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1
Mohammed, Wahaj M., and Mohammed Ismail Garbi. "A Prevalence Study of Intestinal Parastic Infections in Patient Attend to Elajcentre." Journal of Parasite Research 1, no. 1 (2019): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2690-6759.jpar-19-3085.
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Among 500 persons referred to laboratories for performing stool examinations samples (51.43%) were male and (48.57%) were female, all this personshad Abdominal pain and Diarrhea and 39% had a blood in their stool Among these numbers, 298 (59.6%) were positive for parasitic infections 90 (30.2%) Giardia lamblia and 208 (69.8%) Entamoeba histolytica .Also the higher infection rates were recorded in the age 10-19 the infection was (42 % Based on the reliable answers obtained from the interviewed patients or guardians using the pre-formatted questionnaires.The prevalence of intestinal protozoan according to drinking water materials the Plastic and brass have higher infection rate with (50.3%) and (30.2%).
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Mehru Nisha, Nurul Nadiah Ab Talib, Naim Khir, Intan Sufinaz Daud, and Fabian Davamani. "Knowledge, awareness, and practice (KAP) level of parasite infection among adults in Selangor, Malaysia." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 2 (2021): 1632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i2.4753.
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Parasites are live organism that lives in a host to obtain the nutrients for their survival. Parasitic infections are commonly as seen in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. These parasitic infections can be caused by protozoa, helminths and ectoparasites. However, the knowledge of parasitic infections could vary among the adults in urban or semi urban areas where parasitic infections are rare among them. This study was conducted to detect the level of knowledge, awareness and practice of parasite infection among adults in Selangor. The study was conducted using an online questionnaire. Around 59 participants from Selangor district in the age group of 21 to 60 years responded to the questionnaire. The results of this research was analysed by Google Docs software. According to the result obtained, the level of knowledge, awareness and practice of adults towards parasite infection is highly satisfactory. As majority of participants (76.3%, n=45) are familiar with the symptom of intestinal parasitic infection, majority of contributors (93.2%, n=55) practice the correct way in processing the meat by cooking the meat thoroughly, and some of the participants (14.9%, n=9) were aware of malaria as the high risk of being contagious in Selangor district. The level of knowledge, awareness and practice of parasite infection among adults in Selangor is adequately high. However, it is still necessary for these populations to get more exposed the information on parasite infection.
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LLOYD-SMITH, JAMES O., MARY POSS, and BRYAN T. GRENFELL. "HIV-1/parasite co-infection and the emergence of new parasite strains." Parasitology 135, no. 7 (2008): 795–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008000292.
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SUMMARYHIV-1 and parasitic infections co-circulate in many populations, and in a few well-studied examples HIV-1 co-infection is known to amplify parasite transmission. There are indications that HIV-1 interacts significantly with many other parasitic infections within individual hosts, but the population-level impacts of co-infection are not well-characterized. Here we consider how alteration of host immune status due to HIV-1 infection may influence the emergence of novel parasite strains. We review clinical and epidemiological evidence from five parasitic diseases (malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis and strongyloidiasis) with emphasis on how HIV-1 co-infection alters individual susceptibility and infectiousness for the parasites. We then introduce a simple modelling framework that allows us to project how these individual-level properties might influence population-level dynamics. We find that HIV-1 can facilitate invasion by parasite strains in many circumstances and we identify threshold values of HIV-1 prevalence that allow otherwise unsustainable parasite strains to invade successfully. Definitive evidence to test these predicted effects is largely lacking, and we conclude by discussing challenges in interpreting available data and priorities for future studies.
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Belete, Yohannes Alemu, Tilahun Yemane Kassa, and Minale Fekadie Baye. "Prevalence of intestinal parasite infections and associated risk factors among patients of Jimma health center requested for stool examination, Jimma, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0247063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247063.
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Background Intestinal parasitic infections are still a serious public health problem in poor and developing countries like Ethiopia. Local epidemiological data is crucial to design and monitor prevention and control strategies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections and associated risk factors among patients requested for stool examination at Jimma health center, Southwest, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among a total of 384 patients in Jimma health center, Southwest, Ethiopia. Stool samples were collected and examined using direct wet-mount and formal-ether concentration techniques. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square (X2) test and SPPS Version 24 and P Value<0.05 was considered for statistically significance. Results The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infections was found to be 79(20.6%). The infection rate was slightly higher in females 261(68%) than in males 123(32%). Eight types of intestinal parasites were identified and the highest prevalence was Giardia lamblia 25(6.5%) followed by A. lumbricoides 22(5.7%). Single parasitic infection was found among 67(17.4%) of the patients and double infection was 12(3.1%). Shoe wearing habits, Status of fingernail, Handwashing before a meal and after defecation, Source of water for bathing and drinking were significant factors(p<0.05) for intestinal parasitic infection. Conclusion A relatively low prevalence of intestinal parasite infections was observed among patients of Jimma health center requested for the stool examination.
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Al-Saeedi, Khulood Abdulmuttaleb, and Fatima Shihab Al-Nasiri. "Diagnosis of parasitic infections in vermiform appendix in patients with appendicitis in Kirkuk city, Iraq." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 24, no. 7 (2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/j.v24i7.905.
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The present study is conducted in Kirkuk city, Iraq; between July to December 2018. Within this period 197 resected appendix are examined to investigate the parasitic infections that may associated with appendicitis. Direct with concentrated methods are used in luminal content examinations. Also, histological examination of haematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections is performed to diagnose the parasitic infections in the lumen and within the appendix tissue. The parasitic infection reported in 12.69% cases included four species, as well as a mixed infection. Entamoeba histolytica (trophozoite and cyst), Giardia lamblia (trophozoite and cyst), Cryptospordium sp.(oocyst) and Enterobious vermicularis (adult worm and ova) are recorded. The most common determined parasite is E. histolytica (8.63%). The parasitic infection within the resected appendix reported in females (8.12%) more than males (4.57%). The parasitic infections in the study are prevalent in patients within the age groups 13 to 18 years and 19 to 24 years (3.55% for each one).
 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.123
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Filip-Hutsch, Katarzyna, Michał Czopowicz, Agnieszka Barc, and Aleksander W. Demiaszkiewicz. "Gastrointestinal Helminths of a European Moose Population in Poland." Pathogens 10, no. 4 (2021): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040456.
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Parasitic infections have a negative impact on the fecundity and survival of wild ruminants, particularly moose; however, despite being more susceptible to parasitic diseases than other wild cervids, they remain poorly examined in this regard. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify gastrointestinal and liver helminth species of the moose population in central Europe, assess the factors contributing to infection intensities and examine their impact on moose health. Abomasum, small intestine, caecum and liver samples were collected from 46 moose in Poland and evaluated for helminth parasite fauna and histopathological changes. Additionally, 289 moose fecal samples were analyzed for the presence of eggs, oocysts and larvae of parasites. In total, 19 parasite taxa were identified. The most prevalent were Mazamastrongylus dagestanica and Ostertagia antipini, which are typical nematodes of moose, together with Spiculopteragia boehmi and O. leptospicularis, characteristic also of other cervids. Parasite species diversity and abomasal parasitic infection intensity were higher in adult moose than in yearlings and calves. The numbers of histopathological lesions depended on the intensity of parasitic infections, and were most severe in the livers of moose infected with Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha. The analysis of fecal samples revealed several regional differences in the levels of parasite eggs, oocysts and larvae shedding. Our findings indicate an accumulation of parasite infections over time in moose, which may be related to high environmental parasite pressure, possibly connected with high moose density and the presence of wetlands; they also serve as the most comprehensive study of moose parasites in central Europe to date.
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Ayu, Sherlina Rintik Tirta, Sri Haryati, Yulia Sari, and Sutartinah Handayani. "Relationship of Personal Hygiene and Nutritional Status to Intestinal Parasitic Infection in Simo, Boyolali." Journal of Biodiversity and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jbb.v1i1.50237.
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<p>Intestinal parasitic infections are caused by protozoa, STH and non-STH worms. Immunity, which can be determined by measuring nutritional status, and personal hygiene can affect the occurrence of intestinal parasite infections. This study aims to determine the relationship between personal hygiene and nutritional status against intestinal parasite infections in elementary school students in Simo Boyolali. This type of analytic observational research with a cross sectional approach. Total sampling was taken at elementary school of Wates, Talakbroto 1, and Kedunglengkong 1 Simo, Boyolali. There were 11 students with worms infections, 16 with protozoa infections, and 4 with worms and protozoa infection. There was a relationship between washing hands before eating (p = 0.004), after eating (0.027), after defecating (p = 0.04), biting nails (p = 0.008), wearing footwear when leaving the house (p = 0.008) , removing shoes while playing during school breaks (p = 0.001), and nutritional status (p = 0.002) with intestinal parasite infection. There was no relationship between nail clipping once a week (p = 0.118) and the availability of a latrine (p = 0.416) with intestinal parasitic infections. So, there is a relationship between personal hygiene (washing hands before eating, after eating, after defecating, biting nails, wearing footwear when leaving the house, removing shoes when playing during school breaks, and nutritional status) and intestinal parasitic infections.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords<strong>:</strong> elementary school; protozoa; worms.</p>
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Shaw, D. J., and A. P. Dobson. "Patterns of macroparasite abundance and aggregation in wildlife populations: a quantitative review." Parasitology 111, S1 (1995): S111—S133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075855.
