mortality in sending households in the South African rural sub-district of Agincourt. A survival analysis of a cohort of children born in Agincourt between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2003 was conducted using the Cox proportional hazards model to estimate the influence of parent’s migration status on under-5 year mortality. Starting with a baseline census in 1992, the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System (AHDSS) data are collected and updated every 12 months wherein fieldworkers visit each household at the site to record the vital events, including births, deaths, and migrations that occurred since the previous census. Results of the survival analysis show that children born in households where the father was a temporary migrant while the mother remained at the rural household had a 35% lower risk of death compared to children in households where both parents were non-migrant (RR=0.647, 95% CI 0.439-0.954). The results also reveal that, controlling for parent migration status, children in single-parent (mother only) households had about 28% higher death hazard than children in two-parent households (RR=1.284, 95% CI 0.936-1.673). The findings suggest that temporary labour migration could be a means to improving household incomes and quality of life for children, particularly where the father is a temporary migrant while the mother remains behind taking care of the children. At the same time, children whose fathers are not indicated appear to be worse off whether their parents are temporary migrants or not.

Parents’ presence and participation in their child’s care in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is now commonplace. Despite parents expressing a deep need to be with their child particularly during periods of crisis, it is precisely at these times that they are often prevented from staying. The growing debate regarding family presence during a cardiopulmonary (CPR) resuscitation attempt continues to be controversial and conflicting. Current knowledge is mostly derived from quantitative studies conducted in the adult intensive care or emergency environments. The experiences of parents of children in the PICU, and the nurses caring for them are unknown. Using van Manen’s hermeneutic phenomenological approach, this study describes the phenomenon of parental presence during resuscitation of a child in PICU for eight Australian parent couples and six nurses. Experiential descriptions, obtained in tape-recorded unstructured interviews were subjected to two layers of analysis. Thematic analysis provided the phenomenological description in seven themes. Four themes refer to the parents’ experience in Being only for a child; Making sense of a living nightmare; Maintaining hope: facing reality and Living in a relationship with staff. Three themes describe the nurses’ experience: Under the parents’ gaze; Walking in their shoes and Holding parents in mind. A second layer of hermeneutic analysis revealed parents’ and nurses’ collective experience to have their being in four elements of the phenomenon. These elements are Being in chaos; Struggling to connect; Being for another and Being complete. The final description of the parents’ and nurses’ experience of parental presence during resuscitation in PICU as Sharing and surviving the resuscitation is drawn from the findings from each of these layers of meaning. The findings from this study conclude that the parents’ inherent need to be with their child overrode their anxieties of the resuscitation scene, curbing their feelings of chaos. Parental presence however, was a complex and dynamic concept that required a new relationship between parents and nurses. Implications of this study include recommendations for improving staff knowledge and education, as well as practical interventions for enhanced support for both parents and nurses

