Journal articles on the topic 'Parent stress'
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Galloway, Helen, Emily Newman, Nicola Miller, and Clare Yuill. "Does Parent Stress Predict the Quality of Life of Children With a Diagnosis of ADHD? A Comparison of Parent and Child Perspectives." Journal of Attention Disorders 23, no. 5 (May 13, 2016): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716647479.
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Objective: There are indicators that parental psychological factors may affect how parents evaluate their child’s quality of life (QoL) when the child has a health condition. This study examined the impact of parents’ perceived stress on parent and child ratings of the QoL of children with ADHD. Method: A cross-sectional sample of 45 matched parent–child dyads completed parallel versions of the KIDSCREEN-27. Children were 8 to 14 years with clinician diagnosed ADHD. Results: Parents who rated their child’s QoL lower than their child had higher perceived stress scores. Parent stress was a unique predictor of child QoL from parent proxy-rated but not child-rated QoL scores. Conclusion: Parents’ perceived stress may play an important role in their assessments of their child’s QoL, suggesting both parent and child perspectives of QoL should be utilized wherever possible. Interventions that target parent stress may contribute to improvements in the child’s QoL.
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Parks, Elizabeth P., Anne Kazak, Shiriki Kumanyika, Lisa Lewis, and Frances K. Barg. "Perspectives on Stress, Parenting, and Children’s Obesity-Related Behaviors in Black Families." Health Education & Behavior 43, no. 6 (July 9, 2016): 632–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198115620418.
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Objective. In an effort to develop targets for childhood obesity interventions in non-Hispanic-Black (Black) families, this study examined parental perceptions of stress and identified potential links among parental stress and children’s eating patterns, physical activity, and screen-time. Method. Thirty-three self-identified Black parents or grandparents of a child aged 3 to 7 years were recruited from a large, urban Black church to participate in semistructured interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results. Parents/grandparents described a pathway between how stress affected them personally and their child’s eating, structured (sports/dance) and unstructured (free-play) physical activity, and screen-time usage, as well as strategies to prevent this association. Five themes emerged: stress affects parent behaviors related to food and physical activity variably; try to be healthy even with stress; parent/grandparent stress eating and parenting; stress influences family cooking, food choices, and child free-play; and screen-time use to decrease parent stress. Negative parent/grandparent response to their personal stress adversely influenced food purchases and parenting related to child eating, free-play, and screen-time. Children of parents/grandparents who ate high-fat/high-sugar foods when stressed requested these foods. In addition to structured physical activity, cooking ahead and keeping food in the house were perceived to guard against the effects of stress except during parent cravings. Parent/child screen-time helped decrease parent stress. Conclusion. Parents/grandparents responded variably to stress which affected the child eating environment, free-play, and screen-time. Family-based interventions to decrease obesity in Black children should consider how stress influences parents. Targeting parent cravings and coping strategies that utilize structure in eating and physical activity may be useful intervention strategies.
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COWEN, EMORY L., PETER A. WYMAN, WILLIAM C. WORK, JULIA Y. KIM, DOUGLAS B. FAGEN, and KEITH B. MAGNUS. "Follow-up study of young stress-affected and stress-resilient urban children." Development and Psychopathology 9, no. 3 (September 1997): 565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579497001326.
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Reports follow-up study of 181 young highly stressed urban children, classified as stress-resilient (SR) and stress-affected (SA) 1½–2 years earlier. At follow-up (T2), children were retested on five initial (T1) test measures: self-rated adjustment, perceived competence, social problem solving, realistic control attributions, and empathy; parents and teachers did new child adjustment ratings, and parents participated in a phone interview focusing on the T1–T2 interval. Child test and adjustment measures and parent interview responses at T2 sensitively differentiated children classified as SR and SA at T1. Test and interview variables used at T1 and T2 correlated moderately across time periods. At T2, four child test indicators (i.e., rule conformity, global self-worth, social problem solving, and realistic control attributions) and four parent interview variables (positive future expectations for the child, absence of predelinquency indicators, good parent mental health in the past year, and adaptive parent coping strategies) sensitively differentiated children classified as SR and SA at T1. No relationship was found between family stress experienced in the T1–T2 interval and changes in children's adjustment during that period.
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Schwartzman, Jessica M., Antonio Y. Hardan, and Grace W. Gengoux. "Parenting stress in autism spectrum disorder may account for discrepancies in parent and clinician ratings of child functioning." Autism 25, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 1601–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361321998560.
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Elevated parenting stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder is well-documented; however, there is limited information about variability in parenting stress and relationships with parent ratings of child functioning. The aim of this study was to explore profiles of parenting stress among 100 parents of young children with autism spectrum disorder enrolled in two clinical trials and potential relationships between parenting stress and parent ratings of child functioning at the baseline timepoint. Secondary aims examined differential patterns of association between parenting stress profiles and parent versus clinician ratings of child functioning. A k-means cluster analysis yielded three different profiles of parenting stress (normal, elevated, and clinically significant) using scores on the Parenting Stress Index–Short Form. One-way analyses of variance revealed differential patterns of parent ratings across the three parenting stress profiles on certain domains of child functioning (e.g. problem behaviors and social impairment) and family empowerment, but similar ratings of child receptive and expressive language abilities. Clinicians blinded to study conditions also rated child functioning, but clinician ratings did not differ by parenting stress profile. Findings emphasize the importance of identifying parenting stress profiles and understanding their relationship with parent ratings, with implications for interpreting parent-report measures and measuring child response in treatment trials. Lay abstract Elevated parenting stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder is well-documented; however, there is limited information about differences in parenting stress and potential relationships with parent ratings of child functioning. The aim of this study was to explore profiles of parenting stress among 100 parents of young children with autism spectrum disorder enrolled in two clinical trials and to explore relationships between parenting stress level and parent ratings of child functioning before treatment. Secondary aims examined differential patterns of association between parenting stress profiles and parent versus clinician ratings of child functioning. We show that stress may influence parent ratings of certain child behaviors (e.g. problem behaviors) and not others (e.g. language), yet clinician ratings of these same children do not differ. This new understanding of parenting stress has implications for parent-rated measures, tracking treatment outcome, and the design of clinical trials.
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Almeida, David M., and Daniel McDonald. "Weekly rhythms of parents' work stress, home stress, and parent-adolescent tension." New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 1998, no. 82 (December 1998): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219988205.
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Akyurek, Gokcen, Sedanur Gurlek, Leyla Kaya Ozturk, and Gonca Bumin. "The effect of parent-based occupational therapy on parents of children with cerebral palsy: a randomised controlled trial." International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 30, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2022.0074.
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Background/Aims Parents of children with cerebral palsy face higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, sadness, exhaustion and burnout. Parent-based therapies have been found to increase parents' satisfaction with therapy, parent–child interactions and reduced parental stress. This study examined the effects of parent-based occupational therapy on stress levels, coping skills, and emotional skills and competencies of parents of children with cerebral palsy. Methods A total of 15 children and their parents who were admitted to the paediatric rehabilitation unit for occupational therapy were divided into two groups (control group: n=7, study group: n=8) using the coin toss randomisation method. The control group received standard occupational therapy, while the study group received parent-based occupational therapy for 45 minutes a session, twice a week, until 10 sessions had been completed. Participants were evaluated before and after the intervention. Results The study group showed a decrease in stress levels (P=0.034) and increases in coping skills (P=0.016), and emotional skills and competencies (P=0.036). In addition, only an improvement in parents' stress levels (P=0.046) was observed in the control group. Conclusions The parent-based occupational therapy programme was more effective regarding stress levels, coping skills, emotional skills and competencies of the families of children with cerebral palsy compared to classical occupational therapy. This study is important in terms of demonstrating the benefits of parent-based occupational therapy for parents of children with cerebral palsy.
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Burke, Meghan M., Neilson Chan, and Cameron L. Neece. "Parent Perspectives of Applying Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Strategies to Special Education." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 55, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-55.3.167.