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SUMMARYIn this paper we review the published literature on patterns of abundance and aggregation of macroparasites in wildlife host populations. We base this survey on quantitative analyses of mean burden and a number of measures of the degree of aggregation of parasite burdens between hosts. All major parasite and vertebrate host taxa were represented in the database. Mean parasite burden was found to be log-normally distributed, indicating that all parasite burdens are regulated to some degree. In addition, all but one of the parasitic infections were aggregated with respect to their hosts, and the relationship between log mean parasite burden and log variance was found to be very strong (R2= 0·87). That is, for a given mean parasite burden there are constraints on the degree of variation in individual host burdens. The aggregated nature of the parasitic infections is also apparent from other measures of the degree of aggregation: prevalence – mean relationships, and the negative binomial parameter,k. Using a relatively new technique for parasitological infection data – tree-based models, as well as traditional linear models – a number of the parasitic infections was found to be associated with systematically lower or higher parasite burdens. Possible biological explanations for these and other patterns are proposed.
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Nyundo, Azan A., David Z. Munisi, and Ainory P. Gesase. "Prevalence and Correlates of Intestinal Parasites among Patients Admitted to Mirembe National Mental Health Hospital, Dodoma, Tanzania." Journal of Parasitology Research 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5651717.
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Background. Neglected tropical diseases continue to be one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Psychiatric patients are among groups at risk for parasitic infection although control and monitoring programs largely overlook this population. This study aimed at determining prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection among patients admitted to a psychiatric facility.Method. The study followed cross-sectional design; all the residing patients that met the inclusion criteria were included in the survey. Stool samples were collected and examined by direct wet preparation and formol-ether concentration. Data were analyzed with STATA version 12.1; Chi-square test was computed to determine the level of significance atpvalue < 0.05.Results.Of all 233 patients who returned the stool samples, 29 (12.45%) screened were positive for an intestinal parasite. There was no significant association between parasite carriage and age, sex, or duration of hospital stay.Conclusion. The study shows that intestinal parasitic infection is common among patients in a psychiatric facility and highlights that parasitic infections that enter through skin penetration may be a more common mode of transmission than the oral route. Furthermore, the study underscores the need for surveillance and intervention programs to control and manage these infections.
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Asires, Azmeraw, Moges Wubie, and Alemayehu Reta. "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Food Handlers at Prison, East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia." Advances in Medicine 2019 (January 6, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2101089.
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Introduction. One of the top ten major public health problems in developing countries including Ethiopia is the intestinal parasitic infection. Most of the time, intestinal parasitic infections do not show clinical signs and symptoms and also have a number of potential carriers, such as food handlers, which makes it too difficult to eradicate and control. Objective. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasitic infection among food handlers at prison, East and West Gojjam, Ethiopia, 2017. Methods. An institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted at East and West Gojjam prison. A total of 416 study participants, with a response rate of 82.7%, were included in the study for both stool exam and questioner. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and the sample was collected and examined based on the standard parasitological procedure. Epi data Version 3.1 was used to enter data, and SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. Results. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the present study was 61.9%. The most prevalent parasite was A. lumbricoides (157 (45.6%)). Protozoan infection was higher than helminth infection. Multiple intestinal infections were identified; among study participants, 34.6% had double infection. The most significant associated factors of intestinal parasitic infections were fingernail status, residence, information about food contamination related to intestinal parasitic infection, income, and handwashing before having contact with food and after toilet with water only. Conclusions. A high proportion of intestinal parasitic infection was detected among food handlers working at East and West Gojjam prison. Training must be given to the food handlers on personal hygienic conditions (finger trimming, handwashing after toilet and before having contact with food with water and soap, etc.).
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Gleason, Frank H., Maitreyi Nagarkar, Aurélie Chambouvet, and Laure Guillou. "A review of the characteristics of the dinoflagellate parasite Ichthyodinium chabelardi and its potential effect on fin fish populations." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 9 (2019): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18207.
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This paper focuses on the biology and ecological impacts of Ichthyodinium chabelardi (phylum Dinophyta, class Syndiniophyceae, order Syndiniales), a virulent endobiotic parasite of yolk sacs and young larvae of many species of marine fin fish. Its infections have been observed in warm and temperate open oceanic environments and crowded marine fish tanks. The prevalence of I. chabelardi and the range of its host fishes is not well studied, and our understanding of its life cycle is incomplete. Here, we describe what is known about I. chabelardi infections in fish and we compare this with several other protistan parasites of fish, including Amyloodium ocellatum, Saprolegnia parasitica, Sphaerothecum destruens and the ‘X-cell’ clades Gadixcellia and Xcellia, all of which are considered emerging generalist parasites infecting a wide variety of fin fish species. Recent findings suggest that rising seawater temperatures might lead to higher infection rates in fishes, and we expect that these changing conditions could also expand the ranges of some of these parasitic species. Thus, it is essential that the fishing industry effectively monitors fish tanks and water in the surrounding environments for the presence of zoosporic parasites, including I. chabelardi, so as to take steps to prevent large losses in these fisheries.
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Randall, J., J. Cable, I. A. Guschina, J. L. Harwood, and J. Lello. "Endemic infection reduces transmission potential of an epidemic parasite during co-infection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1769 (2013): 20131500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1500.
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Endemic, low-virulence parasitic infections are common in nature. Such infections may deplete host resources, which in turn could affect the reproduction of other parasites during co-infection. We aimed to determine whether the reproduction, and therefore transmission potential, of an epidemic parasite was limited by energy costs imposed on the host by an endemic infection. Total lipids, triacylglycerols (TAG) and polar lipids were measured in cockroaches ( Blattella germanica ) that were fed ad libitum, starved or infected with an endemic parasite, Gregarina blattarum. Reproductive output of an epidemic parasite, Steinernema carpocapsae , was then assessed by counting the number of infective stages emerging from these three host groups. We found both starvation and gregarine infection reduced cockroach lipids, mainly through depletion of TAG. Further, both starvation and G. blattarum infection resulted in reduced emergence of nematode transmission stages. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to demonstrate directly that host resource depletion caused by endemic infection could affect epidemic disease transmission. In view of the ubiquity of endemic infections in nature, future studies of epidemic transmission should take greater account of endemic co-infections.
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Benesh, Daniel P. "Tapeworm manipulation of copepod behaviour: parasite genotype has a larger effect than host genotype." Biology Letters 15, no. 9 (2019): 20190495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0495.
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Compared with uninfected individuals, infected animals can exhibit altered phenotypes. The changes often appear beneficial to parasites, leading to the notion that modified host phenotypes are extended parasite phenotypes, shaped by parasite genes. However, the phenotype of a parasitized individual may reflect parasitic manipulation, host responses to infection or both, and disentangling the contribution of parasite genes versus host genes to these altered phenotypes is challenging. Using a tapeworm ( Schistocephalus solidus ) infecting its copepod first intermediate host, I performed a full-factorial, cross-infection experiment with five host and five parasite genotypes. I found that a behavioural trait modified by infection, copepod activity, was affected by both host and parasite genotype. There was no clear evidence for host genotype by parasite genotype interactions. Several observations indicated that host behaviour was chiefly determined by parasite genes: (i) all infected copepods, regardless of host or parasite genotype, exhibited behavioural changes, (ii) parasitism reduced the differences among copepod genotypes, and (iii) within infected copepods, parasite genotype had twice as large an effect on behaviour as host genotype. I conclude that the altered behaviour of infected copepods primarily represents an extended parasite phenotype, and I discuss how genetic variation in parasitic host manipulation could be maintained.
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Abate, Abraraw, Biniam Kibret, Eylachew Bekalu, et al. "Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Associated Risk Factors in Teda Health Centre, Northwest Ethiopia." ISRN Parasitology 2013 (August 12, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/757451.
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Objective. To assess the magnitude of intestinal parasitic infection and associated risk factors in Teda Health Centre, Northwest Ethiopia. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Teda Health Centre from February to April, 2011. Stool samples were collected from 410 study participants and analysed by direct wet mount and formal ether concentration techniques. Furthermore, sociodemographic data were collected by using standardized questionnaire. Result. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in this study was 62.3%. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most predominant parasite (23.2%) followed by Giardia intestinalis (12.4%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (4.6%), Schistosoma mansoni (8.9%), hookworm (6.6%), Hymenolepis nana (1.5%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.4%), and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). Absence of toilet and hand washing after toilet was shown to be associated with intestinal parasitic infection ( for both). Furthermore, swimming and less shoe wearing habits showed a significant prevalence of S. mansoni and hookworm infections, respectively. Conclusion. The present study showed high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in the study area. Absence of toilet and hand washing after toilet was found to be associated with intestinal parasitic infection. Therefore, there is a need for integrated control programme to have a lasting impact on transmission of intestinal parasitic infection.
