Relevant bibliographies by topics / Parasitoids

Academic literature on the topic 'Parasitoids'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Parasitoids":

1

Propp, Gary D., and Philip B. Morgan. "EFFECT OF HOST DISTRIBUTION ON PARASITOIDISM OF HOUSE-FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) PUPAE BY SPALANGIA SPP. AND MUSCIDIFURAX RAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 5 (May 1985): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117515-5.

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AbstractThe solitary, pupal parasitoids Spalangia spp. Muscidifurax raptor oviposited supernumerary eggs on house-fly pupae exposed at 3 poultry farms in north central Florida. The percentage total parasitoidism at the 3 sites was 23.7%, 33.6%, and 77.5%, while the percentage of the hosts containing supernumerary parasitoids was 6.2%, 10.7%, and 55.8%, respectively. The average number of parasitoids found per parasitoidized pupa ranged from 1.45 to 2.96. The parasitoids did not show a density-dependent response to spatial variation in host density. Among aggregates of hosts that contained at least 1 parasitoid, percentage total parasitoidism either decreased as host density increased or was unrelated to host density. When total parasitoidism was low, females tended to avoid already parasitoidized hosts. When total parasitoidism was high, more of the hosts contained multiple parasitoids than a single parasitoid.
2

Granadillo-Cuello, Jose Arnoldo, Alfonso Villalobos-Moreno, and Jorge Villamizar-Cobos. "Parasitoides de Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, 1856 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) en cultivos de fríjol en García Rovira, Santander." Respuestas 19, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.433.

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Antecedentes: El complejo mosca blanca es uno de los principales problemas entomológicos del país, ya sea por el gran número de hospederos como por su amplia distribución. Dos especies de este complejo son Bemisia tabaci y Trialeurodes vaporariorum; esta última, ha sido identificada como plaga de tomate, fríjol y tabaco en la zona de muestreo. Objetivo: Determinar las especies de parasitoides asociadas a Trialeurodes vaporariorum sobre cultivos de frijol en cuatro municipios de la Provincia de García Rovira, en el departamento de Santander. Métodos: La presente investigación se realizó en los municipios de Enciso, Málaga, Concepción y El Cerrito. Se desarrolló un muestreo aleatorio por etapas con un tamaño de muestra de 50 foliolos por cultivo. Los parasitoides se colectaron a través de cámaras de recuperación. Las variables medidas fueron, ninfas totales, ninfas parasitadas, parasitoides emergidos, parasitoides no emergidos, ninfas emergidas. Resultados: Se recuperaron dos especies del orden Hymenoptera, identificadas como Encarsia pergandiella y Amitus fuscipennis. Los resultados indican que los niveles de parasitoidismo oscilan entre el 3% y el 20%, y que Amitus fuscipennis (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) se encuentra en el 96,48% de las muestras. Conclusiones: Amitus fuscipennis es el parasitoide más abundante de Trialeurodes vaporariorum en condiciones naturales en la Provincia de García Rovira, Encarcia pergandiella es menos abundante debido a su esasa adaptación a las condiciones de la zona de estudio.Palabras clave: Mosca blanca, Ninfas, Plaga, Parasitoidismo. Abstract Background: The whitefly complex is one of the main entomological problems of this country, due to the large number of hosts and for their wide distribution. Two species of this complex are Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum; the latter has been identified as a pest of tomatoes, beans and snuff in the sampling area. Objective: Determine the species of parasitoids associated with Trialeurodes vaporariorum bean crop in four municipalities of the Province of Garcia Rovira, in the department of Santander. Methods: This investigation was conducted in the municipalities of Enciso, Málaga, Concepción and El Cerrito. Stages random sampling with a sample size of 50 leaflets per culture was grown. The parasitoids were collected through cameras recovery. The measures were, Total nymphs parasitized nymphs emerged parasitoids emerged parasitoids no, emerged nymphs. Results: Two species of the order Hymenoptera, identified as Encarsia pergandiella and Amitus fuscipennis recovered. The results indicate that parasitism levels range from 3% to 20% Amitus fuscipennis (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was present in 96.48% of the samples. Conclusions. Amitus fuscipennis is the most abundant parasitoid of Trialeurodes vaporariorum in natural conditions in the Province of Garcia Rovira Encarcia pergandiella is less abundant due to its little adaptation to the conditions of the study area.Keywords: Nymphs, Parasitoidism, Pest, Whitefly
3

Carlos Henrique Marchiori. "First occurrences of the host/parasitoid relationship in Brazil and Peru: Bibliographic summary." Open Access Research Journal of Life Sciences 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 015–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjls.2021.1.2.0119.

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It is common for parasitoidism to modify the behavior of the host species, facilitating the development and propagation of the parasitoid and establishing a highly specific relationship. In this case, herbivores such as cattle, sheep, deer, and rabbits are the definitive host of the parasitoid. The objective of this review is to describe the first occurrence of the host/parasitoid relationship in Brazil and Peru. The mini review consists of a bibliographic summary of parasitoids of the Order Hymenoptera parasitoids collected in Brazil and Peru. The research was carried out in studies related to the theme with emphasis on the quantitative aspects of the Superfamily, Family, Subfamilies, Genera, and Species (taxonomic groups). A literature search was carried out containing articles published from 2000 to 2021. The mini review was prepared in Goiânia, Goiás, from July to September 2021, using the Electronic Scientific Library Online (Scielo) and internet. Since the relationship between parasitoids and their hosts is very specific, it is common for agricultural pests to be naturally controlled through parasitoidism. Wasps of the Ichneumonoidea and Braconidae family respectively parasitize caterpillars of butterflies and moths, and even aphids.
4

Carlos Henrique Marchiori. "Intraspecific ecological relationships harmonious and inharmonious of parasitoids Class Insect Order Hymenoptera and a review." Open Access Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (October 30, 2021): 013–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjms.2021.2.1.0048.

