Journal articles: 'Parent-child relationship'

1

Biswas, Ashok Kumar, Edward P. A. Gebuis, and Petrica Irimia. "Parent-Child Relationship." International Journal of User-Driven Healthcare 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijudh.2017010101.

Full text

Abstract:

The parent-child relationship is a complex social issue. Several factors have much more impact on the issue besides a parent's perception. The participant was a retired, divorced man with two sons with his ex-wife. He felt satisfied with the relationship between himself and his children. Apart from conflicts and confusion, he successfully made it clear that for a busy person like him, he is doing his best to keep the relationship alive with his children. A relationship is typically subjective between two people and can not only be analysed by comparing it with others' examples. As the primary purpose of the qualitative research is to represent the essential qualities of one or more complex social phenomena. This qualitative interview successfully achieved qualitative information on the parent-child relationship. However, to understand better, bigger sample size (here N=1) would be required.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Jensen-Hart, Staci J., Jeff Christensen, Lacey Dutka, and J. Corey Leishman. "Child Parent Relationship Training (CPRT): Enhancing Parent-child Relationships for Military Families." Advances in Social Work 13, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/1881.

Full text

Abstract:

Military families experience increased stress when facing issues of deployment, separation, and reunification. The increased stress impacts the parent-child relationship as well as child behavioral and emotional well-being. Although recognizing the resiliency of military families, research points to the need to monitor parental stress both pre- and post-deployment and highlights the inherent risks that separation and reunification pose for the parent-child relationship bond. This pilot study was designed to explore the effectiveness of the Child Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT) Training Model as a proactive method of enhancing parent-child relationships, reducing parental stress, and preventing negative impact of military separations on children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Dr. K. Arthasarathy, Dr K. Arthasarathy. "Parent-Child Relationship: Perception of Differently Abled Children." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/apr2013/132.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Teufl, Lukas, and Lieselotte Ahnert. "Parent–child play and parent–child relationship: Are fathers special?" Journal of Family Psychology 36, no. 3 (April 2022): 416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000933.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Morozova, A. A. "Parent-child relationship after divorce." Youth Science Forum Journal 1, no. 2 (June 2020): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35599/forummn/01.02.15.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Gerdes, Alyson C., Betsy Hoza, L. Eugene Arnold, Stephen P. Hinshaw, Karen C. Wells, Lily Hechtman, Laurence L. Greenhill, James M. Swanson, William E. Pelham, and Timothy Wigal. "Child and Parent Predictors of Perceptions of Parent—Child Relationship Quality." Journal of Attention Disorders 11, no. 1 (July 2007): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054706295664.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

TÜYSÜZ, Harun, Nuriye DOĞAN, Selim YİĞİT, Uğur KAYA, Ercan ŞAHİN, and Ali YILMAZ. "EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP AND PARENTS' COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY, EMOTION REGULATION SKILLS." SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 8, no. 38 (July 15, 2023): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.940.

Full text

Abstract:

This study aims to examine the parent-child relationship of the parents having primary education level students in the context of parents' cognitive flexibility level and emotion regulation skills. The participants of the research consist of parents who live in Kartal district of İstanbul and have students of primary education. The sample consists of 203 student's parents who have these characteristics. In the study, "personal information form", "parent-child relationship scale", "cognitive flexibility inventory" and "emotion regulation difficulty scale" were used for parents. In this study, the relational survey model which is one of the quantitative research types was used. As a result of the research it was determined that the level of positive parent-child relationship is high, the level of negative parent-child relationship is low, the level of emotion regulation difficulty of the parents is low, the level of cognitive flexibility is high. It was also determined that the level of cognitive flexibility showed significant differences according to the number of children, and parents with one child had a higher level of cognitive flexibility than parents with more than one child. In addition, it was determined that the negative parent-child relationship showed significant differences according to education level, and the level of negative parent-child relationship was higher in parents who graduated from higher education compared to parents who graduated from high school. At the same time, a positive relationship was determined between the level of cognitive flexibility in the parents and the positive parent-child relationship, and a negative relationship between the negative parent-child relationship was determined. Finally, it was determined that there is a negative correlation between the level of emotion regulation difficulty and positive parent-child relationships and a significant positive correlation between negative parent-child relationships.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

SHANOORA, AISHATH, HANINA HALIMATUSAADIAH, HASLINDA BINTI ABDULLAH, and AZLINA MOHD KHIR. "Parent-Child Attachment and Romantic Relationship: Is There a Relationship Between Parent-Child Attachment and Young Adults’ Romantic Relationships?" Maldives National Journal of Research 11, Special Issue (November 30, 2023): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.62338/hdm20528.

