Journal articles on the topic 'Paratuberculosi'
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1
Laranja-da-Fonseca, Luis Femando, Alexandre Azevedo Oliva, Christian Campos Pereira, and Marcos Veiga dos Santos. "Doença de Johne: uma doença emergente em rebanhos leiteiros brasileiros." Revista de Educação Continuada em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia do CRMV-SP 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2000): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36440/recmvz.v3i2.3336.
Full textAbstract:
A Paratuberculose ou Doença de Johne é uma doença infecto-contagiosa, causada pelo Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, que se caracteriza por um processo inflamatório granulomatoso no intestino dos ruminantes domésticos e selvagens, determinando redução na digestibilidade dos alimentos, com consequente queda na produção de leite. Os animais infectados geralmente apresentam diarreia progressiva e perda de peso, Ainda que a literatura nacional apresente descrições da ocorrência de paratuberculose como casos isolados, não existem dados sobre a ocorrência da paratuberculose em rebanhos leiteiros no Brasil. Em estudo recente que avaliou a presença de anticorpos anti-M. paratuberculosis em rebanhos leiteiros do Estado de São Paulo, LARANJA-DA-FONSECA et al. (1999) identificaram que dos 403 animais amostrados, 153 (37,9%) apresentaram anticorpos anti-Mycobacterium paratuberculosis e, das 20 fazendas amostradas, 19 (95%) tiveram pelo menos um animal positivo, existindo assim a necessidade de levantamentos epidemiológicos da doença, afim de que se possa avaliar o real impacto da paratuberculose nos rebanhos brasileiros.
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Zavgorodniy, A. I., S. A. Pozmogova, N. V. Goncharova, M. V. Kalashnyk, and V. V. Bilushko. "The study of epizootic sera obtained from ruminant animals in complement fixation test (CFT) with the use of Paratuberculous antigen." Veterinary Medicine: inter-departmental subject scientific collection, no. 105 (August 7, 2019): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/vm-2019-105-8.
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The paper presents results of the study of epizootic blood sera in the complement fixation test (CFT) with paratuberculous antigen. Blood sera were sampled from the cattle and goats. The antigen was produced from the culture filtrate of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in the laboratory for tuberculosis study. The aim of the present study was to clarify the epizootic situation concerning Johne’s disease among the dairy cattle in different regions of Ukraine. To achieve this aim the blood sera from cattle and goats were collected from farms in different regions of Ukraine. Those sera samples were studied in the complement fixation test with the use of paratuberculous antigen that was produced from the culture filtrate of MAP. The above mentioned blood sera were collected from the cattle that had positive allergic reactions on the use of tuberculin (PPD) for mammals. Those animals belonged to the free from tuberculosis and paratuberulosis milk farms. The study of obtained samples of blood sera was conducted in the accordance with the methodological guidelines “Laboratory diagnostics of paratuberculosis” (shutter. NMR FEFU pr. No. 1, dated December 19, 2014). There were studied 1098 blood sera samples from cattle. In addition to this, investigation was conducted on 24 samples of blood sera from goats. As the result of conducted study it was found that 17 samples of blood sera contained specific antibodies against MAP (serum solution 1:10). These blood sera collected from the cattle belonging to 4 farms in Poltava, Donetsk and Khmelnitsky regions. Along with this it was obtained 9 uncertain results in compliment fixation test that was conducted between paratuberculous antigen (ACF) and blood sera from those 4 farms. The results of monitoring studies indicate that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis pathogen circulates in studied farms. This can lead to the complication of the epizootic situation regarding paratuberculosis and contribute to the spreading of this pathogen to other free from MAP infection farms. There are no anti-paratuberculosis antibodies in blood serum from goats. It is necessary to conduct annual monitoring serological studies of productive dairy cattle and imported animals in order to clarify and control epizootic situation concerning paratuberculosis on the territory of Ukraine
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Konté, M. "La paratuberculose. Diagnostic d'un premier cas chez un bovin d'importation au Sénégal." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 41, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.8714.
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Le diagnostic de paratuberculose est porté pour la première fois au Sénégal sur un bovin importé de France. Les circonstances d’isolement de Mycobacterium paratuberculosis sont rapportées. Les particularités culturales du germe sont évoquées et discutées. L’auteur conclut en invoquant la nécessité d’appliquer les mesures de police sanitaire arrêtées en la matière.
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Mota, Rinaldo A., Paulo V. Peixoto, Elise M. Yamasaki, Elizabeth S. de Medeiros, Mateus M. da Costa, Rodolfo M. Peixoto, and Marilene F. Brito. "Ocorrência de paratuberculose em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) em Pernambuco." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30, no. 3 (March 2010): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2010000300008.
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A paratuberculose (doença de Johne) é uma das doenças de maior importância econômica para ruminantes em vários países e pode representar uma ameaça ao desenvolvimento da pecuária brasileira. É uma doença infecto-contagiosa que provoca enterocolite granulomatosa crônica, incurável e de difícil controle, cujo agente é o Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Descreve-se a ocorrência de paratuberculose em um rebanho de búfalos no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Não foi encontrado registro, na literatura, da ocorrência de paratuberculose em búfalos no país. De 100 búfalos, cinco mostravam sinais clínicos característicos da doença. À necropsia de dois animais as lesões estavam restritas ao intestino delgado com evidente espessamento da mucosa, aumento de linfonodos mesentéricos e vasos linfáticos proeminentes e dilatados. À microscopia, observaram-se na mucosa do intestino, infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso com numerosos macrófagos epitelióides e células gigantes de Langhans, além de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR) visualizados através da coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN). Nos linfonodos mesentéricos, havia espessamento da cápsula e marcada inflamação granulomatosa. O exame direto pela técnica de ZN para pesquisa do bacilo em esfregaços de fezes, raspado de mucosa intestinal e imprint de linfonodos mesentéricos resultou positivo. A PCR IS900 específico de linfonodo mesentérico e mucosa intestinal revelou amplificação de um fragmento de aproximadamente 110pb, confirmada pela comparação com outras sequências de M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis disponíveis no GenBank.
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Lázaro Sales, Mariana, Érica Bravo Sales, Andréa Alencar Padilha, Omara Tereza Vianello Pereira, and Antônio Augusto Fonseca Junior. "Desenvolvimento de uma PCR em tempo real para diagnóstico de Mycobacterium avium subespécie paratuberculosis." Revista Acadêmica Ciência Animal 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/academica.7760.
Full textAbstract:
A paratuberculose, ou Doença de Johne, é uma doença crônica degenerativa que incide nos ruminantes domésticos. O agente etiológico Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) é um bacilo de crescimento lento pertencente ao complexo Mycobacterium avium (MAI). Nos EUA, a enfermidade acarreta grandes prejuízos econômicos. No Brasil, são poucos os relatos de casos da doença e não se conhece a real situação epidemiológica da paratuberculose bovina. O objetivo desse trabalho foi padronizar um teste de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) em tempo real para auxiliar na confirmação de casos da enfermidade.A técnica foi testada com DNA de diversas espécies do gênero Mycobacterium e avaliada quanto à sensibilidade e eficiência. Uma vez atestada sua confiabilidade, a metodologia foi aplicada para confirmar um caso suspeito de paratuberculose bovina. Foi enviada para análise no Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário/MG (Lanagro/MG) amostra de linfonodo mesentérico e alça intestinal de um bovino da raça holandesa com suspeita de paratuberculose. A amostra foi processada e inoculada para crescimento em meio Herrold’s com micobactina. A combinação entre a técnica do isolamento bacteriano em meio apropriado juntamente com a PCR em tempo real foi capaz de diagnosticar a presença da micobactéria no animal. Esse foi o primeiro caso de paratuberculose confirmado em um laboratório oficial do Ministério da Agricultura.
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Schwarz, D. G. G., I. A. Carvalho, P. A. G. Pietralonga, A. C. S. Faria, and M. A. S. Moreira. "Paratuberculose em pequenos ruminantes domésticos." Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 79, no. 3 (September 2012): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-16572012000300019.
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Mycobacterium avium subesp. paratuberculosis (MAP) é o agente etiológico da paratuberculose em ruminantes domésticos e silvestres. Em caprinos e ovinos causa uma enterite granulomatosa crônica com emagrecimento progressivo seguido de morte, raramente a diarreia é observada. Nesse aspecto, a doença é considerada uma ameaça mundial aos rebanhos, pois pode permanecer no estádio subclínico por anos, manifestando perdas indiretas na produção animal e na disseminação do agente. Além disso, existem relatos da possível relação de MAP com a doença de Crohn, determinando, assim, a sua relevância na saúde pública. O Brasil não dispõe de dados quantificando as reais perdas produtivas nos rebanhos acometidos pela doença, e poucas informações do comprometimento de caprinos e ovinos no país são relatadas. Assim, este artigo busca revisar a paratuberculose em pequenos ruminantes domésticos.
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Yamasaki, Elise M., Carlos H. Tokarnia, Alexandre Galvão, Marcos J. P. Gomes, José A. B. Chies, Tiago Degani Veit, Ana Paula Aragão, and Marilene F. Brito. "Aspectos clínico-patológicos e controle da paratuberculose em rebanho bovino leiteiro." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30, no. 11 (November 2010): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2010001100005.