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The aim of this study was to perform a bibliographic summary on the harmonic and disharmonious intraspecific ecological relationships of parasitoids (Insect: Hymenoptera). The mini review consists of bibliographical research on the parasitoids of the Hymenoptera Parasitic group. The research was conducted in studies related to quantitative aspects of the Superfamily, Family, Genus and Species (taxonomic groups) and in conceptual aspects such as: parasitism, parasitoidism, mutualism, spider parasitoids, "cockroaches karate kick parasitoid wasps to avoid becoming zombies", kicking defense by the cockroach, Wasp 'walking' a roach and ant parasitoids. A literature search was carried out containing articles published from 1982 to 2021. The mini review was carried out in Goiânia, Goiás, from August to September 2021, through the Online Scientific Library (Scielo) and internet.
5

Sagarra, L. A., C. Vincent, and R. K. Stewart. "Body size as an indicator of parasitoid quality in male and female Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 91, no. 5 (October 2001): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2001121.

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AbstractThe parasitoid Anagyrus kamali Moursi was recently introduced into the Caribbean as a biological control agent against the hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green. In the laboratory, parasitoid size, as measured by left hind tibia length, was positively correlated several indicators of the parasitoid‘s fitness: longevity, mating preference, fecundity, reproductive longevity, progeny emergence and sex-ratio. When fed ad libidum with honey drops, large male parasitoids lived significantly longer (29.1 ± 6.5 days) than small ones ± 5.7 days). Large females also lived significantly longer (35.4 ± 10 days) than small females (27.9 ± 9.6 days). Females showed no significant mating preference between large and small males. Lifetime fecundity was positively correlated with the size of adult females ranged from 37 ± 21 eggs for small females to 96 ± 43 eggs for large ones. The reproductive longevity, daily oviposition rate, and number of progeny were also higher among large parasitoids. The sex ratio of progeny from small female parasitoids was higher (0.76 ± than that of large individuals (0.47 ± 0.18).
6

Gillespie, David R., and Susanna Acheampong. "Dropping behaviour in Aulacorthum solani (Hemiptera: Aphididae) following attack by Aphidus ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): are sticky stem bands a useful integrated pest management method?" Canadian Entomologist 144, no. 4 (July 10, 2012): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.52.

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AbstractWe studied the dropping behaviour of the foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in response to disturbance by the parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We banded plant stems with sticky tape to prevent aphids from returning to the plants to determine if these would serve as an integrated pest management strategy for A. solani. Stem banding prevented A. solani that had dropped from returning to the plant; but the mortality associated with banding was not necessarily complementary to biological control by A. ervi. Up to 80% of aphids dropped in response to foraging by A. ervi, and thus could be killed on sticky stem bands. The fraction of aphids that dropped to the ground also contained as much as 90% of the parasitoid's offspring. Overall, mortality of aphids on sticky stem bands was not compatible with parasitoids. Although numbers of aphids declined more rapidly in the first 2 weeks of the trial in the presence of stem bands and parasitoids than in the presence of parasitoids alone, the numbers of aphids were identical in the two treatments from the 3rd week onward. Mortality on the stem bands replaced mortality from parasitoids, and reduced recruitment of parasitoids.
7

Ruberson, John R., Maurice J. Tauber, Catherine A. Tauber, and Ward M. Tingey. "INTERACTIONS AT THREE TROPHIC LEVELS: EDOVUM PUTTLERI GRISSELL (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, AND INSECT-RESISTANT POTATOES." Canadian Entomologist 121, no. 10 (October 1989): 841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent121841-10.

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AbstractResistant potato plants influenced the parasitoid Edovum puttleri Grissell directly, as well as indirectly through eggs of the parasitoid’s host, the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). In the field, E. puttleri parasitized more egg masses on plants with no glandular trichomes or with glandular trichomes bearing only enclosed droplets of exudate than on plants with two types of glandular trichomes (one with exposed droplets and the other bearing enclosed droplets). Trichomes with exposed droplets entrapped numerous parasitoids. Although rearing L. decemlineata on resistant plants influenced many of the beetle’s life-history traits, it did not affect the suitability of their eggs for development and survival of preimaginal E. puttleri. However, eggs from L. decemlineata that were reared on resistant potato plants reduced the longevity of the parasitoids and also reduced the number of hosts (eggs) killed by parasitoids.
8

Feltrin-Campos, Elidiane, Priscila Laranjeira Rôdas, Daniele Fabiana Glaeser, Fabrício Fagundes Pereira, and Harley Nonato de Oliveira. "Teste de Voo como Critério de Avaliação da Qualidade de Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)." EntomoBrasilis 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v9i2.571.