Full text

Abstract:

Many researchers have found that the key to future adaptations or maladaptations of children is the attachment they form with their parents (Davies & Sturge-Apple, 2007; Marvin & Britner, 2008). Early research on attachment has highlighted the impact of parent-child attachment continuing across life (Bowlby, 1982). Recent research has shown that insecure attachment during childhood impacts young adults’ attachment with their parents and in turn, impacts different aspects of their lives. However, no or limited studies have explored the direct relationship between attachment styles and young adults’ romantic relationships among Maldivian young adults. This study aimed to fill this gap by assessing the relationship between young adult’s parent child attachment, and the quality of romantic relationships among young adults in Higher Education Institutions in the Maldives. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 463 students aged 18 to 28 in higher education institutions in the Maldives. The data were collected using the Perceived Relationship Quality Scale by Fletcher et al. (2000) and the Attachment to Parent/Caregiver Inventory by Hu (2009). The data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and PLS SEM software. The results showed high levels of avoidant attachment with both mother and father among the participants, which was negatively associated with their current romantic relationship quality. In addition, it also showed an association between mother child anxious attachment, father-child anxious attachment, and the romantic relationship quality of young adults. Hence, a direct connection between insecure attachment styles (avoidant attachment and anxious attachment) and low levels of relationship quality was established.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Qinghua, Liu, and Connie Shin @. Connie Cassy Ompok. "The Influence of Social Support on Child-Parent Relationship Among Chinese Mothers of Preschoolers in Penampang, Sabah." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): e001880. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i11.1880.

Full text

Abstract:

In the early years, deep contact with parents builds a solid attachment and serves as the foundation for the child's future social relationships. Several studies indicated that social support influences the child-parent relationship. However, there are no published studies that investigated the influence of social support on child-parent relationship among Chinese mothers with preschool children in Sabah. This study aims to examine the status of social support and child-parent relationship among Chinese mothers of preschoolers in Penampang, Sabah. As well, to examine the influence of social support on child-parent relationships. In this study, 165 Chinese mothers of preschool-aged children were involved. The result indicated that Chinese mothers perceived moderate social support and closeness child-parent relationship. Moreover, social support is weak positively correlated to closeness relationship, whereas not related to conflict relationship. There is no significant influence of social support on child-parent relationship. This study would like to provides parents, educators, and the government with a preliminary picture of social support and child-parent relationship to develop a strategy to improve or adjust early childhood education.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Li, Shifeng, Nan Nan, Qiongying Xu, and Jiayue Li. "Perceived quality of parent–child relationships by Chinese primary school students: The role of parents’ education and parent–child literacy activities." Child Language Teaching and Therapy 36, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265659020915943.

Full text

Abstract:

Previous studies have revealed that the perceived quality of the parent–child relationship is essential for both physical health and psychological well-being. However, most studies have treated the perceived quality of this relationship as an independent variable. In this study, we considered it a dependent variable and examined the role of parents’ education and parent–child literacy activities on children’s perceived quality of the parent–child relationship. One hundred and eighty-six Chinese primary school students and their parents from low socioeconomic backgrounds participated in this study. Parents’ educational level and the parent–child literacy activity status were assessed based on parents’ reports, whereas parent–child relationships were assessed based on children’s reports. Results showed that parents’ educational level positively correlated with the frequency of parent–child literacy activities and children’s perceptions of the quality of the parent–child relationship. There was also a significant positive correlation between the frequency of parent–child literacy activities and children’s perceptions of the quality of the parent–child relationship. Further analyses showed that the frequency of parent–child literacy activities mediated the connection between parents’ educational level and children’s perceived quality of the parent–child relationship. These results suggest that boosting the frequency of parent–child literacy activities may be a useful strategy for facilitating the parent–child relationship.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Masood, Ambrin F., Lisa A. Turner, and Abigail Baxter. "Causal Attributions and Parental Attitudes toward Children with Disabilities in the United States and Pakistan." Exceptional Children 73, no. 4 (July 2007): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440290707300405.

Full text

Abstract:

Researchers investigated the relationship between parental attributions for children's disabilities and the quality of parent-child relationships, in both U.S. and Pakistani families. Parents of children with disabilities identified potential causes of the disability and rated their parent-child relationships. Factor analysis of the causal attributions resulted in 7 factors which became the subscales used to predict parent-child relationships. Findings indicate (a) Pakistani parents rated their relationships more negatively, (b) parents who rated “Something I Did” as an influential cause rated their parent-child relationships more negatively, and (c) parents who rated “Parent's Age” as an influential cause rated their parent-child relationships more positively. More important, parent education potentially could decrease self-blame and improve the parent-child relationship for the parents and the children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

U, Sajitha, and Parameswari J. "Measuring Parent-Child Relationship (PCR): Development of PC (Adolescent Form) Tool." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 23, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 828–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v23i3/pr190371.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Schwarz, Beate, Gisela Trommsdorff, Isabelle Albert, and Boris Mayer. "Adult Parent-Child Relationships: Relationship Quality, Support, and Reciprocity." Applied Psychology 54, no. 3 (July 2005): 396–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00217.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Li, Meihui, and Hongxia Ye. "Effects of parental conflict on adolescent academic burnout: A moderated mediation model." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 52, no. 3 (March 6, 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.12838.

Full text

Abstract:

We investigated the relationship between parental conflict and adolescent academic burnout, along with the mediating role of the parent–child relationship and the moderating role of teacher support. We surveyed 886 firstyear secondary vocational school students in Foshan City using four scales: the Adolescent Student Burnout Inventory, the Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale, the Parent–Child Closeness Scale, and the Students' Perception of Teachers' Supporting Behavior Questionnaire. The results showed that adolescent academic burnout was directly and positively associated with parental conflict, and that the parent–child relationship partially mediated this relationship. Teacher support moderated parental conflict and affected adolescent academic burnout indirectly through parent–child relationships. Thus, parents should try to create an emotionally secure family environment for children and cultivate high-quality parent–child relationships, to prevent or intervene in academic burnout among adolescents. Additionally, schools should consider the role of teacher support in the improvement of parent–child relationships among students.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Gromozdina, M. V. "Legal Dynamics of Parent-Child Relationships." Juridical science and practice 20, no. 1 (May 22, 2024): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0410-2024-20-1-44-51.