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A paratuberculose ou doença de Johne é uma enterite granulomatosa causada por Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Descrevem-se os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínico-patológicos e laboratoriais da paratuberculose em rebanho bovino leiteiro no município de Rio Claro, região Sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. No período de 2006 a 2009, oito vacas adultas da raça Girolanda apresentaram diarreia crônico-intermitente e perda progressiva de peso. À necropsia, observaram-se linfonodos mesentéricos aumentados de volume e úmidos ao corte, vasos linfáticos subserosos das alças intestinais proeminentes, serosa do intestino com aspecto anelado e cerebroide e a mucosa espessada, pregueada e com aspecto microgranular. À microscopia havia, desde o duodeno até o reto, inflamação granulomatosa difusa, marcada dilatação dos vasos linfáticos no ápice das vilosidades, linfangiectasia e linfangite granulomatosa na submucosa, muscular e serosa. A inflamação granulomatosa também foi vista nos linfonodos mesentéricos. A coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen revelou variável quantidade de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes no interior de macrófagos, de células gigantes de Langhans e livres na mucosa e submucosa dos intestinos delgado e grosso e em linfonodos mesentéricos. Em alguns animais, a lâmina própria da mucosa, principalmente do jejuno e íleo exibia acentuada hipertrofia. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis foi isolado em cultivo bacteriano de Herrold com micobactina, a partir de amostras de fezes, de raspado de mucosa intestinal e de leite e identificado pela técnica de PCR IS900. Através da avaliação sorológica semestral, foram analisadas 298 vacas do mesmo rebanho a partir de três anos de idade, observou-se cerca de 40% de animais reagentes ao teste ELISA indireto no período estudado. O diagnóstico da paratuberculose foi baseado nos dados clínico-patológicos, na sorologia, no isolamento e identificação do agente através de cultivo bacteriano e PCR IS900. Após implementação de medidas de controle, tais como eliminação de animais doentes, abate seletivo dos animais soropositivos, separação dos bezerros ao nascer e utilização de banco de colostro, observou-se, nos três anos de estudo, diminuição da ocorrência de casos clínicos no rebanho, de seis casos por ano para cerca de um caso por ano.
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Da Silva Filho, Givaldo Bom, Hisadora Advincula Da Silva Chaves, Lorena D’Andrade Aires, Thaiza Campelo Braga, Danielle Pimentel Ribeiro, Huber Rizzo, Lázaro Manoel De Camargo, et al. "Aspectos clínicos e patológicos da paratuberculose em um rebanho de bovinos na Zona da Mata de Pernambuco." Medicina Veterinária (UFRPE) 11, no. 4 (May 7, 2018): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.26605/medvet-n4-1960.
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A paratuberculose é uma doença infecciosa causada por Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), um bacilo álcool-ácido resistente (BAAR), que se replica nos macrófagos da lâmina própria do intestino delgado e grosso, e que acomete principalmente ruminantes domésticos e selvagens. Os sinais clínicos observados cursam com enterite granulomatosa e crônica. Devido à má absorção de nutrientes, os animais afetados apresentam perda progressiva de peso, mau estado corporal e óbito. Objetivou-se descrever os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de casos de paratuberculose no município de Carpina, Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. Dois bovinos mestiços com holandês foram examinados clinicamente e necropsiados. Os principais sinais clínicos consistiram em pelos quebradiços e sem brilho, perda progressiva de peso, desidratação e diarreia. À necropsia observou-se os linfonodos mesentéricos aumentados de volume, esbranquiçados e edemaciados. No intestino delgado as lesões consistiram em espessamento da mucosa intestinal, principalmente da prega ileocecal. Na avaliação histológica visibilizou-se acentuado infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso difuso na mucosa intestinal com numerosos macrófagos com aspecto epitelióide, células gigantes de Langhans, além de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR) visualizados através da coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN). Este trabalho demonstra a ocorrência de casos de paratuberculose no município de Carpina, na Zona da Mata de Pernambuco.
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Yamasaki, Elise M., Marilene de Farias Brito, Douglas McIntosh, Alexandre Galvão, Tiago C. Peixoto, and Carlos Hubinger Tokarnia. "Diagnóstico imuno-histopatológico da paratuberculose subclínica em bovinos no estado do Rio de Janeiro." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 12 (December 2013): 1427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013001200006.
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O diagnóstico precoce e específico da paratuberculose ainda é um desafio. Isto pode estar associado à baixa sensibilidade dos testes laboratoriais e ou à variação da resposta imunológica frente à infecção por Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Mundialmente, é uma enfermidade que causa importantes prejuízos econômicos, em especial, à bovinocultura leiteira, devido ao caráter crônico da infecção. No Brasil, a paratuberculose já foi descrita em diversas espécies de ruminantes domésticos e em vários estados, o que demonstra que a enfermidade está presente em território nacional e há a necessidade de elaboração de técnicas de diagnóstico para a confirmação da infecção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os achados anátomo-histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos em intestino e linfonodos mesentéricos de bovinos assintomáticos, provenientes de rebanhos positivos para paratuberculose localizados no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O estudo macroscópico revelou alterações inespecíficas tais como áreas avermelhadas na mucosa do intestino, aumento do volume das placas de Peyer e dos linfonodos mesentéricos, além disso, observou-se que vasos linfáticos mesentéricos estavam dilatados e esbranquiçados. Do total de 52 vacas leiteiras avaliadas, a histopatologia revelou infiltração granulomatosa, por vezes com formação de células gigantes multinucleadas, em mucosa e ou submucosa de jejuno, íleo e em linfonodos mesentéricos, principalmente na região cortical, em 32 animais. Estes bovinos foram submetidos à coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen cujo teste não demonstrou reação positiva, no entanto, quando analisados pelo teste imunohistoquímico para Mycobacterium spp. observou-se imunorreação em 6 animais. Desta forma, a histopatologia e imunohistoquímica pode ser uma importante ferramenta para diagnóstico da paratuberculose subclínica.
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Yamasaki, Elise M., Marilene F. Brito, Rinaldo A. Mota, Douglas McIntosh, and Carlos H. Tokarnia. "Paratuberculose em ruminantes no Brasil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 2 (February 2013): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013000200001.
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A paratuberculose ou doença de Johne é uma enterite granulomatosa causada por Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) e comumente afeta ruminantes domésticos, no entanto, pode infectar várias espécies de mamíferos. Está presente nos cinco continentes e é considerada endêmica em algumas regiões pela Organização Internacional de Epizootias (OIE). Pertence à lista de enfermidades notificáveis, que compreende as doenças transmissíveis de importância sócio-econômica e/ou em saúde-pública, cujo controle é necessário para o comércio internacional de animais e alimentos de origem animal. A importância da doença de Johne não se restringe somente aos prejuízos econômicos causados à indústria animal, mas também na possível participação do Map na íleocolite granulomatosa que afeta seres humanos, conhecida como doença de Crohn. No Brasil, a paratuberculose já foi descrita em diversas espécies de ruminantes e em vários estados. Embora os relatos naturais da enfermidade sejam pontuais, acredita-se na possibilidade da transmissão interespecífica e na disseminação do agente através da compra e venda de animais infectados. O objetivo deste artigo foi reunir as informações disponíveis referentes aos aspectos epidemiológicos, clínico-patológicos e laboratoriais da paratuberculose em bovinos, bubalinos, caprinos e ovinos no Brasil, e salientar a necessidade de implementação de medidas de controle sanitário da enfermidade no país, o que possibilitaria a melhoria da qualidade e valorização dos produtos de origem animal no mercado internacional.
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Medeiros, João Marcos de Araújo, Felício Garino Junior, Rodrigo Antonio Torres Matos, Valeria Maria de Medeiros Costa, and Franklin Riet-Correa. "Frequência de anticorpos para paratuberculose em bovinos no semiarido paraíbano." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32, no. 8 (August 2012): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2012000800003.
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A paratuberculose é uma doença importante em bovinos na Paraíba, tendo sido diagnosticados, pelo Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, cinco focos da doença nos últimos quatro anos. Neste trabalho objetivou-se realizar um estudo sorológico em rebanhos com e sem histórico da doença para estimar a frequência da infecção por Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) em diferentes regiões do semiárido Paraibano. Utilizando o teste de ELISA pesquisou-se a frequência de animais soropositivos contra Map em duas fazendas onde tinha sido diagnosticada a doença, encontrando-se 72,22% (13/18) e 68,75% (11/16), respectivamente de bovinos sorologicamente positivos. Amostras de soro de 486 bovinos de 36 fazendas sem histórico da doença de diferentes regiões da Paraíba (sertão, cariri e agreste), também foram examinados por ELISA. A frequência de animais soropositivos foi de 10,08±1,07% (49/486). Foram encontrados animais positivos em 21 (58.33%) das 36 fazendas estudadas. Os resultados sugerem que o agente da paratuberculose está disseminado em bovinos na Paraíba e que são necessárias medidas de controle para diminuir a frequência de casos clínicos e subclínicos da doença.
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Dubash, Kerman, William P. Shulaw, Steen Beth-Nielsen, Harold F. Stills, and Richard D. Slemons. "Evaluation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Licensed by the USDA for Use in Cattle for Diagnosis of Ovine Paratuberculosis." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7, no. 3 (July 1995): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879500700309.