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Abstract Parents of children with (versus without) intellectual and developmental disabilities report greater stress; such stress may be exacerbated by dissatisfaction with school services, poor parent-school partnerships, and the need for parent advocacy. Increasingly, mindfulness interventions have been used to reduce parent stress. However, it is unclear whether parents apply mindfulness strategies during the special education process to reduce school-related stress. To investigate whether mindfulness may reduce school-related stress, interviews were conducted with 26 parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities who completed a mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention. Participants were asked about their stress during meetings with the school, use of mindfulness strategies in communicating with the school, and the impact of such strategies. The majority of parent participants reported: special education meetings were stressful; they used mindfulness strategies during IEP meetings; and such strategies affected parents' perceptions of improvements in personal well-being, advocacy, family-school relationships, and access to services for their children. Implications for future research, policy, and practice are discussed.
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Çekiç, Ali, and Kader Karageyik. "ANALYZING PARENTING STRESS IN TERMS OF PARENTAL SELF-EFFICACY AND PARENT-CHILD COMMUNICATION." International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling 6, no. 40 (June 25, 2021): 14–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.640002.
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The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between parenting stress, parental self-efficacy, and parent-child communication. 492 parents participated in the study. 200 of the participants are fathers and 292 are mothers. For data collection, the Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI-SF) Perceived Parental Self-Efficacy Scale, Parent-Child Communication Scale, and Demographic Information Form were used. The differences among parenting stress, parental self-efficacy, and parent-child communication across demographic variables were analyzed with SPSS 17.0 program. At the same time, the effects of demographic variables on parenting stress and parent-adolescence communication were examined. To the findings, it is found that mothers and low-income level parents had higher parenting stress and no significant difference for other demographic variables was observed. A medium-level negative correlation was found between parenting stress and parent self-efficacy and parent-child communication variable. Additionally, self-efficacy and communication predicted 15.5% of parenting stress. According to the standardized regression coefficient, and when the relative significance level of predictive variables on parenting stress was analyzed, it can be seen that the most predictive variable was self-efficacy (β=-.255) and followed by communication (β=-.174).
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McDonald, Kyla P., Jennifer Connolly, Samantha D. Roberts, Meghan K. Ford, Robyn Westmacott, Nomazulu Dlamini, Emily W. Y. Tam, and Tricia Williams. "The Response to Stress Questionnaire for Parents Following Neonatal Brain Injury." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 45, no. 9 (July 14, 2020): 1005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa059.
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Abstract Objective The Response to Stress Questionnaire-Brain Injury (RSQ-BI) was adapted utilizing a patient-oriented approach, exploring parental stress, coping, and associated mental health outcomes in parents of children with neonatal brain injury. The contributions of social risk, child adaptive functioning, and brain injury severity were also explored. Methods Using a mixed-method design, this study explored adapted stressor items on the RSQ-BI. Parents and clinicians engaged in semistructured interviews to examine key stressors specific to being a parent of a child with neonatal brain injury. The adapted RSQ-BI was piloted in a parent sample (N = 77, child mean age 1 year 7 months) with established questionnaires of social risk, child adaptive functioning, severity of the child’s injury, coping style, and parent mental health. Descriptive statistics and correlations examined parent stress, coping, and their association with parent mental health. Results The final RSQ-BI questionnaire included 15 stressors. Factor analysis showed stressors loaded onto two factors related to (a) daily role stressors and (b) brain injury stressors. Using the RSQ-BI, parents reported brain injury stressors as more stressful than daily role stressors. When faced with these stressors, parents were most likely to engage in acceptance-based coping strategies and demonstrated lower symptoms of parent depression and anxiety. Conclusions The RSQ-BI provides a valuable adaptation to understand both stressors and coping specific to being a parent of a child with neonatal brain injury. Relevant interventions that promote similar coping techniques are discussed for future care and research.
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Bautista, Tara, Rajita Sinha, Wendy Silverman, and Ania Jastreboff. "459 Parenting Stress and Drinking to Cope Association with Early Childhood Risk Behaviors." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 6, s1 (April 2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2022.269.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Parent stress and coping impacts reward and motivation circuits during child development which influence self-regulation. One well known maladaptive coping response is alcohol or drinking-to-cope (DTC). This study assessed differences in stress and child behaviors among DTC parents as compared to non-DTC parents. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Baseline data was used from parents of a 2-5-year-old who were screened for a larger study assessing a mindfulness-based parent stress reduction intervention to improve healthy choices for themselves and their families. The sample included 172 parent-child dyads, mean parent age was 34.4 (6.1) years old, 56.3% white, mean child age was 3.6 (1.2) years old, 52.3% male. Subjective stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), parent-specific stress was assessing using the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), DTC was assessed using the COPE inventory, and child behaviors were assessed using the Devereux Early Childhood Assessment. To investigate the differences in stress and child behaviors between DTC parents and non-DTC parents independent samples t-tests were conducted. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: DTC was significantly correlated with PSS (r= 0.23, p<.01), PSI (r= 0.26, p<.01), child self-control (r= -0.16, p= .03), child attention problems (r= 0.22, p<.01), and total behavioral concerns (r= 0.16, p=.04). After excluding those who do not drink alcohol at all, we found significantly higher perceived stress among DTC parents (M= 27.83, SD= 9.79) compared to non-DTC parents (M= 23.79, SD= 8.40), t(80)= 2.02, p= .02. For children, we found significantly higher aggression scores for children of DTC parents (M= 47.16, SD= 31.69) compared to children of non-DTC parents (M=35.83, SD=25.72), t(84)= 1.83, p= .04. And greater attention problems among children of DTC parents (M= 73.97, SD= 26.77) compared to children of non-DTC parents (M= 56.71, SD= 34.09), t(84)=2.63, p=.01. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Stress and DTC may contribute to negative behaviors in children. An intervention designed to decrease stress and increase adaptive coping mechanism in parents could benefit health child socioemotional and behavioral development. Future analyses will examine third variable effects in the relationship between stress, coping, and child behaviors.
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Haley, David W., Jennifer Cordick, Sarah Mackrell, Immaculate Antony, and Maireanne Ryan-Harrison. "Infant anticipatory stress." Biology Letters 7, no. 1 (August 25, 2010): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0565.
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In humans, anticipatory stress involves activation of the limbic–hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which releases stress hormones such as cortisol in response to an impending stressor. Conditioning of the stress response to anticipate and prepare for future challenges is a hallmark of adaptation. It is unknown whether human infants in the first year of life have developed the neural circuitry to support the anticipation of stressful events in an attachment context. Here, we show that human infants at six months of age produce an anticipatory stress response, as indicated by the release of stress hormones, when re-exposed after 24 h to a context in which they demonstrated a stress response to a disruption in the parent–infant relationship. Although infant stress response (cortisol elevation) was greater to the stressful event (parent unresponsiveness) than to the second exposure to the stress context (room, chair, presence of parent and experimenter, etc.), it was greater in the stress group than in the control group on both days. Results suggest that human infants have the capacity to produce an anticipatory stress response that is based on expectations about how their parents will treat them in a specific context.
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Shonkoff, Eleanor T., Genevieve F. Dunton, Chih-Ping Chou, Adam M. Leventhal, Ricky Bluthenthal, and Mary Ann Pentz. "Direct and indirect effects of parent stress on child obesity risk and added sugar intake in a sample of Southern California adolescents." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 18 (October 5, 2017): 3285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001700252x.
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AbstractObjectiveResearch indicates that children are at higher risk for obesity if their parents have been exposed to a larger number of stressors, yet little is known about effects of parents’ subjective, perceived experience of stress on children’s eating behaviours and adiposity and whether weight-related parenting practices (i.e. parent rules and positive family meal practices) mediate this relationship. The present study evaluated the direct and mediated relationship between parent perceived stress and child waist circumference and parent stress and child consumption of added sugars one year later.DesignLongitudinal panel data.SettingEleven communities in Southern California, USA.SubjectsData were collected over two waves from parent–child dyads (n 599). Most parents were female (81 %) and Hispanic (51 %); children were 11 years old on average (sd 1·53; range 7–15 years) and 31 % received free school lunch.ResultsPerceived parent stress was not significantly associated with child waist circumference or consumption of added sugars one year later, and mediating pathways through parenting practices were not significant. However, parent rules were significantly associated with lower child consumption of added sugars (β=−0·14, P<0·001).ConclusionsResults suggest that parent rules about the types of foods children can eat, clearly explained to children, may decrease child consumption of added sugars but not necessarily lead to changes in obesity risk. Parent- and family-based interventions that support development of healthy rules about child eating have the potential to improve child dietary nutrient intake.
