Relevant bibliographies by topics / Parasitoids

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Academic literature on the topic 'Parasitoids'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Parasitoids"

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Propp, Gary D., and Philip B. Morgan. "EFFECT OF HOST DISTRIBUTION ON PARASITOIDISM OF HOUSE-FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) PUPAE BY SPALANGIA SPP. AND MUSCIDIFURAX RAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 5 (May 1985): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117515-5.

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AbstractThe solitary, pupal parasitoids Spalangia spp. Muscidifurax raptor oviposited supernumerary eggs on house-fly pupae exposed at 3 poultry farms in north central Florida. The percentage total parasitoidism at the 3 sites was 23.7%, 33.6%, and 77.5%, while the percentage of the hosts containing supernumerary parasitoids was 6.2%, 10.7%, and 55.8%, respectively. The average number of parasitoids found per parasitoidized pupa ranged from 1.45 to 2.96. The parasitoids did not show a density-dependent response to spatial variation in host density. Among aggregates of hosts that contained at least 1 parasitoid, percentage total parasitoidism either decreased as host density increased or was unrelated to host density. When total parasitoidism was low, females tended to avoid already parasitoidized hosts. When total parasitoidism was high, more of the hosts contained multiple parasitoids than a single parasitoid.
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Granadillo-Cuello, Jose Arnoldo, Alfonso Villalobos-Moreno, and Jorge Villamizar-Cobos. "Parasitoides de Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, 1856 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) en cultivos de fríjol en García Rovira, Santander." Respuestas 19, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.433.

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Antecedentes: El complejo mosca blanca es uno de los principales problemas entomológicos del país, ya sea por el gran número de hospederos como por su amplia distribución. Dos especies de este complejo son Bemisia tabaci y Trialeurodes vaporariorum; esta última, ha sido identificada como plaga de tomate, fríjol y tabaco en la zona de muestreo. Objetivo: Determinar las especies de parasitoides asociadas a Trialeurodes vaporariorum sobre cultivos de frijol en cuatro municipios de la Provincia de García Rovira, en el departamento de Santander. Métodos: La presente investigación se realizó en los municipios de Enciso, Málaga, Concepción y El Cerrito. Se desarrolló un muestreo aleatorio por etapas con un tamaño de muestra de 50 foliolos por cultivo. Los parasitoides se colectaron a través de cámaras de recuperación. Las variables medidas fueron, ninfas totales, ninfas parasitadas, parasitoides emergidos, parasitoides no emergidos, ninfas emergidas. Resultados: Se recuperaron dos especies del orden Hymenoptera, identificadas como Encarsia pergandiella y Amitus fuscipennis. Los resultados indican que los niveles de parasitoidismo oscilan entre el 3% y el 20%, y que Amitus fuscipennis (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) se encuentra en el 96,48% de las muestras. Conclusiones: Amitus fuscipennis es el parasitoide más abundante de Trialeurodes vaporariorum en condiciones naturales en la Provincia de García Rovira, Encarcia pergandiella es menos abundante debido a su esasa adaptación a las condiciones de la zona de estudio.Palabras clave: Mosca blanca, Ninfas, Plaga, Parasitoidismo. Abstract Background: The whitefly complex is one of the main entomological problems of this country, due to the large number of hosts and for their wide distribution. Two species of this complex are Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum; the latter has been identified as a pest of tomatoes, beans and snuff in the sampling area. Objective: Determine the species of parasitoids associated with Trialeurodes vaporariorum bean crop in four municipalities of the Province of Garcia Rovira, in the department of Santander. Methods: This investigation was conducted in the municipalities of Enciso, Málaga, Concepción and El Cerrito. Stages random sampling with a sample size of 50 leaflets per culture was grown. The parasitoids were collected through cameras recovery. The measures were, Total nymphs parasitized nymphs emerged parasitoids emerged parasitoids no, emerged nymphs. Results: Two species of the order Hymenoptera, identified as Encarsia pergandiella and Amitus fuscipennis recovered. The results indicate that parasitism levels range from 3% to 20% Amitus fuscipennis (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was present in 96.48% of the samples. Conclusions. Amitus fuscipennis is the most abundant parasitoid of Trialeurodes vaporariorum in natural conditions in the Province of Garcia Rovira Encarcia pergandiella is less abundant due to its little adaptation to the conditions of the study area.Keywords: Nymphs, Parasitoidism, Pest, Whitefly
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Carlos Henrique Marchiori. "First occurrences of the host/parasitoid relationship in Brazil and Peru: Bibliographic summary." Open Access Research Journal of Life Sciences 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 015–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjls.2021.1.2.0119.

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It is common for parasitoidism to modify the behavior of the host species, facilitating the development and propagation of the parasitoid and establishing a highly specific relationship. In this case, herbivores such as cattle, sheep, deer, and rabbits are the definitive host of the parasitoid. The objective of this review is to describe the first occurrence of the host/parasitoid relationship in Brazil and Peru. The mini review consists of a bibliographic summary of parasitoids of the Order Hymenoptera parasitoids collected in Brazil and Peru. The research was carried out in studies related to the theme with emphasis on the quantitative aspects of the Superfamily, Family, Subfamilies, Genera, and Species (taxonomic groups). A literature search was carried out containing articles published from 2000 to 2021. The mini review was prepared in Goiânia, Goiás, from July to September 2021, using the Electronic Scientific Library Online (Scielo) and internet. Since the relationship between parasitoids and their hosts is very specific, it is common for agricultural pests to be naturally controlled through parasitoidism. Wasps of the Ichneumonoidea and Braconidae family respectively parasitize caterpillars of butterflies and moths, and even aphids.
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Carlos Henrique Marchiori. "Intraspecific ecological relationships harmonious and inharmonious of parasitoids Class Insect Order Hymenoptera and a review." Open Access Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (October 30, 2021): 013–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjms.2021.2.1.0048.