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A commercially available Mycobacterium phlei-absorbed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) approved to detect antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in cattle was evaluated for its applicability in sheep. The potential for interference with ELISA results from cross-reacting antibodies to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was also investigated. Serum samples were randomly selected from a collection of samples obtained in 1986-1991 from 6 infected and 5 noninfected sheep flocks varying in breed, age, and geographic origin. Tests were performed on sera from 27 paratuberculous sheep, confirmed by histopathology, bacteriologic culture, and/or acid-fast staining of ileal mucosal smears, and on sera from 246 noninfected sheep. The optical density of each sample was expressed as a percentage of the optical density of a known positive sheep serum sample tested on the same plate. These values were log-transformed to achieve normality of distribution, and sensitivity and specificity estimates were calculated based on 2 and 3 standard deviations above the mean of the percent positive value (PPV) of the noninfected sheep. A cutoff value of PPV ≥ 55.74 resulted in an estimated sensitivity of 0.48 and a specificity of 0.95. Sera from 10 noninfected sheep with PPV above the cutoff level of 55.74% were absorbed with heat-treated C. pseudotuberculosis organisms in addition to M. phlei antigens. Sera from 14 ELISA-positive paratuberculous sheep and 23 ELISA-negative noninfected sheep were similarly treated, and results were compared. Absorption with C. pseudotuberculosis resulted in a significant decrease in PPV in all 3 groups of sheep sera, but a greater decrease was observed in the noninfected sheep with PPV above the cutoff level when compared with noninfected sheep with PPV below that level. Results of this study suggest that ELISA may be of value in screening sheep flocks for paratuberculosis, but further experimentation is needed to optimize the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Exposure to C. pseudotuberculosis may confound results obtained by M. phlei-absorbed ELISA for paratuberculosis.
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Coelho, A. C., M. L. Pinto, A. M. Coelho, and J. Rodrigues. "Coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen como método rápido de diagnóstico de paratuberculose ovina." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 60, no. 5 (October 2008): 1097–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352008000500009.
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Estudou-se a presença de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes compatíveis com Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis em esfregaços de fezes e tecidos de ovinos. Vinte e seis esfregaços de fezes e 104 de tecidos, pertencentes a 26 animais diagnosticados como paratuberculosos, foram analisados pelo método de Ziehl-Neelsen. Dezesseis (61,5%) esfregaços fecais apresentaram bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes compatíveis no exame microscópico. Vinte animais (76,9%) foram diagnosticados pelo método nos esfregaços de tecidos. Vinte e um animais apresentaram esfregaços positivos nas fezes e nos tecidos, simultaneamente. A sensibilidade de Ziehl-Neelsen para os esfregaços fecais, esfregaços de tecidos e para a combinação de ambos foi de 61,5%, 76,9% e 80,8%, respectivamente.
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de Juan, Luc�a, Julio �lvarez, Beatriz Romero, Javier Bezos, Elena Castellanos, Alicia Aranaz, Ana Mateos, and Lucas Dom�nguez. "Comparison of Four Different Culture Media for Isolation and Growth of Type II and Type I/III Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Strains Isolated from Cattle and Goats." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 9 (September 2006): 5927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00451-06.
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ABSTRACT Culture is considered the definitive technique for Johne's disease diagnosis, and it is essential for later applications of certain molecular typing techniques. In this study, we have tested four solid media (Herrold's egg yolk medium [HEYM] with sodium pyruvate and mycobactin [HEYMm-SP], HEYM with mycobactin and without sodium pyruvate [HEYMm], Middlebrook 7H11 with mycobactin [Mm], and L�wenstein-Jensen with mycobactin [LJm]) for isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains in 319 tissue samples from cattle herds and goat flocks. We have shown that each of the two main groups of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (type II and type I/III) has different requirements for growth in the culture media studied. The recommended solid media for isolation of type I/III strains are LJm and Mm, since the combination of both media allowed the recovery of all these strains. The most widespread culture medium, HEYM, is not suitable for the isolation of this group of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains. Regarding the type II strains, HEYMm-SP was the medium where more strains were isolated, but the other three media are also needed in order to recover all type II strains. The incubation period is also related to the strain type. In conclusion, because the type of strain cannot be known in advance of culture, coupled with the fact that cattle and goats can be infected with both groups of strains, we recommend the use of the four solid media and the prolongation of the incubation period to more than 6 months to detect paratuberculous herds/flocks and to determine the true prevalence of the infection.
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Fiss, Letícia, Bianca Lemos Santos, Pedro Paulo Feitosa de Albuquerque, Rinaldo Aparecido Mota, Clairton Marcolongo-Pereira, Maria de Lourdes Adrien, Mauro P. Soares, and Ana Lucia Schild. "Paratuberculose em bovinos de corte na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 35, no. 5 (May 2015): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2015000500008.
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Resumo:Descrevem-se os aspectos epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos de paratuberculose diagnosticada no sul do Rio Grande do Sul em uma propriedade de bovinos de corte. Dois bovinos criados extensivamente que apresentavam emagrecimento progressivo e diarreia crônica foram necropsiados. Os linfonodos mesentéricos estavam aumentados e edematosos. A mucosa do intestino estava espessada e enrugada com aspecto cerebroide principalmente na porção final do íleo, válvula íleo-cecal e ceco. Fragmentos dos órgãos foram fixados em formalina 10%, incluídos em parafina, cortados e corados pela técnica de hematoxilina e eosina (HE) e Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN). Fezes foram encaminhadas ao Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Área de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco para o cultivo de Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis em meio Lowenstein Jensen com micobactina e para realização da PCR. Histologicamente, havia enterite granulomatosa no jejuno, íleo, ceco e reto, afetando multifocalmente, também, o duodeno e o cólon. Havia, ainda, linfangite e adenite granulomatosa. Pela coloração de ZN foram observados numerosos bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR) no interior de macrófagos, células gigantes de Langhans e nos linfonodos mesentéricos no jejuno, íleo ceco e reto. Não houve crescimento bacteriano nas amostras de fezes e cinco amostras amplificaram a sequência genética IS900 específica do Mycobacterium aviumsubesp. paratuberculosis. Pelo presente trabalho pode-se concluir que a paratuberculose apesar dos poucos relatos ocorre também em bovinos de corte criados extensivamente no sul do Rio Grande do Sul e pode ter uma prevalência maior do que se supõe na região. Alerta-se para a necessidade do diagnóstico e da tomada de medidas efetivas de controle para esta doença que, por muitos, ainda é considerada uma doença exótica no Brasil.
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Zavgorodniy, A. I., V. V. Bilushko, S. A. Pozmogova, M. V. Kalashnyk, N. V. Kalashnyk, A. V. Kiptenko, and L. M. Steshenko. "Determination of the causes of allergic reactions to tuberculin in cattle." Veterinary Medicine: inter-departmental subject scientific collection, no. 107 (November 8, 2021): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/vm-2021-107-5.
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The article presents the results of cattle examining in four free from tuberculosis livestock farms during 2020–2021. Samples of biological material were collected and studied in the Laboratory for tuberculosis study of the NSC “IECVM”. The causes of allergic reactions to mycobacterial allergens were established by a comprehensive method. The study was aimed to conduct epizootological monitoring and to determine the causes of positive tuberculin skin tests in cattle in four free from tuberculosis farms. These farms were located in different regions of Ukraine. Epizootological, clinical, allergical, anatomopathological, bacteriological and biological methods were used including a pathological examination of biological material samples (lymph nodes and internal organs), Ziehl–Nielsen staining while bacterioscopy. Samples of biological material were preliminary treated by A. P. Alikaeva’s method and 0.9% solution of cetylpyridinium chloride and inoculated on selective nutrient media for mycobacteria cultivation. As the result of conducted study seven cultures of nontuberculous mycobacteria were isolated from samples of biological material from three cattle herds. It was found that these isolates were represented by four mycobacterial species. There were M. fortuitum, M. phlei, M. smegmatis and M. scrofulaceum. In addition, two cultures of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis were isolated from one cattle herd. Short-term sensitization to tuberculin for mammals in cattle was caused by atypical mycobacteria in three farms. There were four mycobacteria species; M. smegmatis, M. phlei, M. fortuitum and M. scrofulaceum which persists in the body of animals and does not cause the development of an infectious tuberculosis process. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes the latent form of an infectious process in the body of cattle and sensitization to tuberculin, as well as pathological lesions in the small intestine. One-month-old rabbits susceptible to MAP can be used as an experimental model for determination of biological properties of epizootic cultures and diagnosis of paratuberculous enteritis. Herds of cattle in which sensitization is triggering by atypical mycobacteria should be considered as free from tuberculosis. Control of welfare and differentiation of nonspecific reactions to tuberculin should be carried out using a simultaneous test with PPD tuberculin for mammals and the allergen from atypical mycobacteria. The study of cattle with a suspicion of paratuberculous enteritis should be carried out by complex method using allergical, serological (CFT, ELISA), pathological, bacteriological and molecular-genetic research methods, as well as using a biological test on one month old rabbits
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Patel, Dilip, Lia Danelishvili, Yoshitaka Yamazaki, Marta Alonso, Michael L. Paustian, John P. Bannantine, Lisbeth Meunier-Goddik, and Luiz E. Bermudez. "The Ability of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis To Enter Bovine Epithelial Cells Is Influenced by Preexposure to a Hyperosmolar Environment and Intracellular Passage in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 5 (May 2006): 2849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.74.5.2849-2855.2006.