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Chirico, Ilaria, Federica Andrei, Paola Salvatori, Irene Malaguti, and Elena Trombini. "The Focal Play Therapy: An Empirical Study on the Parent–Therapist Alliance, Parent–Child Interactions and Parenting Stress in a Clinical Sample of Children and Their Parents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 8379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228379.
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The present study aims to investigate the outcomes of the Focal Play Therapy with Children and Parents (FPT-CP) in terms of parent–therapist alliance, parent–child interactions, and parenting stress. Thirty parental couples (N = 60; 30 mothers and 30 fathers) and their children presenting behavioral, evacuation and eating disorders took part to the study. Through a multi-method longitudinal approach, data were collected at two time points (first and seventh sessions) marking the first phase of the intervention specifically aimed to build the alliance with parents, a crucial variable for the remission of the child’s symptoms (and to the assessment of the child’s symptoms within family dynamics.) Therapeutic alliance was assessed by the Working Alliance Inventory by therapists and parents. Parent–child interactions and parenting stress were evaluated using the Emotional Availability Scales and the Parenting Stress Index, respectively. Results showed that a positive parent–therapist alliance was developed and maintained during the first seven sessions. Furthermore, parent–child interactions significantly improved on both parents’ and child’s dimensions. However, parenting stress levels remained unchanged between the two time points. The findings should enrich scientific knowledge about the role of parental engagement in preschool child-focused treatments as to better inform practice and improve the quality of care for children and their families.
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Basher, MAK, MR Karim, N. Sultana, KJ Hossain, and MM Kamal. "Parent Stress in Childhood Cancer." Bangladesh Medical Journal 41, no. 1 (May 4, 2014): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v41i1.18773.
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The objective of the study was to assess level of stress of the parents with a child suffering from cancer. A total of 396 parents of which 146 fathers and 250 mothers were recruited from the National Institute of Cancer Research & Hospital, Bangabandhu Sheik Mujib Medical University, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Dhaka Shishu Hospital (DSH), Dhaka from January 2011 to November 2011. They were selected consecutively on the basis of the defined criteria. The research instruments were interviewer questionnaire and stress measuring standard scales. Results showed that all of the parents were found educated. In graduate and above, fathers were comparatively higher educated than that of mothers. In profession, 48.7%(n=193) were household workers, 33.7%(n=133) service holders and 17.6%(n=70) were businessmen. The monthly family income of the respondent were Tk. 10,000 to 20,000 in 77.0%(n=305). Results also showed that 86.8%(n=344) of them in both sexes had age in between 18 to 40 years of which 44.9%(n=178) had age 31-40 years and 41.9%(n=166) were 18-30 years respectively. Only 13.2%(n=52) of both sexes had age above 40 years. The mean age of them were 33 ± 8 years. The type of cancers among the children of the respondents was described in the Table 2. The results showed that 61.4%(n=243) of the children had been suffering form leukemia, 17.4%(n=69) lymphoma, 8.3%(n=33) reticuloblastoma, 2.5%(n=10) neuroblastoma, 1.1%(n=4) solid tumors and 9.3%(n=48) were from other cancers such as embryoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, testicular tumors etc. The age of the children who had been suffering from different type of cancers was summarized in the Table-3. About 44.4%(n=176) of the children had age 1-5 years, 35.6%(n=141) age 6-10 years and 20.0%(n=79) were of age 11-15 years respectively.Leukemia was found the highest incidence among all age groups of the boys and girls. Results also showed that 63.8%(n=253) of the parents had certainly affected due to the stress. About 6.7%(n=26) of the parents had severely affected and 28.7%(n=114) may be affected induced by the cancers of their children. The poorly educated, up to class-X, fathers and mothers constituted 49.8%(n=197) were found certainly affected with the stress. Middle age group (31-40 years) having middle class socioeconomic status had also similar characteristics of the stress among the respondents. In duration of the disease at the time of assessment, results showed that 21.8%(n=86) of the parents with one child suffering from cancer in between 7-12 months were found certainly and severely affected with the stress. Careful designed investigations of the long-term psychological and behavioral consequences of the parents are vital important for early interventions to assess and treat psychological distress of them. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v41i1.18773 Bangladesh Medical Journal 2012 Vol. 41 No. 1; 8-13
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Seefeldt, Carol. "Parent Involvement: Support or Stress?" Childhood Education 62, no. 2 (November 1985): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00094056.1985.10520233.
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Estes, Annette, Paul Yoder, John McEachin, Gerhard Hellemann, Jeffrey Munson, Jessica Greenson, Marie Rocha, Elizabeth Gardner, and Sally J. Rogers. "The effect of early autism intervention on parental sense of efficacy in a randomized trial depends on the initial level of parent stress." Autism 25, no. 7 (April 16, 2021): 1924–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211005613.
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This study examined whether style or intensity of child-focused intervention had a secondary effect on parental sense of efficacy and whether these effects varied by baseline level of parent stress. We randomized 87 children with autism, age 13–30 months, into one of four conditions: 15 versus 25 intervention hours crossed with 12 months of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention versus Early Start Denver Model. Baseline parent stress was the putative moderator. Parent sense of efficacy, collected at baseline and the end of treatment, was the dependent variable. Analyses used generalized linear mixed model with full information maximum likelihood estimation. We tested main effects and interactions involving time, treatment intensity and style, and baseline parent stress to test moderation effects. Changes in parent efficacy across 12 months were related to intervention intensity but not style; this effect was moderated by level of parent stress at baseline. Parents with higher stress at the beginning of a 1-year, home-based, comprehensive intervention program had a higher sense of parenting efficacy if their child received lower intensity intervention; parents with lower stress at baseline had a higher sense of efficacy if their child received higher intensity intervention. Lay abstract This is a study of the secondary effects of interventions for young children with autism on their parents. Specifically, we were interested in the impact on parent’s sense of efficacy, or how confident and competent a parent feels about themselves as a parent. We tested three ideas: (1) that the style of the intervention, whether it was more or less structured and whether the parent had a more or less formal role, would impact a parent’s sense of efficacy; (2) that the intensity of the intervention, how many hours per week the intervention was delivered, would impact parental efficacy; and (3) that the parent’s level of stress prior to intervention would impact how intensity and style effected efficacy. We randomly assigned 87 children with autism, age 13–30 months, into one of four conditions: 15 versus 25 intervention hours crossed with two different styles of intervention. We used statistical tests to examine these ideas. We found that parental efficacy was related to intervention intensity but not style. Parents with higher stress at the beginning of a 1-year, home-based, comprehensive intervention program had a higher sense of parenting efficacy if their child received lower intensity intervention; parents with lower stress at baseline had a higher sense of efficacy if their child received higher intensity intervention. If a parent can emerge from the process of diagnosis and early intervention with an increased sense that they can make a difference in their child’s life (i.e. increased sense of efficacy), it may set the stage for meeting the long-term demands of parenting a child with autism.
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Sy, Susan R., Kristen Fong, Rebecca Carter, Julia Boehme, and Amy Alpert. "Parent Support and Stress among First-Generation and Continuing-Generation Female Students during the Transition to College." Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice 13, no. 3 (November 2011): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cs.13.3.g.
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This study compares first-generation and continuing-generation female college students in terms of: (a) level of parents' emotional and informational support; (b) level of students' stress; and (c) the relationship between both types of parent support and students' stress during the transition to college. We collected survey data from an ethnically diverse sample of 339 young women about to enter college. Results indicate first-generation students perceive less emotional and informational parent support than do continuing-generation students. First-generation students who perceive higher levels of parent emotional support have less stress than those who do not. However, neither type of parent support significantly predicted stress levels for continuing-generation students.
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Patra, Suravi, Priti Arun, and Bir Singh Chavan. "Impact of psychoeducation intervention module on parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: A preliminary study." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 06, no. 04 (October 2015): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.165422.