Depuis plusieurs décennies, la réflexion sur le lien entre l'éducation des parents, en particulier celle de la mère sur la mortalité des enfants est demeurée une priorité de recherche et un enjeu majeur pour les organisations internationales et les décideurs politiques des pays en développement, confrontés à une mortalité plus élevée et un niveau d’éducation plus faible que dans les pays à revenu élevé. Toutefois, en dépit des arguments théoriques qui justifient l’importance de l’éducation de la mère sur la mortalité des enfants, bon nombre de travaux empiriques menés dans les pays en développement, et surtout ceux de l'Afrique subsaharienne, ont révélé une relation mitigée, indiquant parfois une atténuation ou une absence de relation. Les raisons avancées pour expliquer la divergence des résultats observés ont généralement trait aux différents contextes dans lesquels les études ont été réalisées et aux problèmes surtout d’ordre méthodologique et conceptuel résultant des données disponibles. En utilisant les données des Enquêtes Démographiques et de Santé (EDS) du Bénin, l'objectif principal de cette thèse était d’aboutir à une meilleure compréhension des aspects méthodologiques et conceptuels relatifs à l’association entre l’éducation des parents et la mortalité des enfants. Trois objectifs spécifiques sont examinés. Le premier objectif spécifique est consacré à la relation entre l’éducation de la mère et la mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans en 1991-1996 et 2001-2006 pour cerner d'une part, les différences de mortalité des enfants selon les catégories d'éducation de la mère à chacune des périodes et, d'autre part, la variation du risque de mortalité des enfants selon l'éducation de la mère entre ces deux périodes, considérant la baisse de mortalité des enfants qu'a connue le Bénin. Le deuxième objectif spécifique vise à cerner l'impact du niveau moyen de l’éducation des femmes de la communauté sur la mortalité des enfants. Dans le troisième objectif spécifique, nous évaluons dans quelle mesure l'éducation du père (variable souvent omise dans les études antérieures) contribue à l'amélioration de la survie des enfants. Les résultats de nos analyses sont présentés sous forme d’articles scientifiques. À l'aide des analyses multi-niveaux en temps discret, les résultats de l'article 1 montrent que le risque de mortalité des enfants de mères non éduquées n'est pas significativement différent de celui des enfants de mères qui n'ont pas complété le cycle primaire (1 à 5 ans de scolarité). Ce résultat a été observé aussi bien à l’EDS de 1996 qu'à celle de 2006. Le risque de mortalité des enfants de mères qui ont complété au moins le cycle primaire (6 années de scolarité et plus) est plutôt faible comparativement à celui des enfants de mères non éduquées. Les résultats montrent également que le différentiel du risque de mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans selon l'éducation de la mère n'a pas significativement changé entre les deux périodes d'enquêtes (1991-1996 et 2001-2006) au Bénin. S'agissant de l’impact du niveau moyen d’éducation des femmes de la communauté sur la mortalité des enfants (article 2), nos résultats confirment que le risque de mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans est moins élevé dans les communautés où la proportion de femmes éduquées est plus élevée, et ce, indépendamment de l'éducation de la mère. Plus intéressant, l'effet de l'éducation communautaire sur la mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans était plus important dans les communautés où l'offre de soins de santé est disponible et accessible. Quant à l'influence de l'éducation du père (variable souvent omise dans les précédentes études) (article 3), il ressort que le fait d'avoir un père éduqué réduit significativement le risque de mortalité des enfants. Par contre, son effet s'est révélé significatif seulement dans les communautés où l'offre de soins de santé est disponible et accessible.
The possible impact of parental education (especially that of the mother) on child mortality remains an important issue for researchers and a priority for international organizations and policy makers in developing countries, which face relatively higher mortality and lower levels of education. However, despite the theoretical arguments that justify the importance of mother's education for child mortality, many studies in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, have revealed an ambiguous relationship, indicating sometimes an attenuation or lack of relationship. The lack of conclusive evidence is generally related to different contexts in which the studies were conducted and to methodological and conceptual problems resulting from the data used. Using DHS data from Benin, the main objective of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the association between parental education and the under-five mortality. Specifically, this study examines: 1) the levels of child mortality by mother's education, focusing on differences between children born to women with no versus incomplete primary schooling (1-5 years of schooling) and changes in the estimated effects of mothers’ schooling across two time periods (1991-1996 and 2001-2006); 2) the extent to which education of women in the community influences the under-five mortality, and finally, 3) the impact of fathers’ schooling on under-five mortality. Using multilevel discrete-time logit models, we show in the first article that mothers with more than 5 years of schooling experience lower under-five mortality risk than mothers with no education. However, no significant difference in the under-five mortality risk between mothers with no education and those with incomplete primary education (1-5 years of schooling) is found for either of the two surveys. Furthermore, estimated effect of mothers’ schooling on under-five mortality did not change significantly between 1991-1996 to 2001-2006. In the second article, our results confirm that residing in a community where more women aged 15-49 have over 5 years of schooling is independently associated with lower under-five mortality. Interestingly, the impact of women's education in the community was more pronounced in areas with higher average child immunization rates. This suggests that the availability and accessibility of health services in the community is a possible mechanism through which the women's community-level education influences child survival. In the third article, we found that father's education is positively associated with the child survival, an effect that is attenuated when after controlling for the supply of health care services accessible in the community.

The sexes have different life histories that can influence their parental care strategies. I studied northern flicker, Colaptes auratus, parents and simultaneously radio-tracked mates during the nestling and post-fledging periods. I tested hypotheses about sex differences in parental care strategies by examining foraging patterns, provisioning effort and habitat use. Males and females used the same microhabitats, but avoided overlap of their foraging areas on the home range consistent with the hypothesis that mates separate the home range to reduce competition. During temporary (i.e., 24 hr) brood size manipulations, both parents decreased provisioning to reduced broods, but did not increase provisioning to enlarged broods or alter their foraging pattern on the landscape. I suggest flickers were energy limited and were incapable or unwilling to respond to increased brood demands. During the post-fledging period, males spent more time near their fledglings, and cared for their fledglings longer than females (16 days versus 12 days, respectively). Approximately 36% of females abandoned their brood in the post-fledging period and females with high levels of feather corticosterone were more likely to abandon. Older males and those with high provisioning rates in the nestling period fed their fledglings longer. Nearly 45% of fledglings died within the first week after leaving the nest, but survival was higher for fledglings with intermediate body mass and those that occupied areas of dense cover. Families moved a greater distance from the nest during the first 4 days post-fledging when there was less tree cover within 250 m of the nest site. Parents brought fledglings to areas with dense vegetation within the first week post-fledging, but subsequently shifted to open grassland habitats. My results show that parents invest in their offspring indirectly by taking them to habitats that increase survival. This research stresses the importance of studying parental care during the post-fledging period to gain a more complete understanding of the total parental investment of males versus females and how each sex may react differently to trade-offs between investing in the current brood versus self-maintenance.