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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the cause of Johne's disease in cattle and other ruminants. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection of the bovine host is not well understood; however, it is assumed that crossing the bovine intestinal mucosa is important in order for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to establish infection. To examine the ability of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to infect bovine epithelial cells in vitro, Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) epithelial cells were exposed to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. It was observed that bacteria can establish infection and replicate within MDBK cells. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis also has been reported to infect mammary tissue and milk, and we showed that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infects bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cell line). Using polarized MAC-T cell monolayers, it was also determined that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis crosses apical and basolateral surfaces with approximately the same degree of efficiency. Because M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis can be delivered to the naïve host by milk, it was investigated whether incubation of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis with milk has an effect on invasion of MDBK cells. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis exposed to milk entered epithelial cells with greater efficiency than M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis exposed to broth medium or water (P < 0.01). Growth of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis within MAC-T cells also resulted in augmented ability to subsequently infect bovine MDBK cells (P < 0.001). Microarray analysis of intracellular M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis RNA indicates the increased transcription of genes which might be associated with an invasive phenotype.
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Secott, T. E., T. L. Lin, and C. C. Wu. "Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Fibronectin Attachment Protein Facilitates M-Cell Targeting and Invasion through a Fibronectin Bridge with Host Integrins." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 7 (July 2004): 3724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.7.3724-3732.2004.
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ABSTRACT Efficient attachment and ingestion of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by cultured epithelial cells requires the expression of a fibronectin (FN) attachment protein homologue (FAP-P) which mediates FN binding by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Invasion of Peyer's patches by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis occurs through M cells, which, unlike other intestinal epithelial cells, express integrins on their luminal faces. We sought to determine if the interaction between FAP-P of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and soluble FN enabled targeting and invasion of M cells by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in vivo via these surface integrins. Wild-type and antisense FAP-P mutant M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains were injected alone or coinjected with blocking peptides or antibodies into murine gut loops, and immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to assess targeting and invasion of M cells by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Nonopsonized M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis preferentially invaded M cells in murine gut loops. M-cell invasion was enhanced 2.6-fold when M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was pretreated with FN. Invasion of M cells by the antisense FAP-P mutant of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was reduced by 77 to 90% relative to that observed for the control strains. Peptides corresponding to the RGD and synergy site integrin recognition regions of FN blocked M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis invasion of M cells by 75 and 45%, respectively, whereas the connecting segment 1 peptide was noninhibitory. Antibodies against the α5, αV, β1, and β3 integrin subunits inhibited M-cell invasion by 52 to 73%. The results indicate that targeting and invasion of M cells by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in vivo is mediated primarily by the formation of an FN bridge formed between FAP-P of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and integrins on M cells.
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Coelho, Ana Cláudia, Maria de Lurdes Pinto, Adosinda Maria Coelho, and Jorge Rodrigues. "Comparação de duas técnicas de isolamento do Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis em amostras de fezes de ovinos com suspeita clínica de paratuberculose." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29, no. 5 (May 2009): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2009000500010.
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A paratuberculose é uma enterite crônica granulomatosa causada por Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis que afeta principalmente os ruminantes. A cultura de bactérias a partir de amostras de fezes e tecidos constitui um dos métodos mais eficazes de diagnóstico, sendo ainda o único método disponível para obtenção de isolamentos e estirpes de micobactérias. Contudo, este método apresenta baixa sensibilidade e requer meses de incubação antes do crescimento de colônias. Neste estudo, utilizou-se a cultura fecal como método de diagnóstico em ovinos de diferentes raças portuguesas, com sinais compatíveis com a doença. Fez-se ainda a comparação entre os meios de cultura Löwenstein Jensen® com micobactina® J e o de Middlebrook® 7H11 com OADC®, utilizados no isolamento da bactéria. As percentagens de isolamento em cada um os meios foram de 2,0% (6/300) para Löwenstein Jensen® com micobactina J e 1,0% (3/300) para Middlebrook® 7H11/OADC. As três amostras positivas no meio de Middlebrook® 7H11/OADC também foram positivas no meio de Löwenstein Jensen® com micobactina J e nenhuma foi somente positiva no meio de Middlebrook® 7H11/OADC. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o meio de Löwenstein-Jensen® com micobactina® J é mais efetivo para a obtenção de estirpes ovinas em Portugal.
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Tasara, T., and R. Stephan. "Development of an F57 Sequence-Based Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Milk." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 5957–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.5957-5968.2005.
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ABSTRACT A light cycler-based real-time PCR (LC-PCR) assay that amplifies the F57 sequence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was developed. This assay also includes an internal amplification control template to monitor the amplification conditions in each reaction. The targeted F57 sequence element is unique for M.avium subsp. paratuberculosis and is not known to exist in any other bacterial species. The assay specificity was demonstrated by evaluation of 10 known M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates and 33 other bacterial strains. The LC-PCR assay has a broad linear range (2 × 101 to 2 ×106 copies) for quantitative estimation of the number of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis F57 target copies in positive samples. To maximize the assay's detection sensitivity, an efficient strategy for isolation of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA from spiked milk samples was also developed. The integrated procedure combining optimal M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA isolation and real-time PCR detection had a reproducible detection limit of about 10 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells per ml when a starting sample volume of 10 ml of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-spiked milk was analyzed. The entire process can be completed within a single working day and is suitable for routine monitoring of milk samples for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis contamination. The applicability of this protocol for naturally contaminated milk was also demonstrated using milk samples from symptomatic M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cows, as well as pooled samples from a dairy herd with a confirmed history of paratuberculosis.
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Bermudez, Luiz E., Mary Petrofsky, Sandra Sommer, and Raúl G. Barletta. "Peyer's Patch-Deficient Mice Demonstrate That Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Translocates across the Mucosal Barrier via both M Cells and Enterocytes but Has Inefficient Dissemination." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 8 (May 24, 2010): 3570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01411-09.
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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the agent of Johne's disease, infects ruminant hosts by translocation through the intestinal mucosa. A number of studies have suggested that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis interacts with M cells in the Peyer's patches of the small intestine. The invasion of the intestinal mucosa by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis, a pathogen known to interact with intestinal cells, was compared. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was capable of invading the mucosa, but it was significantly less efficient at dissemination than M. avium subsp. hominissuis. B-cell knockout (KO) mice, which lack Peyer's patches, were used to demonstrate that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis enters the intestinal mucosa through enterocytes in the absence of M cells. In addition, the results indicated that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis had equal abilities to cross the mucosa in both Peyer's patch and non-Peyer's patch segments of normal mice. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was also shown to interact with epithelial cells by an α5β1 integrin-independent pathway. Upon translocation, dendritic cells ingest M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, but this process does not lead to efficient dissemination of the infection. In summary, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis interacts with the intestinal mucosa by crossing both Peyer's patches and non-Peyer's patch areas but does not translocate or disseminate efficiently.
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O'Brien, R., C. G. Mackintosh, D. Bakker, M. Kopecna, I. Pavlik, and J. F. T. Griffin. "Immunological and Molecular Characterization of Susceptibility in Relationship to Bacterial Strain Differences in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection in the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 6 (June 2006): 3530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01688-05.
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ABSTRACT Johne's disease (JD) infection, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, represents a major disease problem in farmed ruminants. Although JD has been well characterized in cattle and sheep, little is known of the infection dynamics or immunological response in deer. In this study, typing of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from intestinal lymphatic tissues from 74 JD-infected animals showed that clinical isolates of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis from New Zealand farmed red deer were exclusively of the bovine strain genotype. The susceptibility of deer to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was further investigated by experimental oral-route infection studies using defined isolates of virulent bovine and ovine M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains. Oral inoculation with high (109 CFU/animal) or medium (107 CFU/animal) doses of the bovine strain of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis established 100% infection rates, compared to 69% infection following inoculation with a medium dose of the ovine strain. The high susceptibility of deer to the bovine strain of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was confirmed by a 50% infection rate following experimental inoculation with a low dose of bacteria (103 CFU/animal). This study is the first to report experimental M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in red deer, and it outlines the strong infectivity of bovine-strain M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates for cervines.
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Cocito, C., P. Gilot, M. Coene, M. de Kesel, P. Poupart, and P. Vannuffel. "Paratuberculosis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7, no. 3 (July 1994): 328–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.3.328.
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Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic, wasting, widespread mycobacteriosis of ruminants. It involves extensive mycobacterial shedding, which accounts for the high contagiousness, and ends with a fatal enteritis. Decreases in weight, milk production, and fertility produce severe economic loss. The DNA of the etiological agent (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) has a base composition (66 to 67% G+C) within the range of that of mycobacteria (62 to 70% G+C), a size (4.4 x 10(6) to 4.7 x 10(6) bp) larger than that of most pathogenic mycobacteria (2.0 x 10(6) to 4.2 x 10(6) bp), and a high relatedness (> 90%) to Mycobacterium avium DNA. However, the DNAs of the two organisms can be distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. M. paratuberculosis genes coding for a transposase, a cell wall-associated protein (P34), and two heat shock proteins have been cloned and sequenced. Nucleic acid probes (two of which are species specific) are used, after PCR amplification, for M. paratuberculosis identification in stools and milk. As in leprosy, with disease progression, cellular immune reactions decrease and humoral immune reactions increase. Cutaneous testing with sensitins, lymphocyte proliferation assays, and cytokine tests are used to monitor cellular immune reactions in paratuberculosis, but these tests lack specificity. Complement fixation, immunodiffusion, and enzymometric tests based on antibodies to M. paratuberculosis extracts, to mycobacterial antigen complex A36, to glycolipids, and to proteins help identify affected cattle but are not species specific. The carboxyl-terminal portion of the 34-kDa cell wall-associated A36 protein (P34) carries species-specific B-cell epitopes and is the basis for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis are also used in Crohn's disease, a chronic human ileitis mimicking Johne's disease, in which isolates identified as M. paratuberculosis have been found.