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The aim of this study was to perform a bibliographic summary on the harmonic and disharmonious intraspecific ecological relationships of parasitoids (Insect: Hymenoptera). The mini review consists of bibliographical research on the parasitoids of the Hymenoptera Parasitic group. The research was conducted in studies related to quantitative aspects of the Superfamily, Family, Genus and Species (taxonomic groups) and in conceptual aspects such as: parasitism, parasitoidism, mutualism, spider parasitoids, "cockroaches karate kick parasitoid wasps to avoid becoming zombies", kicking defense by the cockroach, Wasp 'walking' a roach and ant parasitoids. A literature search was carried out containing articles published from 1982 to 2021. The mini review was carried out in Goiânia, Goiás, from August to September 2021, through the Online Scientific Library (Scielo) and internet.
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Sagarra, L. A., C. Vincent, and R. K. Stewart. "Body size as an indicator of parasitoid quality in male and female Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 91, no. 5 (October 2001): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2001121.

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AbstractThe parasitoid Anagyrus kamali Moursi was recently introduced into the Caribbean as a biological control agent against the hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green. In the laboratory, parasitoid size, as measured by left hind tibia length, was positively correlated several indicators of the parasitoid‘s fitness: longevity, mating preference, fecundity, reproductive longevity, progeny emergence and sex-ratio. When fed ad libidum with honey drops, large male parasitoids lived significantly longer (29.1 ± 6.5 days) than small ones ± 5.7 days). Large females also lived significantly longer (35.4 ± 10 days) than small females (27.9 ± 9.6 days). Females showed no significant mating preference between large and small males. Lifetime fecundity was positively correlated with the size of adult females ranged from 37 ± 21 eggs for small females to 96 ± 43 eggs for large ones. The reproductive longevity, daily oviposition rate, and number of progeny were also higher among large parasitoids. The sex ratio of progeny from small female parasitoids was higher (0.76 ± than that of large individuals (0.47 ± 0.18).
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Basheer, Abdel Nabi, Ghassan Ibraheem, Nesrine Diab, Rasheed Sayyed Omar, Firas Al Ghamaz, Hadi Nasrallah, and Younis Idriss. "The Secondary Parasitoid Perilampus tristis Mayr, 1905 and its Effect on the Primary Parasitoids on the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella L." Arab Journal for Plant Protection 41, no. 2 (2023): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.2.146151.

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Basheer, A., G. Ibrahim, N. Diab, K. Al-Assas, R. Alsaied Omar, F. Al-Ghammaz, H. Nasrallah and Y. Idris. 2023. The Secondary Parasitoid Perilampus tristis Mayr, 1905 and its Effect on the Primary Parasitoids on the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella L. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(2): 146-151. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.2.146151 The study was carried out in some apple orchards infested with the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Khan Arnabah (Quneitra governorate) and Al-Hariseh (Sweida governorate). The study aimed to study the secondary parasitoid Perilampus tristis Mayr, 1905 (Hymenoptera: Perilampidae) and to identify its hosts of the primary parasitoids that parasitize the codling moth in the two study areas. Two methods were used to identify the insect parasitoids on the codling moth, (i) collecting infested fruits, and (ii) cardboard traps. The study revealed the presence of many insect parasitoids that parasitize the apple fruit worm, but the secondary parasitoid P. tristis parasitizes as a secondary parasitoid on the pupae of two types of primary parasitoids, the egg-larval parasitoid Ascogaster quadridentata Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the young larval parasitoid Pristomerus vulnerator, Pzeran1799) (Hymenoptera: Ichneuomonidae) in the two study areas. The numbers of secondary parasitoids P. tristis increased in the cardboard traps, whereas the number of primary parasitoids A. quadridentata and P. vulnerator decreased in the two study areas. The secondary parasitoid P. tristis reduced the effectiveness of the primary parasitoids A. quadridentata and Pristomerus vulnerator in the two study areas. Keywords: apples, Khan Arnabah, Al Harisa, primary parasitoid, secondary parasitoid
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Gillespie, David R., and Susanna Acheampong. "Dropping behaviour in Aulacorthum solani (Hemiptera: Aphididae) following attack by Aphidus ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): are sticky stem bands a useful integrated pest management method?" Canadian Entomologist 144, no. 4 (July 10, 2012): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.52.

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AbstractWe studied the dropping behaviour of the foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in response to disturbance by the parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We banded plant stems with sticky tape to prevent aphids from returning to the plants to determine if these would serve as an integrated pest management strategy for A. solani. Stem banding prevented A. solani that had dropped from returning to the plant; but the mortality associated with banding was not necessarily complementary to biological control by A. ervi. Up to 80% of aphids dropped in response to foraging by A. ervi, and thus could be killed on sticky stem bands. The fraction of aphids that dropped to the ground also contained as much as 90% of the parasitoid's offspring. Overall, mortality of aphids on sticky stem bands was not compatible with parasitoids. Although numbers of aphids declined more rapidly in the first 2 weeks of the trial in the presence of stem bands and parasitoids than in the presence of parasitoids alone, the numbers of aphids were identical in the two treatments from the 3rd week onward. Mortality on the stem bands replaced mortality from parasitoids, and reduced recruitment of parasitoids.
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Ruberson, John R., Maurice J. Tauber, Catherine A. Tauber, and Ward M. Tingey. "INTERACTIONS AT THREE TROPHIC LEVELS: EDOVUM PUTTLERI GRISSELL (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, AND INSECT-RESISTANT POTATOES." Canadian Entomologist 121, no. 10 (October 1989): 841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent121841-10.

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AbstractResistant potato plants influenced the parasitoid Edovum puttleri Grissell directly, as well as indirectly through eggs of the parasitoid’s host, the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). In the field, E. puttleri parasitized more egg masses on plants with no glandular trichomes or with glandular trichomes bearing only enclosed droplets of exudate than on plants with two types of glandular trichomes (one with exposed droplets and the other bearing enclosed droplets). Trichomes with exposed droplets entrapped numerous parasitoids. Although rearing L. decemlineata on resistant plants influenced many of the beetle’s life-history traits, it did not affect the suitability of their eggs for development and survival of preimaginal E. puttleri. However, eggs from L. decemlineata that were reared on resistant potato plants reduced the longevity of the parasitoids and also reduced the number of hosts (eggs) killed by parasitoids.
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Feltrin-Campos, Elidiane, Priscila Laranjeira Rôdas, Daniele Fabiana Glaeser, Fabrício Fagundes Pereira, and Harley Nonato de Oliveira. "Teste de Voo como Critério de Avaliação da Qualidade de Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)." EntomoBrasilis 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v9i2.571.

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Resumo. A produção de inimigos naturais com qualidade comparável àqueles encontrados na natureza é primordial para os sistemas de criação de insetos em condições de laboratório, que vise atender a programas de controle biológico. Dentre os indicadores de qualidade de parasitoides, a capacidade de voo é uma característica importante a ser avaliada em laboratório, pois está relacionada à dispersão e alcance de abrigo, alimentos e hospedeiros em condições de campo. Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle é um endoparasitoide gregário, polífago, idiobionte que parasita pupas, principalmente da ordem Lepidoptera. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da população do parasitoide P. elaeisis, criada em pupas Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) em laboratório pelo teste de voo. Pupas de D. saccharalis com 24 horas de idade foram expostas ao parasitismo por fêmeas de P. elaeisis. Os adultos emergidos foram classificados de acordo com suas posições no interior da Unidade de teste em: voadores, caminhadores e não voadores. A porcentagem dos parasitoides encontrados na tampa (voadores) foi de 51,23%, no anel (caminhadores) de 23,49% e no fundo (não voadores) de 25,26%. Em razão aos percentuais de não voadores observado para outras espécies de parasitoides, o valor constatado para P. elaeisis pode significar uma queda na qualidade desse parasitoide, o que levaria a necessidade de introdução de novos indivíduos coletados em campo para recompor essa qualidade de voo.Flight Test as Evaluation Criteria of the Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) QualityAbstract. The production of natural enemies of comparable quality to those found in nature is essential to the creation of systems of insect in laboratory conditions, which object to meet biological control programs. Among the indicators of quality of parasitoids, flight capacity is an important factor to be evaluated in the laboratory feature, because it is related to the dispersion and range of shelter, food and hosts under field conditions. Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle is a gregarious endoparasitoid, polyphagous, idiobionte and parasite pupae, especially the Lepidoptera order. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the parasitoid P. elaeisis population, created in pupae of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) laboratory for the flight test. Pupae D. saccharalis with 24 hours of age were exposed to parasitism by females of P. elaeisis. The emerged adults were classified according to their positions within the unit test, flyers, running and not flying. The percentage of parasitoids found on the cover (flying) was 51.23%, the ring (running) of 23.49% and the bottom (non-flying) of 25.26%. Because the percentage of non-flying observed for other species of parasitoids, the value found for P. elaeisis could mean a drop in quality of the parasitoid, which would lead to the need to introduce new individuals collected in the field to restore this quality of flight.
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Heyerdahl, Rod H., and James D. Dutcher. "HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS OF PECAN LEAFMINERS1,2." Journal of Entomological Science 20, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.4.411.

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Thirty-seven hymenopterous parasitoids, representing the families Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, and Eupelmidae were reared from the larvae and pupae of each of the pecan leafminers Stigmella juglandifoliella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), Cameraria caryaefoliella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), Phyllonorycter caryaealbella (Chambers) (Lepdioptera: Gracillariidae), and Coptodisca lucifluella Clemens (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae). Six of the parasitoids were secondary or hyperparasitoids, 10 were gregarious parasitoids and 4 were multiple parasitoids. Parasitoid exuviae and meconium in the host mine were useful diagnostic characteristics for distinguishing parasitoid species.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Parasitoids"

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Flanagan, Kate Elizabeth. "Reproductive strategies in parasitoids." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244765.

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Byrne, David N., and David E. Bellamy. "Predicting Dispersal by Whitefly Parasitoids." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220016.

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These experiments were designed to examine short-range dispersal by the small whitefly parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus that takes place within the confines of a specifically defined habitat. We were specifically concerned with the impacts of sex and mating status on their dispersal. We hoped to construct predictive models concerning dispersal. In a vertical flight chamber we found that female flight duration was significantly longer (11 times) than that of males and that unmated parasitoids flew approximately three times longer than mated individuals. In field studies 87% of the 4,153 parasitoids captured were males. This occurred in spite of sex ratios being near 1:1 upon release. The difference in dispersal characteristics between males and females may be resource based. It is felt that certain requirements were met within our field plots for males that were not met for females. It is important for males to find mates and they may have done so inside release containers or in close proximity to release sites. While females have a similar requirement, they must also find whitefly hosts to parasitize. It can be assumed that each sex took active steps to accomplish different goals. Males were searching the immediate area of the release sites where mates were plentiful, while females were leaving the 33 ft. radius plots in search of whitefly hosts. We were able to verify models for male dispersal (75% of males were predicted to disperse within 13.5 ft.). Our models predicted that 50% of females would be found within 82 ft. This information will useful when describing movement by E. eremicus and other small insects. It should prove useful when defining release techniques for parasitoids being used as biological control agents.
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Inclán, Luna Diego Javier. "Landscape dynamics of tachinid parasitoids." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424645.

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Habitat fragmentation and the intensification of agricultural landscapes are among the main drivers affecting parasitoid diversity. Although many empirical and theoretical studies have elucidated the effects of these processes on populations and communities of parasitoids, the majority of the research has been focused on specialized groups of hymenopterans. In this study the highly-diverse group of tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) was considered as an alternative model system to test the effects of landscape fragmentation and agricultural intensification on the third trophic level. The effects of habitat fragmentation are evaluated in Chapter II. This chapter evaluates the relative importance of habitat loss, decrease of connectivity and their potential interaction on tachinid diversity. This chapter shows that the reduction of habitat area and the loss of connectivity significantly interacted, suggesting that management practices aimed to mitigate the negative effect of habitat fragmentation need to consider the connectivity in the surrounding landscape. In the following chapters, diverse components of the intensification of agricultural landscapes were evaluated. In Chapter III, the diversity of tachinids was examined in relation to farm management (organic vs. conventional) at different spatial scales. This study shows that organic management improved the diversity of tachinids at both the local and landscape scales but only in arable crops while the effect in grasslands was neutral. Thus, any attempt to enhance parasitoid diversity needs to consider the local farming system in relation to the agricultural management in the surrounding landscape. In Chapters IV and V the spatial dynamics and movement of parasitoids between crop and non-crop habitats were evaluated. These chapters show that the spillover of tachinid parasitoids was favored by the low contrast in habitat structure between the crop and non-crop habitats. The highest spillover of parasitoids to arable land was found from herbaceous semi-natural habitats, while woody structure reduced the exchange of individuals between arable crop and non-crop habitats. Finally, in Chapters V and VI the effects of different field margins to enhance farmland biodiversity were examined. The results from these chapters demonstrate that the positive effect of field margins to enhance the diversity of tachinids was related to the type and complexity of these semi-natural habitats. This research provides new insights into the consequences of landscape changes on the diversity of a key functional group that has been long overlooked in ecological and conservation studies. The results will provide guidelines to implement conservation measures to halt or reduce biodiversity loss of this important group of parasitoids.
La frammentazione degli habitat e l’intensificazione dell’agricoltura sono riconosciuti tra i principali fattori che incidono negativamente sulla diversità dei parassitoidi. Nonostante numerosi studi hanno confermato questa tendenza, la gran parte di essi si è concentrata sugli imenotteri parassitoidi. Questa tesi si concentra invece sui tachinidi (Diptera: Tachinidae), considerati come sistema modello alternativo per testare gli effetti della frammentazione del paesaggio e dell’agricoltura intensiva sul terzo livello trofico. In particolare, gli effetti della frammentazione degli habitat sono descritti nel Capitolo II, dove viene valutata l’importanza relativa della perdita dell’habitat, la diminuzione della connettività e la loro potenziale interazione nell’influenzare la diversità dei tachinidi. I risultati dimostrano che la riduzione dell’area e la perdita di connettività dell’habitat interagiscono significativamente, evidenziando che le pratiche di gestione finalizzate a mitigare gli effetti negativi della frammentazione dell’habitat non possono prescindere dal prendere in considerazione la connettività con il paesaggio circostante. Nei capitoli successivi sono stati invece valutati vari impatti connessi all’intensificazione dell’agricoltura. Nel Capitolo III è stato esaminato come la gestione delle aziende agricole (biologica vs. convenzionale) possa influenzare la diversità dei tachinidi a diverse scale spaziali. I risultati dimostrano che la gestione biologica ha un effetto positivo sulla diversità di tachinidi sia a scala locale sia a livello di paesaggio, ma solamente nel caso dei seminativi mentre le praterie non ricevono nessun beneficio dall’agricoltura biologica. Quindi qualsiasi tipo di intervento per migliorare la diversità dei parassitoidi deve considerare il sistema di gestione agricolo locale in relazione al paesaggio circostante. Nei Capitoli IV e V sono state trattate le dinamiche spaziali di spostamento dei parassitoidi tra ambienti coltivati e ambienti naturali. Questi capitoli dimostrano che il movimento dei tachinidi è stato favorito dalla bassa differenziazione strutturale dei due ambienti. Lo scambio di individui più elevato si è avuto dal margine erbaceo mentre il margine caratterizzato dalla presenza delle siepi riduce lo scambio di individui tra i due ambienti. Infine, nei Capitoli V and VI è stato valutato l’effetto di diverse tipologie di margine dei terreni agricoli sulla biodiversità. I risultati ottenuti da questi capitoli dimostrano che gli effetti positivi della presenza di margini semi-naturali sulla diversità dei tachinidi siano correlati alla tipologia e alla complessità degli habitat. Questa tesi fornisce nuove informazioni su come i cambiamenti a livello di paesaggio influenzano la diversità di un gruppo funzionale chiave che è stato per lungo tempo poco considerato negli studi di ecologia e conservazione. I risultati potranno essere utilizzati per definire e implementare innovative misure di conservazione e mitigazione degli impatti considerati.
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Barros, Lucas Silva [UNESP]. "Seletividade de inseticidas ao parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134292.

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O uso de inseticidas tem o intuito de prevenir ou reduzir perdas agrícolas aos insetos-praga. Entretanto, quando de maneira irracional provoca consequências negativas aos agroecossistemas, como a eliminação de inimigos naturais. Alternativamente a esta situação, buscando-se a sustentabilidade, prima-se pelo emprego de inseticidas seletivos, os quais possibilitam a integração aos agentes do controle biológico. Destaca-se neste contexto Trichogramma pretiosum, parasitoides de ovos de inúmeras espécies de lepidópteros-praga agrícolas e florestais. Diante do exposto o presente trabalho avaliou a seletividade de novos inseticidas químicos e biológicos (g i.a. L-1 ) às fases de pupa e adulto de T. pretiosum. No bioensaio 1, testou-se clorantraniliprole (0,04; 0,06; 0,08; 0,12; 0,2); flubendiamida (0,1344; 0,288; 0,4416); diflubenzuron (0,384; 0,48); bifentrina/carbosulfano (0,07/0,21; 0,1/0,3; 0,2/0,6; 0,3/0,9); bifentrina (0,216; 0,324). No bioensaio 2, foram testados espinosade (0,096; 0,24; 0,384), indoxicarbe (0,12; 0,24; 0,36); clorfenapir (0,768; 0,96; 1,152; 1,344; 1,536); Baculovírus (HzSNPV) (0,0064; 0,00896; 0,01536; 0,0192). Clorpirifós (1,92) e água destilada foram as testemunhas. Para esses experimentos, ovos de Anagasta kuehniella contendo o parasitoide nas fases de pupa foram expostos aos inseticidas, assim como adultos do parasitoide em contato com uma película seca dos inseticidas quando pulverizados sobre placas de vidro. Avaliou-se o parasitismo e viabilidade até 72 horas após a emergência do parasitoide. As reduções na capacidade benéfica dos parasitoides expostos aos tratamentos foram classificadas em quatro classes: 1, inócuo (<30%); 2, levemente nocivo (30-79%); 3, moderadamente nocivo (80-99%) e 4, nocivo (>99%). Os bioensaios foram realizados sob condições climáticas controladas (25±2ºC, UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 14 horas). Os parâmetros biológicos variaram conforme a fase de desenvolvimento de T. pretiousm, mecanismos de ação, concentração e periodos avaliados. No bioensaio 1 flubendiamida, na menor concentração, foi inócuo (classe 1) à fase de pupa de T. pretiosum no primeiro dia após a emergência. Baculovirus (HzSNPV), no bioensaio 2, em todas as concentrações testadas, foi inócuo (classe 1) à fase pupa e adulto de T. pretiosum no primeiro dia após a emergência. Tais inseticidas mostraram-se seletivos e adequados ao uso no Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP). Os demais inseticidas, classe 2, 3 e 4, deverão passar para as próximas etapas dos testes de seletividade.
The use of pesticides has the purpose to prevent or reduce crop losses to insect pests. However, when irrationally causes negative consequences to agricultural ecosystems, as the elimination of natural enemies. Alternatively to this, aiming for sustainability, it suggests the use of selective insecticides, which enable integration with biological control agents. In this context Trichogramma pretiosum, eggs parasitoids to numerous species of agricultural and forestry lepidopteran pests. Given the above the present study evaluated the selectivity of new chemical and biological insecticides (g a.i. L-1 ) to the pupal stage and adult of T. pretiosum. In the bioassay 1, was tested clorantraniliprole (0.04; 0.06; 0.08; 0.12; 0.2); flubendiamide (0.1344; 0.288; 0.4416); diflubenzuron (0.384; 0.48); bifenthrin/carbosulfan (0.07/0.21; 0.1/0.3; 0.2/0.6; 0.3/0.9); bifenthrin (0.216; 0.324). In the bioassay 2, were tested spinosad (0.096; 0.24; 0.384), indoxicarbe (0.12; 0.24; 0.36); chlorfenapyr (0.768; 0.96; 1.152; 1.344; 1.536); Baculovirus (HzSNPV) (0.0064; 0.00896; 0.01536; 0.0192). Chlorpyrifos (1.92) and distilled water were the control. For these experiments, Anagasta kuehniella eggs containing the parasitoid in pupal stage were exposed to insecticides, as well as adult parasitoids in contact with a dry film of insecticides when sprayed on glass plates. Was evaluated the parasitism and viability until 72 hours after the emergence of the parasitoid. The reductions in the beneficial capacity of parasitoids exposed to the treatments were classified into four classes: 1, harmless (<30%); 2, slightly harmful (30-79%); 3, moderately harmful (80-99%) and 4, harmful (> 99%). Bioassays were conducted under controlled climatic conditions (25 ± 2° C, RH of 70 ± 10% and photoperiod of 14 hours). The biological parameters varied according to the development of T. pretiousm, mechanisms of action, concentration and evaluated periods. In the bioassay 1 flubendiamide, in the lowest concentration, was harmless (class 1) to the pupal stage of T. pretiosum on the first day after emergence. Baculovirus (HzSNPV) in the bioassay 2, in all concentrations tested, was harmless (class 1) to the pupal stage and adult parasitoids on the first day after emergence. Such insecticides were selective and suitable for use in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Other insecticides, class 2, 3 and 4, should move to the next steps of selectivity tests.
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Hougardy, Evelyne. "Resource sharing in bark beetle parasitoids." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211330.

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Beck, Markus Hans. "Molecular genetics of host manipulation and competition in an insect parasitoid system." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ACP/09acpb393.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 108-128. Maternal protein secretions from the parthenogenetic endoparasitoid wasp Venturia canescens Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were analysed regarding their ability to protect the parasitoid egg against the host immune system. These secretions include nucleic acid-free glycoproteins, called virus-like particles (VLPs) that are produced in the ovarian calyx gland. Results found that VLP-free calyx fluid has the ability to actively suppress host defence reactions, rather than VLPs on the egg surface being solely responsible for the protection of the egg. It was shown the VLP-free calyx fluid contains serine protease-inhibitor activity capable of transiently inhibiting melanogenisis and hemocyte spreading in the host. This indicates that immediately after oviposition the egg surface is not fully protected against host defence reactions. However, at later stages the egg seems to have acquired an immunologically inert surface, and is therefore protected after the suppressive activity of the calyx fluid has disappeared.
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Morais, Adriana Barnabé 1984. "Estudos populacionais de Revena rubiginosa, Boheman 1936 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) e de seus parasitoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae e Ichneumonidae)." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317471.

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Orientador: João Vasconcellos Neto
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Mestrado
Parasitologia
Mestra em Parasitologia
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Lynch, Liam David. "Factors in population regulation by insect parasitoids." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366238.

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Pritchard, J. "Host specificity in aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae)." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384680.

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Byrne, David N., and David E. Bellamy. "Refinement of Release Techniques for Whitefly Parasitoids." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219970.

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Although they are currently effectively controlled by chemicals, sweet potato whiteflies have the potential to once again be a dominant pest in Arizona vegetables. We need to explore alternatives such as biological control so that we are not reliant solely on pesticides. We have been examining dispersal by the whitefly parasitoid Eretmocerus sp. in order to find more effective ways to deploy these agents in the field. We have learned in the laboratory that these wasps are efficient flyers since they are capable of moving into strong winds for more than 30 min. We also now know that most flight takes place within a short distance of the release point. We also have a better understanding of differences between male and female flight. This, along with other information we have obtained, will lead to our ability to effectively release these and parasitoids of other insect pests as well.
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Books on the topic "Parasitoids"

1

Jeff, Waage, and Greathead David, eds. Insect parasitoids. London: Academic Press, 1986.

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Opender, Koul, and Dhaliwal G. S, eds. Predators and parasitoids. London: Taylor & Francis, 2003.

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Omkar. Parasitoids in Pest Management. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239.

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Wajnberg, ric, Carlos Bernstein, and Jacques van Alphen, eds. Behavioral Ecology of Insect Parasitoids. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470696200.

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Wajnberg, Eric, and Stefano Colazza, eds. Chemical Ecology of Insect Parasitoids. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118409589.

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Godfray, H. C. J. Parasitoids: Behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1994.

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E, Wajnberg, Hassan S. A, and International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants., eds. Biological control with egg parasitoids. Wallingford, UK: CAB International on behalf of the International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, 1994.

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E, Hochberg Michael, and Ives Anthony R. 1961-, eds. Parasitoid population biology. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2000.

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Noyes, John S. Oriental mealybug parasitoids of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae). Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International on behalf of the Natural History Museum, London, 1994.

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Starý, Petr. Subject bibliography of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) of the world, 1758-1982. Hamburg: P. Parey, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Parasitoids"

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Bjørnstad, Ottar N. "Parasitoids." In Use R!, 255–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97487-3_14.

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Bjørnstad, Ottar. "Parasitoids." In Use R!, 319–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12056-5_16.

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da Costa-Lima, Tiago Cardoso, Aloisio Coelho, Alexandre José Ferreira Diniz, and Marcus Vinicius Sampaio. "Parasitoids Insects." In Natural Enemies of Insect Pests in Neotropical Agroecosystems, 199–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24733-1_17.

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Kumar, Arvind, Aishwarya Ray, and Meena Agnihotri. "Pteromalid Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 111–28. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-5.

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Chellappan, Mani, and M. T. Ranjith. "Insect Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 1–47. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-1.

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Singh, Longjam Roni Kumar, Devanshu Gupta, and Kailash Chandra. "Ichneumonid Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 49–56. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-2.

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Sureshan, P. M., and P. Girish Kumar. "Chalcidoid Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 151–88. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-7.

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Chellappan, Mani, and M. T. Ranjith. "Aphelinid Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 283–314. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-11.

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Agnihotri, Meena, J. M. Samraj, and Arvind Kumar. "Eulophid Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 189–225. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-8.

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Navik, Omprakash, Richa Varshney, Y. Lalitha, and Sushil Kumar Jalali. "Trichogrammatid Parasitoids." In Parasitoids in Pest Management, 227–63. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354239-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Parasitoids"

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Mateos, Mariana. "Transcriptomics of theSpiroplasmadefense against parasitoids ofDrosophila." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.107813.

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Oliver, Kerry M. "Symbiont-based protection against parasitoids in aphids." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94287.

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Feener, Don H. "Host specificity in phorid parasitoids of ants." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.107664.

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Velasco Hernández, Maria Concepcion. "Physiological status of parasitoids affecting host selection." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.108978.

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Gaudreau, Mathilde. "When host color matters for egg parasitoids." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.113861.

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Manic, Gheorghe. "Complexul parazitoid al cinipidului Neuroterus Quercusbaccarum (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) ce se dezvoltă pe frunze de stejar." In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.47.

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The research of parasitoid calcidids associated with the cinopid Neuroterus quercusbaccarum L. (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) was performed in the forest ridges of the northern and central districts of the Republic of Moldova during the years 2016-2018. In total, more than 1000 gallons were collected, of which eights pecies of entomophagus included in 7 genres and 6 families were obtained under laboratory conditions: Pteromalidae – Mesopolobus tibialis Westw., M. Fasciiventris Westw.; Eupelmidae – Eupelmus fulvipes Förster, Eulophidae – Olynx gallarum L., Tetrastichus sp., Ormyridae – Ormyrus diffinis Fonsc., Eurytomidae – Eudecatoma biguttata Swed.; Torymidae – Torymus flavipes Walker. In the parasitoid complex with a higher percentage of parasites, threes pecies were found: Torymus flavipes Walker (Chalcidoidea, Torymidae), Mesopolobus tibialis Westw., M. Fasciiventris Westw. (Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae). The lowest percentage of parasites was recorded in Tetrastichus sp. (Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae). Torymus flavipes Walker iscited as a new species for Moldova’s fauna. For the first time there has been infestation of this host with parasitoids: Mesopolobus fasciiventris Westw. (Pteromalidae), Ormyrus diffinis Fonsc. (Ormyridae), Eudecatoma biguttataSwed. (Eurytomidae), Eupelmus fulvipes Förster (Eupelmidae); Tetrastichus sp. (Eulophidae), Torymus flavipes Walker (Torymidae).
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Rohrig, Eric. "Biocontrol in Florida using herbivores, parasitoids, and predators." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93963.

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Vinson, Brad. "Physiological interaction between egg parasitoids and their hosts." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105511.

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Lindström, Irmeli, Katri Suuronen, and Hille Suojalehto. "Greenhouse workers’ occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by parasitoids." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa1225.

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Janšta, Petr. "Evolutionary history of the Podagrionini, parasitoids of praying mantises." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.116348.

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Reports on the topic "Parasitoids"

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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis, et al. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228677.

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The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a major pest native to the Americas, recently invading Africa, Asia and Oceania, severely affecting maize and other crops. Control efforts mainly involve chemical pesticides, posing public health risks. Classical biological control has not been implemented in the invaded regions, though some native parasitoids have adapted to the pest. In the Americas, various parasitoids and predators attack S. frugiperda. The egg parasitoid Telenomus remus, successful in the Americas, is already present in Africa and Asia. Key potential biological control agents include Chelonus insularis, an egg-larval parasitoid with high parasitism rates; Eiphosoma laphygmae, a specific larval parasitoid; and Campoletis spp., larval parasitoids that may be suitable for cooler regions. Other promising parasitoids include Aleoides laphygmae, Cotesia marginiventris, Archytas marmoratus and Lespesia archippivora. Further investigation into these parasitoids could enhance biological control strategies in newly invaded areas.
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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis, et al. Pine Processionary Moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis & Schiffermüller). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228697.

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The pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa; PPM) is native to southern Europe, North Africa and parts of the Middle East, but has expanded northwards into several European countries. The larvae feed on conifer needles, causing severe defoliation and weakening trees, making them more susceptible to other pests and diseases. The urticating setae of older larvae pose significant health risks to humans and animals, causing skin and respiratory issues. While no classical biological control programs specifically target PPM, several natural enemies show promise. Key parasitoids include the egg parasitoids Baryscapus servadeii and Ooencyrtus pityocampae, the larval parasitoid Phryxe caudata and the pupal parasitoids Villa brunnea and Coelichneumon rudis. These parasitoids exhibit variable parasitism rates depending on region and conditions. Additionally, the ground beetle Calosoma sycophanta has been used in augmentative releases for control, demonstrating potential for classical biological control in areas where it does not naturally exist.
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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis, et al. Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228464.

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The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, a severe pest of Asian origin, has spread to Europe, North America and South America, causing significant damage to fruits, vegetables and nuts. Chemical control methods are often ineffective due to the high mobility, broad host range and resilience of the pest. Biological control, particularly using egg parasitoids, presents a promising long-term solution. The egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus is considered the most promising candidate for biological control, with adventive populations found in Europe and North America showing varying levels of impact on H. halys populations. Another egg parasitoid, Trissolcus mitsukurii, has also been detected in Europe and shows potential as a biological control agent. While these parasitoids are oligophagous and occasionally target non-H. halys species, their strong preference for H. halys makes them viable for biological control efforts. Ongoing introduction and redistribution efforts aim to enhance their impact on H. halys populations.
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Gerling, Dan, and Bradleigh Vinson. Evaluation of Parasitoids for the Control of Whiteflies. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7593411.bard.

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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis, et al. Oak processionary moth, Thaumetopoea processionea (L.). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228704.

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The oak processionary moth (Thaumetopoea processionea>) is native to Central and Southern Europe and has been spreading to Northern Europe, including Southern England since 2006. The larvae feed on various oak species (Quercus spp.), contributing to oak decline and causing significant health issues for humans and pets due to their urticating hairs. There is no history of classical biological control for this pest, but several promising natural enemies exist. The most promising natural enemies include the larval parasitoids Carcelia iliaca and Pales processioneae, which are specific to Thaumetopoea spp. and have been dominant in Germany and the Netherlands, with C. iliaca also found in invasive UK populations. The egg parasitoid Ooencyrtus masii is noted in Italy but seems less significant than other polyphagous species, such as Anastatus bifasciatus and Trichogramma spp. Pimpla processioneae and other Pimpla species are frequently found parasitizing pupae, with P. processioneae being the most specific. Other natural enemies such as A. bifasciatus, the larval parasitoid Meteorus versicolor, and various tachinid parasitoids are abundant but too polyphagous for classical biological control programs.
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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis, et al. Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228462.

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The spotted wing Drosophila, (Drosophila suzukii) native to East Asia, has become an invasive species in Hawaii, USA, since 1980 and has spread globally, affecting economically important crops, such as berries and cherries. The high reproductive rate and polyphagous nature of this species, facilitated by a unique serrated ovipositor, lead to significant crop damage and economic losses. Control measures, including insecticides and biological controls, have limited effectiveness due to frequent re-infestations. Research in Asia identified 3 promising parasitoid species for classical biological control, i.e. Ganaspis brasiliensis, Leptopilina japonica and Asobara japonica. Among them, G. brasiliensis (particularly genetic group G1) shows the highest host specificity to D. suzukii and has been approved for release in several regions. Other parasitoids, such as Trichopria drosophilae and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae, have limited field effectiveness. Classical biological control using specific parasitoids offers a potential solution to reduce D. suzukii populations and mitigate economic damage.
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Pulgarin Díaz, John Alexander, Juliana Pérez Pérez, and Carlos Espinel Correal. In search for Gonipterus platensis (Marelli, 1926) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) egg parasitoids in Antioquia, Colombia. Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2019.26.

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The eucalyptus snout beetle, Gonipterus spp. are a pest of Eucalyptus stands in the world causing serious economic loses. Gonipterus platensis (Figure 1) was ¬rst reported in Antioquia (Colombia) in 2016, by the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario –ICA (ICA, 2016), threatening more than 60.000 ha planted with eucalyptus around the country. Classical biological control of these species has worked in some countries using the egg parasitoids Anaphes nitens (Girault) and Anaphes inexpectatus Huber & Prinsloo, 1990 (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and complemented with di erent natural enemies (NE) in some countries (Nascimento et al. 2017). A. nitens had been reported with high e cency ¬nding G. scutellatus egg masses reaching a parasitism rate of 80–100% of eggs in North west Spain (Rivera et al. 1999). It is necessary to know Gonipterus platensis NE, including the presence of A. nitens and A. inexpectatus, in local conditions so integrated pest management programs could be designed. This is the ¬rst survey of the NE for G. platensis in Colombia.
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8

Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis, et al. Bronze Birch Borer, Agrilus anxius (L.). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228438.

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The bronze birch borer (BBB), Agrilus anxius, is a significant pest native to North America, affecting birch trees (Betula spp.). Its larvae burrow through the cambial layer, causing tree decline and mortality, especially in stressed North American birches and healthy European and Asian birches. Although endemic in North America, BBB has caused widespread damage, particularly in urban areas and during droughts. The pest poses a potential threat to European and Asian birch forests if it were to spread. Currently, there is no history of classical biological control against BBB. Several natural enemies, including egg and larval parasitoids, such as Thysanus sp., Atanycolus charus and Phasgonophora sulcata, have been identified in North America, but their role in controlling BBB populations is unclear. Other natural enemies, including various parasitoid species and a microsporidian, have shown limited potential. Oobius agrili, a parasitoid used against emerald ash borer (EAB), can parasitize BBB ova, but is less effective when EAB ova are present. Further research is needed to identify and evaluate potential biological control agents for BBB.
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9

Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis, et al. Plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228457.

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The plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, is a native pest of North America, predominantly affecting stone and pome fruits, such as peaches, apricots, nectarines and apples. Its damage, caused by oviposition and larval feeding, leads to scarring, premature fruit drop and deformities, posing significant economic challenges to orchard production. Control methods, including chemical treatments and biological control using entomopathogenic nematodes, have proven challenging due to the development of the pest inside the fruit and unpredictable population dynamics. While classical biological control efforts have not been undertaken due to the limited distribution of the pest, several parasitoid species have been identified as potential natural enemies. However, their effectiveness in controlling plum curculio remains uncertain, with variable rates of parasitism reported across different studies and locations. Further research is needed to assess the potential of parasitoids and other natural enemies for managing plum curculio populations effectively.
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10

Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis, et al. Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228445.

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The Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens) is a major pest of mango and citrus, causing significant damage through larval tunneling and fruit rotting. Native to Central America, it has also been found in the southern USA and poses a potential threat to the Mediterranean region. Classical biological control efforts began in the 1950s with the introduction of various parasitoids, though only Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and Aceratoneuromyia indica established successfully. Diachasmimorpha longicaudata remains the most effective, achieving up to 33% parasitism in augmentative releases. Other promising natural enemies include Doryctobracon crawfordi and Coptera haywardii, both native to the Neotropics. Numerous other parasitoids and predators, such as ants and spiders, contribute to A. ludens control, but their specific impacts and potential for biological control programs require further study.
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