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Resumo. A produção de inimigos naturais com qualidade comparável àqueles encontrados na natureza é primordial para os sistemas de criação de insetos em condições de laboratório, que vise atender a programas de controle biológico. Dentre os indicadores de qualidade de parasitoides, a capacidade de voo é uma característica importante a ser avaliada em laboratório, pois está relacionada à dispersão e alcance de abrigo, alimentos e hospedeiros em condições de campo. Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle é um endoparasitoide gregário, polífago, idiobionte que parasita pupas, principalmente da ordem Lepidoptera. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da população do parasitoide P. elaeisis, criada em pupas Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) em laboratório pelo teste de voo. Pupas de D. saccharalis com 24 horas de idade foram expostas ao parasitismo por fêmeas de P. elaeisis. Os adultos emergidos foram classificados de acordo com suas posições no interior da Unidade de teste em: voadores, caminhadores e não voadores. A porcentagem dos parasitoides encontrados na tampa (voadores) foi de 51,23%, no anel (caminhadores) de 23,49% e no fundo (não voadores) de 25,26%. Em razão aos percentuais de não voadores observado para outras espécies de parasitoides, o valor constatado para P. elaeisis pode significar uma queda na qualidade desse parasitoide, o que levaria a necessidade de introdução de novos indivíduos coletados em campo para recompor essa qualidade de voo.Flight Test as Evaluation Criteria of the Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) QualityAbstract. The production of natural enemies of comparable quality to those found in nature is essential to the creation of systems of insect in laboratory conditions, which object to meet biological control programs. Among the indicators of quality of parasitoids, flight capacity is an important factor to be evaluated in the laboratory feature, because it is related to the dispersion and range of shelter, food and hosts under field conditions. Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle is a gregarious endoparasitoid, polyphagous, idiobionte and parasite pupae, especially the Lepidoptera order. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the parasitoid P. elaeisis population, created in pupae of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) laboratory for the flight test. Pupae D. saccharalis with 24 hours of age were exposed to parasitism by females of P. elaeisis. The emerged adults were classified according to their positions within the unit test, flyers, running and not flying. The percentage of parasitoids found on the cover (flying) was 51.23%, the ring (running) of 23.49% and the bottom (non-flying) of 25.26%. Because the percentage of non-flying observed for other species of parasitoids, the value found for P. elaeisis could mean a drop in quality of the parasitoid, which would lead to the need to introduce new individuals collected in the field to restore this quality of flight.
9

Heyerdahl, Rod H., and James D. Dutcher. "HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS OF PECAN LEAFMINERS1,2." Journal of Entomological Science 20, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.4.411.

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Thirty-seven hymenopterous parasitoids, representing the families Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, and Eupelmidae were reared from the larvae and pupae of each of the pecan leafminers Stigmella juglandifoliella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), Cameraria caryaefoliella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), Phyllonorycter caryaealbella (Chambers) (Lepdioptera: Gracillariidae), and Coptodisca lucifluella Clemens (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae). Six of the parasitoids were secondary or hyperparasitoids, 10 were gregarious parasitoids and 4 were multiple parasitoids. Parasitoid exuviae and meconium in the host mine were useful diagnostic characteristics for distinguishing parasitoid species.
10

Tondini, Elena, Daniele Sommaggio, Gaia Monteforti, and Ruggero Petacchi. "Shedding Light on Dasineura oleae Parasitoids: Local and Landscape Effects." Agronomy 13, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030667.

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Dasineura oleae was considered a minor pest in olive orchards. However, in the last decade, outbreaks have been reported all over its distribution area. Little is known about D. oleae biological control strategies; therefore, investigations into the biology and ecology of D. oleae parasitoids are urgently needed. In this scenario, the present field study reported the flight period of D. oleae parasitoids, evaluating their relative abundance over other parasitoids living in olive orchards. Furthermore, it estimated the effect of local and landscape features on D. oleae parasitoids within the frame of the overall parasitoid community. Lastly, we aimed to provide useful insights into the effectiveness of parasitoids for D. oleae population management. Hymenopteran parasitoids were sampled using Malaise traps in six sampling sites in central Italy. Results showed that Platygaster demades was the most abundant D. oleae parasitoid. Its presence was associated with high rates of D. oleae parasitism. The abundance of this parasitoid was influenced by the abundance of seminatural habitats.
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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Parasitoids' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Parasitoids":

1

Flanagan, Kate Elizabeth. "Reproductive strategies in parasitoids." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244765.

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2

Byrne, David N., and David E. Bellamy. "Predicting Dispersal by Whitefly Parasitoids." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220016.

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These experiments were designed to examine short-range dispersal by the small whitefly parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus that takes place within the confines of a specifically defined habitat. We were specifically concerned with the impacts of sex and mating status on their dispersal. We hoped to construct predictive models concerning dispersal. In a vertical flight chamber we found that female flight duration was significantly longer (11 times) than that of males and that unmated parasitoids flew approximately three times longer than mated individuals. In field studies 87% of the 4,153 parasitoids captured were males. This occurred in spite of sex ratios being near 1:1 upon release. The difference in dispersal characteristics between males and females may be resource based. It is felt that certain requirements were met within our field plots for males that were not met for females. It is important for males to find mates and they may have done so inside release containers or in close proximity to release sites. While females have a similar requirement, they must also find whitefly hosts to parasitize. It can be assumed that each sex took active steps to accomplish different goals. Males were searching the immediate area of the release sites where mates were plentiful, while females were leaving the 33 ft. radius plots in search of whitefly hosts. We were able to verify models for male dispersal (75% of males were predicted to disperse within 13.5 ft.). Our models predicted that 50% of females would be found within 82 ft. This information will useful when describing movement by E. eremicus and other small insects. It should prove useful when defining release techniques for parasitoids being used as biological control agents.
3

Inclán, Luna Diego Javier. "Landscape dynamics of tachinid parasitoids." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424645.