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Cocito, C., P. Gilot, M. Coene, M. de Kesel, P. Poupart, and P. Vannuffel. "Paratuberculosis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7, no. 3 (1994): 328–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.3.328-345.1994.
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Castellanos, Elena, Alicia Aranaz, Katherine A. Gould, Richard Linedale, Karen Stevenson, Julio Alvarez, Lucas Dominguez, Lucia de Juan, Jason Hinds, and Tim J. Bull. "Discovery of Stable and Variable Differences in the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Type I, II, and III Genomes by Pan-Genome Microarray Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 3 (December 1, 2008): 676–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01683-08.
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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is an important animal pathogen widely disseminated in the environment that has also been associated with Crohn's disease in humans. Three M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genomotypes are recognized, but genomic differences have not been fully described. To further investigate these potential differences, a 60-mer oligonucleotide microarray (designated the MAPAC array), based on the combined genomes of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (strain K-10) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (strain 104), was designed and validated. By use of a test panel of defined M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains, the MAPAC array was able to identify a set of large sequence polymorphisms (LSPs) diagnostic for each of the three major M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis types. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis type II strains contained a smaller genomic complement than M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis type I and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis type III genomotypes, which included a set of genomic regions also found in M. avium subsp. hominissuis 104. Specific PCRs for genes within LSPs that differentiated M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis types were devised and shown to accurately screen a panel (n = 78) of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains. Analysis of insertion/deletion region INDEL12 showed deletion events causing a reduction in the complement of mycobacterial cell entry genes in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis type II strains and significantly altering the coding of a major immunologic protein (MPT64) associated with persistence and granuloma formation. Analysis of MAPAC data also identified signal variations in several genomic regions, termed variable genomic islands (vGIs), suggestive of transient duplication/deletion events. vGIs contained significantly low GC% and were immediately flanked by insertion sequences, integrases, or short inverted repeat sequences. Quantitative PCR demonstrated that variation in vGI signals could be associated with colony growth rate and morphology.
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Hughes, Valerie, John P. Bannantine, Susan Denham, Stuart Smith, Alfredo Garcia-Sanchez, Jill Sales, Michael L. Paustian, Kevin Mclean, and Karen Stevenson. "Immunogenicity of Proteome-Determined Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-Specific Proteins in Sheep with Paratuberculosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, no. 12 (October 8, 2008): 1824–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00099-08.
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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes paratuberculosis, a chronic granulomatous enteritis. Detecting animals with paratuberculosis infections is difficult because the currently available tools have low sensitivity and lack specificity; these tools are prone to generating spurious positive test results caused by exposure to environmental M. avium complex organisms. To generate candidate antigens for incorporation into a specific test for paratuberculosis, subspecies-specific proteins were determined by proteomic comparison of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. avium. Analysis was aimed at revealing proteins only expressed (or predominant) in the protein profile of M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis resolved approximately 1,000 protein spots from each subspecies. Proteome analysis identified protein spots whose expression profile appeared markedly increased in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and 32 were identified by analysis of their tryptic peptide profile by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight analysis. Thirty of these proteins were cloned, and their recombinant proteins were expressed. Ovine paratuberculosis sera were used to assess their immunoreactivity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and dot blot analysis. Seventeen proteins were detected in at least one of the immunoassays, and eleven proteins were detected by ELISA with an optical density in excess of the cutoff of 0.1 in four of six sera tested. The immunoreactivity of these proteins indicates their potential as unique diagnostic antigens for the development of a specific serological detection of paratuberculosis.
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Möbius, Petra, Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio, Martin Hölzer, and Heike Köhler. "Evaluation of associations between genotypes of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculsis and presence of intestinal lesions characteristic of paratuberculosis." Veterinary Microbiology 201 (March 2017): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.026.
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Khalifeh, M. S., and J. R. Stabel. "Effects of Gamma Interferon, Interleukin-10, and Transforming Growth Factor β on the Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages from Naturally Infected Cattle." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 4 (April 2004): 1974–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.4.1974-1982.2004.
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ABSTRACT Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) plays a significant role in the control of mycobacterial infections, including Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. However, the contribution of other immunoregulatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), in Johne's disease has not been investigated as yet. In this study, we examined the effects of in vivo and in vitro infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis on the production of IFN-γ, IL-10, and TGF-β by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We also examined the effects of exogenous IFN-γ, IL-10, and TGF-β on M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival in the cell cultures. PBMC obtained from naturally infected cows, regardless of their disease status, specifically upregulated IL-10 and TGF-β in culture supernatants in response to stimulation with live M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Nonstimulated PBMC recovered from subclinically infected animals secreted the lowest levels of TGF-β, but after stimulation with live M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, TGF-β levels in the culture supernatants increased to levels similar to that produced by PBMC from healthy animals. The numbers of viable M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis recovered from cultures from naturally infected animals were higher than those from healthy cows after in vitro infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The addition of exogenous IL-10 and TGF-β to PBMC isolated from healthy cows inhibited the bactericidal activity of these cells as evidenced by the increased number of viable M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis recovered from these cultures compared to cell cultures containing medium alone. These data suggest important immune regulatory roles for IL-10 and TGF-β during infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis that may be directly related to their effects on macrophage activation and killing of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
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Grant, Irene R., Hywel J. Ball, and Michael T. Rowe. "Isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from Milk by Immunomagnetic Separation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 3153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.9.3153-3158.1998.
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ABSTRACT An immunomagnetic separation (IMS) technique was developed to facilitate selective isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cells from milk. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against radiation-killed intact M. paratuberculosiscells were produced and used to coat sheep anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) type M-280 Dynabeads. The rabbit anti-M. paratuberculosis IgG-coated beads (IMB) reacted strongly with laboratory strains of M. paratuberculosis as determined by slide agglutination, and microscopic examination confirmed that M. paratuberculosis cells attached to the IMB. The IMB were found to have a maximum binding capacity of 104 to 105 CFU of M. paratuberculosis. Studies showed that IMS selectively recoveredM. paratuberculosis from inoculated milk containing as few as 10 CFU of M. paratuberculosis per ml when 10 μl of IMB (ca. 106 beads) was added to 1 ml of milk and the preparation was incubated for 30 min at room temperature with gentle agitation. Larger volumes of milk (10 and 50 ml) were centrifuged and resuspended in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline–0.05% Tween 20 prior to IMS in order to increase the sensitivity of the method. Currently, primary isolation ofM. paratuberculosis from a milk sample relies on chemical decontamination, followed by culturing on Herrold’s egg yolk medium, which must be incubated at 37°C for up to 18 weeks. The potential value of our IMS method is as an aid for rapid detection ofM. paratuberculosis in milk when it is used in conjunction with end point detection methods, such as IS900PCR or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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Barukcic, Ilija. "Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis." Modern Health Science 1, no. 1 (June 12, 2018): p19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/mhs.v1n1p19.
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Objective: This systematic review assesses the causal relationship between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and Crohn’s disease (CD).
Methods: A systematic review and meat-analysis of some impressive PCR based studies is provided aimed to answer among other questions the following question. Is there a cause effect relationship between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Crohn’s disease? The method of the conditio per quam relationship was used to proof the hypothesis whether the presence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis guarantees the presence of Crohn’s disease. In other words, if Crohn’s disease is present, then Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is present too. The mathematical formula of the causal relationship k was used to proof the hypothesis, whether there is a cause effect relationship between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Crohn’s disease. Significance was indicated by a p-value of less than 0.05.
Result: The studies analyzed (number of cases and controls N=1076) were able to provide evidence that Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a necessary condition (a conditio sine qua non) and sufficicent conditions of Crohn’s disease. Furthermore, the studies analyzed provide impressive evidence of a cause-effect relationship between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Crohn’s disease.
Conclusion: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the cause of Crohn’s disease (k=+0,377468824, p value < 0.0001).
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Judge, Johanna, Ilias Kyriazakis, Alastair Greig, David J. Allcroft, and Michael R. Hutchings. "Clustering of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Rabbits and the Environment: How Hot Is a Hot Spot?" Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 6033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.6033-6038.2005.
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ABSTRACT Clustering of pathogens in the environment leads to hot spots of diseases at local, regional, national, and international levels. Scotland contains regional hot spots of Johne's disease (caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis) in rabbits, and there is increasing evidence of a link between paratuberculosis infections in rabbits and cattle. The spatial and temporal dynamics of paratuberculosis in rabbits within a hot spot region were studied with the overall aim of determining environmental patterns of infection and thus the risk of interspecies transmission to livestock. The specific aims were to determine if prevalence of paratuberculosis in rabbits varies temporally between seasons and whether the heterogeneous spatial environmental distribution of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis on a large scale (i.e., regional hot spots) is replicated at finer resolutions within a hot spot. The overall prevalence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in rabbits was 39.7%; the temporal distribution of infection in rabbits followed a cyclical pattern, with a peak in spring of 55.4% and a low in summer of 19.4%. Spatially, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected rabbits and, thus, the risk of interspecies transmission were highly clustered in the environment. However, this is mostly due to the clustered distribution of rabbits. The patterns of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in rabbits are discussed in relation to the host's socioecology and risk to livestock.
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Secott, T. E., T. L. Lin, and C. C. Wu. "Fibronectin Attachment Protein Is Necessary for Efficient Attachment and Invasion of Epithelial Cells by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 5 (May 2002): 2670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.5.2670-2675.2002.