Understanding the patterns and processes that create differences among individuals in components of fitness, like the probability of survival or reproductive rates, is essential to our knowledge of population dynamics and for informing conservation efforts. For organisms in seasonal environments, early-breeding individuals regularly attain higher fitness than their late-breeding counterparts. Two primary hypotheses, related to quality and date, have been proposed to explain lower reproductive success of late breeders, but the veracity of these ideas has not been fully resolved. I tested predictions associated with these hypotheses to assess the effects of indices of parental and environmental quality on nestling quality and survival in an insectivorous passerine, the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), at two widely separated breeding locations in western Canada. I combined experiments and statistical modelling of observational data to evaluate two mechanisms proposed to contribute to seasonal decline in environmental quality: an increase in nest parasite abundance and a decrease in food abundance with later breeding dates. A parasite reduction experiment revealed a disproportionate benefit of parasite removal on length of primary feather for early-hatched nestlings, suggesting greater energetic constraints early in the breeding season. Furthermore, late-hatched nestlings from parasite-reduced nests had longer head-bill lengths than their control counterparts, and developed head-bills of similar length to those of early-hatched nestlings. Other than these findings, there were few detectable effects of parasites on nestling size, growth and immunity, as has been reported from several previous studies. Indeed, negative effects of parasites were only apparent when food (i.e., insect) biomass was considered. In a second series of experiments in which parental quality was controlled, I also tested whether food abundance declined during the breeding season, as predicted if environmental conditions deteriorate seasonally (i.e., date). Reduced reproductive success of late-breeding individuals was causally related to a seasonal decline in environmental quality. Declining insect biomass and enlarged brood sizes resulted in nestlings that were lighter, in poorer body condition, had shorter head-bills, shorter and slower growing ninth primary feathers and that were less likely to survive to fledge. Next, I asked whether results obtained from long-term mark-recapture data corroborated findings of short-term manipulations. I examined seasonal variation in first-year apparent survival to investigate the relative influence of large-, small- and individual-scale factors associated with the quality and date hypotheses. Although parental quality was an important predictor of first-year apparent survival of tree swallows, my results further suggested that quality of parents was not the primary factor influencing seasonal variation in first-year apparent survival. Rather, findings were most consistent with the date hypothesis. The relationship between apparent survival and a direct measurement of environmental quality indicated that annual variation in moisture had important consequences for first-year apparent survival of tree swallows in Saskatchewan. First-year apparent survival probabilities were higher during wet years and wetter conditions are generally linked to greater insect abundance. In British Columbia, nestlings from larger broods were less likely to survive, possibly as a result of receiving less food. Apparent survival probabilities were also higher when food was more abundant. I demonstrated that both parental and environmental quality influenced seasonal variation in fitness-related traits of tree swallows. However, the strongest evidence suggests that environmental quality, and in particular food abundance, had the greatest effect on seasonal variation in nestling quality, reproductive success and first-year apparent survival in tree swallows. My results highlight the importance of considering regional precipitation trends when projecting effects of climate change on demography of aerial insectivores.

This research A Descriptive Visual Analysis of the Survival of Tamil Arranged Marriage Rituals and the Impact of Commercialism is a critical analysis of ritual performances as a key component of Tamil wedding ceremonies. These rituals are performed before, during, and after the wedding and are interrogated throughout in this dissertation. This research explored and attempted to identify the significance of ritual performances in Tamil people’s marriages of southern India. Through the documentation and unpacking of traditional Hindu wedding celebrations, this study examined how these ancient rituals have been influenced by the modern world. It explored how cultural beliefs are negatively impacted through the commercialisation of wedding ceremonies and how they justify the maintenance of ritual practice. Symbolic activities and ritual performances are studied and discussed throughout this study by observing various Tamil wedding ceremonies and conclusions are drawn through conversations with couples and parents who have participated in such events. The dissertation further explores the ways in which these rituals are ultimately reflected and represented in artistic practice, inspired by the works of various artists who engage with their mediums in a ritualistic manner.
Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology
M.VA (Art, History, Visual Arts and Musicology)