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Habitat fragmentation and the intensification of agricultural landscapes are among the main drivers affecting parasitoid diversity. Although many empirical and theoretical studies have elucidated the effects of these processes on populations and communities of parasitoids, the majority of the research has been focused on specialized groups of hymenopterans. In this study the highly-diverse group of tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) was considered as an alternative model system to test the effects of landscape fragmentation and agricultural intensification on the third trophic level. The effects of habitat fragmentation are evaluated in Chapter II. This chapter evaluates the relative importance of habitat loss, decrease of connectivity and their potential interaction on tachinid diversity. This chapter shows that the reduction of habitat area and the loss of connectivity significantly interacted, suggesting that management practices aimed to mitigate the negative effect of habitat fragmentation need to consider the connectivity in the surrounding landscape. In the following chapters, diverse components of the intensification of agricultural landscapes were evaluated. In Chapter III, the diversity of tachinids was examined in relation to farm management (organic vs. conventional) at different spatial scales. This study shows that organic management improved the diversity of tachinids at both the local and landscape scales but only in arable crops while the effect in grasslands was neutral. Thus, any attempt to enhance parasitoid diversity needs to consider the local farming system in relation to the agricultural management in the surrounding landscape. In Chapters IV and V the spatial dynamics and movement of parasitoids between crop and non-crop habitats were evaluated. These chapters show that the spillover of tachinid parasitoids was favored by the low contrast in habitat structure between the crop and non-crop habitats. The highest spillover of parasitoids to arable land was found from herbaceous semi-natural habitats, while woody structure reduced the exchange of individuals between arable crop and non-crop habitats. Finally, in Chapters V and VI the effects of different field margins to enhance farmland biodiversity were examined. The results from these chapters demonstrate that the positive effect of field margins to enhance the diversity of tachinids was related to the type and complexity of these semi-natural habitats. This research provides new insights into the consequences of landscape changes on the diversity of a key functional group that has been long overlooked in ecological and conservation studies. The results will provide guidelines to implement conservation measures to halt or reduce biodiversity loss of this important group of parasitoids.
La frammentazione degli habitat e l’intensificazione dell’agricoltura sono riconosciuti tra i principali fattori che incidono negativamente sulla diversità dei parassitoidi. Nonostante numerosi studi hanno confermato questa tendenza, la gran parte di essi si è concentrata sugli imenotteri parassitoidi. Questa tesi si concentra invece sui tachinidi (Diptera: Tachinidae), considerati come sistema modello alternativo per testare gli effetti della frammentazione del paesaggio e dell’agricoltura intensiva sul terzo livello trofico. In particolare, gli effetti della frammentazione degli habitat sono descritti nel Capitolo II, dove viene valutata l’importanza relativa della perdita dell’habitat, la diminuzione della connettività e la loro potenziale interazione nell’influenzare la diversità dei tachinidi. I risultati dimostrano che la riduzione dell’area e la perdita di connettività dell’habitat interagiscono significativamente, evidenziando che le pratiche di gestione finalizzate a mitigare gli effetti negativi della frammentazione dell’habitat non possono prescindere dal prendere in considerazione la connettività con il paesaggio circostante. Nei capitoli successivi sono stati invece valutati vari impatti connessi all’intensificazione dell’agricoltura. Nel Capitolo III è stato esaminato come la gestione delle aziende agricole (biologica vs. convenzionale) possa influenzare la diversità dei tachinidi a diverse scale spaziali. I risultati dimostrano che la gestione biologica ha un effetto positivo sulla diversità di tachinidi sia a scala locale sia a livello di paesaggio, ma solamente nel caso dei seminativi mentre le praterie non ricevono nessun beneficio dall’agricoltura biologica. Quindi qualsiasi tipo di intervento per migliorare la diversità dei parassitoidi deve considerare il sistema di gestione agricolo locale in relazione al paesaggio circostante. Nei Capitoli IV e V sono state trattate le dinamiche spaziali di spostamento dei parassitoidi tra ambienti coltivati e ambienti naturali. Questi capitoli dimostrano che il movimento dei tachinidi è stato favorito dalla bassa differenziazione strutturale dei due ambienti. Lo scambio di individui più elevato si è avuto dal margine erbaceo mentre il margine caratterizzato dalla presenza delle siepi riduce lo scambio di individui tra i due ambienti. Infine, nei Capitoli V and VI è stato valutato l’effetto di diverse tipologie di margine dei terreni agricoli sulla biodiversità. I risultati ottenuti da questi capitoli dimostrano che gli effetti positivi della presenza di margini semi-naturali sulla diversità dei tachinidi siano correlati alla tipologia e alla complessità degli habitat. Questa tesi fornisce nuove informazioni su come i cambiamenti a livello di paesaggio influenzano la diversità di un gruppo funzionale chiave che è stato per lungo tempo poco considerato negli studi di ecologia e conservazione. I risultati potranno essere utilizzati per definire e implementare innovative misure di conservazione e mitigazione degli impatti considerati.
4

Barros, Lucas Silva [UNESP]. "Seletividade de inseticidas ao parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134292.