Full text

Abstract:

The article examines the issue of the relationship between parents and children, taking into account the legal status of the latter, namely: how the legal relationship between parents and children is transformed as they grow up and reach adulthood. The traditional understanding of child-parent relations is considered as one of the stages of the relationship between parents and children, but not ending with the coming of age of children, since kinship is an indefinite factor affecting all subsequent relationships that arise between them. The article provides a small historical and legal analysis of the relationship between parents and children, confirming the author’s conclusions about the dynamics of the development of these relations under the influence of social, economic, and cultural processes taking place in society.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

THORNTON, ARLAND, TERRI L. ORBUCH, and WILLIAM G. AXINN. "Parent-Child Relationships During the Transition to Adulthood." Journal of Family Issues 16, no. 5 (September 1995): 538–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251395016005003.

Full text

Abstract:

This article uses a panel study of children and mothers to examine how parents and children conceptualize, perceive, and report on their relationships with each other during the children's transition to adulthood years. The article provides strong support for the reliability and validity of reports of parent-child relationships. The article documents generally positive and supportive relationships between parents and children, more positive relationships with mothers than with fathers, and an improvement in relationships as children mature from age 18 to 23. Further, parent-child relationships are perceived differently by parents and children in that there is not just one perception of the relationship between child and parent, but a relationship as perceived by the child and a relationship as perceived by the parent.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Goodlin-Jones, Beth L., and Thomas F. Anders. "Relationship Disturbances and Parent–Child Therapy." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 10, no. 3 (July 2001): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30042-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Li, Chunkai, Shan Jiang, Xiaoyan Fan, and Qiunv Zhang. "Exploring the impact of marital relationship on the mental health of children: Does parent–child relationship matter?" Journal of Health Psychology 25, no. 10-11 (April 23, 2018): 1669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105318769348.

Full text

Abstract:

This study aimed to examine the associations between marital relationships and parent–child relationships on children’s mental health. Participants included 19,487 students from the 2013–2014 baseline China Education Panel Survey. Structural equation modeling was applied to analyze the data and results revealed that marital and parent–child relationships positively affected children’s mental health. Parent–child relationship also played a mediating role between marital relationship and children’s mental health. The unique contributions of this study and its theoretical and practical implications were discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Dillman Taylor, Dalena, Katherine Purswell, Natalya Lindo, Kimberly Jayne, and Delini Fernando. "The impact of child parent relationship therapy on child behavior and parent-child relationships: An examination of parental divorce." International Journal of Play Therapy 20, no. 3 (2011): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024469.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Shahzad, Mubbsher, Huma Lodhi, and Muhammad Siddique. "Study the Relationship between Parenting Style and Child-Parent Relationship on Students' Achievement at the Elementary Level." Global Sociological Review VIII, no. I (March 30, 2023): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2023(viii-i).28.

Full text

Abstract:

This study aims to find the relationship of parenting style, child parent relationship and student achievement at elementary level. Questionnaires were used for collection of data and sample were comprised 500 parents and 500 students selecting by the random sampling. The results shows that majority of the parent use authoritative parenting style (PS) and student response reveal that their relationship with parent was positive relation. The relationship of PS with child-parent (CP) relationship was positive weak relationship and parenting style with student achievement score was negative weak relationship). Results also show significantly weak and negative relationship between PS and child parent relationship. A majority style of parents is authoritative and child parent relation was positive relation. This reflects the fact that the student has positive relation with their parent and parent has mutually understanding with their child.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Kretschmer, Tina, Wilma Vollebergh, and Albertine J. Oldehinkel. "Parent–child positivity and romantic relationships in emerging adulthood." International Journal of Behavioral Development 41, no. 2 (July 10, 2016): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025415612228.

Full text

Abstract:

Romantic relationship quality in adolescence and early adulthood has often been linked to earlier parent–child relationship quality but it is possible that these links are nonlinear. Moreover, the role of social skills as mediator of associations between parent–child and romantic relations has been discussed but not rigorously tested. Using data from 2,230 participants of the longitudinal TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey) sample, this study examined whether parent–child positivity assessed at age 11 predicted romantic involvement, commitment and satisfaction in emerging adulthood. Moreover, indirect effects via cooperation, assertion and self-control were tested. Parent–child positivity did not predict romantic involvement as such. However, in those who were romantically involved, linear and, by trend, nonlinear associations between parent–child positivity and commitment were found, suggesting higher levels of commitment in those who had reported positive parent–child relationships but also in individuals with particularly low levels of parent–child positivity. Satisfaction was linearly linked to parent–child positivity. Little support was found for the assumption that the association between parent–child positivity and romantic relationship quality in emerging adulthood are partly explained by social skills. These results show that neither congruence nor compensation alone are sufficient to explain the associations between parent–child and romantic relationship quality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Millikovsky-Ayalon, Maaian, Naama Atzaba-Poria, and Gal Meiri. "THE ROLE OF THE FATHER IN CHILD SLEEP DISTURBANCE: CHILD, PARENT, AND PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP." Infant Mental Health Journal 36, no. 1 (December 12, 2014): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21491.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Cao, Xiaojie, and Xinqiao Liu. "Understanding the Role of Parent‒Child Relationships in Conscientiousness and Neuroticism Development among Chinese Middle School Students: A Cross-Lagged Model." Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 10 (October 23, 2023): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13100876.