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ABSTRACT Attachment and ingestion of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by two epithelial cell lines were enhanced by soluble fibronectin (FN). Peptide blocking of the FN attachment protein (FAP-P) inhibited the internalization of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Disruption of FAP-P expression significantly reduced attachment and ingestion of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis by T-24 and Caco-2 cells. The results indicate that the interaction between FN and FAP-P facilitates attachment and internalization of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis by epithelial cells.
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Sharma, M. L., M. Prajapati, and Y. Panth. "Demonstration of Circulating Antibodies of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in Cattle of Rupandehi District, Nepal." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 36 (December 1, 2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v36i0.27749.
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Paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspp. paratuberculosis, is a chronic intestinal infection of global importance in mainly domestic and wild ruminants. The main objective of the study was to find out the seroprevalence of Paratuberculosis in cattle of Rupandehi district. The research was conducted from October 2016 to December 2016. A total of 184 blood samples were collected from Jugular vein of cattle and tested by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The Paratuberculosis Indirect Screening Test Kit was developed by ID. Vet, France. Cattle with history of chronic diarrhoea and emaciation were taken as study population along with other cattle in close association with them. Overall seroprevalence in Rupandehi district was found to be 4.89%. No significant relation of paratuberculosis was found with age, breed, parity, body condition score and location. Higher prevalence was found in cattle of older age and low body condition score. The result of this study reports the presence of bovine paratuberculosis in cattle of Rupandehi district.
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Scandurra, Gabriella M., Geoffrey W. de Lisle, Sonia M. Cavaignac, May Young, R. Pamela Kawakami, and Desmond M. Collins. "Assessment of Live Candidate Vaccines for Paratuberculosis in Animal Models and Macrophages." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 3 (December 28, 2009): 1383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01020-09.
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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (basonym M. paratuberculosis) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis, a chronic enteritis of ruminants. To control the considerable economic effect that paratuberculosis has on the livestock industry, a vaccine that induces protection with minimal side effects is required. We employed transposon mutagenesis and allelic exchange to develop three potential vaccine candidates, which were then tested for virulence with macrophages, mice, and goats. All three models identified the WAg906 mutant as being the most attenuated, but some differences in the levels of attenuation were evident among the models when testing the other strains. In a preliminary mouse vaccine experiment, limited protection was induced by WAg915, as evidenced by a reduced bacterial load in spleens and livers 12 weeks following intraperitoneal challenge with M. paratuberculosis K10. While we found macrophages and murine models to be rapid and cost-effective alternatives for the initial screening of M. paratuberculosis mutants for attenuation, it appears necessary to do the definitive assessment of attenuation with a ruminant model.
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Wu, Chia-wei, Shelly K. Schmoller, Sung Jae Shin, and Adel M. Talaat. "Defining the Stressome of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis In Vitro and in Naturally Infected Cows." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 21 (August 10, 2007): 7877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00780-07.
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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes an enteric infection in cattle, with a great impact on the dairy industry in the United States and worldwide. Characterizing the gene expression profile of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis exposed to different stress conditions, or shed in cow feces, could improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. In this report, the stress response of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis on a genome-wide level (stressome) was defined for the first time using DNA microarrays. Expression data analysis revealed unique gene groups of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis that were regulated under in vitro stressors while additional groups were regulated in the cow samples. Interestingly, acidic pH induced the regulation of a large number of genes (n = 597), suggesting the high sensitivity of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to acidic environments. Generally, responses to heat shock, acidity, and oxidative stress were similar in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting common pathways for mycobacterial defense against stressors. Several sigma factors (e.g., sigH and sigE) were differentially coregulated with a large number of genes depending on the type of each stressor. Subsequently, we analyzed the virulence of six M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis mutants with inactivation of differentially regulated genes using a murine model of paratuberculosis. Both bacterial and histopathological examinations indicated the attenuation of all gene mutants, especially those selected based on their expression in the cow samples (e.g., lipN). Overall, the employed approach profiled mycobacterial genetic networks triggered by variable stressors and identified a novel set of putative virulence genes. A similar approach could be applied to analyze other intracellular pathogens.
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Sung, Nackmoon, and Michael T. Collins. "Variation in Resistance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis to Acid Environments as a Function of Culture Medium." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 11 (November 2003): 6833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.11.6833-6840.2003.
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ABSTRACT Acid resistance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was examined as a function of growth conditions (i.e., in vitro growth medium and pH). M. paratuberculosis was cultured in either fatty acid-containing medium (7H9-OADC) or glycerol-containing medium (WR-GD or 7H9-GD) at two culture pHs (pHs 6.0 and 6.8). Organisms produced in these six medium and pH conditions were then tested for resistance to acetate buffer at pHs 3, 4, 5, and 6 at 20°C. A radiometric culture method (BACTEC) was used to quantify viable M. paratuberculosis cell data at various acid exposure times, and D values (decimal reduction times, or the times required to kill a 1-log10 concentration of bacteria) were determined. Soluble proteins of M. paratuberculosis grown under all six conditions were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to identify proteins that may be associated with acid resistance or susceptibility. The culture medium affected growth rate and morphology: thin floating sheets of cells were observed in 7H9-OADC versus confluent, thick, waxy, and wrinkled pellicles in WR-GD. Culture medium pH affected growth rate (which was highest at pH 6.0), but it had little or no effect on D values for M. paratuberculosis at any test pH. When grown in 7H9-OADC, M. paratuberculosis was more acid resistant at all test pHs (higher D values) than when grown in WR-GD. Glycerol appeared to be the culture medium component most responsible for lower levels of M. paratuberculosis acid resistance. When glycerol was substituted for OADC in the 7H9 medium, D values were significantly lower than those of 7H9-OADC-grown M. paratuberculosis and were approximately the same as those for M. paratuberculosis grown in WR-GD medium. Comparison of the SDS-PAGE protein profiles for M. paratuberculosis cultures grown in 7H9-OADC, WR-GD, or 7H9-GD medium revealed that increased expression of 34.2- and 14.0-kDa proteins was associated with higher levels of acid resistance of M. paratuberculosis grown in 7H9-OADC medium and that 56.6- and 41.3-kDa proteins were associated with lower levels of acid resistance. This is the first report showing that in vitro culture conditions significantly affect growth characteristics, acid resistance, and protein expression of M. paratuberculosis, and the results emphasize the importance of culture conditions for in vitro susceptibility studies.
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Bannantine, John P., Jason F. J. Huntley, Elizabeth Miltner, Judith R. Stabel, and Luiz E. Bermudez. "The Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 35 kDa protein plays a role in invasion of bovine epithelial cells." Microbiology 149, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 2061–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26323-0.
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) enters intestinal epithelial cells of cattle and other ruminants via a mechanism that remains to be fully elucidated. This study showed that a gene encoding the M. paratuberculosis 35 kDa major membrane protein (MMP) is expressed at a higher level in low-oxygen and high-osmolarity conditions that are similar to the environment of the intestine. In addition, cattle with Johne's disease produced antibodies against MMP, suggesting that the protein is present during infection. The gene encoding MMP was cloned and expressed as a fusion protein with the maltose-binding protein (MBP–MMP) in Escherichia coli. Rabbit antisera were raised against a M. paratuberculosis whole-cell sonicate and MMP-specific antibodies were purified from these sera by affinity chromatography. MMP was localized to the surface of M. paratuberculosis by immunoelectron microscopy and by immunoblot analysis of fractionated protein lysates. Both anti-MMP antibodies and MBP–MMP protein inhibited M. paratuberculosis invasion of cultured Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells by 30 %. In similar invasion experiments with M. paratuberculosis incubated in low oxygen tension, these antibodies and protein decreased invasion by 60 %. Collectively, these data show that the 35 kDa MMP is a surface exposed protein that plays a role in invasion of epithelial cells. The authors suggest that the MMP is a virulence factor of M. paratuberculosis that may be important in the initiation of infection in vivo.
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O'Reilly, Ciara E., Lisa O'Connor, Wayne Anderson, Peter Harvey, Irene R. Grant, John Donaghy, Michael Rowe, and Pat O'Mahony. "Surveillance of Bulk Raw and Commercially Pasteurized Cows' Milk from Approved Irish Liquid-Milk Pasteurization Plants To Determine the Incidence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 9 (September 2004): 5138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.9.5138-5144.2004.
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ABSTRACT Over the 13-month period from October 2000 to November 2001 (inclusive), the Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) carried out surveillance of Irish bulk raw (n = 389) and commercially pasteurized (n = 357) liquid-milk supplies to determine the incidence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The pasteurization time-temperature conditions were recorded for all pasteurized samples. Overall, 56% of whole-milk pasteurized samples had been heat treated at or above a time-temperature combination of 75°C for 25 s. All analyses were undertaken at the Department of Food Science (Food Microbiology) laboratory at Queen's University Belfast. Each milk sample was subjected to two tests for M. paratuberculosis: immunomagnetic separation-PCR (IMS-PCR; to detect the presence of M. paratuberculosis cells, live or dead) and chemical decontamination and culture (to confirm the presence of viable M. paratuberculosis). Overall, M. paratuberculosis DNA was detected by IMS-PCR in 50 (12.9%; 95% confidence interval, 9.9 to 16.5%) raw-milk samples and 35 (9.8%; 95% confidence interval, 7.1 to 13.3%) pasteurized-milk samples. Confirmed M. paratuberculosis was cultured from one raw-milk sample and no pasteurized-milk samples. It is concluded that M. paratuberculosis DNA is occasionally present at low levels in both raw and commercially pasteurized cows' milk. However, since no viable M. paratuberculosis was isolated from commercially pasteurized cows' milk on retail sale in the Republic of Ireland, current pasteurization procedures are considered to be effective.