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Spallek, Thomas, Charles W. Melnyk, Takanori Wakatake, et al. "Interspecies hormonal control of host root morphology by parasitic plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 20 (2017): 5283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619078114.
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Parasitic plants share a common anatomical feature, the haustorium. Haustoria enable both infection and nutrient transfer, which often leads to growth penalties for host plants and yield reduction in crop species. Haustoria also reciprocally transfer substances, such as RNA and proteins, from parasite to host, but the biological relevance for such movement remains unknown. Here, we studied such interspecies transport by using the hemiparasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum during infection of Arabidopsis thaliana. Tracer experiments revealed a rapid and efficient transfer of carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) from host to parasite upon formation of vascular connections. In addition, Phtheirospermum induced hypertrophy in host roots at the site of infection, a form of enhanced secondary growth that is commonly observed during various parasitic plant–host interactions. The plant hormone cytokinin is important for secondary growth, and we observed increases in cytokinin and its response during infection in both host and parasite. Phtheirospermum-induced host hypertrophy required cytokinin signaling genes (AHK3,4) but not cytokinin biosynthesis genes (IPT1,3,5,7) in the host. Furthermore, expression of a cytokinin-degrading enzyme in Phtheirospermum prevented host hypertrophy. Wild-type hosts with hypertrophy were smaller than ahk3,4 mutant hosts resistant to hypertrophy, suggesting hypertrophy improves the efficiency of parasitism. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the interspecies movement of a parasite-derived hormone modified both host root morphology and fitness. Several microbial and animal plant pathogens use cytokinins during infections, highlighting the central role of this growth hormone during the establishment of plant diseases and revealing a common strategy for parasite infections of plants.
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Fekadu, Sintayehu, Kefyalew Taye, Wondu Teshome, and Solomon Asnake. "Prevalence of parasitic infections in HIV-positive patients in southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 11 (2013): 868–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2906.
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Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infectionsare a major public health burden in tropical countries. Although all HIV/AIDS patients are susceptible to parasitic infections, those having lower immune status are at greater risk. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in patients living with HIV/AIDS. Methodology: This was a facility-based cross-sectional study. A total of 343 consecutively sampled HIV/AIDS patients from the HIV care clinic of Hawassa University Referral Hospital were included. Subjects were interviewed for demographic variables and diarrheal symptoms using structured questionnaires. Stool examinations and CD4 cells counts were also performed. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was 47.8% among HIV/AIDS patients; single helminthic infection prevalence (22.7%) was higher than that the prevalence of protozoal infections (14.6%). About 54% of study participants had chronic diarrhea while 3.4% had acute diarrhea. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in patients with chronic diarrhea was significantly higher than in acute diarrhea (p <0.05). Non-opportunistic intestinal parasite infections such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia spp., and hookworm were commonlyfound, regardless of immunestatus or diarrheal symptoms. Opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infection were more frequent in patients with a CD4 count of <200/mm3 (OR=9.5; 95% CI: 4.64-19.47) when compared with patients with CD4 counts of >=500 cells/mm3. Conclusions: Intestinal parasitic infections should be suspected in HIV/AIDS-infected patients with advanced disease presenting with chronic diarrhea. Patients with low CD4 counts should be examined critically for intestinal parasites, regardless of diarrheal status.
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Guinder, Valeria A., M. Cecilia Carcedo, Natalia Buzzi, et al. "Ephemeral parasitism on blooming diatoms in a temperate estuary." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 1 (2018): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17062.
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Parasites of phytoplankton influence phytoplankton bloom dynamics and may severely affect the type of food available for higher trophic levels. The incidence of parasitic infections generally is expected to increase across ecosystems worldwide under the scenario of global change. Herein we report on a massive parasite infection on two dominant diatoms of the austral winter bloom, namely Thalassiosira pacifica and Chaetoceros diadema, recorded during an extreme precipitation period in the Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina. The parasite infection was concomitant with a marked drop in water salinity and affected more than 40% of host cells. Although the parasite on C. diadema was not identified, the parasite on T. pacifica was most likely Pirsonia sp., a nanoflagellate with high host specificity. After the intense rainy period and the parasitic infection, the phytoplankton biomass dropped (by more than 80%) and the community structure shifted to one with smaller species (i.e. Thalassiosira curviseriata, T. hibernalis and T. minima). We discuss the implications that these modifications may have on the food web dynamics and the potential relationship between precipitation-driven modifications in water properties and the emergence of parasitism in coastal eutrophic environments.
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SCHAUMBURG, F., D. HIPPE, P. VUTOVA, and C. G. K. LÜDER. "Pro- and anti-apoptotic activities of protozoan parasites." Parasitology 132, S1 (2006): S69—S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006000874.
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During infection, programmed cell death, i.e. apoptosis, is an important effector mechanism of innate and adaptive host responses to parasites. In addition, it fulfils essential functions in regulating host immunity and tissue homeostasis. Not surprisingly, however, adaptation of parasitic protozoa to their hosts also involves modulation or even exploitation of cell death in order to facilitate parasite survival in a hostile environment. During recent years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of apoptosis during parasitic infections and there is now convincing evidence that apoptosis and its modulation by protozoan parasites has a major impact on the parasite-host interaction and on the pathogenesis of disease. This review updates our current knowledge on the diverse functions apoptosis may fulfil during infections with diverse protozoan parasites including apicomplexans, kinetoplastids and amoebae. Furthermore, we also summarize common mechanistic themes of the pro- and anti-apoptotic activities of protozoan parasites. The diverse and complex effects which parasitic protozoa exert on apoptotic cell death within the host highlight fascinating interactions of parasites and their hosts. Importantly, they also stress the importance of further investigations before the modulation of host cell apoptosis can be exploited to combat parasitic infections.
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Maru Wassie Yenene and Abayneh Unasho Gandile. "Prevalence of the common intestinal parasitic infections and predisposing factors among the asymptomatic primary school children in Finoteselam town, West Gojam Zone, Amhara region (Ethiopia)." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 8, no. 2 (2020): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2020.8.2.0210.
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Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) have been still quite common in developing countries including Ethiopia, particularly in children with low socio-economic and poor living conditions. Previous studies in Ethiopia have shown high burden of intestinal parasitic infections among the primary school children. The effective prevention and control of parasitic infections require research work based on the identification of intestinal parasites including associated predisposing factors. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of common intestinal parasitic infections and predisposing factors among the asymptomatic primary school children. Methods: A school based cross- sectional study was conducted from September, 2019- January, 2020 and a total of 422 asymptomatic primary school children were involved in the study. Specimens of the stool samples were examined using the standard parasite and ova method. Direct microscopy using saline and iodine wet mount preparation was used to examine the presence of eggs and larvae of helminthes and trophozoites and cysts of protozoan parasites and formalin ether concentration method was used for quality assurance. Structured questionnaires were also used to collect quantitative data on socio-demographic characteristics and predisposing factors. Analysis of the data was made manually using the thematic framework method including descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 422 students (aged 5-14 years) participated in the study, 245(58%) were positive for one or more intestinal parasites. Of the total infected participants, 192(45.5%) were single infections and 53(12.6%) were double infections identified. Seven types of intestinal parasitic infections were identified in the present study. The most prevalent parasite was Giardia lamblia 95(22.5%) followed by hook worm 58(13.7%). Age groups 5-9 years old were more infected, 173 (70.6%) than age groups 10-14 years old 72(29.4%). This result also showed parasitic infections were associated with predisposing factors related to infectious cycles. Concluding Remarks and Recommendations: The present study revealed that there was a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among students in the targeted primary schools. Therefore, all stakeholders should give attention to raise awareness about the prevention and control mechanisms of intestinal parasitic infections. Moreover, the health services of the local government should develop a habit of mass public health education and deworming intervention to improve the level of parasitic infection and environmental hygiene in the study area.
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Louhi, Katja-Riikka, Lotta-Riina Sundberg, Jukka Jokela, and Anssi Karvonen. "Interactions among bacterial strains and fluke genotypes shape virulence of co-infection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1821 (2015): 20152097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2097.
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Most studies of virulence of infection focus on pairwise host–parasite interactions. However, hosts are almost universally co-infected by several parasite strains and/or genotypes of the same or different species. While theory predicts that co-infection favours more virulent parasite genotypes through intensified competition for host resources, knowledge of the effects of genotype by genotype (G × G) interactions between unrelated parasite species on virulence of co-infection is limited. Here, we tested such a relationship by challenging rainbow trout with replicated bacterial strains and fluke genotypes both singly and in all possible pairwise combinations. We found that virulence (host mortality) was higher in co-infections compared with single infections. Importantly, we also found that the overall virulence was dependent on the genetic identity of the co-infecting partners so that the outcome of co-infection could not be predicted from the respective virulence of single infections. Our results imply that G × G interactions among co-infecting parasites may significantly affect host health, add to variance in parasite fitness and thus influence evolutionary dynamics and ecology of disease in unexpected ways.
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FENTON, ANDY. "Worms and germs: the population dynamic consequences of microparasite-macroparasite co-infection." Parasitology 135, no. 13 (2007): 1545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200700025x.
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SUMMARYHosts are typically simultaneously co-infected by a variety of microparasites (e.g. viruses and bacteria) and macroparasites (e.g. parasitic helminths). However, the population dynamical consequences of such co-infections and the implications for the effectiveness of imposed control programmes have yet to be fully realised. Mathematical models may provide an important framework for exploring such issues and have proved invaluable in helping to understand the factors affecting the epidemiology of single parasitic infections. Here the first population dynamic model of microparasite-macroparasite co-infection is presented and used to explore how co-infection alters the predictions of the existing single-species models. It is shown that incorporating an additional parasite species into existing models can greatly stabilise them, due to the combined density-dependent impacts on the host population, but co-infection can also restrict the region of parameter space where each species could persist alone. Overall it is concluded that the dynamic feedback between host, microparasite and macroparasite means that it is difficult to appreciate the factors affecting parasite persistence and predict the effectiveness of control by just studying one component in isolation.
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Riaz, Muhammad, Nosheen Aslam, Rida Zainab, et al. "Prevalence, risk factors, challenges, and the currently available diagnostic tools for the determination of helminths infections in human." European Journal of Inflammation 18 (January 2020): 205873922095991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2058739220959915.
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Soil transmitted helminthes (STH) are among the major public health issues in tropical and sub-tropical countries infecting more than 2 billion humans worldwide. STH causes considerable morbidity in children, affecting their cognitive development and physical growth. Endemic areas with poor sanitation and limited access to good quality water supply have the highest burden of STH infection. Various approaches to reduce and control the worm infections include the intermittent deworming of children with anti-helminthic drugs. Individual patient management and population based studies can only be successful upon using the diagnostic techniques with high accuracy. The lack of reliable tools for the provision of correct diagnostic results about the status and intensity of infection is a major challenge, as these factors varies considerably in areas of low infection intensities. The techniques currently available for the diagnosis of parasitic infections show limited specificity and sensitivity and as such several techniques in combination are normally used in diagnosing the variety of parasite species infection. This review article was planned to study the prevalence, risk factors, and the available diagnostic techniques for soil and water transmitted helminthes infections in humans. This article also discussed the challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and management of worm infections particularly helminthes. The articles available online on important portals like google scholar, PubMed, Digital Libraries, PakMediNet, Science direct, and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) were searched for inclusion of the data in this review study. Duplicate studies and irrelevant reports describing the general aspects of parasite infections were excluded. This review study provides a comprehensive report on the prevalence, accurate diagnostic, and chemotherapeutic protocols to reduce the burden of worms infections. WHO suggests the chemotherapy for worm infections as feasible and cost effective strategy in schools due to the lack of proper policy for the prevention of intestinal worms.
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Sriasih, Made, Oscar Yanuarianto, Dahlanuddin Dahlanuddin, and William Ernest Pomroy. "GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTION ON BALI CATTLE RAISED IN SEMI-INTENSIVE FARMING SYSTEM IN DOMPU, SUMBAWA ISLAND: A PRELIMINARY STUDY." International Journal of Biosciences and Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ijbb.2018.v06.i01.p01.
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To date, there are very few studies have been carried out on the effect of parasite infection on Bali cattle, and more importantly, there is no published data on the epidemiology of worm infections on Bali cattle in the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. This research aimed to undertake a preliminary study on gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infection on Bali cattle raised under semi-intensive farming system in five different sites in district of Dompu, Sumbawa island. Fecal samples of 76 Bali cattle, from three farmer groups namely site number 1, 4 and 5, were collected, processed and examined under a microscope, with 100x magnification, for egg fecal counting or oocyst fecal counting using the modified McMaster technique. The number of eggs/oocysts observed was then determined and identified. The results show that the eggs/oocysts ranged from 50-14800. The types of GI parasites identified were Strongyloides sp, Strongyle sp, Toxocara sp, Trichuris sp, and Coccidia. Coccidia oocyst is a type of parasite which was found with the highest percentage of 23.68% followed by Strongyle sp. (18.42%) and Toxocara sp. (10.52%). The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infection in cattle accounted for 43.42%. Young calves (0-3 months old) was more susceptible to GI parasitic infection among other age groups. This preliminary data could be used as a basic data on gastrointestinal parasitic infection in Dompu district. These results may also indicate the need to develop control strategies aiming at lowering the gastrointestinal parasitism.
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Zandman-Goddard, G., and Y. Shoenfeld. "Parasitic infection and autoimmunity." Lupus 18, no. 13 (2009): 1144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203309345735.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus is the prototypic multi-system autoimmune disease characterized by the production of multiple autoantibodies. The development of disease depends on a genetic predisposition and exposure to environmental factors including UV light, drugs, and infections. The association of parasitic infection and the development of autoimmune disease in general and lupus in particular remains elusive. In this paper, we review the recent evidence for protection from autoimmunity by parasites, models of parasite-related autoimmunity, molecular mimicry, the impact of parasitic molecules on the immune response and the association between parasitic load and the degree of autoimmunity.
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NEJSUM, P., A. ROEPSTORFF, T. J. C. ANDERSON, C. JØRGENSEN, M. FREDHOLM, and S. M. THAMSBORG. "The dynamics of genetically markedAscaris suuminfections in pigs." Parasitology 136, no. 2 (2008): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008005349.
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SUMMARYThe genotypes of both host and parasite may influence the outcome of parasitic infections, but few attempts have been made to quantify the effect of parasite genotype on macroparasite infections of socio-economic importance. We examined variation in particular traits during the infection in pigs with the parasitic nematodeAscaris suum. We infected 26 pigs with mixtures of equal proportions of embryonated eggs from 4 single female worms each with a unique mtDNA haplotype – the eggs from each female worm were a mixture of siblings and half-siblings. Pigs were necropsied on days 14, 17 and 28 following inoculation, which corresponded to time-points before, during and after the main immune responses against the nematode. A total of approximately 11 000 worms were recovered at necropsy. The location in the small intestine was recorded for all worms and the length and mtDNA haplotype were determined for about 4200 individual worms. There were significant differences in the distribution and abundance of the 4 individual haplotypes among individual pigs demonstrating strong interactions between parasite and host. We found significant differences in the abundance and position in the small intestine as well as the size of worms among haplotypes. We conclude that both parasite and host effects as well as the interplay between them play important roles in determining the characteristics and outcome of infection.
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von Huth, Sebastian, Louise B. Thingholm, Poul-Erik Kofoed, et al. "Intestinal protozoan infections shape fecal bacterial microbiota in children from Guinea-Bissau." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (2021): e0009232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009232.
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Intestinal parasitic infections, caused by helminths and protozoa, are globally distributed and major causes of worldwide morbidity. The gut microbiota may modulate parasite virulence and host response upon infection. The complex interplay between parasites and the gut microbiota is poorly understood, partly due to sampling difficulties in remote areas with high parasite burden. In a large study of children in Guinea-Bissau, we found high prevalence of intestinal parasites. By sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes of fecal samples stored on filter paper from a total of 1,204 children, we demonstrate that the bacterial microbiota is not significantly altered by helminth infections, whereas it is shaped by the presence of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic protozoa, including Entamoeba (E.) spp. and Giardia (G.) lamblia. Within-sample diversity remains largely unaffected, whereas overall community composition is significantly affected by infection with both nonpathogenic E. coli (R2 = 0.0131, P = 0.0001) and Endolimax nana (R2 = 0.00902, P = 0.0001), and by pathogenic E. histolytica (R2 = 0.0164, P = 0.0001) and G. lamblia (R2 = 0.00676, P = 0.0001). Infections with multiple parasite species induces more pronounced shifts in microbiota community than mild ones. A total of 31 bacterial genera across all four major bacterial phyla were differentially abundant in protozoan infection as compared to noninfected individuals, including increased abundance of Prevotella, Campylobacter and two Clostridium clades, and decreased abundance of Collinsella, Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Veillonella and one Clostridium clade. In the present study, we demonstrate that the fecal bacterial microbiota is shaped by intestinal parasitic infection, with most pronounced associations for protozoan species. Our results provide insights into the interplay between the microbiota and intestinal parasites, which are valuable to understand infection biology and design further studies aimed at optimizing treatment strategies.
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Raj Kumari, Sanjana, Damodar Sharma, and Brajesh Jha. "Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites among Patients attending a Tertiary Care Centre in Central Nepal." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 15, no. 3 (2019): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v15i3.25209.
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Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are important public health problem and are globally endemic. These parasites are responsible for the major share of morbidity and mortality in those communities where there is overcrowding, poor environmental sanitation and personal hygienic practices. Intestinal parasitic infection is highly prevalent among the general population in Nepal. This study was aimed to evaluate the burden of the intestinal parasitic infections and the pattern of distributions among patients attending in a tertiary care setting in Bharatpur, Nepal, over a period of one year (August 2017 to July 2018).
 Methods: Stool samples of patients received in the Microbiology laboratory, COMS that were subjected for routine stool investigations were included in this study. Naked eye physical examination, microscopic examination was carried out and parasites were identified in the received stool samples. The results were recorded, and data were entered into excel spreadsheet 2007. The percentages of the parasites present were calculated to find out the frequency and distribution.
 Results: A total of 1,558 fresh stool samples were screened, of which 20.60% (n=321) were positive for various intestinal parasites. Overall, helminthic infections (81.30%) were higher than protozoal infections (18.70%). On the whole, Ascaris lumbricoides showed higher prevalence (39.56%) followed by Ancylostoma duodenale (19.31%) and Giardia lamblia (9.97%). 17(1.09%) of the samples showed more than one parasite. Highest prevalence was seen in age group 15 to 25 years of age (27.40%).
 Conclusions: Parasitic infection is endemic. Apart from the early diagnosis and effective treatment, health education is a requisite to control infections in this area and awareness of sanitation to reduce and control parasitic infection.
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Idris, Nikmah Salamia, Pramita Gayatri Dwipoerwantoro, Agnes Kurniawan, and Mardjanis Said. "Intestinal parasitic infection of immunocompromised children with diarrhoea: clinical profile and therapeutic response." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 4, no. 05 (2010): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.275.
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Background: Parasitic gastrointestinal infections have been variably reported among immunocompromised adults while data on children have been limited. This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to assess the clinical profile of intestinal parasitic infections among immunocompromised children with diarrhoea and their treatment response. Methodology: Two freshly voided stool samples taken for two consecutive days were examined by direct and formalin-ether concentrated smears. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining was used to detect Cryptosporidium, Isospora belli, and Cyclospora cayetanensis. Blastocystis hominis was identified using in vitro culture. Subjects positive for stool parasite(s) received standard therapy according to the aetiology and were evaluated afterward. Results: Forty-two subjects from Jakarta, Indonesia were included in this study, mostly aged one to five years (78%) and HIV infected (52%). Parasites were found in 24/42 (57%) subjects in which B. hominis comprised the largest proportion (23/24 = 96%). Cryptosporidium was identified in two subjects who were HIV infected with CD4 percentages of < 15%. No helminth infestations were found. Parasites were most frequently found in preschool age children (16/23), in those with recurrent or watery diarrhoea (23/24 and 14/18, respectively), and in HIV subjects not receiving antiretrovirals (16/22). Of 13 subjects evaluated for response to a 10-day metronidazole course for B. hominis infection, seven achieved clinical remission and nine had their parasites eradicated. Conclusions: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in immunocompromised children with persistent and/or recurrent diarrhoea is moderately high and dominated by B. hominis infection. Clinical remission and parasite eradication can be achieved in B. hominis infection treated with metronidazole.
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Kumar, Sarvepalli Vijaya, and Krishnan Ramalingam. "Intestinal parasitic infections and prevalence of anaemia among tribal school going children: a one year study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 5 (2019): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20193601.
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Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the neglected tropical diseases listed by world health organization. Parasitic infections among school going tribal children cause significant anaemia and malnutrition. Our study mainly focused on estimating the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and focused on iron deficiency anaemia among the tribal school going children.Methods: A prospective study for one year was conducted at a tertiary care hospital and study group was tribal children from hostels and schools. Ethical committee approval was obtained and study included collection of socio demographic data, anthropometric data, stool examination for intestinal parasitic infections, Hb% estimation by “Hemocue globinometer Hb 301 System” a portable hemometer for Hb estimation. S. iron, S. transferrin and Total iron binding capacity were also estimated. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 20 and analyzed. P value <0.05 was considered significant.Results: This 428 study participants with 66.36% boys and 33.64% girls were enrolled. The prevalence of parasitic infections was 42.06%. Protozoal infections were 41.11% when compared to helminthic infections (26.67%) and mixed infections in 32.22%. Entamoeba histolytica was the predominant protozoal parasite identified (30%) and Ascaris lumbricoides among the helminthic infection (13.3%). Presence of anaemia in the present study population was 11.21% and among the study group with parasitic infections it was 66.67%.Conclusion: To conclude, regular deworming practices, awareness regarding hand washing practices, iron and folic acid supplementation irrespective of nutritional status and health education could significantly reduce the incidence of anaemia associated with intestinal parasitic infections.
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Dunham, N. R., S. T. Peper, C. Downing, E. Brake, D. Rollins, and R. J. Kendall. "Infection levels of the eyeworm Oxyspirura petrowi and caecal worm Aulonocephalus pennula in the northern bobwhite and scaled quail from the Rolling Plains of Texas." Journal of Helminthology 91, no. 5 (2016): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x16000663.
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AbstractNorthern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) have experienced chronic declines within the Rolling Plains ecoregion of Texas. Parasitic infection, which has long been dismissed as a problem in quail, has not been studied thoroughly until recently. A total of 219 northern bobwhite and 101 scaled quail from Mitchell County, Texas were captured and donated from 2014 to 2015, and examined for eyeworm (Oxyspirura petrowi) and caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) infections. In 2014, bobwhites averaged 19.6 ± 1.8 eyeworms and 98.6 ± 8.2 caecal worms, and 23.5 ± 2.1 eyeworms and 129.9 ± 10.7 caecal worms in 2015. Scaled quail averaged 4.8 ± 1.0 eyeworms and 50 ± 6.8 caecal worms in 2014, and 5.7 ± 1.3 eyeworms and 38.1 ± 7.1 caecal worms in 2015. This study expands the knowledge of parasitic infection in quail inhabiting the Rolling Plains of Texas. A significant difference was documented in O. petrowi infection between species but there was no significant difference in A. pennula between quail species. No significant difference was detected in parasite infection between the sexes of both northern bobwhite and scaled quail. This study also documented the highest reported O. petrowi infection in both species of quail. Additional research is needed on the life history and infection dynamics of O. petrowi and A. pennula infections to determine if there are individual- and/or population-level implications due to parasitic infection.
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Agboli, E., S. C. K. Tay, C. Obirikorang, and E. Y. Aidoo. "Malaria and intestinal parasites in pregnant and non-pregnant women: a comparative study at the University Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana." Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences 4, no. 3 (2016): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jmbs.v4i3.5.
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In sub-Sahara African countries, both malaria and intestinal helminth infections are endemic and co-infection commonly occurs. It is estimated that over a third of the world’s population, mainly in the tropics and sub-tropics are infected with parasitic helminths and Plasmodium species thus often leading to co-infections. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of malaria and intestinal parasites in a sample of 760 study participants comprising 380 pregnant women and 380 non-pregnant women attending the University Hospital in Kumasi, Ghana. Blood and stool samples were analyzed for malaria and intestinal parasites using Giemsa staining technique and direct wet mount method respectively. The overall prevalence of malaria infection, intestinal parasite infection and malaria-intestinal parasite co-infection was 73 (9.6%), 43 (5.6%) and 10 (1.3%) respectively. Malaria infection was higher in pregnant women (12.6%) compared to non-pregnant women (6.6%). Non-pregnant women recorded higher intestinal helminth infection (10%) than pregnant women (1.3%). No case of co-infection was recorded among the pregnant women. The study suggests a higher susceptibility to malaria infection when compared to their non-pregnant counterpart with an association between malaria parasite and intestinal helminths in non-pregnant women.Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences (2015) 4(3), 31-35Keywords: Ante-natal, infection, personal hygiene, maternal screening, hospital
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Childs, Lauren M., and Caroline O. Buckee. "Dissecting the determinants of malaria chronicity: why within-host models struggle to reproduce infection dynamics." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 104 (2015): 20141379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.1379.
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The duration of infection is fundamental to the epidemiological behaviour of any infectious disease, but remains one of the most poorly understood aspects of malaria. In endemic areas, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum can cause both acute, severe infections and asymptomatic, chronic infections through its interaction with the host immune system. Frequent superinfection and massive parasite genetic diversity make it extremely difficult to accurately measure the distribution of infection lengths, complicating the estimation of basic epidemiological parameters and the prediction of the impact of interventions. Mathematical models have qualitatively reproduced parasite dynamics early during infection, but reproducing long-lived chronic infections remains much more challenging. Here, we construct a model of infection dynamics to examine the consequences of common biological assumptions for the generation of chronicity and the impact of co-infection. We find that although a combination of host and parasite heterogeneities are capable of generating chronic infections, they do so only under restricted parameter choices. Furthermore, under biologically plausible assumptions, co-infection of parasite genotypes can alter the course of infection of both the resident and co-infecting strain in complex non-intuitive ways. We outline the most important puzzles for within-host models of malaria arising from our analysis, and their implications for malaria epidemiology and control.
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Peña, Jennifer M., Mayra A. Carrillo, and Elissa A. Hallem. "Variation in the Susceptibility of Drosophila to Different Entomopathogenic Nematodes." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 3 (2015): 1130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.02740-14.
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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the generaHeterorhabditisandSteinernemaare lethal parasites of insects that are of interest as models for understanding parasite-host interactions and as biocontrol agents for insect pests. EPNs harbor a bacterial endosymbiont in their gut that assists in insect killing. EPNs are capable of infecting and killing a wide range of insects, yet how the nematodes and their bacterial endosymbionts interact with the insect immune system is poorly understood. Here, we develop a versatile model system for understanding the insect immune response to parasitic nematode infection that consists of seven species of EPNs as model parasites and five species ofDrosophilafruit flies as model hosts. We show that the EPNSteinernema carpocapsae, which is widely used for insect control, is capable of infecting and killingD. melanogasterlarvae.S. carpocapsaeis associated with the bacteriumXenorhabdus nematophila, and we show thatX. nematophilainduces expression of a subset of antimicrobial peptide genes and suppresses the melanization response to the nematode. We further show that EPNs vary in their virulence towardD. melanogasterand thatDrosophilaspecies vary in their susceptibilities to EPN infection. Differences in virulence among different EPN-host combinations result from differences in both rates of infection and rates of postinfection survival. Our results establish a powerful model system for understanding mechanisms of host-parasite interactions and the insect immune response to parasitic nematode infection.
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Milijasevic, Tanja. "Life cycle of the pathogenic fungus Sphaeropsis sapinea Dyko & Sutton." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 88 (2003): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0388141m.
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The study of the parasitic fungus Sphaeropsis sapinea life cycle shows that the conidia disseminate most massively during the period April-May, i. e. during the critical time of infection, but also during the period June-August. Infection can occur through the buds in the spring, before their flushing, but also in the summer of the year of their development. Infection occurs most frequently through the bark of the young shoots, because of which they die while needle infections mostly lead to the so-called localized infections. Both male and female flowers can be infected, as well as the current-year and second-year cones. In some cases this fungus can behave as a latent parasite, i. e. endophyte.
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Blackie, Seth. "A Review of the Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Sheep and Goats in Ghana." Journal of Agricultural Science 6, no. 4 (2014): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v6n4p109.
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In this paper, the gastrointestinal nematode parasites infecting small ruminants (sheep and goats) in Ghana and the epidemiological factors influencing their prevalence are reviewed and discussed. Twelve nematode species belonging to six families have been reported to infect these livestock in the country with Haemonchus contortus being the most prevalent helminth parasite in both animals. Parasitic gastroenteritis is caused by mixed infection of several nematode species. Management /husbandry practices, climate and host influence are found to be the main factors that affect gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats. Seasonal changes in the level of infective strongylate nematode larvae on pasture in the different agro-ecological zones of Ghana are reviewed. The number of infective larvae on pasture is reported to be directly related to the pattern of rainfall. Consequently, rainfall could be relied on to predict the rate of transmission of infection in grazing animals. Finally, the relevance of epidemiological knowledge in the development of efficient measures for controlling gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats in Ghana is discussed.
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Adogo, L. Y., H. D. Yakubu, and J. I. Maikenti. "Parasites on Vegetables Sold at Masaka Market, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 42, no. 1 (2021): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v42i1.16.
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The consumption of fresh vegetables serves as source of important nutrients in the body; however, parasitic infection from the consumption of raw fruits and vegetables is on the increase. This study aimed at identifying the parasitic contamination of Vegetables sold at Masaka market New Karu, Nasarawa State. A total of 240 samples of vegetables were examined by sedimentation concentration after washing using normal saline. The overall prevalence of parasitic contamination was 52.5%. Fluted pumpkin (93.3%) was the most contaminated vegetable while cucumber and apple (16.7%) were the least contaminated vegetables (P>0.05). Strongyloides stercoralis(28.9%) was the most frequently detected parasite followed by Taenia spp (18.8%), Entamoeba coli (17.2%), Hookworm (13.3%), Entamoeba histolytica (8.6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (7.8%) and Toxocara spp (5.5%) was the least detected parasite. The parasitic contamination of different vegetables shows that Tomatoes and Lettuce had the highest poly-parasitic contamination of four species of parasites, whereas Apple and Cucumber had the least poly-parasitic contamination of one parasite. Strongyloides stercoralis had the highest infestation (37.5%) of the water samples used to refresh the vegetables. Vegetables that were washed before display for selling was significantly associated with reduced parasitic contamination (P>0.05). Vegetables are potential sources of transmission for intestinal parasites in the study area, hence, proper washing of fruits and cooking of vegetables is required to reduce parasitic infections.
 Keywords: Vegetables, Parasitic contamination, Masaka, Karu, Nasarawa
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Morgan, Douglas R., Matthew Benshoff, Mercedes Cáceres, et al. "Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Parasite Infection in a Developing Nation Environment." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/343812.
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Postinfectious IBS is defined in the industrialized world as IBS onset following a sentinel gastrointestinal infection. In developing nations, where repeated bacterial and parasitic gastrointestinal infections are common, the IBS pathophysiology may be altered. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between intestinal parasite infection and IBS in the “nonsterile” developing world environment. IBS subjects were identified from a population-based sample of 1624 participants using the Rome II Modular Questionnaire. Stool samples from cases and randomly selected controls were examined for ova and parasites. Logistic regression models explored the relationship between IBS and parasite infection. The overall IBS prevalence among participants was 13.2% (9.3% males, 15.9% females). There was no difference in parasite carriage between IBS cases and controls, 16.6% versus 15.4% (P=0.78), nor among IBS subtypes. The pathophysiology of post-infectious IBS may be altered in the developing world as compared to industrialized nations and warrants investigation.
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Abaka-Yawson, Albert, Solomon Quarshie Sosu, Precious Kwablah Kwadzokpui, Salomey Afari, Samuel Adusei, and John Arko-Mensah. "Prevalence and Determinants of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Pregnant Women Receiving Antenatal Care in Kasoa Polyclinic, Ghana." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (September 8, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9315025.
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Background. Intestinal parasitic infections affect pregnant women worldwide. The infection has been implicated in causing life-threatening conditions in both gravid women and their developing foetus. Sub-Saharan Africa is known to harbor the greatest proportion of intestinal parasitic infections largely due to socioeconomic and environmental factors. In Kasoa, Southern Ghana, there is paucity of data on the prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasitic infections among pregnant women. Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Kasoa Polyclinic. Methods. A hospital based analytical cross-sectional study was carried out among three hundred (300) conveniently sampled pregnant women receiving antenatal care services at the Kasoa Polyclinic. Structured questionnaires were administered to the study participants to assess sociodemographic and other possible factors. Stool samples were collected from each pregnant woman and examined for the presence of intestinal parasites by microscopy using direct wet mount as well as formol-ether sedimentation techniques. Results. Overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 14.3% (95% CI 11–19%). Entamoeba histolytica (5.0%) was the most predominant parasite species identified followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (4.3%), Giardia lamblia (2.3%), Trichuris trichiura (1.3%), Schistosoma mansoni (0.3%), Hookworm (0.3%), Hymenolepis nana (0.3%), and Isospora belli (0.3%). Age > 30 years (AOR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.06–0.48; p=0.001), multigravidity (AOR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.19–0.97; p=0.043), and 2nd and 3rd trimesters (AOR = 4.73, 95% CI = 1.36–16.49; p=0.015) were independently associated with intestinal parasitic infections among pregnant women. Conclusions. A prevalence of 14.3% pregnant women compared to previous studies in Ghana is relatively low. It however suggests that intestinal parasitic infection is still a problem. The major factors noted were age, gravidity, and gestational age. Routine stool examination and provision of public health education are recommended to prevent infection of pregnant mothers and their unborn babies.
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Kobbekaduwa, Vishvapali, Caroline Fillieux, Ashan Thududgala, R. P. V. Jayantha Rajapakse, and Rupika Subashini Rajakaruna. "First record of tapeworm Moniezia (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) infections in Leopards: Coprological survey of gastrointestinal parasites of wild and captive cats in Sri Lanka." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 3 (2017): 9956. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2926.9.3.9956-9961.
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Sri Lanka is home to four species of wildcats: Leopard, Fishing Cat, Rusty-spotted Cat and Jungle Cat. All four, except the Jungle Cat, are listed threatened. A coprological survey was carried out in 2014 to determine the gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of wild and captive cats in Sri Lanka. Parasite eggs and cysts were isolated and morphologically identified using iodine smears and a modified salt flotation. The intensity of infection was quantified using a McMaster counting technique. A total of 45 fecal samples were analyzed. Except for the six captive Rusty-spotted Cats, all cats were infected with one or more GI parasites. The presence of Moniezia sp. in Leopards in the Horton Plains National Park with an intensity of 150–1850 EPG (eggs per gram of feces) was unexpected. Moniezia is a common GI parasite of ruminants and before our study it had never been recorded in Leopards. Cross species infection with Moniezia could be possible due to accidental ingestion of cysticercoid infected oribatid mites, the intermediate host which could have been picked up in the pasture while feeding on carcasses. Among the other parasitic infections in Leopards Toxocara was most common (61.9%) followed by strongyle infections (15.4%). Of the fecal samples collected from wild Leopards 80.0% were infected with GI parasites while no GI parasites were found in the captive Leopard samples. The Jungle Cats and the Rusty-spotted Cats sampled were in captivity and only the Jungle Cats were infected with strongyles. Toxocara was recorded in Leopards and Fishing Cat both in captivity and in the wild. It is a common GI infection of cats causing morbidity in all age groups and mortality in young animals. Although parasitic infections of cats may not be a direct reason for a species’ decline, parasitic infections spreading within a small fragmented population could reduce the vitality and numbers and threaten the population further. This is the first report of GI parasites of wildcats of Sri Lanka and the first record of Moniezia infections in Leopards.
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Al-Abd, Nazeh, Talal Alharazi, and Omar A. A. Bamaga. "CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS AMONG DISPLACED PERSONS IN YEMEN." Electronic Journal of University of Aden for Basic and Applied Sciences 2, no. 1 (2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47372/ejua-ba.2021.1.88.
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Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are considered major health concerns in developing countries especially among economically disadvantaged communities. Currently, there is a lack of information on the prevalence of IPIs among internally displaced persons in Yemen.
 Objectives: To determine the prevalence of IPIs among internally displaced person in Saber camp, Lahaj governorate, Yemen during May- November 2019.
 Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among internally displaced person from the Saber camp. samples of fresh stool were collected from the participants and examined by wet mount and formal-ether fecal concentration technique. Data were processed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), version 25.0. The significant level set was p-value <0.05.
 Results: The study involved a sample of 350 participants. Overall, the study found that 156 (44.6%) of the participants were infected with at least one intestinal parasite. The most predominant parasite determined in this study was Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (24.6%) followed by Giardia lamblia (19.7%), Hymenolepis nana 7.1%, Enterobius vermicularis 0.90%, and Strongyloides.stercoralis 0.30%. The prevalence rate of parasitic infection in males was 55 (45.8%), whereas females were 101 (43.9 %). The association between intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and gender was found statistically insignificant (χ² = 0.118, P = 0.732, df = 1). The finding of the study showed that the prevalence rate was significantly different based on the age of respondents (χ² = 12.10 P = 0.033, df = 5) with the highest prevalence in the age group 1-9 years was 45.5%, where the lowest was 5.8 % in groups of respondents age between 40 to49 years.
 Conclusion: This study reveals an alarmingly high prevalence of IPIs (44.6 %) on IPIs infection among internally displaced person in Saber camp in Lahaj governorate, Yemen. Hence, there is a great need for improvement of sanitation and proper health education is required to reduce intestinal parasitic infection.
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Bakhraibah, Areej O. "A Comparison Study Between External Parasites that Infect Scarus Fish (Osteichthyes) and Carcharhinus melanopterus Fish (Chondrichthyes) in Red Sea Coast of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 15, no. 4 (2018): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2698.
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The type of hosts that parasites choose is an interesting topic of study. The harmful diseases that infect marine animals are mostly known to be parasitic, such as monogeneans, Copepods and Isopods infections. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the parasitic infections of shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) and of Scarus fish in the Red Sea located in Jeddah City of Saudi Arabia. For this purpose, 33 Carcharhinus melanopterus and 30 Scarus fish were examined for ectoparasites using wet mount under a light microscope. Collected parasites were identified as, monogenea (Dactylogyrus sp and Erpocotyle tiburonis), Copepoda (Pandarus sinuatus, Anchistrotos tangi and Hatschekia sp) and Isopoda (praniza larva of Gnathia sp). The second purpose of this study was to compare the percentage between Scarus (Osteichthyes) and shark fish (Chondrichthyes) in terms of parasitic infection. Our findings revealed that Monogenea and Copepod infections were found on gills of sharks while Scarus fish were infected by Copepod and Isopod parasites. Parasitic infections can be caused by a number of factors ; it might include the biological and ecological characteristics of the parasite and the host it infests.
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Motomura, Yasuaki, Waliul I. Khan, Rami T. El-Sharkawy, Monica Verma-Gandhu, Richard K. Grencis, and Stephen M. Collins. "Mechanisms underlying gut dysfunction in a murine model of chronic parasitic infection." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 299, no. 6 (2010): G1354—G1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00324.2010.
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is common in countries where chronic parasitic infestations are endemic. However, the relationship between parasitic infection and IBS is not clear. The aim of this study was to examine whether chronic parasitic infection is accompanied by gut dysfunction and whether the continued presence of the parasite is required for the maintenance of the dysfunction. We used chronic Trichuris muris infection in Th1-biased susceptible AKR mice to evaluate this relationship. AKR mice were infected with T. muris and were euthanized on various days postinfection (pi) to examine worm burden, muscle function, and immune and inflammatory responses. Mice were treated with the anthelmintic oxantel pamoate to assess the effect of eradication of infection on muscle function. Infection resulted in persistence of the parasite, elevated IFN-γ, and increased MPO activity evident at 45 days pi. This was accompanied by a reduction in muscle contractility and excitatory innervation. Whereas parasite eradication at 7 days pi normalized IFN-γ and muscle contractility, eradication at 28 days pi failed to normalize muscle contractility. Administration of dexamethasone after parasite eradication normalized all parameters. Anthelmintic treatment improved histology except for eosinophils, which were normalized by subsequent dexamethasone therapy. Persistent gut dysfunction is independent of the continued presence of the parasite and is maintained by inflammatory process that includes eosinophils. Thus data in this preclinical model suggest that parasitic infection could be a cause of IBS, and the lack of symptomatic improvement following eradication is insufficient evidence to refute a causal relationship between the infection and IBS.
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Duneau, David, and Dieter Ebert. "The role of moulting in parasite defence." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1740 (2012): 3049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0407.
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Parasitic infections consist of a succession of steps during which hosts and parasites interact in specific manners. At each step, hosts can use diverse defence mechanisms to counteract the parasite's attempts to invade and exploit them. Of these steps, the penetration of parasites into the host is a key step for a successful infection and the epithelium is the first line of host defence. The shedding of this protective layer (moulting) is a crucial feature in the life cycle of several invertebrate and vertebrate taxa, and is generally considered to make hosts vulnerable to parasites and predators. Here, we used the crustacean Daphnia magna to test whether moulting influences the likelihood of infection by the castrating bacterium Pasteuria ramosa . This parasite is known to attach to the host cuticula before penetrating into its body. We found that the likelihood of successful parasite infection is greatly reduced if the host moults within 12 h after parasite exposure. Thus, moulting is beneficial for the host being exposed to this parasite. We further show that exposure to the parasite does not induce hosts to moult earlier. We discuss the implications of our findings for host and parasite evolution and epidemiology.
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PULLAN, R., and S. BROOKER. "The health impact of polyparasitism in humans: are we under-estimating the burden of parasitic diseases?" Parasitology 135, no. 7 (2008): 783–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008000346.
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SUMMARYParasitic infections are widespread throughout the tropics and sub-tropics, and infection with multiple parasite species is the norm rather than the exception. Despite the ubiquity of polyparasitism, its public health significance has been inadequately studied. Here we review available studies investigating the nutritional and pathological consequences of multiple infections with Plasmodium and helminth infection and, in doing so, encourage a reassessment of the disease burden caused by polyparasitism. The available evidence is conspicuously sparse but is suggestive that multiple human parasite species may have an additive and/or multiplicative impact on nutrition and organ pathology. Existing studies suffer from a number of methodological limitations and adequately designed studies are clearly necessary. Current methods of estimating the potential global morbidity due to parasitic diseases underestimate the health impact of polyparasitism, and possible reasons for this are presented. As international strategies to control multiple parasite species are rolled-out, there is a number of options to investigate the complexity of polyparasitism, and it is hoped that that the parasitological resarch community will grasp the opportunity to understand better the health of polyparasitism in humans.
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BOURKE, C. D., R. M. MAIZELS, and F. MUTAPI. "Acquired immune heterogeneity and its sources in human helminth infection." Parasitology 138, no. 2 (2010): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010001216.
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SUMMARYSimilarities in the immunobiology of different parasitic worm infections indicate that co-evolution of humans and helminths has shaped a common anti-helminth immune response. However, recentin vitroand immuno-epidemiological studies highlight fundamental differences and plasticity within host-helminth interactions. The ‘trade-off’ between immunity and immunopathology inherent in host immune responses occurs on a background of genetic polymorphism, variable exposure patterns and infection history. For the parasite, variation in life-cycle and antigen expression can influence the effector responses directed against them. This is particularly apparent when comparing gastrointestinal and tissue-dwelling helminths. Furthermore, insights into the impact of anti-helminthic treatment and co-infection on acquired immunity suggest that immune heterogeneity arises not from hosts and parasites in isolation, but also from the environment in which immune responses develop. Large-scale differences observed in the epidemiology of human helminthiases are a product of complex host-parasite-environment interactions which, given potential for exposure to parasite antigensin utero, can arise even before a parasite interacts with its human host. This review summarizes key differences identified in human acquired immune responses to nematode and trematode infections of public health importance and explores the factors contributing to these variations.
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Ramadan, Manar, and Nagwa El-Sayed. "The Impact of Intestinal Parasitic Infections on the Health Status of Children: An Overview." Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 12, no. 04 (2017): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603576.
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AbstractIntestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) represent a major public health problem in children worldwide, especially in the developing countries. The impact of these infections on the health status of children depends on the parasite species, the intensity and course of infection, and nutritional and immunological status of the children. Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum, Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Ancylostoma duodenale are the most frequent intestinal parasites found among children. This review discussed the main consequences resulting from IPIs as diarrhea, anemia, malnutrition, impaired growth, and learning disabilities.
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Woolhouse, Mark E. J., Samuel M. Thumbi, Amy Jennings, et al. "Co-infections determine patterns of mortality in a population exposed to parasite infection." Science Advances 1, no. 2 (2015): e1400026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400026.
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Many individual hosts are infected with multiple parasite species, and this may increase or decrease the pathogenicity of the infections. This phenomenon is termed heterologous reactivity and is potentially an important determinant of both patterns of morbidity and mortality and of the impact of disease control measures at the population level. Using infections withTheileria parva(a tick-borne protozoan, related toPlasmodium) in indigenous African cattle [where it causes East Coast fever (ECF)] as a model system, we obtain the first quantitative estimate of the effects of heterologous reactivity for any parasitic disease. In individual calves, concurrent co-infection with less pathogenic species ofTheileriaresulted in an 89% reduction in mortality associated withT. parvainfection. Across our study population, this corresponds to a net reduction in mortality due to ECF of greater than 40%. Using a mathematical model, we demonstrate that this degree of heterologous protection provides a unifying explanation for apparently disparate epidemiological patterns: variable disease-induced mortality rates, age-mortality profiles, weak correlations between the incidence of infection and disease (known as endemic stability), and poor efficacy of interventions that reduce exposure to multiple parasite species. These findings can be generalized to many other infectious diseases, including human malaria, and illustrate how co-infections can play a key role in determining population-level patterns of morbidity and mortality due to parasite infections.
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El-Ashram, Saeed, Shawky M. Aboelhadid, Asmaa A. Kamel, Lilian N. Mahrous, and Khatib H. Abdelwahab. "Diversity of Parasitic Diarrhea Associated with Buxtonella Sulcata in Cattle and Buffalo Calves with Control of Buxtonellosis." Animals 9, no. 5 (2019): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050259.
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The association between parasite isolates, including Buxtonella sulcata, in suckling and post-weaning calves and diarrhea was studied with the aim to control diarrhea caused by B. sulcata. A total of 1100 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from 609 suckling calves and 491 post-weaning calves with diarrhea. Salt floatation and modified Ziehl–Neelsen techniques were applied for the microscopic examination of the presence or absence of parasite eggs and oocysts/cysts. The microscopic findings revealed that 20.36% of the calves had parasitic diarrhea, with a prevalence rate of 19.54% in suckling calves and 21.38% in post-weaning calves. The most frequently detected parasites according to morphological characters were Eimeria species, Buxtonella sulcata, Toxocara vitulorum, Cryptosporidium species, and Moneizia species. In suckling calves, Eimeria species, B. sulcata, and T. vitulorum had the highest prevalence rates of infection, corresponding to about 37.14%, 32.86%, and 20.00%, respectively. However, in post-weaning calves, B. sulcata infection was more prevalent (30.15%) than infections with Eimeria species and T. vitulorum. The highest parasite score density was found in multiple infections with B. sulcata, Eimeria species, and T. vitulorum; however, the score density of B. sulcata when present alone in the fecal specimens was higher than in specimens co-infected with other parasites. The risk factors affecting the prevalence rate of parasitic diarrhea, such as sex, season, housing system, and feed stuff, are discussed. Concerning the treatment of diarrhea caused by B. sulcata in post-weaning cattle calves, 20 calves were divided into 4 equal groups. Group A was given sulphadimidine sodium (1.0 g/10 kg body weight) and metronidazole (500 mg/40 kg body weight); group B was treated with oxytetracycline hydrochloride (500 mg/45 Kg of body weight) and metronidazole (500 mg/40 kg body weight); group C was daily administered garlizine (allicin), 2 g/ L in drinking water; group D was the untreated control group. All medications were administered orally for four successive days. The results showed that the cyst count was significantly lower in the drug-treated groups, and the metronidazole + oxytetracycline hydrochloride and metronidazole + sulphadimidine combinations achieved 98.77% and 96.44% efficacy, respectively. Garlizine had 72.22% efficacy. Intriguingly, B. sulcata infection was associated with other parasitic infections, but B. sulcata mono-infection was the most common cause of diarrhea. Moreover, the combinations of oxytetracycline hydrochloride or sulphadimidine with metronidazole are recommended to control buxtonellosis in calves. Further studies are recommended to investigate the bacterial, viral, and fungal infections associated with B. sulcata infection.
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Adhikari, Srijana. "Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Associated Risk Factors in Chepang Community of Saktikhor Area, Chitwan, Nepal." National Journal of Health Sciences 5, no. 4 (2021): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21089/njhs.54.0150.
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Abstract: Objective: Pathogenic species of protozoa and helminth cause intestinal parasitosis, which continues to be a significant community well-being issue in many regions of the world, especially in pastoral regions of developing countries like Nepal. The study focused on determining the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and the associated risk factors among the people of the Chepang community of the Saktikhor area in the Chitwan district. Materials and Methods: A transversal study was conducted between May 2017 and October 2017, with a total of 125 participants. The fecal samples were examined using a wet media (saline media, iodine preparation), concentration and sucrose flotation method. The association between risk factors and parasitic prevalence was evaluated using the Pearson’s chi-square test. Results: The general prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was 52%. Infections with soil-borne helminth were more common than those with cestodes and protozoa. Common intestinal parasites included Ascaris lumbricoides (69.23%), Trichuris trichiura (9.23%), Hookworm (7.69%), Strongyloides stercoralis (4.62%), Hymenolepis nana (6.15%), Taenia sp. (6.15%), and Entamoeba coli (9.23%). High prevalence of infection was observed among male (53.96% ) participants and those aged over 20 years (69.44%). Pearson's chi-square test revealed a substantial relationship between prevalence of parasite and age group (P=0.0452), hand washing material (P<0.001) and preference for defecation site (P<0.001). Conclusion: Hence, a heavy occurrence of intestinal parasites within the Chepang community is particularly evident. There is a need for increased emphasis on intrusion, which can be achieved by improving personal hygiene and sanitation of participants and constructing proper sanitary toilets to prevent the spread of parasitic infections. Keywords: IPIs, Helminth, Cestode, Protozoan, HMP, NTDs, Community, Prevalence.
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Salazar-Castañon, Víctor H., Martha Legorreta-Herrera, and Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa. "Helminth Parasites Alter Protection againstPlasmodiumInfection." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/913696.
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More than one-third of the world’s population is infected with one or more helminthic parasites. Helminth infections are prevalent throughout tropical and subtropical regions where malaria pathogens are transmitted. Malaria is the most widespread and deadliest parasitic disease. The severity of the disease is strongly related to parasite density and the host’s immune responses. Furthermore, coinfections between both parasites occur frequently. However, little is known regarding how concomitant infection with helminths andPlasmodiumaffects the host’s immune response. Helminthic infections are frequently massive, chronic, and strong inductors of a Th2-type response. This implies that infection by such parasites could alter the host’s susceptibility to subsequent infections byPlasmodium. There are a number of reports on the interactions between helminths andPlasmodium; in some, the burden ofPlasmodiumparasites increased, but others reported a reduction in the parasite. This review focuses on explaining many of these discrepancies regarding helminth-Plasmodiumcoinfections in terms of the effects that helminths have on the immune system. In particular, it focuses on helminth-induced immunosuppression and the effects of cytokines controlling polarization toward the Th1 or Th2 arms of the immune response.