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Journal articles on the topic "Parasitoids Immunology":
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Henry, Lee M., Bernard D. Roitberg, and David R. Gillespie. "Covariance of phenotypically plastic traits induces an adaptive shift in host selection behaviour." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1603 (August 15, 2006): 2893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3672.
Flexibility in adult body size allows generalist parasitoids to use many host species at a cost of producing a range of adult sizes. Consequently, host selection behaviour must also maintain a level of flexibility as adult size is related to capture efficiency. In the present study, we investigated covariance of two plastic traits—size at pupation and host size selection behaviour—using Aphidius ervi reared on either Acyrthosiphon pisum or Aulacorthum solani , generating females of disparate sizes. Natal host was shown to change the ranking of perceived host quality with relation to host size. Parasitoids preferentially attacked hosts that corresponded to the size of the second instar of their natal host species. This resulted in optimal host selection behaviour when parasitoids were exposed to the same host species from which they emerged. Parasitoid size was positively correlated with host size preference, indicating that females use relative measurements when selecting suitable hosts. These coadapted gene complexes allow generalist parasitoids to effectively use multiple host species over several generations. However, the fixed nature of the behavioural response, within a parasitoid's lifetime, suggests that these traits may have evolved in a patchy host species environment.
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Özbek, Rabia, Krishnendu Mukherjee, Fevzi Uçkan, and Andreas Vilcinskas. "Reprograming of epigenetic mechanisms controlling host insect immunity and development in response to egg-laying by a parasitoid wasp." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1928 (June 10, 2020): 20200704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0704.
Parasitoids are insects that use other insects as hosts. They sabotage host cellular and humoral defences to promote the survival of their offspring by injecting viruses and venoms along with their eggs. Many pathogens and parasites disrupt host epigenetic mechanisms to overcome immune system defences, and we hypothesized that parasitoids may use the same strategy. We used the ichneumon wasp Pimpla turionellae as a model idiobiont parasitoid to test this hypothesis, with pupae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella as the host. We found that parasitoid infestation involves the suppression of host immunity-related effector genes and the modulation of host genes involved in developmental hormone signalling. The transcriptional reprogramming of host genes following the injection of parasitoid eggs was associated with changes in host epigenetic mechanisms. The introduction of parasitoids resulted in a transient decrease in host global DNA methylation and the modulation of acetylation ratios for specific histones. Genes encoding regulators of histone acetylation and deacetylation were mostly downregulated in the parasitized pupae, suggesting that parasitoids can suppress host transcription. We also detected a strong parasitoid-specific effect on host microRNAs regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Our data therefore support the hypothesis that parasitoids may favour the survival of their offspring by interfering with host epigenetic mechanisms to suppress the immune system and disrupt development.
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Potter, Kristen A., and H. Arthur Woods. "Trichogramma parasitoids alter the metabolic physiology of Manduca eggs." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1742 (June 20, 2012): 3572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1050.
Egg parasitoids face unique developmental constraints. First, they have exceptionally limited resources to support themselves and their siblings through three life stages. Second, they develop within the physiological system of another species, which they modify to their own ends. We examined how these constraints affect the metabolic physiology of egg parasitism, and whether parasitoids retool their host eggshell to account for their different metabolic demands. Higher-conductance eggshells allow more oxygen to reach the developing parasitoids, but also allow more water to leave the egg. We used Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) eggs and Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitoids from southeastern AZ, USA. Compared with unparasitized Manduca eggs, eggs parasitized by Trichogramma had lower peak metabolic rates and approximately 50 per cent lower metabolic efficiency. However, developing Trichogramma were far more efficient than typical transfer efficiencies between tropic levels (approx. 10%). Even within a few hours of parasitization, eggs containing more Trichogramma had lower per-parasitoid metabolic rates, suggesting that parasitoid larvae have mechanisms for rapidly adjusting their metabolic rates based on number of siblings. Parasitoids also appear to control the conductance of their host eggshell: their different metabolic demands were mirrored by shifts in rates of water loss.
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Staab, Michael, Helge Bruelheide, Walter Durka, Stefan Michalski, Oliver Purschke, Chao-Dong Zhu, and Alexandra-Maria Klein. "Tree phylogenetic diversity promotes host–parasitoid interactions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1834 (July 13, 2016): 20160275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0275.
Evidence from grassland experiments suggests that a plant community's phylogenetic diversity (PD) is a strong predictor of ecosystem processes, even stronger than species richness per se . This has, however, never been extended to species-rich forests and host–parasitoid interactions. We used cavity-nesting Hymenoptera and their parasitoids collected in a subtropical forest as a model system to test whether hosts, parasitoids, and their interactions are influenced by tree PD and a comprehensive set of environmental variables, including tree species richness. Parasitism rate and parasitoid abundance were positively correlated with tree PD. All variables describing parasitoids decreased with elevation, and were, except parasitism rate, dependent on host abundance. Quantitative descriptors of host–parasitoid networks were independent of the environment. Our study indicates that host–parasitoid interactions in species-rich forests are related to the PD of the tree community, which influences parasitism rates through parasitoid abundance. We show that effects of tree community PD are much stronger than effects of tree species richness, can cascade to high trophic levels, and promote trophic interactions. As during habitat modification phylogenetic information is usually lost non-randomly, even species-rich habitats may not be able to continuously provide the ecosystem process parasitism if the evolutionarily most distinct plant lineages vanish.
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Härri, Simone A., Jochen Krauss, and Christine B. Müller. "Fungal endosymbionts of plants reduce lifespan of an aphid secondary parasitoid and influence host selection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1651 (August 5, 2008): 2627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0594.
Complex biotic interactions shape ecological communities of plants, herbivores and their natural enemies. In studies of multi-trophic interactions, the presence of small, invisible micro-organisms associated with plants and those of a fourth above-ground trophic level have often been neglected. Incorporating these neglected factors improves our understanding of the processes within a multi-trophic network. Here, we ask whether the presence of a fungal endosymbiont, which alters plant quality by producing herbivore-toxic substances, trickles up the food chain and affects the performance and host-selection behaviour of aphid secondary parasitoids. We simultaneously offered hosts from endophyte-free and endophyte-infected environments to secondary parasitoids. Older and more experienced parasitoid females discriminated against hosts from the endophyte-infected environment. Developing in lower quality hosts from the endophyte-infected environment reduced the lifespan of secondary parasitoids. This indicates that aphid secondary parasitoids can perceive the disadvantage for their developing offspring in parasitoids from the endophyte environment and can learn to discriminate against them. In the field, this discrimination ability may shift the success of primary parasitoids to endophyte-infected plants, which co-occur with endophyte-free plants. Ultimately, the control of aphids depends on complex interactions between primary and secondary parasitoids and their relative sensitivity to endophytic fungi.
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Castelo, Marcela K., and José E. Crespo. "Microorganismal Cues Involved in Host-Location in Asilidae Parasitoids." Biology 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11010129.
Parasitoids are organisms that kill their host before completing their development. Typical parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera, whose females search for the hosts. But some atypical Diptera parasitoids also have searching larvae that must orientate toward, encounter, and accept hosts, through cues with different levels of detectability. In this work, the chemical cues involved in the detection of the host by parasitoid larvae of the genus Mallophora are shown with a behavioral approach. Through olfactometry assays, we show that two species of Mallophora orient to different host species and that chemical cues are produced by microorganisms. We also show that treating potential hosts with antibiotics reduces attractiveness on M. ruficauda but not to M. bigoti suggesting that endosymbiotic bacteria responsible for the host cues production should be located in different parts of the host. In fact, we were able to show that M. bigoti is attracted to frass from the most common host. Additionally, we evaluated host orientation under a context of interspecific competence and found that both parasitoid species orient to Cyclocephaala signaticollis showing that host competition could occur in the field. Our work shows how microorganisms mediate orientation to hosts but differences in their activity or location in the host result in differences in the attractiveness of different cues. We show for the first time that M. bigoti behaves similar to M. ruficauda extending and reinforcing that all Mallophora species have adopted a parasitoid lifestyle.
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Fatouros, N. E., A. Cusumano, F. Bin, A. Polaszek, and J. C. van Lenteren. "How to escape from insect egg parasitoids: a review of potential factors explaining parasitoid absence across the Insecta." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1931 (July 22, 2020): 20200344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0344.
The egg is the first life stage directly exposed to the environment in oviparous animals, including many vertebrates and most arthropods. Eggs are vulnerable and prone to mortality risks. In arthropods, one of the most common egg mortality factors is attack from parasitoids. Yet, parasitoids that attack the egg stage are absent in more than half of all insect (sub)orders. In this review, we explore possible causes explaining why eggs of some insect taxa are not parasitized. Many insect (sub)orders that are not attacked by egg parasitoids lack herbivorous species, with some notable exceptions. Factors we consider to have led to escape from egg parasitism are parental egg care, rapid egg development, small egg size, hiding eggs, by e.g. placing them into the soil, applying egg coatings or having thick chorions preventing egg penetration, eusociality, and egg cannibalism. A quantitative network analysis of host–parasitoid associations shows that the five most-speciose genera of egg parasitoids display patterns of specificity with respect to certain insect orders, especially Lepidoptera and Hemiptera, largely including herbivorous species that deposit their eggs on plants. Finally, we discuss the many counteradaptations that particularly herbivorous species have developed to lower the risk of attack by egg parasitoids.
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Girling, Robbie D., Alex Stewart-Jones, Julie Dherbecourt, Joanna T. Staley, Denis J. Wright, and Guy M. Poppy. "Parasitoids select plants more heavily infested with their caterpillar hosts: a new approach to aid interpretation of plant headspace volatiles." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1718 (January 26, 2011): 2646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2725.
Plants produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to herbivore attack, and these VOCs can be used by parasitoids of the herbivore as host location cues. We investigated the behavioural responses of the parasitoid Cotesia vestalis to VOCs from a plant–herbivore complex consisting of cabbage plants ( Brassica oleracea ) and the parasitoids host caterpillar, Plutella xylostella . A Y-tube olfactometer was used to compare the parasitoids' responses to VOCs produced as a result of different levels of attack by the caterpillar and equivalent levels of mechanical damage. Headspace VOC production by these plant treatments was examined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Cotesia vestalis were able to exploit quantitative and qualitative differences in volatile emissions, from the plant–herbivore complex, produced as a result of different numbers of herbivores feeding. Cotesia vestalis showed a preference for plants with more herbivores and herbivore damage, but did not distinguish between different levels of mechanical damage. Volatile profiles of plants with different levels of herbivores/herbivore damage could also be separated by canonical discriminant analyses. Analyses revealed a number of compounds whose emission increased significantly with herbivore load, and these VOCs may be particularly good indicators of herbivore number, as the parasitoid processes cues from its external environment.
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McLean, Ailsa H. C., and H. Charles J. Godfray. "Evidence for specificity in symbiont-conferred protection against parasitoids." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1811 (July 22, 2015): 20150977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0977.
Many insects harbour facultative symbiotic bacteria, some of which have been shown to provide resistance against natural enemies. One of the best-known protective symbionts is Hamiltonella defensa , which in pea aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum ) confers resistance against attack by parasitoid wasps in the genus Aphidius (Braconidae). We asked (i) whether this symbiont also confers protection against a phylogenetically distant group of parasitoids (Aphelinidae) and (ii) whether there are consistent differences in the effects of bacteria found in pea aphid biotypes adapted to different host plants. We found that some H. defensa strains do provide protection against an aphelinid parasitoid Aphelinus abdominalis. Hamiltonella defensa from the Lotus biotype provided high resistance to A. abdominalis and moderate to low resistance to Aphidius ervi , while the reverse was seen from Medicago biotype isolates. Aphids from Ononis showed no evidence of symbiont-mediated protection against either wasp species and were relatively vulnerable to both. Our results may reflect the different selection pressures exerted by the parasitoid community on aphids feeding on different host plants, and could help explain the maintenance of genetic diversity in bacterial symbionts.
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Quicke, Donald L. J., and Buntika A. Butcher. "Review of Venoms of Non-Polydnavirus Carrying Ichneumonoid Wasps." Biology 10, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10010050.
Parasitoids are predominantly insects that develop as larvae on or inside their host, also usually another insect, ultimately killing it after various periods of parasitism when both parasitoid larva and host are alive. The very large wasp superfamily Ichneumonoidea is composed of parasitoids of other insects and comprises a minimum of 100,000 species. The superfamily is dominated by two similarly sized families, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae, which are collectively divided into approximately 80 subfamilies. Of these, six have been shown to release DNA-containing virus-like particles, encoded within the wasp genome, classified in the virus family Polydnaviridae. Polydnaviruses infect and have profound effects on host physiology in conjunction with various venom and ovarial secretions, and have attracted an immense amount of research interest. Physiological interactions between the remaining ichneumonoids and their hosts result from adult venom gland secretions and in some cases, ovarian or larval secretions. Here we review the literature on the relatively few studies on the effects and chemistry of these ichneumonoid venoms and make suggestions for interesting future research areas. In particular, we highlight relatively or potentially easily culturable systems with features largely lacking in currently studied systems and whose study may lead to new insights into the roles of venom chemistry in host-parasitoid relationships as well as their evolution.
Baeza, Elisabeth. "Suivi de la réponse immunitaire précoce aspécifique chez le rat infesté expérimentalement par "Fasciola hepatica"." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20261.
Ce travail est une contribution a l'analyse des mecanismes immunitaires precoces qui se mettent en place au cours d'une infestation par f. Hepatica chez le rat. Apres la mise au point d'une technique d'infestation experimentale du rat, la repetabilite de ce type d'infestation a ete verifiee. Une etude de l'evolution de proteines de la reaction inflammatoire et des leucocytes au cours de la phase precoce de la fasciolose a montre une absence de modification de ces marqueurs de l'inflammation pendant les deux premieres semaines qui suivent l'infestation. L'immunomodulation de la reponse inflammatoire de l'hote, au moment de l'infestation, fait apparaitre: - le role essentiel du systeme inflammatoire pour limiter l'installation et le developpement des douves; une action anti-inflammatoire exercee par f. Hepatica au cours des deux premieres semaines d'infestation; une protection accrue de l'hote consecutive a l'administration de stimulants de l'inflammation de l'ordre de 40-50%. L'etude des interactions entre f. Hepatica et le complement, in vivo et in vitro, a mis en evidence une action depletive du parasite uniquement sur l'activite cytolytique de la voie classique
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Bekkaoui, Abdelhamid. "Rôle de stimulus chimiques de contact dans la reconnaissance des chrysalides-hôtes par diadromus pulchellus Wsm. (hymenoptera), parasitoïde du phytophage acrolepiopsis assectella Zell. (lepidoptera)." Tours, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOUR4005.
Le comportement de reconnaissance de l'hôte par l'hyménoptère diadromus pulchellus wsm, parasitoïde des chrysalides d'acrolepiopsis assectella zell, la teigne du poireau, semble détermine en très grande partie, sinon exclusivement, par des stimulus chimiques de contact liés à la cuticule et au cocon de l'hôte. Ces kairomones semblent être des molécules hydrophiles de faible taille et très spécifiques. Elles ne sont en effet pas retrouvées dans la soie de lépidoptères non hôtes. L'élevage de la teigne sur un milieu artificiel pauvre en substances du poireau ou même n'en contenant pas du tout, à la place du poireau, ne semble aucunement affecter les réponses comportementales des femelles de d. Pulchellus vis-à-vis des kairomones de l'hôte. Ces kairomones sont donc d'origine endogène et ne dérivent pas de composés du poireau. La comparaison de d. Pulchellus à une espèce proche, diadromus collaris grav. Attaquant aussi a. Assectella montre une faible adaptation de la seconde espèce vis-à-vis de cet hôte. Un apprentissage associatif de courte durée a été mis en évidence chez d. Pulchellus en réponse aux kairomones de contact de l'hôte. Enfin, le maintien de d. Pulchellus au laboratoire sur des hôtes issus d'un milieu artificiel pauvre en substances du poireau semble avoir sélectionné au bout d'une vingtaine de générations des parasitoïdes dont les stades larvaires sont plus sensibles aux allelochimiques du poireau.
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Arnaud, Violaine. "Analyse immunologique et génétique des facteurs contrôlant le développement de la fibrose causée par le Schistosoma Japonicum au sein d'une population de pêcheurs du lac Dong Ting(Chine)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20709.
Boas, Beatriz Villas. "Análise fenotípico-funcional das células TCD4+FoxP3+ (T reguladoras) na fase aguda da infecção murina pelo Trypanosoma cruzi." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42133/tde-07102013-083419/.
Utilizando animais FoxP3+GFP+, estudamos as mudanças fenotípicas em TREG esplênicas durante a fase aguda da infecção pelo clone Sylvio X10/4 de T. cruzi e avaliamos sua atividade supressora. Em relação à expressão (MFI) de diferentes marcadores pelas TREG, observamos um aumento em FoxP3, um aumento progressivo na expressão de CD25, uma pequena população CTLA-4HIGH e um aumento tardio na expressão de GITR. Além disso, observamos aumento em ICOS nos últimos dias analisados e aumento na expressão de Fas e FasL. Ainda, CD69 sofre um pequeno e persistente aumento. Com relação à atividade supressora frente à proliferação de CD4+FoxP3- e produção de IFN-g não vimos diferença entre TREG controles e com 7d-infecção. Além disso, CD4+FoxP3- respondedoras 7d-infectadas mostraram suscetibilidade similar a supressão por TREG controles e de animais com 7d de infecção. Demonstramos que durante a fase aguda da infecção por T. cruzi as TREG mantém sua atividade supressora com aumento na expressão de alguns marcadores e que CD4+ respondedoras não se tornam resistentes à supressão. Using FoxP3+GFP+ mice, we studied the phenotypic changes in spleen TREG along the early infection with Sylvio X10/4 T. cruzi parasites and evaluated their suppressive activity. Regarding expression (MFI) of different markers by TREG, we observed an increase in FoxP3, a progressive increase in CD25 expression, a small CTLA-4HIGH population, and a late increase in GITR expression. Besides, we observed increases in ICOS in the last days analyzed and increased expression of Fas and FasL. In addition, CD69 suffered a slight persistent augment. According to their suppressive activity upon proliferation of CD4+FoxP3- cells and upon IFN-g production, there were no major differences between TREGs cells from control and 7days infected mice. Moreover, responding 7d-CD4+FoxP3- showed similar susceptibility to suppression by control and 7days infected TREG. We demonstrate that during the early infection by T. cruzi TREG maintain their suppressive activity with increase in expression of some markers and responding CD4+ cells do not become resistant to suppression.
Bibliography: leaves 113-144. Investigates the functions of the maternal, protein secretions of the endoparasitoid wasps Venturia canescens Gravenhorst regarding their role in providing protection against the host's immune system. Also investigates mucinous protein secretions on the egg surface and coagulation reactions and their role in protecting eggs against host cellular attacks.
Bibliography: leaves 113-144. ix, 144 leaves, [56] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. Investigates the functions of the maternal, protein secretions of the endoparasitoid wasps Venturia canescens Gravenhorst regarding their role in providing protection against the host's immune system. Also investigates mucinous protein secretions on the egg surface and coagulation reactions and their role in protecting eggs against host cellular attacks. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Applied & Molecular Ecology, 2002
Books on the topic "Parasitoids Immunology":
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Leopoldina-Meeting Parasitismus, Immunreaktionen bei Parasitosen (1991 Halle an der Saale, Germany). Leopoldina-Meeting Parasitismus, Immunreaktionen bei Parasitosen: Vom 25. bis 26. Oktober 1991 in Halle (Saale). Halle, Saale: Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, 1992.
Leopoldina-Meeting Parasitismus, Immunreaktionen bei Parasitosen: Vom 25. bis 26. Oktober 1991 in Halle (Saale) (Nova acta Leopoldina). Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, 1992.
Book chapters on the topic "Parasitoids Immunology":
1
BECKAGE, NANCY E. "PARASITOID POLYDNAVIRUSES AND INSECT IMMUNITY." In Insect Immunology, 243–70. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012373976-6.50012-4.