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ABSTRACT Context: Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in India face a host of challenges, while seeking care which ranges from unavailability of information to difficulty in availing services. Aims: To develop a psycho-education intervention module for parents of children with ASD and to study its impact on parent stress and knowledge. Settings and Design: Child Guidance Clinic Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh. Interventional study. Methodology: Parents of children diagnosed with ASD as per Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition criteria, recruited through consecutive sampling. Total number of 18 participants participated in the two phase study. Phase I included preparation of a parent training module through a four stage process and Phase II was evaluation of impact of the final version of the module on parental stress and knowledge. Statistical Analysis: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test using SPSS version 17.0. Results: There was an improvement in all the domains of parenting stress and knowledge. Social stress score and total stress score showed significant improvement. Conclusions: Parent psycho-education intervention module on ASD decreases parenting stress, and improves knowledge about ASD. Psycho-education intervention module is a feasible and acceptable way of parent empowerment.
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Shawler, Paul M., and Maureen A. Sullivan. "Parental Stress, Discipline Strategies, and Child Behavior Problems in Families With Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders." Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 32, no. 2 (October 8, 2015): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088357615610114.
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The current study investigated the parent–child relationship by examining associations between parent stress, parental discipline strategies, child disruptive behavior problems, and level of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms. A sample of 130 parents of children with ASD ages 3 to 11 years participated. Parents reported high levels of parent stress and high levels of child disruptive behavior problems. A series of mediation analyses via bootstrapping were used to examine the development of child disruptive behavior. Use of harsh and punitive parental discipline strategies mediated the link between parent stress and child disruptive behavior problems. These findings suggest that parental discipline strategies should be a central target in prevention and treatment interventions for children with ASD to reduce the emergence of child disruptive behavior problems. Reducing challenging behavior in children with ASD may improve the rate of skill acquisition and improve the parent–child relationship. Future directions for research along with clinical implications for families are discussed.
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Bender, Stacy L., John S. Carlson, Laurie Van Egeren, Holly Brophy-Herb, and Rosalind Kirk. "Parenting Stress as a Mediator between Mental Health Consultation and Children’s Behavior." Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 7, no. 1 (December 8, 2016): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v7n1p72.
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Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation (ECMC) focuses on enhancing adults’ (e.g., parents) skills and abilities in order to improve children’s behavior. Limited research has examined parenting factors as mechanisms of change, which is important given the bidirectional nature of parent-child interactions. Parenting stress and its influence on children’s behavioral outcomes (behavior problems and protective factors) were investigated following the implementation of an Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation (ECMHC) program. Participants included parents that participated in the ECMHC program (n = 247) and a comparison group (n = 72) in the Midwest. Overall, parents in the ECMHC group experienced fewer dysfunctional parent-child interactions and less distress. Results indicated that parent-child dysfunctional interactions mediated the relationship between ECMHC and children’s behavior problems (CI = .001, .038) and protective factors (CI = -.061, -.001). Parental distress did not mediate the relationship between ECMHC and children’s behavior problems (CI = -.001, .016) or protective factors (CI = -.020, .001). Understanding the influence of stress and parent-child interactions is beneficial as these may be malleable and responsive to change if targeted in intervention. Examining mechanisms of change related to parents will allow for refinement of services and improved behavioral outcomes for children.
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Setterberg, S. E., E. Nissen, W. Jonas, and M. Niemi. "Perinatal Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Effects of a MBCP Intervention on Mother-infant Interaction." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S30—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.149.
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IntroductionTransition into parenthood is a demanding phase in life and exposes the becoming parents to vulnerability for depression, anxiety and stress. Perinatal mental health problems are a major public health issue and many women suffering from depression during their first year after delivery. High levels of stress during pregnancy are associated with adverse psychological and physiological outcomes for the infant and parents. There seems to be an intergenerational transmission of mental health from parent to infant. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of mindfulness intervention during pregnancy in reducing depression symptoms, anxiety and perceived stress in parents-to-be.ObjectivesAssess whether the mindfulness will improve interaction between mother-infant at 12 months.MethodsPerceived stress scale and Edinburgh postnatal depression scale used to measure stress and depression during pregnancy. Parent child early relational assessment assessed mother-infant interaction.ResultsInhibited parent-infant relationships were more common in the control group comparing to the mindfulness intervention group. This is in line with previous research on periantal depression, anxiety, and stress, showing more dysfunctional dyads. A depressed mother has reduced capability to be alert to her baby's signals, which is necessary for appropriate parent-infant relationship to occur. The cumulative effect of impaired parent-infant relationship is a “depressed dyad” of mother and infant.ConclusionMindfulness intervention reduced depressive symptoms, anxiety, and perceived stress in pregnant women. At 12 months mother-infant relationship assessment, the mindfulness intervention group dyads showed a more attuned mother-infant interaction.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Athapathu, Ashan, Deluckshi Navaratnam, Minul Doluweera, and Guwani Liyanage. "Child emotional and behavioral difficulties and parent stress during COVID-19 lockdown in Sri Lankan families." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): e0271757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271757.
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Introduction Understanding parents’ and children’s mental health issues would help design population-specific intervention programs. The present study explored parents’ perceived stress and child emotions and behavior during the COVID-19 lockdown among Sri Lankan families. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Sri Lankan parents of children aged 11 to 17 years. Validated instruments (Perceived Stress Scale-PSS and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-SDQ) evaluated parental stress, child emotions, and hyperactivity/inattention. Multiple linear regression assessed the predictors of mental health issues, including the interaction between age and gender. Results Three hundred fifty-five parents responded to the survey (mothers:76%). One-third of parents experienced difficulties with their children during the pandemic. Emotions and hyperactivity-inattention problems measured via the SDQ scale were high among 38% of children, while the perceived stress was high in 79.2% of parents. Overall, child emotions and hyperactivity-inattention increased with decreasing age, increasing parent stress, having middle-income compared to high-income, and having a family member/close relative tested positive for COVID-19. Hyperactivity-inattention (29.3%) was more than the emotional problems (22%) among children. The emotional problems were reported more with increasing parent stress, while child hyperactivity-inattention alone was reported more with decreasing age, middle-income compared to high-income families, and increasing parent stress. Also, the interaction effect of age and gender indicated that higher age was related to greater parent-reported hyperactivity-inattention problems in males. Conclusions The findings highlight how the COVID-19 crisis and social isolation have contributed to increased parental stress and child emotional and hyperactivity-inattention problems. In addition to cautioning the healthcare workers, socio-culturally appropriate preventive and supportive mental health programs may help deal with further waves of COVID-19 or any other adverse circumstances.
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Chen, Cory K., Karima Clayton, and Joshua Chodosh. "The Relationship Between “What We Believe” and “How We Care” Among Daughters Caring for a Parent With Dementia." American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr 32, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317517689875.
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This study attempted to better understand factors associated with relationship conflict between daughters and their parents with dementia. We examined data from 77 daughters self-identified as primary caregivers of a parent with dementia to test the hypothesis that daughters’ belief that a parent with dementia can control their symptoms is associated with more conflict, defined as high expressed emotion (EE). Participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing beliefs about parents’ ability to control symptoms, stress, relationship conflict, parent agitation, and cognitive status. Results indicated that greater intensity of daughters’ belief that their parent can control dementia-related symptoms was associated with more relationship conflict or “high EE” (β = 0.57, P < .001). Daughters’ beliefs about parental behavior may contribute to caregiver stress and exacerbate negative behaviors exhibited by individuals with dementia. Educating caregivers about parental behaviors and examining factors underlying caregiver interpretations of these behaviors hold promise for reducing caregiver stress.
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Parenteau, Anna M., Nicholas V. Alen, LillyBelle K. Deer, Adam T. Nissen, Alison T. Luck, and Camelia E. Hostinar. "Parenting matters: Parents can reduce or amplify children's anxiety and cortisol responses to acute stress." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 5 (December 2020): 1799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579420001285.