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Grant, Irene R., Edward I. Hitchings, Alan McCartney, Fiona Ferguson, and Michael T. Rowe. "Effect of Commercial-Scale High-Temperature, Short-Time Pasteurization on the Viability of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Naturally Infected Cows' Milk." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 2 (February 2002): 602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.2.602-607.2002.
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ABSTRACT Raw cows' milk naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was pasteurized with an APV HXP commercial-scale pasteurizer (capacity 2,000 liters/h) on 12 separate occasions. On each processing occasion, milk was subjected to four different pasteurization treatments, viz., 73�C for 15 s or 25 s with and without prior homogenization (2,500 lb/in2 in two stages), in an APV Manton Gaulin KF6 homogenizer. Raw and pasteurized milk samples were tested for M. paratuberculosis by immunomagnetic separation (IMS)-PCR (to detect the presence of bacteria) and culture after decontamination with 0.75% (wt/vol) cetylpyridinium chloride for 5 h (to confirm bacterial viability). On 10 of the 12 processing occasions, M. paratuberculosis was detectable by IMS-PCR, culture, or both in either raw or pasteurized milk. Overall, viable M. paratuberculosis was cultured from 4 (6.7%) of 60 raw and 10 (6.9%) of 144 pasteurized milk samples. On one processing day, in particular, M. paratuberculosis appeared to have been present in greater abundance in the source raw milk (evidenced by more culture positives and stronger PCR signals), and on this occasion, surviving M. paratuberculosis bacteria were isolated from milk processed by all four heat treatments, i.e., 73�C for 15 and 25 s with and without prior homogenization. On one other occasion, surviving M. paratuberculosis bacteria were isolated from an unhomogenized milk sample that had been heat treated at 73�C for 25 s. Results suggested that homogenization increases the lethality of subsequent heat treatment to some extent with respect to M. paratuberculosis, but the extended 25-s holding time at 73�C was found to be no more effective at killing M. paratuberculosis than the standard 15-s holding time. This study provides clear evidence that M. paratuberculosis bacteria in naturally infected milk are capable of surviving commercial high-temperature, short-time pasteurization if they are present in raw milk in sufficient numbers.
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Weiss, Douglas J., Oral A. Evanson, Andreas Moritz, Ming Qi Deng, and Mitchell S. Abrahamsen. "Differential Responses of Bovine Macrophages to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 10 (October 2002): 5556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.10.5556-5561.2002.
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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium are antigenically and genetically similar organisms; however, they differ in their virulence for cattle. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes a chronic intestinal infection leading to a chronic wasting disease termed paratuberculosis or Johne's disease, whereas M. avium subsp. avium causes only a transient infection. We compared the response of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages to ingestion of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. avium organisms by determining organism survival, superoxide and nitric oxide production, and expression of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-10, IL-12, and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Unlike M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, macrophages were able to kill approximately half of the M. avium subsp. avium organisms after 96 h of incubation. This difference in killing efficiency was not related to differences in nitric oxide or superoxide production. Compared to macrophages activated with IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide, macrophages incubated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis showed greater expression of IL-10 and GM-CSF (all time points) and IL-8 (72 h) and less expression of IL-12 (72 h), IFN-γ (6 h), and TNF-α (6 h). When cytokine expression by macrophages incubated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was compared to those of macrophages incubated with M. avium subsp. avium, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cells showed greater expression of IL-10 (6 and 24 h) and less expression of TNF-α (6 h). Therefore, the combination of inherent resistance to intracellular degradation and suppression of macrophage activation through oversecretion of IL-10 may contribute to the virulence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle.
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Sung, Nackmoon, and Michael T. Collins. "Thermal Tolerance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 999–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.3.999-1005.1998.
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ABSTRACT D values (decimal reduction time; the time required to kill 1 log concentration of bacteria) were determined for both human and bovine strains (Dominic, Ben, BO45, and ATCC 19698) ofMycobacterium paratuberculosis in 50 mM lactate solution (pH 6.8) and in milk at four temperatures (62, 65, 68, and 71°C). Viable M. paratuberculosis organisms were quantified by a radiometric culture method (BACTEC). Thermal death curves for theM. paratuberculosis strains tested were generally linear, with R 2 of ≥0.90, but a few curves (R 2, 0.80 to 0.90) were better described by a quadratic equation. The human strains (Dominic and Ben) had similarD values in milk and in lactate solution. However,D values for the bovine strains (BO45 and ATCC 19698) were significantly different depending on the menstruum. Dvalues for low-passage clinical strains (Dominic, Ben, and BO45) were lower than those of the high-passage laboratory strain (ATCC 19698). The D value based on pooled data for clinical strains ofM. paratuberculosis in milk at 71°C (D 71°C) was 11.67 s. PooledD 62°C, D 65°C, andD 68°C of clinical M. paratuberculosis strains in milk were 228.8, 47.8, and 21.8 s, respectively. The Z value (the temperature required for the decimal reduction time to traverse 1 log cycle) of clinical strains in milk was 7.11°C. The D values of clumped and singleM. paratuberculosis cells were not significantly different. The D values of all M. paratuberculosis strains tested were considerably higher than those published forListeria, Salmonella, and Coxiellaspp. and estimated for Mycobacterium bovis, indicating thatM. paratuberculosis is more thermally tolerant. This study supports the premise that M. paratuberculosis may survive high-temperature, short-time pasteurization when the initial organism concentration is greater than 101 cells/ml.
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Ayele, W. Y., M. Macháčková, and I. Pavlík. "The transmission and impact of paratuberculosis infection in domestic and wild ruminants." Veterinární Medicína 46, No. 7–8 (January 1, 2001): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7878-vetmed.
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) infects domestic cattle, sheep, goats, deer, camelids and wild ruminants leading to chronic enteritis known as paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease). The infection is chronic, progressive and unresponsive to treatment. Most infected animals do not develop clinical disease but may excrete the bacteria. Clinically sick animals suffer emaciation and in some species diarrhoea, followed by eventual death. During the course of the disease, excretion of M. paratuberculosis in faeces and milk occurs, and the organism spreads through the blood and lymph vessels of infected animals to multiple internal organs. The infection disseminates to both the female and male reproductive organs. Though M. paratuberculosis is not classified as a human pathogen, current opinions on the possible role of this mycobacteria in public health is discussed. This article attempts to review the ways and circumstances by which M. paratuberculosis is transmitted within an animal population and the importance of the disease on animal production. Published reports concerning the transmission and epidemiology of the disease are reviewed herein, and preventive and control measures are summarised.
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Vidic, B., S. Savic, V. Vidic, M. Jovicin, and N. Prica. "Economic impact of paratuberculosis on milk production." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 29, no. 2 (2013): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1302183v.
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Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, primarily affecting ruminants. The aetiologic agent is Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The disease is characterised by persistent diarrhea, weight loss and protein-losing enteropathy. Paratuberculosis can cause significant economic loss in affected herds, as a result of reduced milk yield, increased incidence of mastitis, altered milk constituents, increased somatic cell counts, poor feed conversion, increased susceptibility to disease in general, reduced reproductive efficiency, premature culling and reduced cull cow values. The economic impact of paratuberculosis includes production losses due to sub-clinical and clinical cases, losses due to increased replacement of animals and costs of control measures. Due to the fact that most cases of paratuberculosis are subclinical and precise prevalence data are often lacking, it is difficult to assess the economic consequences of paratuberculosis. For instance, estimates of milk production losses are inconsistent. Some studies found equivalent or even higher milk productions in test-positive animals. Other studies showed losses in test-positive animals of up to 19.5% of the 0 to 305 days-in-milk production, depending on parity.
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Cheng, Zilong, Mengda Liu, Peng Wang, Peng Liu, Meng Chen, Jiandong Zhang, Sidang Liu, and Fangkun Wang. "Characteristics and Epidemiological Investigation of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle in Tai’an, China." BioMed Research International 2020 (March 13, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3896754.
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Paratuberculosis, a chronic and sometimes fatal disease of ruminants, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In this study, we examined paratuberculosis cases among 2–4-year-old dairy cows at farms in Shandong Province, China. Paratuberculosis cases were diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, pathological autopsy, and histopathological inspection. Characteristics of paratuberculosis in the affected dairy cattle included poor body condition, persistent diarrhea, subcutaneous edema, granulomatous ileitis (multibacillary), mesenteric lymphadenitis, and hepatitis. Acid-fast bacilli from fecal specimens and lymphocytes were putatively identified as MAP based on Ziehl-Neelsen staining, then confirmed using polymerase chain reaction-based testing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses. Overall, only one MAP strain was isolated from a herd with symptomatic diarrhea. However, analysis of 586 serum samples from nine herds in Tai’an City revealed that 66.7% of herds and 14.2% of animals were seropositive for MAP. Our findings suggest that paratuberculosis is widely prevalent and therefore a significant threat to the dairy industry in Tai’an City, Shandong Province, China.
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Reis, Alessandra S. Belo, Marilene F. Brito, Henrique A. Bomjardim, Kelson C. F. Faial, Felipe M. Salvarani, Daniel G. Ubiali, Carlos Magno C. Oliveira, and José D. Barbosa. "Teores de cobre, zinco e ferro no fígado de búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) com paratuberculose." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 36, no. 1 (January 2016): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2016000100004.