Full text

Abstract:

The parent‒child relationship is a crucial factor in promoting adolescent mental health. However, the current evidence on the relationship between parent‒child relationships and adolescent conscientiousness and neuroticism, as well as the directionality of these relationships, remains limited. In particular, there is a lack of analysis focusing on Chinese middle school students. Based on a sample of 8437 students from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) database, this study empirically examined the bidirectional relationships between parent‒child relationships, conscientiousness and neuroticism among Chinese middle school students, with specific emphasis on the significant role of parent‒child relationships in the development of conscientiousness and neuroticism. Descriptive statistical results indicated that during the seventh and eighth grades of Chinese middle school students, the closeness of their parent‒child relationships with both parents decreased, while the level of conscientiousness showed a slight decrease, and neuroticism showed an increasing trend. Correlational results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between parent‒child relationships and conscientiousness and a significant negative correlation between parent‒child relationships and neuroticism. Further analysis using cross-lagged models revealed that parent‒child relationships significantly positively predicted subsequent conscientiousness development, and conscientiousness significantly positively predicted subsequent parent‒child relationships. Parent‒child relationships significantly negatively predicted subsequent neuroticism development, and neuroticism levels also significantly negatively predicted subsequent parent‒child relationships. Based on these findings, we believe that there is a need to strengthen parent‒child relationships and to recognize the important role that both mothers and fathers play in the healthy development of their children. Both parents should actively contribute to their children’s upbringing and take responsibility for their family education.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

O'Connor, Amanda, Andrea Nolan, Heidi Bergmeier, Janet Williams-Smith, and Helen Skouteris. "Early Childhood Educators’ Perceptions of Parent–child Relationships: A Qualitative Study." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 43, no. 1 (March 2018): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23965/ajec.43.1.01.

Full text

Abstract:

PARENT–CHILD RELATIONSHIPS are the most critical for children's social and emotional development and wellbeing. While parent–child relationship support programs are well documented, there are none designed for educators’ use within early education and care settings. To inform development of an educator program, an understanding of educators’ everyday practices, their role in supporting parent–child relationships and children's social and emotional development was sought. Educators reported the importance of parent– child relationships, yet were hesitant to engage with parents. Educators’ knowledge was primarily implicit—drawing on observations and practical experiences to build their knowledge of relationships and social and emotional development—which contributed to reluctance in sharing their knowledge with parents. Educators requested theoretical, evidence-based approaches to build further knowledge and inform everyday practices in supporting parent–child relationships. These findings are critical to the development of an educator-led parent–child relationship program for use within education and care settings.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Li, Xiaowei, and Qianqian Liu. "Parent–grandparent coparenting relationship, marital conflict and parent–child relationship in Chinese parent–grandparent coparenting families." Children and Youth Services Review 109 (February 2020): 104733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104733.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Pop, Meda, and Alina Rusu. "Couple Relationship and Parent-Child Relationship Quality: Factors Relevant to Parent-Child Communication on Sexuality in Romania." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8030386.

Full text

Abstract:

This study of parents in Romania explores how perceptions of their couple relationship quality and of factors associated with it (such as sexual communication anxiety and sexual perfectionism) were related to their perception of aspects describing parenting dimensions relevant to the sexual education and sexual health of their children. The hypotheses tested in this study were supported by the data collected from 106 participants (aged 25 to 51 years), parents of 1 to 3 children: (1) sexual communication anxiety with one’s partner (but not sexual perfectionism) is a significant predictor for parents’ self-efficacy, outcome expectancy and communication and parenting behavior related to sexuality education; (2) parents’ self-efficacy and outcome expectancy about parent-child communication on sexual topics (including involvement in risky sexual behaviors) predict the level of parenting behavior in this respect; (3) parents’ sexual communication anxiety (but not their sexual perfectionism) together with their self-efficacy and outcome expectancy regarding parent-child communication about sexuality predict the level of parental sexuality-communication-and-education behavior.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Carnes-Holt, Kara. "Child–Parent Relationship Therapy for Adoptive Families." Family Journal 20, no. 4 (August 28, 2012): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480712451242.

Full text

Abstract:

Adopted children may present with a wide range of disruptive behaviors making it difficult to implement holistic therapeutic interventions. The number of primary caregivers, disrupted placements, and repeated traumatic events contribute to the overall mental health of the adoptee and greater number of occurrences increases the risk of maladjustment. Adoptive parents are faced with the challenge of developing a relationship and helping the child experience that relationships can be safe and trusting. Child–parent relationship therapy (CPRT) is a structured, time-limited approach that trains caregivers to be an active participant as a therapeutic change agent in their child’s life. CPRT therapy offers an empowering treatment modality for families striving to feel connected and secure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Jones, Emily J., Edith Chen, Cynthia S. Levine, Phoebe H. Lam, Vivian Y. Liu, and Hannah M. C. Schreier. "Aspects of the parent–child relationship and parent metabolic outcomes." Journal of Behavioral Medicine 42, no. 2 (September 27, 2018): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-018-9975-y.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Baba, Ayako. "HOW DOES PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP AFFECT CARE? FOCUSING ON MOTHER-DAUGHTER CAREGIVING." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3273.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Long-term caregiver (child)/care-recipient (parent) relationships have both positive and negative effects on care. However, the mechanism of that impact is unclear. This study aimed to explore how parent–child relationships affect care and which aspects cause those effects. METHOD: Five hundred thirty-four adult children who were caring for or had cared for their parents at home completed the scales of parent–child psychological independence, the acceptance of care, care attitude, and care burden. Data were analyzed using a pass analysis with multiple group structural equation modeling to identify the relationship between parent–child psychological independence, acceptance of care, care attitude, and care burden, and the care dyad difference of the models. RESULT: 1) “Reliable relationship with parent” in parent–child psychological independence affected “resignation” and “understanding actively” in acceptance of care. 2) “Psychological individuation from the parent” in parent–child independence affected all subscales of care attitudes. 3) “Resistance” and “understanding actively” in acceptance of care and “auto-pilot” in care attitude affected care burden. 4) In mother–daughter caregiving, “resistance” and “resignation” had stronger effects on “auto-pilot” whereas “utilization of resource” and “flexible response” in care attitude and “resistance” had weaker effects on care burden. CONCLUSION: The relationship between long-term parent–child relationship and care were revealed. In some points, daughters who were caring for or had cared for their mothers had a different model from other care dyads. These results suggest that child caregivers should be supported mentally in accordance to their difficult points and dyads.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Yuge YUE. "Influence of parents’ strategies for Dealing with sibling Conflict on Children's sibling relationship: The mediating role of parent-child relationship." Journal of Rural Revitalization and County Economy 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.6914/jrrce.060104.

Full text

Abstract:

A total of 1368 children aged 3-6 with siblings and their parents were selected as research objects by convenient sampling method. The sibling relationship scale, the parental strategies for dealing with sibling conflict scale and the parent-child relationship scale were used as research tools to explore the influence of parents’ strategies for resolving sibling conflict on sibling relationship. Meanwhile, according to the family system theory, Investigate the mediating effect of parent-child relationship. The results showed that: (1) Parents’ strategies to deal with sibling conflict are positively correlated with both sibling relationship and parent-child relationship, and parent-child relationship has a significant mediating effect; (2) Child-centered strategies were positively correlated with sibling intimacy and negatively correlated with sibling conflict; (3) Parental control strategies were significantly positively correlated with sibling conflict, sibling relative status, and parent-child conflict; (4) Passive non-intervention strategies were significantly negatively correlated with parent-child intimacy and sibling intimacy, and were significantly positively correlated with parent-child conflict and sibling conflict, but not correlated with sibling relative status. This study reveals that parents’ strategies to deal with sibling conflict affect sibling relationship, and the mediation mechanism of parent-child relationship can provide empirical evidence for families to reasonably deal with sibling conflict.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Liao, Mingyue, Shike Zhou, and Ronghua Ying. "The Influence of Parent-Child Relationship on the Academic Pressure of Elementary Students: A Moderated Mediation Model-Based on the Survey and Analysis of 38,069 Elementary Students." Science Insights Education Frontiers 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/sief.21.or035.

Full text

Abstract:

Taking the elementary students of grade 5 in Jiangsu Province as the object, the research is carried out on the family and peer factors that affect the academic pressure of elementary students. The results show that parent-child relationships and peer relationships are critical protective factors for elementary students’ academic pressure. The parent-child relationship negatively predicts the academic pressure and affects its academic pressure through the peer relationship, while self-esteem regulates the relationship between the peer relationship and the academic pressure. The study results suggest that constructing a good parent-child relationship and peer relationship while improving children’s self-esteem positively impacts elementary students to cope with academic pressure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Et. al., Fatahyah Yahya,. "Parent-Child Attachment and Romantic Relationship among Young Adults in Malaysia." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 5 (April 11, 2021): 1343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i5.2026.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of this research was to examine the relationship between Parent- Child Attachment on Romantic Relationship among Young Adults in Malaysia. In the present study, researcher established the correlation between the two variables which are Parent-child attachment and romantic relationship. Total of 100 participants (36= Male; 64: Female) participated in this study. Two (2) instruments have been used to measure the variables; Armsden and Greenberg’s Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and Experiences in Close Relationships scale (ECR). Results indicated that there was a positive moderate significant relationship between parent child attachment and romantic relationship among young adults in Malaysia (r=.322, p<0.01). As a recommendation, a semi-structured interview can be administered to investigate the nature of attachment relationships in adult partnerships.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Frosch, Cynthia A., Sarah J. Schoppe-Sullivan, and D. David O’Banion. "Parenting and Child Development: A Relational Health Perspective." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 15, no. 1 (May 26, 2019): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827619849028.