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AbstractParents serve important functions in regulating children's responses to stress and challenge. However, the parental characteristics that modulate the effectiveness of parents as stress buffers remain to be fully characterized. To address this gap, this study examined parental characteristics and behaviors that may explain variation in parents’ ability to buffer cortisol responses to acute stress of 180 children (ages 9–11 years old, M = 9.9 years, SD = .58). Children were randomly assigned to either participate in a public speaking task, the Trier Social Stress Test – modified for children (TSST-M) or a control condition. Children in the TSST-M condition were randomly assigned to prepare for the public speaking task either with their parent (N = 59) or alone (N = 60), whereas 61 children were assigned to the control condition (no TSST-M). We found that parental education moderated the effect of condition on children's responses to acute stress. Children whose parents had lower levels of education exhibited reduced cortisol responses in the parent condition compared to the alone condition, showing a buffered pattern of reactivity. In contrast, children of parents with high levels of education displayed higher cortisol reactivity in the parent condition compared to the alone and control conditions. Parental education was also positively associated with higher levels of state anxiety within the parent condition. These results suggest that highly educated parents may emphasize performance over comfort, amplifying their children's state anxiety and cortisol responses to a public performance.
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ROTHERAM-BORUS, MARY JANE, LEAH ROBIN, HELEN M. REID, and BARBARA HERMIE DRAIMIN. "Parent-Adolescent Conflict and Stress When Parents Are Living with Aids." Family Process 37, no. 1 (March 1998): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1998.00083.x.
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V Raja Mohan, Shanthi Bavani, Saroja Dhanapal, Vimala Govindasamy, and Kirthikaa Sydney Purushothaman Pillay. "Psychological impact of parent-adolescent communication: A critical analysis." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v11i4.21461.
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<p>Parent-adolescent relationship is an essential part of growing up and it is the key determinant of adolescents’ personality development. Their relationship with their families at this stage determines their character. Studies show there is a significant relationship between parent-adolescents’ communication and adolescents’ psychological well-being. However, the findings are not conclusive. The current quantitative research assessed the level of parent-adolescent communication on adolescents’ self-esteem and perceived stress. Data was collected among 377 Malaysians aged 12 to 17. The ‘parent-adolescent relationship questionnaire’ (PARQ), ‘rosenberg self-esteem scale’ and ‘perceived stress scale-10’ (PSS) were used. The results show that there is a positive correlation between parent adolescent communication and self-esteem r (350) =.390, p=.000 and a negative correlation between self-esteem and level of stress perceived among adolescents at r (350)=-.103, p=.054. The level of correlation shows a more positive relationship between parent adolescent communication, and self-esteem whereas the level of self-esteem does not immensely affect the stress level of these adolescents. Further, it was proven that female adolescents had lower self-esteem and higher stress compared to male adolescents. The study recommends that parents should cultivate good parent-adolescent communication to ensure positive psychological impact on their adolescents.</p>
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Kim, K. A., and R. V. Kadyrov. "Group Schema Therapy for Reducing Parenting Stress in Families with Children with Disabilities." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 24, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2022-24-4-517-524.
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Parents experience stress that manifests itself as a negative reaction to the situation when the demands of being a parent exceed the expectations of oneself as a parent. Stress level in parents of children with disabilities is significantly higher than in standard families. Schema therapy is an effective psychological intervention for managing this stress. The paper reviews foreign and Russian publications on schema therapy for parents of children with special needs. The comparative analysis showed that schema-therapy approach might have higher efficacy in managing this type of stress than other popular psychotherapeutic approaches, e.g., CBT, MCT, PST, etc. These approaches often focus on teaching specific parenting skills or changing parents' behavior and attitude but leave behind their emotional well-being. Schema therapy develops effective parenting skills and behavioral practices while teaching emotion management strategies. A comprehensive schema therapy program may reduce stress in parents of children with disabilities.
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Farel, Anita M., and Stephen R. Hooper. "Relationship between the Maternal Social Support Index and the Parenting Stress Index in Mothers of Very-Low-Birthweight Children Now Age 7." Psychological Reports 83, no. 1 (August 1998): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.1.173.
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Two measures, the Maternal Social Support Index and the Parenting Stress Index were used to assess parents' stress and social support among mothers of 7-yr.-old children born at very low birthweight. The MSSI Total scores did not significantly correlate with the PSI Total Child, Total Parent, or Total Stress Indices, although they were significant, but modestly correlated with scores on the Parent subscale of Social Isolation. The relationship between parental stress and maternal social support requires continued investigation.
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Jensen-Hart, Staci J., Jeff Christensen, Lacey Dutka, and J. Corey Leishman. "Child Parent Relationship Training (CPRT): Enhancing Parent-child Relationships for Military Families." Advances in Social Work 13, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/1881.
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Military families experience increased stress when facing issues of deployment, separation, and reunification. The increased stress impacts the parent-child relationship as well as child behavioral and emotional well-being. Although recognizing the resiliency of military families, research points to the need to monitor parental stress both pre- and post-deployment and highlights the inherent risks that separation and reunification pose for the parent-child relationship bond. This pilot study was designed to explore the effectiveness of the Child Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT) Training Model as a proactive method of enhancing parent-child relationships, reducing parental stress, and preventing negative impact of military separations on children.
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Curran, Joseph. "Parent stress management training for ADHD." Mental Health Practice 9, no. 2 (October 2005): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/mhp.9.2.32.s28.
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Fu, Wangqian, Rui Li, Yaqian Zhang, and Ke Huang. "Parenting Stress and Parenting Efficacy of Parents Having Children with Disabilities in China: The Role of Social Support." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 24, 2023): 2133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032133.
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Raising children with disabilities is challenging for parents, who experience high parenting stress. The study aimed to understand the status quo of parenting efficacy of parents having children with disabilities and to analyze the association between parent efficacy, parenting stress, and social support in China. We surveyed 373 parents having children with disabilities enrolled in special education schools or rehabilitation institutions from 14 provinces in China. The online questionnaire including Parental Stress Index-Short Form, the Child Adjustment and Parent Efficacy Scale-Developmental Disability (CAPES-DD), and Social Support Scale was applied in the study. The results suggested that parenting efficacy of parents having children with disabilities in China was at the medium level. Parenting stress, social support, and parenting efficacy were significantly related with each other, and social support played a mediating role between parenting stress and parenting efficacy. The findings indicated that reducing parenting stress and improving social support might improve parenting efficacy. We also discussed the implications of providing intervention strategies or social support to improve parenting efficacy for parents with disabled children in China.
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Zyga, Olena, and Anastasia Dimitropoulos. "Preliminary Characterization of Parent-Child Interaction in Preschoolers With Prader-Willi Syndrome: The Relationship Between Engagement and Parental Stress." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 125, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-125.1.76.
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Abstract Early parent-child interactions (PCI) impact social cognitive development. Relatedly, children with various developmental disorders exhibit abnormal parental attachment relationships. Parental characteristics and behaviors can impact PCI and socioemotional development as well. No research has examined the parent-child dynamic in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a neurodevelopmental disorder that presents with social cognitive deficits. This article provides a preliminary characterization of PCI quality and parenting stress in 17 PWS parent-child dyads, children ages 3–5 years, in comparison to 20 typically developing children and their parent. Results suggest early PCI disruption in preschoolers with PWS and their parents report increased levels of stress in various domains. These findings have important implications not only on parent well-being in PWS but its impact on child development.
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Zhao, Mengxian, Yonghao You, Shihui Chen, Linlin Li, Xiru Du, and Yongtai Wang. "Effects of a Web-Based Parent–Child Physical Activity Program on Mental Health in Parents of Children with ASD." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 12913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412913.
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Parents of children with ASD experience a higher incidence of mental health difficulties, including stress, depression, and anxiety, than parents of children without ASD. According to studies related to ASD, parent–child physical activity programs are an effective approach to encourage both parents and their children with ASD to exercise together, thus improving the mental health of parents due to this interactive family activity. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of this web-based parent–child physical activity program on the mental health of parents of children with ASD. A total of 94 parent–child pairs consented to participate in this study, and 75 parent–child pairs completed the study. Three instruments—DASS-21, PSI-4-SF, and WHOQOL-26—were used to measure mental health, parental stress, and quality of life, respectively. A randomized controlled trial design was implemented to examine the effectiveness of the 10-week web-based parent–child physical activity program on improving the mental health of parents of children with ASD. The results showed that after the 10-week parent–child physical activity program, there were significant differences in overall DASS-21 and PSI-4-SF for the experimental group, compared with control group (p < 0.05), which indicated that the parent–child physical activity program has a positive influence on mental health in parents of children with ASD. One sub-area of WHOQOL-26 between the experimental and control groups across pre-/post-testing intervals also showed greater reductions in the item of psychological health (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the findings demonstrated the efficacy of the web-based parent–child physical activity program for improving mental health in parents of children with ASD.
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Smith, Ashlyn L., Mary Ann Romski, Rose A. Sevcik, Lauren B. Adamson, and Roger Bakeman. "Parent Stress and Its Relation to Parent Perceptions of Communication Following Parent-Coached Language Intervention." Journal of Early Intervention 33, no. 2 (June 2011): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053815111405526.
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Rayce, Signe Boe, Maiken Pontoppidan, and Tine Nielsen. "Concordance within parent couples’ perception of parental stress symptoms among parents to 1-18-year-olds with physical or mental health problems." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): e0244212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244212.
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Parents of children with physical or mental health problems are at higher risk for experiencing parental stress. However, mothers and fathers may experience parental stress differently. The aim was to examine whether mothers and fathers of children with physical and/or mental health problems are equally inclined within the couples to experience different aspects of parental stress when considering child and parent couple characteristics. Single aspects of Parental stress were assessed with nine items from the Parental Stress Scale in 197 parent couples of children aged 1–18 years with physical and/or mental health problems. Agreement within parent couples for each item was tested using two tests of marginal homogeneity for dependent data: a nominal G2-test and an ordinal γ-test. Analyses were conditioned on child gender, child age, couple educational level, and overall parental stress. For seven aspects of parental stress, differences in agreement within the couples were found with at least one of the conditioning variables. For five aspects (item 3, 4, 9, 10, 13) addressing specific personal experience of daily stressors related to having children and feeling inadequate as a parent, the differences were systematic. Mothers were more inclined to experience these aspect of parental stress than fathers, specially mothers of boys, a younger child, in couples with an education above high school or with a higher stress level. Agreement was found for two aspects (item 14 and 16) of parental stress. This study suggests that mothers’ and fathers’ experience of most aspects of parental stress vary within the couples. Knowledge on systematic difference between parents’ experience of parental stress may inform future interventions. For aspects where mothers generally experience the highest degree of stress, fathers may be involved as support. Future studies may explore the role of diagnoses, coping strategies and examine concordance in parental stress symptoms in other subgroups.
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Azhari, Atiqah, Ariel Wan Ting Wong, Mengyu Lim, Jan Paolo Macapinlac Balagtas, Giulio Gabrieli, Peipei Setoh, and Gianluca Esposito. "Parents’ Past Bonding Experience with Their Parents Interacts with Current Parenting Stress to Influence the Quality of Interaction with Their Child." Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 7 (July 7, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10070114.
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Healthy dyadic interactions serve as a foundation for child development and are typically characterised by mutual emotional availability of both the parent and child. However, several parental factors might undermine optimal parent–child interactions, including the parent’s current parenting stress levels and the parent’s past bonding experiences with his/her own parents. To date, no study has investigated the possible interaction of parenting stress and parental bonding history with their own parents on the quality of emotional availability during play interactions. In this study, 29 father–child dyads (18 boys, 11 girls; father’s age = 38.07 years, child’s age = 42.21 months) and 36 mother–child dyads (21 boys, 15 girls; mother’s age = 34.75 years, child’s age = 41.72 months) from different families were recruited to participate in a 10-min play session after reporting on their current parenting stress and past care and overprotection experience with their parents. We measured the emotional availability of mother–child and father–child play across four adult subscales (i.e., sensitivity, structuring, non-intrusiveness, non-hostility) and two child subscales (i.e., involvement and responsiveness). Regression slope analyses showed that parenting stress stemming from having a difficult child predicts adult non-hostility, and is moderated by the parents’ previously experienced maternal overprotection. When parenting stress is low, higher maternal overprotection experienced by the parent in the past would predict greater non-hostility during play. This finding suggests that parents’ present stress levels and past bonding experiences with their parents interact to influence the quality of dyadic interaction with their child.
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Garnett, Robyn, Bronwyn Davidson, and Patricia Eadie. "Parent perceptions of a group telepractice communication intervention for autism." Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 7 (January 2022): 239694152110701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23969415211070127.
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Background & Aims Estimates suggest that one in 59 children receive a diagnosis of autism and that early intervention can be effective if applied consistently and intensively. Parent implemented intervention can increase intervention consistency and intensity however, availability of providers, geographical factors, time constraints, and parental stress levels can all act as barriers to service access. Limitations in understanding elements that support family engagement can also impact participation in intervention. Telepractice can increase availability of intervention services and decrease the time and costs associated with face-to-face delivery. Research focused on children with autism has shown that telepractice is acceptable to parents. Despite positive findings for telepractice services with individual clients, limited research has been conducted on telepractice services for parent groups; parent perceptions and preferences regarding intervention; and service delivery methods. This research aimed to investigate parent perceptions of a group intervention programme for autism; the telepractice approach; parent and child outcomes; and parental stress. The purpose of the investigation was to build an understanding of parent's intervention preferences to inform future service offerings, increase choice, and support participation. Methods Eleven parents of preschool children with autism participated in a telepractice delivered group training programme called Hanen More Than Words (HMTW). The intervention is traditionally delivered face to face and teaches strategies to facilitate social-communication development in young children. Quantitative and qualitative measures were used to evaluate parent perceptions of the telepractice HMTW intervention. Data were collected via the Parenting Stress Index, HMTW programme evaluation forms, and online parent survey. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Pre- and post-intervention comparisons of parenting stress were conducted using paired T-Tests. Open comment field responses were analysed qualitatively using a directed content analysis. Results Parents reported high levels of satisfaction with telepractice delivered HMTW across intervention and post programme evaluations. Interactive learning opportunities, group participation, video coaching, individualisation of service, and programme facilitation were identified as key supports to learning. Parents perceived increased insight into the interaction, learning, and behaviour of themselves and their children. They reported positive changes in strategy implementation and confidence. Parents also perceived improvements in their children's communication, responsiveness, interaction, and play following intervention. Parental stress measurements from pre- to post intervention, were not significantly different. Conclusions Telepractice may reduce service barriers and improve access, particularly with the efficiency of a group delivery approach. Utilising technology to deliver group intervention was acceptable to parents and perceived to have positive outcomes for both parent and child. Further investigation into parent perceptions of intervention types and delivery approaches, could facilitate a broader understanding of family needs with respect to service access and engagement. Implications Expansion of telepractice offerings can increase efficiencies and service choice for families and providers. Limitations in service availability and barriers to service access and engagement, confirm the importance of pursuing ongoing service improvements and evaluating the preferences of service users. Development of standardised tools to measure and compare parent perceptions across intervention types and service delivery approaches would be beneficial.
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Guttmann, Katherine, Chavis Patterson, Tracey Haines, Casey Hoffman, Marjorie Masten, Scott Lorch, and John Chuo. "Parent Stress in Relation to Use of Bedside Telehealth, an Initiative to Improve Family-Centeredness of Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit." Journal of Patient Experience 7, no. 6 (August 20, 2020): 1378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2374373520950927.
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Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth technologies have become critical to providing family and patient-centered care. Little is known about the impact of these technologies on parent stress levels in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). We sought to determine the impact of bedside web cameras on stress levels of parents in the NICU in order to work toward interventions that might improve family-centered care. A validated survey, the Parental Stress Scale NICU, was administered to parents of babies admitted to the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Neonatal/Infant Intensive Care Unit on days 7 to 10 of hospitalization. Parents were also asked if they used the available AngelEye Camera while their baby was hospitalized. Stress levels were analyzed for associations with the use of the bedside cameras. Parents who reported using the bedside camera also reported lower levels of stress relating to being separated from their babies. Bedside web camera interventions may hold potential for reducing parent stress related to separation from their babies, especially in the setting of a global pandemic.
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Brandhorst, Isabel, Patrizia Lahres, Sara Hanke, Anil Batra, Tobias Renner, Gottfried Barth, Katajun Lindenberg, Eva Vonderlin, and Kay Petersen. "Randomized Controlled Evaluation of a Group-Based Training for Parents of Adolescents with Gaming Disorder or Social Network Use Disorder." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010272.
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Background: Internet Use Disorder (IUD), Gaming Disorder (GD), and Social Network Use Disorder (SNUD) are common phenomena among adolescents and young adults. Negative consequences of such disorders can be observed in the individuals themselves and in the family system. Although parents can influence their children in many ways, they are rarely considered in interventions. The present study examines the effectiveness of a group-based training for parents of adolescents with IUD, GD, or SNUD. Methods: A total of 76 parents of adolescents (12 to 20 years) were randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG) or the waiting list control group. Parents in the IG participated over eight weeks in six sessions of training (topics: psychoeducation, parenting behaviour, parent-child relationships, parent-child communication, and stress and relaxation). Questionnaires on adolescent symptomatology, parent-child relationships, and parental burden were collected before and after the intervention/waiting period. Results: The training reduced the IUD symptomatology of adolescents from the parents’ perspective. GD symptomatology improved for at-risk users, though not for pathological users. Some aspects of the parent-child relationships improved in the mothers’ judgment. Parental stress was already low before the training. Conclusions: The presented parent group training can be used to improve IUD symptomatology in adolescents and is effective in the context of early intervention for at-risk computer gamers.
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Fucà, Elisa, Floriana Costanzo, Luciana Ursumando, and Stefano Vicari. "Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children and Adolescents with Down Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051188.
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Parenting stress has deleterious effects on parents, children, and overall family functioning. Parents of children with intellectual disability, including Down Syndrome (DS), show higher levels of parenting stress than parents of typically developing children. This research aimed to (i) evaluate parenting stress levels in a group of mothers of youths with DS using a parent-report questionnaire, (ii) identify children’s individual and clinical features associated with maternal stress, and (iii) identify specific situational life/demographics factors related to maternal stress. Seventy-eight youths with DS underwent a neuropsychological evaluation, whereas mothers completed questionnaires for the assessment of parenting stress and of the child’s emotional and behavioral problems. We found that Parent–Child Difficult Interaction was the domain with the highest percentage of clinical scores (39.7%). Both internalizing and externalizing problems correlated with maternal stress, as well as autistic symptoms. The levels of maternal stress were not associated with any socio-demographic variable. After controlling for child-related correlates of maternal stress and for mothers’ age and education level, unemployed mothers exhibited higher levels of parental distress than employed mothers. The present study highlights that unemployment is related with parenting stress and potentially amenable to policy interventions supporting parents in combining work and family care.
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Romagnano, Stephanie R., and Susana Gavidia-Payne. "Preliminary Findings of an Intervention Program for Parents of Young Children with a Developmental Delay: Investigation of Parental Stress and Sense of Competence." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/aedp.26.1.87.
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AbstractBehavioural problems in young children can be detrimental to the psychological well-being of their parents. The present study examined the effectiveness of a newly developed intervention in improving parental stress and parenting sense of competence for parents of young children with a developmental delay (DD), presenting with behavioural problems. The sample comprised 15 parents and 1 grandparent of children, aged between 2 and 5 years, with DD. Parents completed a questionnaire package at pre-intervention and post-intervention, including measures to assess parent stress and sense of competence. Paired sample t-tests revealed a significant decline at post-intervention in the total frequency of hassles associated with raising a child with DD, as well as reductions in stress associated with parents' needs. General stress and parenting sense of competence showed no significant post-intervention improvements. Correlation analyses revealed a negative relationship between parent stress and sense of competence, at pre-intervention and post-intervention. It was concluded that the intervention was useful for reducing the overall frequency of stress and the stress associated with the needs of parents raising a young child with DD. Findings have implications for the development of parental supports by early childhood intervention practitioners. Due to a number of methodological limitations, suggestions were made for future research.
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Kehl, Selina M., Pearl La Marca-Ghaemmaghami, Marina Haller, Elisabeth Pichler-Stachl, Hans Ulrich Bucher, Dirk Bassler, and Friederike B. Haslbeck. "Creative Music Therapy with Premature Infants and Their Parents: A Mixed-Method Pilot Study on Parents’ Anxiety, Stress and Depressive Symptoms and Parent–Infant Attachment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010265.
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Premature birth is stressful for infants and parents and can adversely affect the parent–infant dyad. This mixed-methods pilot study evaluates whether creative music therapy (CMT) can alleviate anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms in parents and support the bonding process with their infant. Sixteen parent couples were included. Ten couples were randomly allocated to the music therapy group (MTG) and six to the control group (CG). All couples completed psychological questionnaires measuring anxiety and depressive symptoms as well as an implicit measure of parent–infant attachment at two weeks postpartum (T1), at approximate neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization halftime (T2), and two weeks after the infant had been discharged (T3). At T1 and T2, the parents additionally completed a questionnaire assessing the degree of stress they experienced at the NICU. Qualitative data were collected through a semi-structured, problem-centered interview with MTG parents at T3. The results of the quantitative analyses revealed reductions in anxiety levels from T1 to T2 (p = 0.002) as well as decreases in depressive symptoms from T2 to T3 (p = 0.022). No such changes were apparent in the CG. In fact, parental stress increased from T1 to T2 (p = 0.016). Significant increases in attachment across time were also observed within the MTG, but not in the CG. The qualitative inquiry confirmed that CMT can support the parent–infant relationship. Being in musical interaction evoked feelings of joy and relaxation in the parents and encouraged them to interact more profoundly with their infant. The results call for a more extensive powered follow-up study to further investigate CMT’s potential for parental well-being and parent–infant bonding.
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Bonab, Bagher Ghobari, Farzaneh Motamedi, and Fazlolah Zare. "Effect of Coping Strategies on Stress of Parent with Intellectual Disabilities Children." Asian Education Studies 2, no. 3 (September 19, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/aes.v2i3.187.
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Background: Raising a child with intellectual disability is stressful for the parent because it requires an intensive physical engagement as well as coping with emotional reactions to the child’s condition. Parents have different modes of adapting to stress and demands caused by the disorder. Method: The current descriptive research design is aimed to identify existing coping strategies of parents who have children with intellectual disabilities. This study included 60 parents with intellectual disabilities children (30 mothers and 30 fathers) that were selected by random sampling. Parent's coping strategies were assessed by Collaborative Coping Strategies in Challenging Life Events (Ghobary et al., 2003) and Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (Friedrich, short form: QRS–F) was used to examine the degree of parental stress. Result: The correlation and regression analysis was used. The most of parent were used kind of coping strategies for coping with stress. Recognition of coping strategies of the parents is important and useful for the development of therapeutic interventions aimed at facilitating family adaptation in families with a child with intellectual disabilities.
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Gagliano, Antonella, Marco Lamberti, Rosamaria Siracusano, Massimo Ciuffo, Maria Boncoddo, Roberta Maggio, Simona Rosina, Clemente Cedro, and Eva Germanò. "A Comparison between Children with ADHD and Children with Epilepsy in Self-Esteem and Parental Stress Level." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2014): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901410010176.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently associated with negative psychological outcomes. This study explores the relationship between self-esteem, ADHD symptoms and parental stress. It compares children with ADHD, children with epilepsy (E) and typical developmental controls (TD). Participants included 65 children (aged 9-12 yrs) and their parents. The assessment was conducted by Multidimensional Self-Concept Scale (MSCS), Parent Stress Index (PSI) and Conners' Parent Rating Scales–Revised. Significant differences were found in Social, Competence and Academic areas of self-esteem between children with ADHD, with E and TD. Moreover, parents of children with ADHD showed a higher overall stress than both other groups. In conclusion, it seems important to evaluate the psychological aspects of ADHD con-dition, both in children and in parents, in order to suggest an individual multimodal treatment.
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Seginer, Rachel, Ad Vermulst, and Jan Gerris. "Bringing up adolescent children: A longitudinal study of parents’ child-rearing stress." International Journal of Behavioral Development 26, no. 5 (September 2002): 410–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000355.
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This study presents a longitudinal child-rearing stress model for adolescents’ parents. The model depicts the indirect associations between parental antecedents (physical strain and perceived problematic child behaviour) and adolescent outcomes (emotional stability, positive outlook for the future, reported by adolescents), via adolescents’ perceptions of parent-adolescent positive relationship. Empirical estimates of the model were carried out by LISREL analyses of data collected from 369 Dutch families and their 208 adolescent daughters and 161 sons, at two time-points (T1, T2) five years apart. Analyses indicated a good fit between the theoretical model and its estimates for four family dyads (mother-girl, mother-boy, father-girl, father-boy). Parents’ sex differences were dependent on sex of child, and the empirical estimates explained a larger percentage of the variance of positive outlook for the future of girls than of boys. In addition, fathers’ reports regarding problematic child behaviour at T1 were directly linked to girls’ outcomes. Discussion focuses on the stability of child-rearing stress, the pivotal role of adolescent-parent relationship, and sex-of-parent by sex-of-adolescent-child differences.
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Psihogios, Alexandra M., Lauren C. Daniel, Reem Tarazi, Kim Smith-Whitley, Chavis A. Patterson, and Lamia P. Barakat. "Family Functioning, Medical Self-Management, and Health Outcomes Among School-Aged Children With Sickle Cell Disease: A Mediation Model." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 43, no. 4 (September 26, 2017): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsx120.
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AbstractBackgroundInformed by the Pediatric Self-Management Model, the present study tested relationships between parent and family functioning, sickle cell disease (SCD) self-management, and health outcomes for children with SCD.Method83 children with SCD and a parent completed baseline data as part of a larger investigation of a family-based, problem-solving intervention for children with SCD (M age = 8.47). Youth and parents completed a measure of child health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and parents completed measures of family efficacy, parenting stress, and SCD self-management. SCD pain episodes and urgent health utilization information over the past year were obtained via medical chart review.ResultsSCD self-management mediated the relationship between parent-reported family efficacy and parent proxy HRQOL, as well as the relationship between parenting stress and child and parent proxy HRQOL. Mediation models were nonsignificant for outcomes beyond HRQOL, including SCD pain episodes and urgent health utilization.ConclusionFostering family efficacy and reducing parenting stress may be meaningful intervention targets for improving SCD self-management and child HRQOL among school-aged children. Although findings were consistent with the Pediatric Self-Management Model in terms of HRQOL, the model was not supported for pain episodes or urgent health utilization, highlighting the need for multi-method, longitudinal research on the SCD self-management behaviors that are linked to preventable health outcomes.
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Beveridge, Jaimie K., Maria Pavlova, Joel Katz, and Melanie Noel. "The Parent Version of the Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization Scale (SPTS-P): A Preliminary Validation." Children 8, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8070537.
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Sensitivity to pain traumatization (SPT) is defined as the propensity to develop responses to pain that resemble a traumatic stress reaction. To date, SPT has been assessed in adults with a self-report measure (Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization Scale (SPTS-12)). SPT may also be relevant in the context of parenting a child with chronic pain, as many of these parents report clinically elevated posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). This study aimed to develop and validate a measure of parent SPT by adapting the SPTS-12 and evaluating its psychometric properties in a sample of parents whose children have chronic pain. In total, 170 parents (90.6% female) and children (aged 10–18 years, 71.2% female) were recruited from a tertiary chronic pain program. Parents completed the parent version of the SPTS-12 (SPTS-P) and measures of PTSS, depression, and parenting behaviors. Youth completed measures of pain. Consistent with the SPTS-12, the SPTS-P demonstrated a one-factor structure that accounted for 45% of the variance, adequate to good reliability and moderate construct validity. Parent SPT was positively related to their protective and monitoring behaviors but was unrelated to youth pain intensity, unpleasantness, and interference. These results provide preliminary evidence for the psychometric properties of the SPTS-P and highlight the interaction between parent distress about child pain and parent responses to child pain.
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Hernandez Ruiz, Eugenia, and Blair B. Braden. "Improving a Parent Coaching Model of Music Interventions for Young Autistic Children." Journal of Music Therapy 58, no. 3 (July 5, 2021): 278–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/thab008.
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Abstract Parenting a child on the autism spectrum can be rewarding and enriching, but it may also increase risk of parental fatigue, stress, anxiety, and depression. Parent-mediated interventions contribute to increase family satisfaction and child social communication while helping to decrease parental stress and fatigue. Parent coaching, the education of parents in evidence-based strategies, has become common in the autism field. However, parent coaching in music therapy has only recently emerged and has limited research with families with an autistic member. In this study, we attempted to improve a previously published model of parent coaching, adapting only one aspect of the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), the sensory social routine (SSR) to create a music intervention. Four parents participated in this 6-session parent coaching study. We compared the SSR-based intervention with and without music, in an alternating treatment design. Measures included parental responsiveness, child receptive and initiation joint attention, parent–child similar affect and synchronized gaze, and the Parent Coaching-ESDM (PC-ESDM) parent fidelity rating system. Results from these observational measures were mixed, with better parental responses in the no-music condition, but improved child responses and parent–child synchrony in the music condition for 3 out of the 4 participants. Parent learning increased for all participants, and 3 out of the 4 reached fidelity (a score of at least 80%), according to the PC-ESDM. Although mixed results were observed across participants, implications for practice are possible. Better outcome measures of this complex intervention are needed.
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Carr-Fanning, Kate, and Conor McGuckin. "“I Find It Really Difficult to Control Myself Too”: A Qualitative Study of the Effects on the Family Dynamic When Parent and Child Have ADHD." Education Sciences 12, no. 11 (October 28, 2022): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci12110758.
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If having one child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) contributes to family stress and dysfunction, then what happens when more than one family member has ADHD? This paper explores this question by drawing on findings from a multi-case study that explored the voices of stakeholders (child and parent/carer) affected by ADHD in Ireland. There were eight case studies (families) included. Each case had one parent/carer with ADHD and a child with ADHD. Eight children (aged 7–17 years; Mean = 12.6; S.D. = 3.4) and ten parents (2 males) participated. Four parentw/carers reported a diagnosis of ADHD themselves (2 females) and 6 mothers participated who had a spouse with ADHD. Triangulation was achieved using multiple interviews (parent/carers and child), a demographic survey, and creative methods with the children to contribute to a highly contextualised understanding of stakeholders’ experiences. Research findings demonstrated that there may be positive and negative consequences when both parent and child have ADHD. On the one hand, it may contribute to greater dysfunction, when parents with ADHD struggle to stick to routines and remain calm and organised. On the other hand, children with ADHD may feel a sense of belonging and less different, parents believe they have greater understanding, and shared interactional preferences may have benefits. Findings will be discussed in terms of their implications for practice with families and future research.
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Ferrara, R., and M. Esposito. "Parental stress in autistic parents: The counseling effects." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1504.
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IntroductionIn parents of autistic children there are high levels of stress. For parents, counseling can help them face the world of autism through the many stressors they experiment.ObjectivesTo evidence a possible effect of the counseling intervention on parental stress.MethodsThe sample consisted of 24 parents (mean age = 38.7) of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder related to the treatment centre “Una breccia nel muro”. Parents’ group was randomly divided into two subgroups, the first (EG experimental group) consists in 12 parents, which were included in a counseling treatment of six months (one meeting of 2 hours every 15 days), while the other subgroup parents, (CG control group) were not included. We used parenting stress index–short form (PSI-SF) before counseling intervention (T0) and after (T1) with every parent. PSI values stress level in following scales: parental distress (PD), parent-child dysfunctional interaction (PCDI) and difficult child characteristics (DC). Figure 1 shows all the variables in each group at T0 and T1.ResultsThen a 2-tail t-test was separately carried out for each group (Counseling Yes; Counseling No). Counseling Yes: PD (t22 = .70, P = .49); PCDI (t22 = .72, P = .47); DC (t22 = 2.23, P = .03); Tot Stress (t22 = 1.04, P = .3). Counseling No: PD (t22 = .82, P = .42); PCDI (t22 = 1.7, P = .09); DC (t22 = .59, P = .56); Tot Stress (t22 = .72, P = .48)ConclusionsOur data confirm the positive effects of counseling especially on the difficulties related to children (DC scale).Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.