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Resumo: Com o objetivo de realizar um estudo dos teores de cobre (Cu), zinco (Zn) e ferro (Fe) em búfalas com paratuberculose (PTB) foram utilizadas 13 búfalas, das raças Murrah, Mediterrâneo e seus mestiços acima de três anos de idade, pertencentes a duas propriedades localizadas nos municípios de São Luiz e São Mateus, no Estado do Maranhão. Os animais foram selecionados de acordo com a presença de sinais clínicos sugestivos de paratuberculose, caracterizados por estado nutricional regular a ruim, diarreia crônica líquida a semi-líquida, desidratação, edema submandibular, anestro prolongado, mastites e verminose gastrintestinal. Foi realizada biópsia retal em todos os animais, para detecção de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) por meio da qPCR, e exames histopatológicos (HE e Ziehl-Neelsen). No Grupo1 sete animais foram positivos para presença de Map, e no Grupo 2 seis foram negativos. Todos os búfalos foram eutanasiados e necropsiados para coleta de diversos tecidos. Parte dos fragmentos foram fixados em formol a 10% para histopatologia e fragmentos de tecido hepático foram congelados para as dosagens dos microminerais (Cu, Zn e Fe). À necropsia todos os animais positivos para PTB apresentavam linfonodos mesentéricos de coloração castanha sugestiva de hemossiderose. Adicionalmente, em um animal foram observados pequenos pontos de cor marrom distribuídos difusamente na mucosa do intestino delgado. Na histopatologia foi observada hemossiderose moderada a acentuada no baço dos animais do Grupo 1. Na dosagem dos microminerais todos os animais com PTB apresentaram níveis abaixo dos valores de referência para Cu e Zn. Observou-se que a média dos teores de Cu dos búfalos com PTB foi 18,0ppm e de Zn 68,6ppm. No Grupo 2 a média dos teores de Cu foi 113,7ppm e de Zn 110,0ppm. Os teores de Fe em ambos os grupos foram elevados (>670ppm). Baseado nos achados clínico-patológicos e nas dosagens de minerais realizadas neste estudo, conclui-se que na região estudada, a PTB agravou o quadro clínico de animais com deficiência de Cu e Zn. Em áreas menos deficientes desses minerais sugere-se que a doença seja capaz de induzir quadros de deficiência mineral secundária.
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Olsen, Ingrid, Morten Tryland, Harald G. Wiker, and Liv J. Reitan. "AhpC, AhpD, and a Secreted 14-Kilodalton Antigen fromMycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis Distinguish between Paratuberculosis and Bovine Tuberculosis in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.08.4.797-801.2001.
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ABSTRACT Sera from cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis(n = 56) and naturally (n = 4) and experimentally (n = 8) infected withMycobacterium bovis were tested for the presence of antibodies against paratuberculosis antigens. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established based on absorption ofM. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens on a hyperimmune antiserum against M. avium subsp.avium proteins in order to remove cross-reacting antigens. This absorbed-antigen ELISA recognized 66% of animals with paratuberculosis (37 of 56), while none of the animals with naturally occurring bovine tuberculosis (TB) had detectable antibodies. However, the animals with experimental bovine TB also responded in this ELISA. Similar results were found in a commercial ELISA, showing that neither of these tests was able to distinguish between paratuberculosis and bovine TB. The sera were further tested for antibody activities against purified AhpC and AhpD, which are proteins constitutively expressed byM. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and against a secreted 14-kDa protein present in culture filtrates from theM. avium complex. Elevated antibody levels to AhpC, AhpD, and the 14-kDa antigen were found in 27% (13 of 48), 15% (7 of 48), and 27% (13 of 48), respectively, of the cattle with paratuberculosis. Together these ELISAs were positive with 35% (17 of 48) of the animals. None of the animals with bovine TB had detectable antibodies against any of the purified proteins despite their high levels of cross-reacting antibodies. These results show that purified specific antigens are needed to differentiate between paratuberculosis and bovine TB in ELISA.
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Speer, C. A., M. Cathy Scott, John P. Bannantine, W. Ray Waters, Yasuyuki Mori, Robert H. Whitlock, and Shigetoshi Eda. "A Novel Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infections (Johne's Disease) in Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 5 (May 2006): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.13.5.535-540.2006.
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ABSTRACT Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the diagnosis of Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, were developed using whole bacilli treated with formaldehyde (called WELISA) or surface antigens obtained by treatment of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis bacilli with formaldehyde and then brief sonication (called SELISA). ELISA plates were coated with either whole bacilli or sonicated antigens and tested for reactivity against serum obtained from JD-positive and JD-negative cattle or from calves experimentally inoculated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium, or Mycobacterium bovis. Because the initial results obtained from the WELISA and SELISA were similar, most of the subsequent experiments reported herein were performed using the SELISA method. To optimize the SELISA test, various concentrations (3.7 to 37%) of formaldehyde and intervals of sonication (2 to 300 s) were tested. With an increase in formaldehyde concentration and a decreased interval of sonication, there was a concomitant decrease in nonspecific binding by the SELISA. SELISAs prepared by treating M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis with 37% formaldehyde and then a 2-s burst of sonication produced the greatest difference (7×) between M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-negative and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-positive serum samples. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for JD by the SELISA were greater than 95%. The SELISA showed subspecies-specific detection of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections in calves experimentally inoculated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis or other mycobacteria. Based on diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, the SELISA appears superior to the commercial ELISAs routinely used for the diagnosis of JD.
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DANIELS, M. J., D. HENDERSON, A. GREIG, K. STEVENSON, J. M. SHARP, and M. R. HUTCHINGS. "The potential role of wild rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis in domestic ruminants." Epidemiology and Infection 130, no. 3 (June 2003): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803008471.
Full textAbstract:
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, the organism responsible for paratuberculosis in cattle and sheep has been found in wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the east of Scotland. Few studies have investigated either the level of faecal contamination by rabbits on farms, or the potential infectivity of rabbit excreta. The rate of rabbit faecal contamination deposited and the numbers encountered were estimated for 21 fields on 4 farms with a paratuberculosis problem. 7357±2571 S.E.M. rabbit faecal pellets were deposited per hectare per day and up to 81000 pellets/ha (‘standing crop’) were encountered in October/November 1998. Where access to rabbits was restricted, the standing crop of faeces encountered fell to 22000 pellets/ha.The prevalence of infection with M. a. paratuberculosis was assessed for 83 rabbits from the four farms. M. a. paratuberculosis was isolated from rabbits on all farms with an overall prevalence of 17%. Out of 17 rabbits from which urine was available, M. a. paratuberculosis was isolated from two – the first reported isolation from urine in wild rabbits. The mean number of colony-forming units per gram of infected rabbit faeces was 7·6×105±5·2×105.A relative estimate of the input of M. a. paratuberculosis onto pasture, at the stocking levels found on the four farms, showed that sheep and cattle potentially contributed 4 and 125 times more organisms/ha per day respectively than rabbits. However, rabbits could still contribute millions of M. a. paratuberculosis organisms per ha per day. Existing rabbit control measures on farms may be inadequate in reducing the risk of transmission to livestock.
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Donaghy, J. A., N. L. Totton, and M. T. Rowe. "Persistence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis during Manufacture and Ripening of Cheddar Cheese." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 8 (August 2004): 4899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.8.4899-4905.2004.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Model Cheddar cheeses were prepared from pasteurized milk artificially contaminated with high 104 to 105 CFU/ml) and low (101 to 102 CFU/ml) inocula of three different Mycobacterium paratuberculosis strains. A reference strain, NCTC 8578, and two strains (806PSS and 796PSS) previously isolated from pasteurized milk for retail sale were investigated in this study. The manufactured Cheddar cheeses were similar in pH, salt, moisture, and fat composition to commercial Cheddar. The survival of M. paratuberculosis cells was monitored over a 27-week ripening period by plating homogenized cheese samples onto HEYM agar medium supplemented with the antibiotics vancomycin, amphotericin B, and nalidixic acid without a decontamination step. A concentration effect was observed in M. paratuberculosis numbers between the inoculated milk and the 1-day old cheeses for each strain. For all manufactured cheeses, a slow gradual decrease in M. paratuberculosis CFU in cheese was observed over the ripening period. In all cases where high levels (>3.6 log10) of M. paratuberculosis were present in 1-day cheeses, the organism was culturable after the 27-week ripening period. The D values calculated for strains 806PSS, 796PSS, and NCTC 8578 were 107, 96, and 90 days, respectively. At low levels of contamination, M. paratuberculosis was only culturable from 27-week-old cheese spiked with strain 806PSS. M. paratuberculosis was recovered from the whey fraction in 10 of the 12 manufactured cheeses. Up to 4% of the initial M. paratuberculosis load was recovered in the culture-positive whey fractions at either the high or low initial inoculum.
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SELIM, A., R. HALIM, E. GALILA, and F. HAMOUDA. "Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for bovine paratuberculosis in dairy cattle." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 72, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 2647. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.26746.
Full textAbstract:
Paratuberculosis is an economically important disease in dairy cows and requires continuous surveillance. The study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of bovine paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in one of dairy farm in Egypt. A total of 964 dairy cattle were blood sampled and examined with an ELISA method. One-hundred fifty-five (16.1%) samples reacted positively. The results revealed that age was significantly associated with the prevalence of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle, particularly in animals over 6 years of age. Furthermore, the lactation period, milk yield and pregnancy had non-significant effect on appearance of paratuberculosis in cattle.