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O uso de inseticidas tem o intuito de prevenir ou reduzir perdas agrícolas aos insetos-praga. Entretanto, quando de maneira irracional provoca consequências negativas aos agroecossistemas, como a eliminação de inimigos naturais. Alternativamente a esta situação, buscando-se a sustentabilidade, prima-se pelo emprego de inseticidas seletivos, os quais possibilitam a integração aos agentes do controle biológico. Destaca-se neste contexto Trichogramma pretiosum, parasitoides de ovos de inúmeras espécies de lepidópteros-praga agrícolas e florestais. Diante do exposto o presente trabalho avaliou a seletividade de novos inseticidas químicos e biológicos (g i.a. L-1 ) às fases de pupa e adulto de T. pretiosum. No bioensaio 1, testou-se clorantraniliprole (0,04; 0,06; 0,08; 0,12; 0,2); flubendiamida (0,1344; 0,288; 0,4416); diflubenzuron (0,384; 0,48); bifentrina/carbosulfano (0,07/0,21; 0,1/0,3; 0,2/0,6; 0,3/0,9); bifentrina (0,216; 0,324). No bioensaio 2, foram testados espinosade (0,096; 0,24; 0,384), indoxicarbe (0,12; 0,24; 0,36); clorfenapir (0,768; 0,96; 1,152; 1,344; 1,536); Baculovírus (HzSNPV) (0,0064; 0,00896; 0,01536; 0,0192). Clorpirifós (1,92) e água destilada foram as testemunhas. Para esses experimentos, ovos de Anagasta kuehniella contendo o parasitoide nas fases de pupa foram expostos aos inseticidas, assim como adultos do parasitoide em contato com uma película seca dos inseticidas quando pulverizados sobre placas de vidro. Avaliou-se o parasitismo e viabilidade até 72 horas após a emergência do parasitoide. As reduções na capacidade benéfica dos parasitoides expostos aos tratamentos foram classificadas em quatro classes: 1, inócuo (<30%); 2, levemente nocivo (30-79%); 3, moderadamente nocivo (80-99%) e 4, nocivo (>99%). Os bioensaios foram realizados sob condições climáticas controladas (25±2ºC, UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 14 horas). Os parâmetros biológicos variaram conforme a fase de desenvolvimento de T. pretiousm, mecanismos de ação, concentração e periodos avaliados. No bioensaio 1 flubendiamida, na menor concentração, foi inócuo (classe 1) à fase de pupa de T. pretiosum no primeiro dia após a emergência. Baculovirus (HzSNPV), no bioensaio 2, em todas as concentrações testadas, foi inócuo (classe 1) à fase pupa e adulto de T. pretiosum no primeiro dia após a emergência. Tais inseticidas mostraram-se seletivos e adequados ao uso no Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP). Os demais inseticidas, classe 2, 3 e 4, deverão passar para as próximas etapas dos testes de seletividade.
The use of pesticides has the purpose to prevent or reduce crop losses to insect pests. However, when irrationally causes negative consequences to agricultural ecosystems, as the elimination of natural enemies. Alternatively to this, aiming for sustainability, it suggests the use of selective insecticides, which enable integration with biological control agents. In this context Trichogramma pretiosum, eggs parasitoids to numerous species of agricultural and forestry lepidopteran pests. Given the above the present study evaluated the selectivity of new chemical and biological insecticides (g a.i. L-1 ) to the pupal stage and adult of T. pretiosum. In the bioassay 1, was tested clorantraniliprole (0.04; 0.06; 0.08; 0.12; 0.2); flubendiamide (0.1344; 0.288; 0.4416); diflubenzuron (0.384; 0.48); bifenthrin/carbosulfan (0.07/0.21; 0.1/0.3; 0.2/0.6; 0.3/0.9); bifenthrin (0.216; 0.324). In the bioassay 2, were tested spinosad (0.096; 0.24; 0.384), indoxicarbe (0.12; 0.24; 0.36); chlorfenapyr (0.768; 0.96; 1.152; 1.344; 1.536); Baculovirus (HzSNPV) (0.0064; 0.00896; 0.01536; 0.0192). Chlorpyrifos (1.92) and distilled water were the control. For these experiments, Anagasta kuehniella eggs containing the parasitoid in pupal stage were exposed to insecticides, as well as adult parasitoids in contact with a dry film of insecticides when sprayed on glass plates. Was evaluated the parasitism and viability until 72 hours after the emergence of the parasitoid. The reductions in the beneficial capacity of parasitoids exposed to the treatments were classified into four classes: 1, harmless (<30%); 2, slightly harmful (30-79%); 3, moderately harmful (80-99%) and 4, harmful (> 99%). Bioassays were conducted under controlled climatic conditions (25 ± 2° C, RH of 70 ± 10% and photoperiod of 14 hours). The biological parameters varied according to the development of T. pretiousm, mechanisms of action, concentration and evaluated periods. In the bioassay 1 flubendiamide, in the lowest concentration, was harmless (class 1) to the pupal stage of T. pretiosum on the first day after emergence. Baculovirus (HzSNPV) in the bioassay 2, in all concentrations tested, was harmless (class 1) to the pupal stage and adult parasitoids on the first day after emergence. Such insecticides were selective and suitable for use in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Other insecticides, class 2, 3 and 4, should move to the next steps of selectivity tests.
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Hougardy, Evelyne. "Resource sharing in bark beetle parasitoids." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211330.