Full text

Abstract:

A child’s development is embedded within a complex system of relationships. Among the many relationships that influence children’s growth and development, perhaps the most influential is the one that exists between parent and child. Recognition of the critical importance of early parent-child relationship quality for children’s socioemotional, cognitive, neurobiological, and health outcomes has contributed to a shift in efforts to identify relational determinants of child outcomes. Recent efforts to extend models of relational health to the field of child development highlight the role that parent, child, and contextual factors play in supporting the development and maintenance of healthy parent-child relationships. This review presents a parent-child relational health perspective on development, with an emphasis on socioemotional outcomes in early childhood, along with brief attention to obesity and eating behavior as a relationally informed health outcome. Also emphasized here is the parent–health care provider relationship as a context for supporting healthy outcomes within families as well as screening and intervention efforts to support optimal relational health within families, with the goal of improving mental and physical health within our communities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Bastaits, Kim, and Inge Pasteels. "Is joint physical custody in the best interests of the child? Parent–child relationships and custodial arrangements." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, no. 11-12 (March 31, 2019): 3752–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407519838071.

Full text

Abstract:

When thinking about custodial arrangements after a divorce, there has been a shift from sole custody (mainly by mothers) to joint physical custody after a divorce. In certain countries, joint physical custody has even become the primary, legal custodial arrangement. Joint physical custody, whether implemented in legislation or not, is believed to be in the best interests of the child, as children can shape a postdivorce relationship with both their mother and father. Nevertheless, many studies on joint physical custody focus only on child outcomes. This study aims to investigate (1) whether custodial arrangements matter in addition to the parental divorce for parent–child relationships and (2) whether joint physical custody provides a better framework for parent–child relationships than sole custody arrangements. The study adds to the existing literature by including both the mother–child relationship and the father–child relationship. Moreover, joint physical custody is not only compared to sole maternal custody, but also to sole paternal custody. Using a dyadic subsample of Belgian parents and children from the Divorce in Flanders data set ( N = 623), we compare two indicators of the parent–child relationship (parent–child communication and parenting) for children with married parents, with children in joint physical custody, sole maternal custody, and sole paternal custody. The results indicate that (1) the custodial arrangements after divorce affect parent–child relationships, in addition to the divorce, with regard to both open and problematic father–child communications and the support and control of children by mothers and fathers; and (2) joint physical custody, compared with sole custody (either by the mother or father), provides a better framework to shape a postdivorce parent–child relationship with both parents in terms of open communications and support.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Grigsby, R. Kevin. "Maintaining Attachment Relationships among Children in Foster Care." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 75, no. 5 (May 1994): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949407500502.

Full text

Abstract:

Frequent, regular parent–child visitation of children in foster care is crucial in maintaining the attachment relationship of the parent and child. Further, the parent–child attachment concept is crucial for permanency planning because it is the rationale behind the goal of providing children with a stable and continuous relationship with the parent or another caretaker, if that child cannot return to the care of the parent. In order to ascertain whether protective services workers recognize and emphasize the importance of maintaining parent–child or other attachment relationships, the author studied closed case records of children who had experienced foster-care placement. Results are discussed in the context of social-attachment theory.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Portner, Laura Collier, and Shelley A. Riggs. "Sibling Relationships in Emerging Adulthood: Associations with Parent–Child Relationship." Journal of Child and Family Studies 25, no. 6 (January 18, 2016): 1755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0358-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Stavans, Anat, and Gil Goldzweig. "Parent-child-adult storytelling." Narrative Inquiry 18, no. 2 (December 12, 2008): 230–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.18.2.04sta.

Full text

Abstract:

Book reading appears to be a highly revered and widely practiced home and school routine within and across literate western cultures. This study examined the relationship between home practices and expected children’s production. We assumed the contribution of home literacy patterns such as storytelling to have a predictive value on the development of children’s narrative productions as one facet of children’s literacy development. To this end, we set out to investigate similarities and differences in the profile of parental narrative input and children’s narrative productions. We first looked at the structural and organizational characteristics of adult-child and child-adult narratives and the relationship between the two in terms of its narrative forms and functions. Then we analyzed the interaction during narratives to — and by- children to other adults. The participants of this study were 64 parent-child dyads recruited into three age groups. Parents were asked to tell their child a picture-book story and the children were asked to tell the same story to an adult experimenter. The stories were recorded and transcribed. The data were coded into structural and interactive categories and analyzed between parent and children productions and across the three age groups. The results showed a complex relationship between parental narrative input and child-adult output. While parental narrative input resembles child narrative input, this resemblance grows stronger as the child gets older. Yet the differences between parental and child narrative input may be motivated by the child’s linguistic, narrative and social development.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Selnow, Gary W. "Parent-Child Relationships and Single and Two Parent Families: Implications for Substance Usage." Journal of Drug Education 17, no. 4 (December 1987): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gbyn-heq1-23d0-n977.

Full text

Abstract:

This article examines the relationship between substance usage and parent-child relationships and the number of parents with whom the child lives. These relationships were examined through initial and cross-validation studies. Findings disclosed that youngsters who lived with both parents were less likely to report higher substance usage than those who lived with one parent. Also, youngsters who reported better parent-child relationships were more likely to report lower substance usage. Evidence is offered that parent-child relationships may be more important in predicting substance usage than the number of parents at home.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Vantieghem, Michelle R., Laurel Gabard-Durnam, Bonnie Goff, Jessica Flannery, Kathryn L. Humphreys, Eva H. Telzer, Christina Caldera, et al. "Positive valence bias and parent–child relationship security moderate the association between early institutional caregiving and internalizing symptoms." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 519–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417000153.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractInstitutional caregiving is associated with significant deviations from species-expected caregiving, altering the normative sequence of attachment formation and placing children at risk for long-term emotional difficulties. However, little is known about factors that can promote resilience following early institutional caregiving. In the current study, we investigated how adaptations in affective processing (i.e., positive valence bias) and family-level protective factors (i.e., secure parent–child relationships) moderate risk for internalizing symptoms in previously institutionalized (PI) youth. Children and adolescents with and without a history of institutional care performed a laboratory-based affective processing task and self-reported measures of parent–child relationship security. PI youth were more likely than comparison youth to show positive valence biases when interpreting ambiguous facial expressions. Both positive valence bias and parent–child relationship security moderated the association between institutional care and parent-reported internalizing symptoms, such that greater positive valence bias and more secure parent–child relationships predicted fewer symptoms in PI youth. However, when both factors were tested concurrently, parent–child relationship security more strongly moderated the link between PI status and internalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that both individual-level adaptations in affective processing and family-level factors of secure parent–child relationships may ameliorate risk for internalizing psychopathology following early institutional caregiving.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Zhen, Rui, Ru-De Liu, Wei Hong, and Xiao Zhou. "How do Interpersonal Relationships Relieve Adolescents’ Problematic Mobile Phone Use? The Roles of Loneliness and Motivation to Use Mobile Phones." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 2286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132286.

Full text

Abstract:

The current study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of how interpersonal relationships relieve adolescents’ problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) and to examine the potential mediating roles of loneliness and motivation to use mobile phones. Four thousand five hundred and nine middle school students from four provinces in China were recruited to participate in the investigation. The results showed that the parent–child relationship but not the teacher–student relationship, had a direct and negative effect on PMPU. The parent–child relationship had indirect effects on PMPU through the mediators of loneliness, escape motivation and relationship motivation; the teacher–student relationship had indirect effects on PMPU only through the mediating factors of loneliness and escape motivation. Both parent–child and teacher–student relationships indirectly affected PMPU through a two-step path from loneliness to escape motivation. These findings highlight the more salient role of the parent–child relationship than that of the teacher–student relationship in directly alleviating PMPU and indicate that satisfying interpersonal relationships can buffer adolescents’ PMPU by lowering their loneliness and motivation to use mobile phones.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Qinghua, Liu, and Connie Shin @. Connie Cassy Ompok. "The Influence of Parenting Styles on Child-Parent Relationship Among Chinese and Bumiputera in Sabah." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): e001762. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i9.1762.

Full text

Abstract:

Several studies on child-parent relationships in Malaysia have been conducted before COVID-19. After the pandemic, most child-parent relationship studies were conducted abroad, such as Singapore, Greece, Belgium, and the United States. However, there are no published studies that investigated the child-parent relationship among Chinese and Bumiputera parents with preschool children in Sabah. This study aims to examine the difference in parenting styles between Chinese and Bumiputera parents with preschool children in Sabah. As well, to examine the influence of parenting styles on child-parent relationships. In the pilot study, 49 parents of preschool-aged children were surveyed. The reliability and validity are tested and convinced. This study would like to provides parents, educators, and the government with a preliminary picture of parenting styles and child-parent relationships to develop a strategy to improve or adjust early childhood education in the post-pandemic.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Ariapooran, Saeed, and Mohammad Narimani. "Prevalence of Depression in Children with Specific Learning Disorder: The Role of Child-Parent and Child-Teacher Relationship." Journal of Learning Disabilities 10, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jld.10.3.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression in children with a Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) and the role of the child-parent and child-teacher relationship in predicting its symptoms. Methods: The research design was a correlation. From the total number of children with SLD, 596 students were selected by census method in Brujerd, Nahavand, and Malayer cities. The level 2—Depression—Parent/Guardian of Child version, child-parent (parent version), and child-teacher (teacher version) relationship scales were used to collect the data. Pearson correlation and simultaneous multivariate regression were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that severe, moderate, and mild depression rates in children with SLD were 15.10%, 25.17%, and 9.90%, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between the closeness of child-parent (mother and father) and the teacher-child relationship with depression. There was a significant positive correlation between conflict and dependence on child-parent (parent) and teacher-child relationship with depression. All dimensions of the child-parent and child-teacher relationship except the closeness child-father relationship had a significant role in predicting depression in children with SLD. Based on the results, child-parent and child-teacher interactions reduce depressive symptoms in children with SLD. Conclusion: Based on the results, child-parent and child-teacher interaction training are suggested to reduce the symptoms of depression in children with SLD.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Lu, Peiyi, Dexia Kong, and Mack Shelley. "Child-Parent Relation and Older Adults' Health: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between China and the United States." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1521.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Western culture emphasizes independence in the child-parent relationship while Chinese culture values interdependence between adult children and older parents. This study compared the association of child-parent relationships with older adults’ multidimensional health over time in the U.S. and China. Two waves of data (2012-2015) from HRS and CHARLS were used (n=6,641, aged ≥65). Linear regression models were estimated. Results showed that, compared to Chinese older adults, fewer older Americans co-resided with or lived nearby their children, had less weekly contact, and fewer financial transfers from/to their children. Most child-parent relationship variables were nonsignificant predictors of older Americans’ health. However, a closer child-parent relationship was linked to fewer depressive symptoms and better cognition among older Chinese. Co-residence was associated with poorer health among Chinese parents. The associations of child-parent relationships with older adults’ health exhibited cross-cultural differences. A cultural perspective is recommended in understanding how family relations affect older adults’ health.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Nesmith, Ande, Ruth Patton, Kaitlin Christophersen, and Claire Smart. "Promoting quality parent-child visits: the power of the parent-foster parent relationship." Child & Family Social Work 22, no. 1 (March 20, 2015): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12230.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Zhang, Xing, and Annaliese Grant. "Parent–Child Relationships from Adolescence to Adulthood: An Examination of Children’s and Parent’s Reports of Intergenerational Solidarity by Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status from 1994–2018 in the United States." Social Sciences 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2023): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12050266.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Parent–child relationships are increasingly central in family life due to the delayed transition to adulthood. Methods: Using data from Add Health and the Add Health Parent Study from 1994–2018, we examine changes in parent–child relationships reported by the child and the parent across gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) from ages 12–43 years old. We examine three broad categories of intergenerational solidarity: Affectual (closeness, relationship quality, and emotional support), associational (satisfaction with communication), and functional (financial and instrumental support). Results: For the overall sample, parent–child closeness remains high but decreases from ages 12–43. By gender, we find that daughters report lower relationship quality with their mothers and fathers in adolescence. By race and ethnicity, we find that parent–child closeness is highest among Black respondents. By SES, we find that respondents whose mothers attained less than a high school degree report the greatest mother–child closeness. Conclusions: Overall, parents remain an important source of emotional, instrumental, and financial support in the transition to adulthood, especially for Black and low-SES adolescents. It is important to pay attention to the intersectional nature of the parent–child relationship with regard to the timing of the life course and race, ethnicity, gender, and SES.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Avdeeva, N. N. "Child-Parent Relationship Therapy: Child-Parent Interaction Therapy of Sheila Eyberg (on foreign sources)." Современная зарубежная психология 6, no. 2 (2017): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2017060201.