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Beck, Markus Hans. "Molecular genetics of host manipulation and competition in an insect parasitoid system." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ACP/09acpb393.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 108-128. Maternal protein secretions from the parthenogenetic endoparasitoid wasp Venturia canescens Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were analysed regarding their ability to protect the parasitoid egg against the host immune system. These secretions include nucleic acid-free glycoproteins, called virus-like particles (VLPs) that are produced in the ovarian calyx gland. Results found that VLP-free calyx fluid has the ability to actively suppress host defence reactions, rather than VLPs on the egg surface being solely responsible for the protection of the egg. It was shown the VLP-free calyx fluid contains serine protease-inhibitor activity capable of transiently inhibiting melanogenisis and hemocyte spreading in the host. This indicates that immediately after oviposition the egg surface is not fully protected against host defence reactions. However, at later stages the egg seems to have acquired an immunologically inert surface, and is therefore protected after the suppressive activity of the calyx fluid has disappeared.
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Morais, Adriana Barnabé 1984. "Estudos populacionais de Revena rubiginosa, Boheman 1936 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) e de seus parasitoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae e Ichneumonidae)." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317471.

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Orientador: João Vasconcellos Neto
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Mestrado
Parasitologia
Mestra em Parasitologia
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Lynch, Liam David. "Factors in population regulation by insect parasitoids." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366238.

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Pritchard, J. "Host specificity in aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae)." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384680.

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Byrne, David N., and David E. Bellamy. "Refinement of Release Techniques for Whitefly Parasitoids." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219970.

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Although they are currently effectively controlled by chemicals, sweet potato whiteflies have the potential to once again be a dominant pest in Arizona vegetables. We need to explore alternatives such as biological control so that we are not reliant solely on pesticides. We have been examining dispersal by the whitefly parasitoid Eretmocerus sp. in order to find more effective ways to deploy these agents in the field. We have learned in the laboratory that these wasps are efficient flyers since they are capable of moving into strong winds for more than 30 min. We also now know that most flight takes place within a short distance of the release point. We also have a better understanding of differences between male and female flight. This, along with other information we have obtained, will lead to our ability to effectively release these and parasitoids of other insect pests as well.
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Books on the topic "Parasitoids":

1

Jeff, Waage, and Greathead David, eds. Insect parasitoids. London: Academic Press, 1986.

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Opender, Koul, and Dhaliwal G. S, eds. Predators and parasitoids. London: Taylor & Francis, 2003.

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Omkar. Parasitoids in Pest Management. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239.

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Wajnberg, ric, Carlos Bernstein, and Jacques van Alphen, eds. Behavioral Ecology of Insect Parasitoids. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470696200.

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Wajnberg, Eric, and Stefano Colazza, eds. Chemical Ecology of Insect Parasitoids. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118409589.

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Godfray, H. C. J. Parasitoids: Behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1994.

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E, Wajnberg, Hassan S. A, and International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants., eds. Biological control with egg parasitoids. Wallingford, UK: CAB International on behalf of the International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, 1994.

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E, Hochberg Michael, and Ives Anthony R. 1961-, eds. Parasitoid population biology. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2000.

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Noyes, John S. Oriental mealybug parasitoids of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae). Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International on behalf of the Natural History Museum, London, 1994.

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Starý, Petr. Subject bibliography of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) of the world, 1758-1982. Hamburg: P. Parey, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Parasitoids":

1

Bjørnstad, Ottar N. "Parasitoids." In Use R!, 255–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97487-3_14.

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Bjørnstad, Ottar. "Parasitoids." In Use R!, 319–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12056-5_16.

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da Costa-Lima, Tiago Cardoso, Aloisio Coelho, Alexandre José Ferreira Diniz, and Marcus Vinicius Sampaio. "Parasitoids Insects." In Natural Enemies of Insect Pests in Neotropical Agroecosystems, 199–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24733-1_17.

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Kumar, Arvind, Aishwarya Ray, and Meena Agnihotri. "Pteromalid Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 111–28. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-5.

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Chellappan, Mani, and M. T. Ranjith. "Insect Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 1–47. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-1.

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Singh, Longjam Roni Kumar, Devanshu Gupta, and Kailash Chandra. "Ichneumonid Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 49–56. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-2.

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Sureshan, P. M., and P. Girish Kumar. "Chalcidoid Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 151–88. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-7.

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Chellappan, Mani, and M. T. Ranjith. "Aphelinid Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 283–314. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-11.

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Agnihotri, Meena, J. M. Samraj, and Arvind Kumar. "Eulophid Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 189–225. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-8.

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Navik, Omprakash, Richa Varshney, Y. Lalitha, and Sushil Kumar Jalali. "Trichogrammatid Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 227–63. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Parasitoids":

1

Mateos, Mariana. "Transcriptomics of theSpiroplasmadefense against parasitoids ofDrosophila." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.107813.

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Oliver, Kerry M. "Symbiont-based protection against parasitoids in aphids." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94287.

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Feener, Don H. "Host specificity in phorid parasitoids of ants." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.107664.

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Velasco Hernández, Maria Concepcion. "Physiological status of parasitoids affecting host selection." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.108978.

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Gaudreau, Mathilde. "When host color matters for egg parasitoids." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.113861.

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Manic, Gheorghe. "Complexul parazitoid al cinipidului Neuroterus Quercusbaccarum (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) ce se dezvoltă pe frunze de stejar." In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.47.

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The research of parasitoid calcidids associated with the cinopid Neuroterus quercusbaccarum L. (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) was performed in the forest ridges of the northern and central districts of the Republic of Moldova during the years 2016-2018. In total, more than 1000 gallons were collected, of which eights pecies of entomophagus included in 7 genres and 6 families were obtained under laboratory conditions: Pteromalidae – Mesopolobus tibialis Westw., M. Fasciiventris Westw.; Eupelmidae – Eupelmus fulvipes Förster, Eulophidae – Olynx gallarum L., Tetrastichus sp., Ormyridae – Ormyrus diffinis Fonsc., Eurytomidae – Eudecatoma biguttata Swed.; Torymidae – Torymus flavipes Walker. In the parasitoid complex with a higher percentage of parasites, threes pecies were found: Torymus flavipes Walker (Chalcidoidea, Torymidae), Mesopolobus tibialis Westw., M. Fasciiventris Westw. (Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae). The lowest percentage of parasites was recorded in Tetrastichus sp. (Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae). Torymus flavipes Walker iscited as a new species for Moldova’s fauna. For the first time there has been infestation of this host with parasitoids: Mesopolobus fasciiventris Westw. (Pteromalidae), Ormyrus diffinis Fonsc. (Ormyridae), Eudecatoma biguttataSwed. (Eurytomidae), Eupelmus fulvipes Förster (Eupelmidae); Tetrastichus sp. (Eulophidae), Torymus flavipes Walker (Torymidae).
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Rohrig, Eric. "Biocontrol in Florida using herbivores, parasitoids, and predators." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93963.

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Vinson, Brad. "Physiological interaction between egg parasitoids and their hosts." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105511.

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Lindström, Irmeli, Katri Suuronen, and Hille Suojalehto. "Greenhouse workers’ occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by parasitoids." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa1225.

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Janšta, Petr. "Evolutionary history of the Podagrionini, parasitoids of praying mantises." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.116348.

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Reports on the topic "Parasitoids":

1

Gerling, Dan, and Bradleigh Vinson. Evaluation of Parasitoids for the Control of Whiteflies. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7593411.bard.

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Chiel, Elad, and Christopher J. Geden. Development of sustainable fly management tools in an era of global warming. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598161.bard.

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House flies (Muscadomestica) are global pests of animal agriculture, causing major annoyance, carrying pathogens among production facilities and humans and thus have profound impacts on animal comfort and productivity. Successful fly control requires an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that includes elements of manure management, mass trapping, biological control, and selective insecticide use. Insecticidal control of house flies has become increasingly difficult due to the rapidity with which resistance develops, even to new active ingredients. Global climate change poses additional challenges, as the efficacy of natural enemies is uncertain under the higher temperatures that are predicted to become more commonplace in the future. The two major objectives of this research project were: 1) to develop a cost-effective autodissemination application method of Pyriproxifen (PPF), an insect growth regulator, for controlling house flies; 2) to study the effect of increasing temperatures on the interactions between house flies and their principal natural enemies. First, we collected several wild house fly populations in both countries and established that most of them are susceptible to PPF, although one population in each country showed initial signs of PPF-resistance. An important finding is that the efficacy of PPF is substantially reduced when applied in cows’ manure. We also found that PPF is compatible with several common species of parasitoids that attack the house fly, thus PPF can be used in IPM programs. Next, we tried to develop “baited stations” in which house flies will collect PPF on their bodies and then deliver and deposit it in their oviposition sites (= autodissemination). The concept showed potential in lab experiments and in outdoor cages trials, but under field conditions the station models we tested were not effective enough. We thus tested a somewhat different approach – to actively release a small proportion of PPF-treated flies. This approach showed positive results in laboratory experiments and awaits further field experiments. On the second topic, we performed two experimental sets: 1) we collected house flies and their parasitoids from hot temperature and mild temperature areas in both countries and, by measuring some fitness parameters we tested whether the ones collected from hot areas are better adapted to BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 2 of 16 heat. The results showed very little differences between the populations, both of flies and parasitoids. 2) A “fast evolution” experiment, in which we reared house flies for 20 generations under increasing temperatures. Also here, we found no evidence for heat adaptation. In summary, pyriproxyfen proved to be a highly effective insect growth regulator for house flies that is compatible with it’s natural enemies. Although our autodissemination stations yielded disappointing results, we documented the proportion of flies in a population that must be exposed to PPF to achieve effective fly control. Both the flies and their principal parasitoids show no evidence for local adaptation to high temperatures. This is an encouraging finding for biological control, as our hypothesis was that the fly would be adapting faster to high temperatures than the parasitoids. BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 3 of 16
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Andrade de Souza, Marco Antônio, Clarissa Pereira de Almeida, and Renan Florindo Amorim. As parasitoses intestinais (Las parasitosis intestinales) por prevalência de geohelmintos representam sérios problemas de saúde pública. Buenos Aires: siicsalud.com, April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21840/siic/152914.

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Hopper, Keith, and Moshe Coll. Parasitoid Movement between Habitats and Biological Control of Aphid Pests. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7570548.bard.

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Hernandez Arenas, Diana Paola. Parasitos: "un desafío en la producción animal". Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/notas.4543.

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La parasitología estudia la relación existente entre los organismos parásitos y sus huéspedes, pudiendo o no causar daños a su hospedador. Al igual que los parásitos, los sistemas de producción se desarrollan en un medio físico, biológico y social, es así como se convierten un reto para los diferentes sistemas productivos y la comercialización de sus productos, consolidándose como una de las principales causas de pérdidas económicas y sanitarias en la producción pecuaria en todo el mundo.
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Zonta, María Lorena, María Inés Gamboa, Graciela Teresa Navone, and María Laura Susevich. Parasitosis intestinales y factores socioambientales: estudio preliminar en una población de horticultores. Buenos Aires: siicsalud.com, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21840/siic/147782.

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Werren, John H., Einat Zchori-Fein, and Moshe Coll. Parthenogenesis-Inducing Microorganisms in Parasitic Hymenoptera: Their Mode of Action and Utilization for Improvement of Biological Control Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573080.bard.

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Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria known to cause reproductive and sex ratio disorders in many insects. In various parasitic Hymenoptera, Wolbachia induce thelytokous reproduction. The overall goal of this research was the improvement of biological control agents by reversion of their mode of reproduction. This was attempted from two directions: 1) studying the effect of naturally occurring Wolbachia on the thelytokous species Muscidifuraxuniraptor and 2) trying to transmit thelytoky-inducing Wolbachia to Nasoniavitripennis. In M. uniraptor, gamete duplication was found to be the mode of diploidy restoration and Wolbachia density had a strong effect on sex ratio but not on host fitness. Studies on the natural horizontal transmission of Wolbachia between Nasonia wasps and their Protocalliphora hosts using the Wolbachia Outer Surface Protein (WOSP) gene revealed that (a) two Nasonia species (N. giraulti and N. longicornis) possess closely related strains of B-group Wolbachia, but N. vitripennisapparently acquired B Wolbachia by horizontal transmission from an unknown source, (b) Nasonia and its Protocalliphora host have similar Wolbachia, and (c) the Protocalliphora Wolbachia WOSP gene is a recombinant between the one found in N. giraulti/longicornis and N. vitripennis. Results show parasitoid-host insect transmission of Wolbachia and recombination among Wolbachia strains. Results from gynandromorph studies suggest a novel mechanism of sex determination in Nasonia.
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Hunter, Martha S., and Einat Zchori-Fein. Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Phenotypic variants and fitness effects. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594394.bard.

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Abstract:
The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of vegetables, field crops, and ornamentals worldwide. This species harbors a diverse assembly of facultative, “secondary” bacterial symbionts, the roles of which are largely unknown. We documented a spectacular sweep of one of these, Rickettsia, in the Southwestern United States in the B biotype (=MEAM1) of B. tabaci, from 1% to 97% over 6 years, as well as a dramatic fitness benefit associated with it in Arizona but not in Israel. Because it is critical to understand the circumstances in which a symbiont invasion can cause such a large change in pest life history, the following objectives were set: 1) Determine the frequency of Rickettsia in B. tabaci in cotton across the United States and Israel. 2) Characterize Rickettsia and B. tabaci genotypes in order to test the hypothesis that genetic variation in either partner is responsible for differences in phenotypes seen in the two countries. 3) Determine the comparative fitness effects of Rickettsia phenotypes in B. tabaci in Israel and the United States. For Obj. 1, a survey of B. tabaci B samples revealed the distribution of Rickettsia across the cotton-growing regions of 13 sites from Israel and 22 sites from the USA. Across the USA, Rickettsia frequencies were heterogeneous among regions, but were generally at frequencies higher than 75% and close to fixation in some areas, whereas in Israel the infection rates were lower and declining. The distinct outcomes of Rickettsia infection in these two countries conform to previouslyreported phenotypic differences. Intermediate frequencies in some areas in both countries may indicate a cost to infection in certain environments or that the frequencies are in flux. This suggests underlying geographic differences in the interactions between bacterial symbionts and the pest. Obj. 2, Sequences of several Rickettsia genes in both locations, including a hypervariableintergenic spacer gene, suggested that the Rickettsia genotype is identical in both countries. Experiments in the US showed that differences in whitefly nuclear genotype had a strong influence on Rickettsia phenotype. Obj. 3. Experiments designed to test for possible horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, showed that these bacteria are transferred from B. tabaci to a plant, moved inside the phloem, and could be acquired by other whiteflies. Plants can serve as a reservoir for horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, a mechanism that may explain the occurrence of phylogenetically-similarsymbionts among unrelated phytophagous insect species. This plant-mediated transmission route may also exist in other insect-symbiont systems, and since symbionts may play a critical role in the ecology and evolution of their hosts, serve as an immediate and powerful tool for accelerated evolution. However, no such horizontal transmission of Rickettsia could be detected in the USA, underlining the difference between the interaction in both countries, or between B. tabaci and the banded wing whitefly on cotton in the USA (Trialeurodes sp. nr. abutiloneus) and the omnivorous bug Nesidiocoristenuis. Additionally, a series of experiments excluded the possibility that Rickettsia is frequently transmitted between B. tabaci and its parasitoid wasps Eretmocerusmundus and Encarsiapergandiella. Lastly, ecological studies on Rickettsia effects on free flight of whiteflies showed no significant influence of symbiont infection on flight. In contrast, a field study of the effects of Rickettsia on whitefly performance on caged cotton in the USA showed strong fitness benefits of infection, and rapid increases in Rickettsia frequency in competition population cages. This result confirmed the benefits to whiteflies of Rickettsia infection in a field setting.

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