Full text

Abstract:

On materials of foreign sources the article regards the development of substantive provisions of attachment theory by J. Bowlby and M. Ainsworth, as well as modern research in psychology of attachment. The following issues are discussed: modern interpretation of the attachment system, influence of maternal responsiveness, quality of guardianship on the formation of the child's attachment to his/her mother, classification of attachments; mental representations of attachment; cultural differences in the classification of attachments in American, West German, Japanese, and Russian studies of attachment; attachment disorders, therapy of attachment; unaddressed issues and perspectives of attachment theory.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Nemirovskaya, E. G. "Child-Parent Relationship Therapy: Child-Parent Interaction Therapy of Sheila Eyberg (on foreign sources)." Современная зарубежная психология 6, no. 2 (2017): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2017060209.

Full text

Abstract:

The article based on English sources is devoted to child-parent therapy method which is a training of child-parent interaction, developed by Dr. Sheila Eyberg (USA). The training is designed to correct the behavior of preschoolers aged 2–7 and reduce the level of parental stress. The method combines the traditional playing therapy with the behavioral child-parental therapy tools. The training consists of two stages of work – child-centered interaction and parent-centered interaction. The detailed protocol of the Training which is the therapist's guide for each session of each stage of work was elaborated. The number of meetings varied from 8 to 12, the duration of each stage is about 5-6 weeks. The training is well known and used by psychologists and researchers abroad in their work with families displaying a wide range of problems, such as children with problem behavior, autism spectrum disorders, families from at-risk groups.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

van Hekken, Suus M. J. "Parent and child perceptions of Boszormenyi-Nagy's ethical dimensions of the parent-child relationship." Contemporary Family Therapy 12, no. 6 (December 1990): 529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00901040.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Rajska, Dagmara,. "Parent-Child Relationship Cases Before the ECtHR." SocioEconomic Challenges 4, no. 1 (2020): 36–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.4(1).36-64.2020.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of choosing between Article 6 (Right to a fair trial) or/and Article 8 (Right to family life) of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter ‘ECHR’) when being applied by the European Court of Human Rights (hereafter ‘ECtHR’) in parent-child relationship cases. The main purpose of this research is to understand these provisions and their interplay. There is no particular systematization of literary sources and approaches for solving this problem because it is new. The analysis of applications lodged before the ECtHR indicates that the applicants usually raise both provisions for the reason of procedural safety. What is the response of the ECtHR? The investigation in this paper concerning the topic ‘what is protected by which provision, and is there any pattern in the application of Articles 6 and 8 in cases involving both provisions?’ is carried out in the following logical sequence: Relevant legal framework (Section 2); Research interest and question (Section 3); Research methodology (Section 4); Parental authority, custody, and access/contact, regarding cases respectively involving Articles 6 and 8 ECHR (Section 5). The methodological tool of the research method was the ECtHR Hudoc database. The object of the research is the ECtHR, because, namely, this institution interprets Article 6 and Article 8 of the ECHR. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis of 212 judgments delivered by the ECtHR during the last twenty years. These showed that, with regard to the interplay between Articles 6 and 8 ECHR, there are some trends in its case-law which give guidance to the applicants, the judges and other practitioners concerned, as well as to scholars. The results of the research can be useful in efficiently analyzing, applying, defending, and adjudicating these rights. Keywords: right to a fair trial, right to family life, parental authority, parental care, access/contact, European Convention on Human Rights.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Zeanah, Charles H., and Paula D. Zeanah. "PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP ASSESSMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 60, no. 10 (October 2021): S326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.07.796.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Parent-child relationship'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles