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Joshua B. LaPergola, C. Justin Proctor, Hodali Almonte, and Kate J. Wallace. "Mortality of an adult Antillean Palm Swift (<em>Tachornis phoenicobia</em>) associated with <em>Philornis</em> sp. parasitism in the Sierra De Bahoruco, Dominican Republic." Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 36 (April 17, 2023): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55431/jco.2023.36.36-44.
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Abstract The ecological importance of avian myiasis caused by fly (Diptera) larvae, especially in the genus Philornis, remains poorly understood. One major gap in our knowledge is which bird species experience such parasitism. We present here the first report of Philornis parasitism on an adult Antillean Palm Swift (Tachornis phoenicobia) from the Dominican Republic, representing the first documented record of Philornis parasitism of a swift species (Apodidae). The host bird was found dead shortly after being observed alive with clear evidence of myiasis, and we suggest the bird’s death was due to the detected fly larvae. We also propose that this parasite-associated adult mortality implicates Philornis as another potential factor contributing to observed aerial insectivore declines, and highlights the pressing need for more comprehensive studies investigating the occurrence of parasitism in other Caribbean avian species.
Keywords aerial insectivores, Antillean Palm Swift, Philornis, Sierra de Bahoruco, Tachornis phoenicobia
Resumen Mortalidad de un Tachornis phoenicobia adulto asociado on el parasitismo por Philornis sp. en la Sierra de Bahoruco, Republica Dominicana • La importancia ecológica de la miasis en aves causada por las larvas de moscas del género Philornis ha sido poco estudiada en el pasado. Un vacío importante en nuestro conocimiento es la distribución taxonómica de las especies hospederas. Reportamos el primer registro de parasitismo por la mosca del género Philornis en un individuo de Tachornis phoenicobia de República Dominicana, lo que representa el primer registro documentado de parasitismo por Philornis en una especie de vencejo (Apodidae). El hospedero fue un espécimen adulto encontrado muerto poco después de haber sido observado vivo con claras evidencias de parasitismo por Philornis, por lo que atribuimos su muerte a las larvas de mosca detectadas. Sugerimos que la mortalidad de aves adultas inducida por parasitismo de Philornis sea considerada como otro factor potencial que contribuye a la disminución de los insectívoros aéreos y destacamos la necesidad urgente de estudios más completos que investiguen la aparición de parasitismo en otras especies de aves del Caribe.
Palabras clave insectívoros aéreos, Philornis, Sierra de Bahoruco, Tachornis phoenicobia
Résumé Mortalité d’un Martinet petit-rollé (Tachornis phoenicobia) adulte associée au parasitisme par Philornis sp. dans la Sierra de Bahoruco en République dominicaine • L’importance écologique de la myiase aviaire causée par des larves de mouches (diptères), notamment du genre Philornis, reste mal connue. Une lacune importante dans nos connaissances est de savoir quelles espèces d’oiseaux sont affectées par ce type de parasitisme. Nous présentons ici la première mention de parasitisme d’un Martinet petit-rollé (Tachornis phoenicobia) adulte par Philornis en République dominicaine, ce qui constitue la première mention documentée de parasitisme d’une espèce de martinet (Apodidae) par cette mouche. L’oiseau hôte a été retrouvé mort peu de temps après avoir été observé vivant avec des preuves évidentes de myiase, et nous attribuons donc la mort de l’oiseau aux larves de mouche détectées. Nous suggérons également que la mortalité à l’âge adulte induite par le parasitisme par Philornis soit considérée comme un autre facteur pouvant contribuer au déclin observé des insectivores aériens, et nous soulignons le besoin urgent d’études plus complètes sur l’occurrence du parasitisme chez d’autres espèces d’oiseaux de la Caraïbe.
Mots clés insectivores aériens, Martinet petit-rollé, Philornis, Sierra de Bahoruco, Tachornis phoenicobia
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Bourne, Mitchel E., Gabriele Gloder, Berhane T. Weldegergis, Marijn Slingerland, Andrea Ceribelli, Sam Crauwels, Bart Lievens, Hans Jacquemyn, Marcel Dicke, and Erik H. Poelman. "Parasitism causes changes in caterpillar odours and associated bacterial communities with consequences for host-location by a hyperparasitoid." PLOS Pathogens 19, no. 3 (March 22, 2023): e1011262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011262.
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Microorganisms living in and on macroorganisms may produce microbial volatile compounds (mVOCs) that characterise organismal odours. The mVOCs might thereby provide a reliable cue to carnivorous enemies in locating their host or prey. Parasitism by parasitoid wasps might alter the microbiome of their caterpillar host, affecting organismal odours and interactions with insects of higher trophic levels such as hyperparasitoids. Hyperparasitoids parasitise larvae or pupae of parasitoids, which are often concealed or inconspicuous. Odours of parasitised caterpillars aid them to locate their host, but the origin of these odours and its relationship to the caterpillar microbiome are unknown. Here, we analysed the odours and microbiome of the large cabbage white caterpillar Pieris brassicae in relation to parasitism by its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata. We identified how bacterial presence in and on the caterpillars is correlated with caterpillar odours and tested the attractiveness of parasitised and unparasitised caterpillars to the hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus. We manipulated the presence of the external microbiome and the transient internal microbiome of caterpillars to identify the microbial origin of odours. We found that parasitism by C. glomerata led to the production of five characteristic volatile products and significantly affected the internal and external microbiome of the caterpillar, which were both found to have a significant correlation with caterpillar odours. The preference of the hyperparasitoid was correlated with the presence of the external microbiome. Likely, the changes in external microbiome and body odour after parasitism were driven by the resident internal microbiome of caterpillars, where the bacterium Wolbachia sp. was only present after parasitism. Micro-injection of Wolbachia in unparasitised caterpillars increased hyperparasitoid attraction to the caterpillars compared to untreated caterpillars, while no differences were found compared to parasitised caterpillars. In conclusion, our results indicate that host-parasite interactions can affect multi-trophic interactions and hyperparasitoid olfaction through alterations of the microbiome.
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Santos, Luan Alberto Odorizzi, and Laila Herta Mihsfeldt. "Capacidade de Busca e de Parasitismo de Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) em Lagartas de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)." EntomoBrasilis 7, no. 2 (August 16, 2014): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v7i2.333.
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A capacidade do parasitoide de localizar e parasitar o hospedeiro estão diretamente relacionados ao sucesso do controle biológico de pragas. Diante disso, o presente trabalho avaliou o efeito da idade de Cotesia flavipes Cameron na capacidade busca e no parasitismo em lagartas de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) em condições de laboratório. Realizou-se uma liberação de 2000 parasitoides com 24 horas de idade. Foram colocados 40 internódios infestados artificialmente com a broca, na distância de cinco e dez metros, num total de 80 colmos por avaliação, durante seis dias. Constatou-se que no primeiro dia de liberação houve a maior porcentagem de parasitismo, diferindo apenas do quinto e sexto dia. Conclui-se que C. flavipes pode parasitar até 120 horas de vida em condições de laboratório e recomenda-se a liberação de indivíduos com 24 horas de vida por apresentarem maior percentual de parasitismo nessa idade.
Ability to Quest and Parasitism of Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Larvae
Abstract. The ability of the parasitoid to locate and parasitize the host is directly related to the success of biological control of pests. The effect of Cotesia flavipes Cameron’s age on the ability to quest and parasitism larvae of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) in laboratory conditions was evaluated. An amount of 2,000 adults (24 hours aged) was released. Fourteen sugarcane borer artificially infested internodes were 5 and 10 m placed apart each other, comprising eighteen stalks in each evaluation, during six days. The higher parasitism rate was observed in the first day after parasitoid release, with significant differences from the fifth day on. Therefore, C. flavipes is able to efficiently parasitize until its first 120 hours of life in laboratory conditions. It makes possible a recommendation of 24-hours aged parasitoid releases, that possibly will be more efficient in the sugarcane borer biological control.
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Haryati, Siti, Y. Andi Trisyono, and Witjaksono Witjaksono. "Parasitism of The Rice Brown Planthopper Eggs in Various Periods of Time of The Day." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 20, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.16621.
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The rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is an important pest of rice. Since at the early stage, this pest is infested by parasitoids, but most cultural practices do not consider the existences of parasitoids in rice ecosystem. This study was aimed to determine the level of parasitism on N. lugens with regard to the time of the day. This information would be useful to minimize the effect of insecticide application to the parasitoids. Trapping of egg parasitoids in rice ecosystem was conducted every two hours from 05.00 a.m. until 04.00 p.m. Parasitism occured as early as at 05.00 a.m. (12.26% of the total parasitoid found), reached the peak abundance at 11.00 a.m. (36.13%), and decreased at 01.00 p.m. The parasitism level varied from 1.12 to 8.51% at 66 days after planting. The highest number of parasitoids and the highest parasitism level occured when trapping was conducted between 11.00 a.m.−01.00 p.m.. Before and after this period of time, the number of parasitoid emerged and parasitism were low. This suggest that if insecticide is necessary, it should be applied in the early morning or late afternoon. INTISARIWereng batang padi cokelat, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), merupakan salah satu hama penting padi. Praktik budidaya pertanian padi belum memperhatikan aktivitas parasitoid dalam ekosistem. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui tingkat parasitasi telur N. lugens pada beberapa waktu dalam sehari. Informasi ini akan bermanfaat untuk mengurangi dampak aplikasi insektisida terhadap parasitoid. Pemerangkapan parasitoid telur N. lugens di lahan padi dilakukan setiap dua jam yang dimulai pada pukul 05.00 sampai pukul 16.00. Parasitoid telur N. lugens mulai aktif pada pukul 05.00 (12,26%), mencapai puncaknya pukul 11.00 (36,13%), dan mulai mengalami penurunan pada pukul 13.00. Tingkat parasitasi pada tanaman padi umur 66 hari setelah tanam berkisar mulai 1,12−8,51%. Hasil pemerangkapan menunjukkan bahwa jumlah parasitoid yang paling banyak muncul dan tingkat parasitisme tinggi terjadi pada waktu pemerangkapan yang dilakukan pada pukul 11.00−13.00. Sebelum dan sesudah waktu pemerangkapan tersebut jumlah parasitoid dan tingkat parasitisme rendah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa apabila aplikasi insektisida diperlukan, maka harus dilakukan di pagi hari atau sore hari.
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N, SIVAPRAKASAMI, BALASUBRAMANIAN G, JAYARAMAN V, NARAYANAN A, and VENKATESAN S. "FIELD RECOVERY OF Eucelatoria brvani ON Heliothis armigera (Hubner)." Madras Agricultural Journal 73, November (1986): 614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02321.
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Studies made on the field recovery of Eucalatorja bryani Sabroky from Heliothis armigera Hubner indicated that there was effective parasitism from December, to April to an extent of 20 per cent and emergence of adult flies was 9 from each parasitised larvan The pencentage of parasitism and emergence of adult flies were significantly high from the larvae of Heliothis armigera collected from tomato followed by redgram and Lab-lab. A positive correlation was found to exist between the number of larvae parasitised vs. percentage of parasitism as well as with the number of adult flies emerged. Regression: equation fitted with the above variables showed that for every parasitised host larvas in the field, there would be an increase of 5.63 per cent parasitism and 3.73 adult flies emergence. These studies significantly revealed the practical utility of this parasitoid for effective parasitism on Heliothis armegera by mass multiplication and release in the field.
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Rodrigues, William Costa, and Paulo Cesar Rodrigues Cassino. "Parasitóides Associados a Cochonilhas e Aleirodídeos (Sternorrhyncha) de Plantas Cítricas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro." EntomoBrasilis 5, no. 1 (March 21, 2012): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v5i1.177.
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Com o propósito de conhecer os parasitóides de cochonilhas e aleirodídeos, associados às plantas cítricas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foram realizadas coletas de folhas contendo os fitoparasitos: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), Tetraleurodes (=Aleurotrachelus) cruzi (Cassino), Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi, Coccus viridis (Green), Crysomphalus ficus (Ashmead), Orthezia praelonga (Douglas) e Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), sendo estas limpas, em seguida procedia-se a eliminação dos organismo que eram objeto de estudo (cada folha permanecia com um única espécie de fitoparasito, para que os parasitóides que surgissem fossem mesmo associados àquela espécie). Após este procedimento as folhas foram incubadas por um período de 25 dias, onde foi observado somente o parasitismo de A. floccosus, P. aspidistrae, C. viridis e T. cruzi, sendo que os parasitóides deste dois últimos, não foram identificados, pois o número de espécimes obtidos foi muito reduzido. Parasitando A. floccosus observou-se: Arrhenophagus sp., Cales sp., Encarsia sp (1), Eretmocerus sp., Signiphora sp. (1), Signiphora sp. (2), Signiphora sp. (3) e uma espécie da família Platygasteridae. Parasitando P. aspidistrae observou-se: Arrhenophagus sp., Cales sp., Encarsia sp (2) e Pteroptrix sp. Algumas espécies estão associadas tanto A. floccosus quanto P. aspidistrae. Através dos resultados verificou-se que o parasitismo de Arrhenophagus sp. e a espécie da família Platygasteridae em A. floccosus e o parasitismo de Arrhenophagus sp. e Pteroptrix sp. em P. aspidistrae, são novos registros de ocorrência para o Estado do Rio de Janeiro.
Parasitoids Associated to Scales and Whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha) of
Citrus Plants in Rio de Janeiro State
Abstract. With the purpose of knowing parasitids of scales and whiteflies, associates to the citrus plants in Rio de Janeiro State, they were accomplished leaves collected contend fitoparasits: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), Tetraleurodes (=Aleurotrachelus) cruzi (Cassino), Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi, Coccus viridis (Green), Crysomphalus ficus (Ashmead), Orthezia praelonga (Douglas) and Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), being this ones clean, it soon after proceded the organism elimination that was study object (each leaf remained with an only species of fitoparasite, so that parasitoids that had arisen had gone same associate to that species). After this procedure the leaves were incubate for a period of 25 days, when it was observed only parasitism in A. floccosus, P. aspidistrae, C. viridis and T. cruzi, and parasitoids of this the latter, not identified because the number specimens was very reduced. It was parasiting A. floccosus it observed: Arrhenophagus sp., Cales sp., Encarsia sp. (1), Eretmocerus sp., Signiphora sp. (1), Signiphora sp. (2), Signiphora sp. (3) and a species of the family Platygasteridae. Parasiting P. aspidistrae it was observed: Arrhenophagus sp., Cales sp., Encarsia sp. (2) and Pteroptrix sp. Some species are associated either to A. floccosus or to P. aspidistrae. By the results it was verified that Arrhenophagus sp. the parasitism and the species of the family Platygasteridae in A. floccosus and parasitism of Arrhenophagus sp. and Pteroptrix sp. in P. aspidistrae, they are occurrence new record for do Rio de Janeiro State
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De Barro, P. J., and M. T. Coombs. "Post-release evaluation of Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich and Rose in Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 99, no. 2 (October 24, 2008): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308006445.
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AbstractBemisia tabaci biotype B is a significant pest of agriculture world-wide. It was first detected in Australia in 1994. Assessments of the potential of parasitoids already present in Australia to control this pest indicated that two species of Eretmocerus and 11 species of Encarsia were present, but they did not exert sufficient control with a combined average of 5.0±0.3% apparent parasitism of 4th instars. Further, only 25% of samples containing biotype B had parasitised individuals present. The surveys also identified that fewer B biotype were being parasitised compared with the Australian indigenous biotype. Overall, Er. mundus was the most abundant parasitoid prior to the introduction. Previous research indicated that Er. hayati offered the best prospects for Australia and, in October 2004, the first releases were made. Since then, levels of apparent parasitism have averaged 29.3±0.1% of 4th instars with only 24% of collections having no parasitism present. Eretmocerus hayati contributed 85% of the overall apparent parasitism. In addition, host plants of the whitefly with low or no parasitism prior to the release have had an order of magnitude increase in levels of parasitism. This study covers the establishment of the case to introduce Er. hayati and the post-release establishment period November 2004–March 2008.
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Karindah, Sri, Sutanto Sutanto, E. Siswanto, and L. Sulistyowati. "Parasitoid larva-pupa Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) pada Pluttella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) di pertanaman kubis kecamatan batu dan poncokusumo, kabupaten malang." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 2, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.2.1.61.
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The surveys of larval parasitiod Plutella xylostella, which have been done in cabbage plantations area in Batu and Poncokusumo, Malang east Java, found other larval parasitoid biside the commonly larval parasitiod Diagdema semiclausum. The parasitoid was Teratichus howardi (Hyminoptera: Eulophidae). The percentage of parasitism was dependent of the altitude of cabbage plantation and developmental stage of crop. The percent of parasitism could reach 82% when parasitized larvae sampled in cabbage plant and the crop stage. Parasitism was also higher at the medium lowland rather than it was that the upland. T. howardi is a gregrarious larval-pupa endoparasitoid. The life cycle of T. howardi was 14-16 days. The longevity of male and female was influenced by the availability of hosts or the change of mating. The longevity of mated female which was offered some host is 14-21 days, but the longevity of mated female without hosts was 38-56 days. The mated male parasitoid lived from 1 to 4 days, but they lived 12-16 days when they were not mated. One female could lay some cluster of egg varied from 35-60 eggs cluster or from 142 to 235 eggs during the lifespan. One eggs cluster consist of ±4 eggs. The parasitoid laid one or two clusters of egg per host. Parasitoid laid eggs soon after mating at day one from eclosion until day 19th. Four to 28 Parasitoids could emerge from one host. One parasitoid was able to parasitize 17-30 larvae of P. xylostella.
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McNeill, M. R., J. M. Kean, and S. L. Goldson. "Parasitism by Microctonus aethiopoides on a novel host Listronotus bonariensis in Canterbury pastures." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3953.
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The parasitoids Microctonus aethiopoides and M hyperodae have been introduced as biological control agents against Sitona discoideus and Argentine stem weevil Listronotus bonariensis respectively Collections from ryegrass/white clover pastures in midCanterbury found that M aethiopoides was widespread in L bonariensis despite the weevil being a novel host Microctonus aethiopoides was recovered from 83 of the 65 sites sampled in Canterbury with parasitism rates of 0419 Studies in lucerne crops showed that M aethiopoides preferentially parasitised its natural host S discoideus although in some cases up to 10 of L bonariensis found in the lucerne were parasitised A possible reason for the prevalence of M aethiopoides in Canterbury pasture was that the widelydispersive flights of S discoideus from aestivation sites provided a source for reinfection of the parasitoid into ryegrass pasture Analysis of field parasitism suggested that parasitism of L bonariensis by M aethiopoides was negatively correlated with parasitism by M hyperodae
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Samyn, Jeanette. "Intimate Ecologies: Symbioses in the Nineteenth Century." Victorian Literature and Culture 48, no. 1 (2020): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150319000561.
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Studies of symbiosis have been instrumental in recent thinking about bodies and ecologies as open systems. But even before the invention of symbiosis toward the end of the nineteenth century, parasitism helped scientists conceive of open ecologies marked by complex, interdependent intimacies. This essay shows how the invention of symbiosis as an umbrella term for “true parasitisms” and “non-parasitisms” helped to close off previously existing (if precarious) possibilities for reciprocality within the older concept, and suggests that the time has come for a revitalization of parasitism as a conceptual tool in the face of social and ecological crisis
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Godéski, Alessandra, and Daniela Pedrassani. "Helmintos em equinos de cabanha da cidade de São José dos Pinhais – PR / Helminths in farm horses from the city of São José dos Pinhais - PR." Saúde e meio ambiente: revista interdisciplinar 7, no. 2 (December 6, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24302/sma.v7i2.1611.
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O cavalo sempre apresentou grande importância na história da humanidade, sendo utilizado tanto para trabalho, como para lazer e provas equestres. Dentre as enfermidades que podem os acometer, a verminose é preocupante pois a fauna parasitária é responsável pela diminuição da performance e por causar inúmeros prejuízos na criação de equinos. Diante deste fato, este estudo teve o objetivo de verificar a prevalência de parasitas em equinos da raça crioula, alojados em uma cabanha na cidade de São José dos Pinhais – PR e analisar as possíveis associações entre o parasitismo, a idade e o sexo dos animais. Para isso amostras fecais foram coletadas diretamente da ampola retal de todos os animais da cabanha (n=35) e analisadas pelos métodos Gordon e Whitlock modificado sensível para 25 OPG; de Willis-Mollay e de Hoffmann, Pons e Janer. As coproculturas foram realizadas pela técnica de Roberts e O’Sullivan. As associações entre sexo e idade e parasitismo foram avaliadadas pelo Teste de Fisher e considerando significativo quando p≤0,05. Todos os animais da cabanha apresentaram nas fezes ovos de helmintos, entretanto a carga parasitária foi considerada baixa (102±225 OPG). Nos cavalos com até 2 anos de idade, 100% apresentaram parasitismo por nematódeos da ordem Strongylida e 71,4% por Parascaris equorum. Naqueles cavalos com 3 a 15 anos, 96,4% apresentaram parasitismo por nematódeos da ordem Strongylida, 46,4% por P.equorum, 20,4% por Anoplocephala e 20,4% por Oxyuris equi. Nas culturas de fezes, as larvas eclodidas dos ovos da ordem Strongylida foram todas identificadas como de pequenos estrongilídeos. O parasitismo não teve influência de idade e sexo foram tanto para P. equorum (p=0,4499 idade/p=0,2489 sexo) e Oxyuris equi (p>0,99 idade/p=0,1931 sexo) e no caso do parasitismo por ciatostomíneos, todos os animais apresentaram positividade, não permitindo analisar associações. Conclui-se que medidas profiláticas, terapêuticas e orientação aos proprietários quanto ao controle da verminose equina são necessárias na cabanha. ABSTRACTThe horse has always presented great importance in the history of humanity, being used as for work, as for leisure and equestrian events. From the diseases that can affect them, the verminous is worrying, since the parasitic fauna is responsible for diminishing the performance and for causing numerous damages in the equine breeding. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of parasites in Creole breed horses from a farm in the city of São José dos Pinhais, Paraná State and analyze the possible associations between the animals’ parasitism, age and sex. For that, fecal samples were collected directly from the rectal ampoule from all animals in the farm (n=35) and analyzed through Gordon and Whitlock modified method, sensitive to 25 EPG; of Willis-Mollay and Hoffmann, Pons and Janer. The coprocultures were performed through Roberts and O'Sullivan technique. The associations between sex, age and parasitism were performed through the Fisher Test and considered significant when p≤0.05. All farm animals presented helminths eggs in the feces, however the parasite load was considered low (102 ± 228 EPG). In horses up to 2 years old, 100% presented parasitism by nematodes within the order Strongylida and 71.4% presented Parascaris equorum. In horses 3 to 15 years old, 96.4% presented parasitism by Strongylid nematodes; 46.4% by P. equorum; 20.4% by Anoplocephala; 20.4% by Oxyuris equi. In fecal culture, the hatched larvae from Strongylida order were all identified as from small Strongylid. The frequency of parasitism independent of age and sex were as for P. equorum (p=0.4499 age / p=0.2489 sex) as for Oxyuris equi (p>0.99 age/ p=0.1931 sex). And in the case of parasitism by cyathostome, all animals were positive, however it was impossible to test association between the animals. It was concluded that prophylactic, therapeutic measures and guidance to the owners regarding the control of equine verminosis are necessary in the farm.
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Massoni, Viviana, and Juan Carlos Reboreda. "Number of Close Spatial and Temporal Neighbors Decreases the Probability of Nest Failure and Shiny Cowbird Parasitism in Colonial Yellow-Winged Blackbirds." Condor 103, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.3.521.
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Abstract We investigated whether the synchrony and proximity of nests of Yellow-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius thilius) provided protection against nest predation or brood parasitism by Shiny Cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis). We analyzed the effect of the temporal aggregation of nests on the daily probability per nest of predation, desertion, egg punctures, and parasitism throughout the breeding season. The probabilities of nest predation and nest desertion increased through the breeding season. The temporal aggregation of nests was negatively associated with the probability of nest desertion, egg punctures, and parasitism, but there was no association with the probability of nest predation. We also analyzed the effect of the number of close neighbor nests on the daily probability per nest of predation, desertion, egg punctures, and brood parasitism. The spatial aggregation of nests was negatively associated with the probability of nest failure and brood parasitism, but there was no association with the probability of egg punctures. We discuss whether dilution effect or group defense, two mechanisms proposed to explain the antipredatory advantages of colonial nesting, are likely to apply to our system. El Número de Vecinos Espaciales y Temporales Disminuye la Probabilidad de Pérdida del Nido y de Parasitismo por Molothrus bonariensis en Colonias de Agelaius thilius Resumen. Se investigó si la sincronía y la proximidad de nidos del Agelaius thilius proveyó protección ante la depredación del nido y el parasitismo de cría por Molothrus bonariensis. Se analizó el efecto de la agregación temporal de nidos sobre la probabilidad diaria por nido de depredación, abandono, picaduras y parasitismo a lo largo de la temporada reproductiva. Las probabilidades de predación y abandono del nido aumentaron a medida que avanzó la temporada reproductiva. La agregación temporal de nidos estuvo negativamente asociada con la probabilidad de abandono, picaduras y parasitismo pero no se observó asociación de ésta con la probabilidad de predación. También se analizó el efecto del número de nidos vecinos cercanos sobre la probabilidad de pérdida del nido y de parasitismo de cría. La agregación espacial de nidos estuvo asociada negativamente con la probabilidad de pérdida del nido y de parasitismo de cría pero no se observó una asociación de ésta con la probabilidad de picadura de huevos. Se discute si el efecto de dilución o la defensa grupal, dos mecanismos propuestos para explicar los beneficios antipredatorios de la nidificación colonial, son probables de ocurrir en este sistema.
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Brodhead, Katherine M., Scott H. Stoleson, and Deborah M. Finch. "Southwestern Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax Traillii Extimus) in a Grazed Landscape: Factors Influencing Brood Parasitism." Auk 124, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 1213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.4.1213.
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Abstract Brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater; hereafter “cowbirds”) is an important factor contributing to the endangered status of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus, hereafter “flycatcher”). We report on factors that influence brood parasitism on the flycatcher using seven seasons of nest data (n = 491 nests) collected in riparian patches comprising cottonwood (Populus fremontii), willow (Salix spp.), and boxelder (Acer negundo) along the Gila River in southwest New Mexico. We quantified habitat and landscape characteristics that might be associated with higher levels of parasitism and assessed the correlation between those and the observed incidence of nest parasitism. Given that cowbirds associate with cattle, we were particularly interested to determine whether the distance to active summer grazing would influence the frequency of brood parasitism. We found an apparent negative trend between the distance to grazing and brood parasitism, but this trend was not statistically significant. Rather, brood parasitism was more strongly correlated with characteristics of the habitat. Specifically, nests in larger patches, and nests built near the patch edge adjacent to the river, were more susceptible to parasitism, which suggests that these areas are preferred nesting habitat for cowbirds because of a potentially greater abundance of hosts. Parasitism was significantly lower within the core of large patches, but the insulating effect was not evident in small and medium-sized patches. Higher nest height was strongly correlated with lower probability of parasitism, most notably for nests in boxelders. Nests in boxelders were less susceptible to parasitism, whereas nests in willows were more susceptible to parasitism. We discuss the results in the context of other studies. We recommend that management efforts to recover the flycatcher should focus on increasing quality habitat, and we suggest that cattle management should focus on eliminating the adverse effects of grazing on riparian health as a more feasible option than removing cattle far enough from riparian corridors so as to preclude parasitism. Empidonax traillii extimus en un Paisaje con Pastoreo: Factores que Influyen sobre el Parasitismo de la Nidada
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Sharmitha, T., C. Gailce Leo Justin, S. Sheeba Joyce Roseleen, and P. Yasodha. "Natural parasitism of eggs of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in rice ecosystem at Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu." ENTOMON 45, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v45i3.549.
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Three species of parasitoids viz., Telenomus dignus Gahan, Trichogramma japonicum, Ishii and Tetrastichus schoenobii Ferriere were recorded from the egg masses of rice yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) in a field study. The extent of parasitism was high during Rabi (43.33 – 93.33 %) and low during Kharif (0 - 40.00 %). Parasitism by T. dignus was maximum in October (50.00 %), T. japonicum, in November (23.08 %) and T. schoenobii in February (55.55 %). dignus and T. schoenobii in combination parasitized maximum number of egg masses (41.82 %). Multiple parasitism by the three species was high in December (8.33 %) and January (7.14%). Parasitic potential was maximum, when T. schoenobii alone parasitised the egg masses followed by T. dignus and T. schoenobii in combination. Host density in the field influenced the extent of parasitism.
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Cokendolpher, James, Ivo Karaman, George Poinar, Plamen Mitov, and Boźidar P. M. Čurčic. "Nematode parasitism of harvestmen (Opiliones: Arachnida)." Nematology 2, no. 6 (2000): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100509475.
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AbstractNew records of nematode parasitism of harvestmen (Opiliones: Arachnida) are reported and a list of all published records of nematode parasitism of these arachnids is presented. Nomenclatorial problems of early mermithid citations are discussed and the possible type of life cycle (indirect) is considered in light of what appears to be a type of behavioural 'immunity' of this host group to many invertebrate parasitic nematodes. Parasitisme des faucheurs (Opiliones: Arachnida) par les nématodes - Sont reportées de nouvelles observations du parasitisme des faucheurs (Opiliones: Arachnida) par les nématodes et une liste de toutes les observations publiées concernant les nématodes parasites de ces arachnides est donnée. Les problèmes nomenclatoriaux concernant les citations des premiers mermithides sont discutés et le type éventuel de cycle biologique (indirect) est considéré à la lumière de ce qui apparaît être un type ''d'immunité'' comportementale de ce groupe d'hôtes pour de nombreux nématodes parasites d'invertébrés.
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Rahman, M. A., S. N. Alam, M. Z. Alam, and M. M. Hossain. "HOST PREFERENCE OF TRATHALA FLAVOORBITALIS ON BRINJAL SHOOT AND FRUIT BORER AND RICE LEAF FOLDER." Journal of Biopesticides 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2008): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.92-97.
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The study was conducted both in the greenhouse and field from August 2003 to August 2004. Trathala flavoorbitalis is an efficient parasitoid of both Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) and Rice leaffolder (RLF) but its parasitism efficiency on BSFB larvae is higher than that of RLF larvae. The highest parasitism rate by T. flavoorbitalis on BSFB larvae in August is 36% & July is 47% and on RLF larvae in November is 26% & Mid March-April is 28%. The parasitism rate of T. flavoorbitalis was always significantly higher in BSFB larvae than that of RLF. The parasitism of BSFB larvae was 1.52 to 2.14 folds higher than that of RLF. In the confined condition of cage or microplot, when T. flavoorbitalis was given a choice to parasitize BSFB and RLF larvae, they preferred more BSFB larvae
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Fangupo, S., M. J. Furlong, and R. Kant. "Detrimental impact of insecticide sprays on Trichogramma chilonis parasitism of Crocidolomia pavonana eggs in Samoa." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5935.
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Crocidolomia pavonana F (Lepidoptera Crambidae) is a major pest of brassica crops in the Pacific and other tropical and subtropical parts of the world In Samoa farmers use various insecticides against C pavonana for the production of Chinese cabbage A recent study found that a local population of Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera Trichogrammattidae) successfully parasitises eggs of C pavonana This study determined the effects of key insecticides on T chilonis parasitism in field trials It showed that the number C pavonana eggs on Chinese cabbage was significantly reduced after applications of Attack (p0004) Orthene (p0001) and Dipel (p0001) but not after Entrust (p0268) Negative effects of insecticides were observed on the parasitism rate of T chilonis and C pavonana egg masses which were more likely to be only partially parasitized after an insecticide application Attack and Entrust adversely affected T chilonis parasitism rates of C pavonana eggs However of the insecticides tested Dipel reduced T chilonis parasitism the least This study suggests that Dipel could be considered for inclusion in IPM programmes that depend on T chilonis parasitism of C pavonana
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Muñoz, A. Román, Maria Altamirano, Fugo Takasu, and Hiroshi Nakamura. "Nest Light Environment and the Potential Risk of Common Cuckoo (Cuculus Canorus) Parasitism." Auk 124, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.2.619.
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Abstract Brood parasitism represents a significant cost in reproduction; thus, natural selection should favor the evolution of host defenses, which in turn may favor evolution of more sophisticated techniques by the parasite to overcome host defenses. These host defenses include egg rejection, attacking parasites near the nest, and avoiding parasitism by concealing nest sites. In all these antiparasitism strategies, nest light environment may play an important role. In the present study, the risk of Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) parasitism for the Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) was modeled in relation to the in situ nest light environment, from far ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR) radiation (280–1,100 nm), and nest situation and structure. The percentage of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) plus IR radiation (400–1,100 nm) falling on the nest, maximum nest width, and distance between the nest and the nearest active conspecific neighbor were significantly related to the risk of parasitism. Photosynthetically active radiation alone explained 65% of variation in parasitism risk in the final model. Although solar radiation levels in nests were low (<4% for UV-B and UV-A radiation, 5% for PAR, and 22% for PAR plus IR radiation when cloudless), UV-B, UV-A, and visible-plus-IR radiation levels were significantly lower in nonparasitized nests. These findings provide the first evidence of a relationship between parasitism risk and nest concealment related to microhabitat light environment, with brighter nests suffering a higher risk of parasitism. Ambiente Lumínico del Nido y el Riesgo Potencial de Parasitismo por Parte de Cuculus canorus
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He, X. Z., Q. Wang, and D. A. J. Teulon. "The effect of parasitism by Aphidius ervi on development and reproduction of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4273.
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The effect of parasitism by Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera Aphidiidae) on development survival and reproduction of pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera Aphididae) of different ages was studied in the laboratory Aphids parasitised when 1 and 2 days old (1st and 2nd instar) died at the 4th instar However those parasitised when 3 to 6 days old (3rd and 4th instar) could reach the adult stage following parasitism and those that were parasitised after 4 days old (late 3rd instar) were still able to produce progeny In comparison with the unparasitised aphids the parasitised aphids had a significantly shorter reproductive period and produced significantly fewer progeny and thus had significantly lower intrinsic rates of increase net reproductive rates shorter generation time and longer doubling time The potential impact of the parasitoid on host population growth is discussed
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Rodrigues, Renata, Luana Isabel Jaras, Alex Sandro Poltronieri, Ida Chapaval Pimentel, and Maria Aparecida Cassilha Zawadneak. "Seletividade de inseticidas reguladores de crescimento e botânico no parasitismo de três espécies de Trichogramma em ovos de Duponchelia fovealis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)." EntomoBrasilis 10, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v10i1.666.
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Resumo. A mariposa Duponchelia fovealis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) é uma espécie exótica que se tornou praga-chave do morangueiro no Brasil, causando severos danos nas folhas e frutos. Dentre os grupos químicos que são promissores para o controle da praga, pela seletividade aos inimigos naturais e menor toxicidade, destacam-se os inseticidas reguladores de crescimento de insetos e os inseticidas botânicos. Assim, visando contribuir com a elaboração de estratégias de manejo da praga, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar em laboratório o efeito de cinco inseticidas reguladores de crescimento e um botânico sobre o parasitismo e emergência de três espécies de Trichogramma em ovos de D. fovealis. Os inseticidas testados foram formulados a partir de diflubezuron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide e azadirachtin. Ovos de D. fovealis foram imersos por cinco segundos em uma das caldas químicas e, após 1 hora, oferecidos ao parasitismo de Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner,or Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner. Foi avaliada a ação dos inseticidas sobre o parasitismo e a emergência da geração F1, sendo os produtos classificados quanto a sua toxicidade conforme índices propostos pela IOBC/WPRS. Os inseticidas afetaram de modo distinto o parasitismo e a emergência dos parasitoides, indicando uma tolerância diferenciada entre as três espécies de Trichogramma. Os inseticidas foram classificados como inócuos ou levemente nocivos para as três espécies avaliadas. Entretanto, lufenuron foi moderadamente nocivo para T. galloi, causando a maior redução no parasitismo deste parasitoide.Selectivity of growth regulators and botanical insecticides in the parasitism of three Trichogramma species on eggs of Duponchelia fovealis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)Abstract. Duponchelia fovealis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an exotic moth species which has become a key pest of strawberries in Brazil, causing severe damage in leaves and fruits. Insect growth regulators and botanical insecticides are promising chemical groups to control this pest due to their selectivity to natural enemies and to their lower toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of five insect growth regulators and one botanical insecticide on the parasitism and emergence of three Trichogramma species on eggs of D. fovealis in the laboratory, in order to develop pest management strategies. The insecticides utilized in the tests were formulated from Diflubenzuron, Lufenuron, Pyriproxyfen, Methoxyfenozide, Tebufenozide, and Azadirachtin. D. fovealis eggs were immersed for five seconds in each of the chemical mixtures and after one-hour were offered to Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner,or Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner for parasitism. The insecticides were tested for their action on the parasitism and emergence of the F1 generation; the chemicals were then classified for their toxicity according to indices proposed by IOBC/WPRS. The insecticides affected parasitism and emergence differently, indicating different tolerances among the three Trichogramma species, and were classified as innocuous or slightly harmful to the three species under evaluation. However, lufenuron was moderately harmful to T. galloi and caused the highest reduction in parasitism by the parasitoid.
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VARGAS, CAMILA CORRÊA, ROSANA MATOS DE MORAIS, and LUIZA RODRIGUES REDAELLI. "INFESTAÇÃO DE MILHO CRIOULO, CONVENCIONAL E TRANSGÊNICO PELA LAGARTA-DO-CARTUCHO E PELA LAGARTA-DA-ESPIGA E PARASITISMO DE OVOS." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 16, no. 3 (December 29, 2017): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v16n3p351-360.
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RESUMO - O objetivo foi avaliar a infestação, o parasitismo de ovos e danos da lagarta-do-cartucho, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), e da lagarta-da-espiga, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), em cultivares de milho: variedade crioulo (Lombo Baio), híbrido convencional (Semilha S395) e híbrido geneticamente modificado (Bt) (TC1507 Herculex I ®, Cry1F). O experimento foi conduzido em Santa Maria-RS, no período de segunda safra de 2014. O delineamento foi de blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos e quatro repetições. Foram registrados os danos, o número de lagartas, de posturas e o parasitismo em ovos da lagarta-do-cartucho, dos 9 aos 72 dias após a emergência das plantas (DAE). A infestação da lagarta-da-espiga e o parasitismo de ovos foram registrados dos 67 aos 101 DAE. Os danos causados pela lagarta-do-cartucho foram semelhantes entre milho crioulo e convencional, os quais foram mais elevados do que no milho geneticamente modificado Bt. O número médio de lagartas-do-cartucho foi maior em milho crioulo. A média do número total de lagartas-da-espiga foi semelhante entre milho crioulo e convencional e superior à do Bt. Foi registrado o parasitismo de ovos para a lagarta-da-espiga por Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, nas três cultivares avaliadas, com porcentagens semelhantes entre milho crioulo e convencional e superior em milho Bt. Palavras-chave: Spodoptera frugiperda, Helicoverpa zea, Trichogramma pretiosum, Zea mays, manejo de pragas. INFESTATION IN INLANDRACE, CONVENTIONAL AND TRANSGENIC CORN BY FALL ARMYWORM AND CORN EARWORM, AND EGG PARASITISM ABSTRACT - The objective of the work was to estimate the infestation and eggs parasitism of fall armyworm (J. E. Smith) and corn earworm (Boddie), in three corn varieties: landrace (LomboBaio), conventional hybrid (Semilha S395) and genetically modified hybrid (Bt) (TC1507 Herculex I ®, Cry1F). The experiment was carried out in Santa Maria-RS, during the second-season corn crop, in 2014. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with three treatments, and four replicates. We evaluated the damages, number of larvae, number of eggs and fall armyworm egg parasitism from 9 to 72 days after emergence (DAE). The infestation of corn earworm and the eggs parasitism were measured from 67 to 101 DAE. Fall armyworm damage was similar between landrace and conventional hybrid, and both higher than those of genetically modified hybrid Bt. Average number of fall armyworm larvae was higher in landrace cultivar. The average of total number of corn earworm larvae was similar on landrace and conventional hybrid, both higher than Bt hybrid. Corn earworm eggs parasitism by Trichogramma pretiosum Riley was recorded in the three evaluated cultivars and similar parasitism percentage was observed between landrace and conventional hybrid, which was higher in Bt maize. Keywords: Spodoptera frugiperda, Helicoverpa zea, Trichogramma pretiosum, Zea mays, pest management.
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Shi, Longqing, Dawei Liu, Liangmiao Qiu, Zhaowei Jiang, and Zhixiong Zhan. "Evaluation of the Parasitism Capacity of a Thelytoky Egg Parasitoid on a Serious Rice Pest, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)." Animals 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13010012.
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Pseudoligosita yasumatsui and Anagrus nilaparvatae are both egg parasitoids of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (BPH). In this study, we obtained a stable strain of P. yasumatsui reproduced via thelytoky through indoor rearing and screening. We assessed the parasitism capacity of this strain on eggs of N. lugens by comparing the parasitism preference and circadian rhythm of this strain to that of A. nilaparvatae, which is proved as the dominant egg parasitoid species of BPH in rice fields. The findings indicated that both egg parasitoids could parasitize fertilized and unfertilized BPH eggs, however, with a significant preference for fertilized eggs. The daily parasitization volume of P. yasumatsui was slightly higher than that of A. nilaparvatae. Both egg parasitoids preferred parasitizing 1–3-day-old BPH eggs, but the parasitism amount of 5–6-day-old BPH eggs by P. yasumatsui is higher than that by A. nilaparvatae. The parasitism events of both species of egg parasitoid wasps occurred primarily from 7:00–15:00 and the parasitism amount at night accounted for less than 15% of the total amount. The results indicate that this strain of P. yasumatsui reproduced via thelytoky could be valuable for rice planthopper control.
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Zart, Marcelo, Oderlei Bernardi, Adrise Medeiros Nunes, Fabiana da Silva Andersson, Silvana Manfredi-Coimbra, Gustavo Rossato Busato, and Mauro Silveira Garcia. "Influência do Fotoperíodo Sobre Aspectos Biológicos e Parasitismo de Ovos de Anagasta kuenhiella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) por Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae)." EntomoBrasilis 5, no. 2 (June 25, 2012): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v5i2.197.
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Nesse trabalho estudou-se a influência do fotoperíodo e da densidade de ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) sobre a biologia de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. Diariamente foram expostas ao parasitismo cartelas contendo 40 ovos inviabilizados de A. kuehniella em ambiente controlado (25±1ºC, 70±10% UR) e com diferentes regimes de fotofase: escotofase (F:E): 0:24, 10:14, 12:12, 14:10 e 24:0 horas. Foram avaliados o número de parasitóides emergidos diariamente para determinação do percentual acumulado de parasitismo e a razão sexual. Com exceção da condição de fotoperíodo 24:0, houve uma redução linear na razão sexual das progênies ao longo dos dias de sobrevivência da fêmea, com 80% dos ovos parasitados até o oitavo dia de vida da fêmea. A partir do fotoperíodo mais adequado (12:12 horas) foi estudado o efeito da densidade de ovos do hospedeiro alternativo sobre o parasitismo por T. pretiosum através da exposição diária de 10, 20, 30 e 40 ovos de A. kuehniella ao parasitóide. Houve um aumento no número de ovos parasitados/dia/fêmea com as densidades crescentes de ovos expostos ao parasitismo. O parasitismo diário reduziu linearmente após a emergência da fêmea nas densidades de 20, 30 e 40 ovos/parasitóide, com exceção da densidade de 10 ovos em que o número de ovos parasitados/dia aumentou de forma quadrática até o sexto dia após a emergência da fêmea e depois reduziu. A melhor condição para criação de T. pretiosum é fotoperíodo 12:12 horas, com relação de 30 ovos de A. kueniella para cada fêmea do parasitóide.
Influence of Photoperiod and the Density of Eggs Anagasta kuenhiella (Zeller)
on Parasitism and Biological Aspects by Trichograma pretiosum Riley
Abstract. In this work we studied the influence of photoperiod and density of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) on the biological aspects of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. Cards containing 40 unviable eggs of A. kuehniella were daily exposed to parasitism in a controlled environment (25 ± 1 º C, 70 ± 10% RH) and in different photoperiod: scotophase (F: S): 0:24, 10:14, 12:12, 24:0 and 14:10 hours. We evaluated the number of emerged parasitoids for determining the cumulative percentage of parasitism and sex ratio. With the exception of 24:0 photoperiod condition, there was a linear decrease in sex ratio of progenies throughout the days of survival of the female, with 80% of eggs parasitized by 8-day old females. There was an increase in the number of parasitized eggs/day/female with increasing densities of eggs exposed to parasitism. The effect of eggs density of the alternative host on parasitism by T. pretiosum was studied in the 12:12 hour photoperiod, through daily exposure of 10, 20, 30 and 40 eggs of A. kuehniella to the parasitoid. Daily parasitism decreased linearly after the emergence of female densities of 20, 30 and 40 eggs/parasitoid, except the density of 10 eggs in which the number of eggs parasitized/day increased quadratically until the sixth day after the emergence of female, then reduced. The best condition for creation of T. pretiosum is 12:12 hours photoperiod, compared with 30 eggs of A. kueniella for each parasitoid female.
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Praslička, J., and T. Miština. "Influence of parasitisation on cereal aphids (Sternorrhyncha: Aphidoidea) in various field management." Plant Protection Science 40, No. 2 (March 7, 2010): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/460-pps.
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The level of parasitism of cereal aphids on winter wheat at growth stage 69 DC (end of bloom) differed between two field management used (integrated and ecological) and between individual years of the experiment (1999–2001). Parasitism was always higher in the ecological field management. The average number of parasitised aphids per tiller was 1.84 in the integrated field management but 2.63 in the ecological field management. The average rate of aphid parasitisation was 8.31% in the integrated system, but 16.15% in the ecological field management and thus 94.33% higher.
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Athanasiadou, S., D. Gray, O. Tzamaloukas, K. Zaralis, T. Lhuillier, I. Kyriazakis, and F. Jackson. "Is there a role for chicory in controlling internal parasitism in organic sheep?" Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009996.
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The potential antiparasitic effects of chicory (Cichorium intybus ) are currently investigated as an alternative means to control parasitism in organic sheep production systems. Previous studies showed that parasitised lambs grazing on parasite-clean chicory swards had improved growth and lower faecal egg counts (FEC) compared to those grazing on parasite-clean grass pastures (Athanasiadou et al, 2004). The objective of this experiment was to investigate whether chicory can have a role as a potential means to control parasitism in lactating ewes and their lambs grazing on previously parasite contaminated pastures.
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Sugonyaev, E. S. "Strategies of parasitism in parasitic wasps." Entomological Review 86, no. 5 (June 2006): 544–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s001387380605006x.
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Cohen, Marcus S., M. Brent Hawkins, David W. Stock, and Alexander Cruz. "Early life-history features associated with brood parasitism in the cuckoo catfish, Synodontis multipunctatus (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1769 (February 11, 2019): 20180205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0205.
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The cuckoo catfish, Synodontis multipunctatus , is the only known obligate brood parasite among fishes, exploiting the parental care of mouthbrooding cichlids endemic to Lake Tanganyika. Comparisons of this system to brood parasitism in birds may reveal broader principles that underlie the evolution of this life-history strategy in vertebrates. However, little is known about the features of the cuckoo catfish that enable this species to successfully parasitize cichlids. Here, we examine early ontogeny of the cuckoo catfish and compare it to that of its cichlid hosts as well as a non-parasitic congener. We found that cuckoo catfish embryos develop and hatch in advance of host embryos, and begin feeding on cichlid young just as they start to hatch. Overall timing of ontogeny in the cuckoo catfish was found to be similar to that of the substrate-spawning congener Synodontis lucipinnis , suggesting that more rapid development of the cuckoo catfish relative to cichlids is not a unique adaptation to brood parasitism. However, we found that cuckoo catfish progeny exhibit extensive morphological differences from S . lucipinnis , which may represent adaptations to brood parasitism. These life-history observations reveal both similarities and differences between the cuckoo catfish system and brood parasitism in other lineages. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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He, Jiachun, Yuting He, Fengxiang Lai, Xiangsheng Chen, and Qiang Fu. "Biological Traits of the Pincer Wasp Gonatopus flavifemur (Esaki & Hashimoto) Associated with Different Stages of Its Host, the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)." Insects 11, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050279.
Full textAbstract:
Gonatopus flavifemur (Esaki & Hashimoto) is a common parasitoid of the most important rice pest, the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), in eastern and southeastern Asia. We investigated the parasitism rates, feeding rates, and offspring development of G. flavifemur in association with five instars of BPH nymphs and male and female adults under laboratory conditions (27 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 5% Relative Humidity). The results showed that the life stage of the host significantly affects parasitism, host feeding, and offspring development by G. flavifemur. The parasitism rate was highest on 4th instar nymphs, and the feeding rate was highest on 1st instar nymphs. The cocooning rate on male adult BPHs was significantly lower than that on other stages; however, emergence rates did not significantly differ among the BPH stages. The rate of female offspring upon emergence from 5th instars was higher than other stages. Both the parasitism and host-feeding functional responses of G. flavifemur to different BPH stages fit well with Holling type II models, supporting the results of parasitism and feeding rates and indicating that G. flavifemur would be a good agent for BPH control. In conclusion, G. flavifemur prefers to feed on young nymphs but prefers to parasitize older nymphs. In addition, 5th instar nymphs are favorable to female offspring of the pincer wasp.
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Moraiti, C. A., G. A. Kyritsis, and N. T. Papadopoulos. "Effect of the olive fruit size on the parasitism rates of Bactocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) by the figitid wasp Aganaspis daci (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), and first field releases of adult parasitoids in olive grove." Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hppj-2020-0007.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThe olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the major pest of olives worldwide. The figitid wasp, Aganaspis daci (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), is a larval-prepupal endoparasitoid of fruit fly species, and it was found to successfully parasitize medfly larvae in field-infested figs in Greece. To assess the potential of A. daci as a biological control agent against B. oleae, we studied the effect of olive fruit size on parasitism rates of A. daci on 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of B. oleae, by using fruit of different size (cultivar ‘Chalkidikis’) and wild olive fruit. In addition, we conducted releases of A. daci females in a pilot olive grove in Volos, Magnesia. From July to October, we released 200 A. daci females/0.1 ha/week, followed by olive fruit sampling to estimate olive fruit infestation levels and the parasitism rates of A. daci. Laboratory trials revealed that fruit size and larvae instar were predictors of parasitism success of A. daci, with parasitism rates higher for small-size fruit of the cultivar “Chalkidikis” and the 3rd instar larvae of B. oleae. In field trials, no A. daci adults emerged from the olive fly infested fruit.
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Blažek, Radim, Matěj Polačik, and Martin Reichard. "Group intrusions by a brood parasitic fish are not cooperative." Behavioral Ecology 33, no. 1 (October 18, 2021): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab123.
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Abstract Brood parasites relegate all parental duties to unrelated hosts. Host resistance against brood parasitism is most effective during egg laying and is best countered by surreptitious oviposition. This may be aided through distraction of host attention by the male partner or a larger cooperative group. Cuckoo catfish (Synodontis multipunctatus) parasitize the broods of mouthbrooding cichlids, which collect their eggs immediately after oviposition. Cuckoo catfish must time their intrusion precisely, as the temporal window for parasitism lasts only a few seconds. As the cuckoo catfish typically intrude host spawning as a group, we tested whether groups of catfish distract spawning cichlid pairs more successfully than a single catfish pair. We found that larger catfish groups were not more effective in parasitism, as parasitism success by groups of three catfish pairs increased only proportionally to single catfish pairs. The number of cichlid eggs in host clutches decreased at high catfish abundance, apparently due to elevated cuckoo catfish predation on the eggs. Hence, group intrusions do not represent cooperative actions, but incur an increased cost to the host cichlid from greater egg predation by cuckoo catfish.
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Panzavolta, Tiziana, Francesco Croci, Matteo Bracalini, George Melika, Stefano Benedettelli, Guido Tellini Florenzano, and Riziero Tiberi. "Population Dynamics of Native Parasitoids Associated with the Asian Chestnut Gall Wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) in Italy." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8078049.
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Native parasitoids may play an important role in biological control. They may either support or hinder the effectiveness of introduced nonnative parasitoids released for pest control purposes. Results of a three-year survey (2011–2013) of the Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW) Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) populations and on parasitism rates by native indigenous parasitoids (a complex of chalcidoid hymenopterans) in Italian chestnut forests are given. Changes in D. kuriphilus gall size and phenology were observed through the three years of study. A total of 13 species of native parasitoids were recorded, accounting for fluctuating parasitism rates. This variability in parasitism rates over the three years was mainly due to the effect of Torymus flavipes (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), which in 2011 accounted for 75% of all parasitoid specimens yet decreased drastically in the following years. This strong fluctuation may be related to climatic conditions. Besides, our data verified that parasitoids do not choose host galls based on their size, though when they do parasitize smaller ones, they exploit them better. Consequently, ACGWs have higher chances of surviving parasitism if they are inside larger galls.
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BIRD, DAVID McK, JOHN T. JONES, CHARLES H. OPPERMAN, TAISEI KIKUCHI, and ETIENNE G. J. DANCHIN. "Signatures of adaptation to plant parasitism in nematode genomes." Parasitology 142, S1 (January 30, 2014): S71—S84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002163.
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SUMMARYPlant-parasitic nematodes cause considerable damage to global agriculture. The ability to parasitize plants is a derived character that appears to have independently emerged several times in the phylum Nematoda. Morphological convergence to feeding style has been observed, but whether this is emergent from molecular convergence is less obvious. To address this, we assess whether genomic signatures can be associated with plant parasitism by nematodes. In this review, we report genomic features and characteristics that appear to be common in plant-parasitic nematodes while absent or rare in animal parasites, predators or free-living species. Candidate horizontal acquisitions of parasitism genes have systematically been found in all plant-parasitic species investigated at the sequence level. Presence of peptides that mimic plant hormones also appears to be a trait of plant-parasitic species. Annotations of the few genomes of plant-parasitic nematodes available to date have revealed a set of apparently species-specific genes on every occasion. Effector genes, important for parasitism are frequently found among those species-specific genes, indicating poor overlap. Overall, nematodes appear to have developed convergent genomic solutions to adapt to plant parasitism.
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McNeill, M. R., J. R. Proffitt, P. J. Gerard, and S. L. Goldson. "Collections of Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) from Ireland." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4475.
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The biological control programme against Sitona lepidus (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera Braconidae) commenced in 1998 with the first parasitised weevils imported into New Zealand quarantine in 2000 Extensive collections in Europe confirmed that the solitary endoparasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) was the principal natural enemy of adult S lepidus With one exception all M aethiopoides reared from S lepidus collected in Europe have been arrhenotokous All M aethiopoides collected from Ireland are thelytokous which obviates the risk of hybridisation with an arrhenotokous Moroccan strain already established in New Zealand Levels of parasitism in S lepidus fieldcollected from Ireland were low (lt;8) and overall averaged 07 Rates of parasitism of S lepidus in New Zealand quarantine have averaged 25 but ranged from 0 to 95 Aspects relating to the rearing and management of Irish M aethiopoides are discussed including possible reasons for low rates of parasitism in quarantine
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Stokke, Bård. "Costs associated with recognition and rejection of parasitic eggs in two European passerines." Behaviour 139, no. 5 (2002): 629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390260136744.
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AbstractMany avian brood parasite hosts accept parasitic eggs even though successful parasitism frequently is detrimental to their own reproduction. Such behaviour seems suboptimal, but has been explained by the existence of opposing selective pressures operating against the evolution of appropriate host defence. Costs associated with rejection and recognition of eggs are central topics in this respect. Here, we report the occurrence of such costs in two European passerines (chaffinches and blackcaps) that are good rejecters of foreign eggs, even though the common cuckoo does not presently use them as hosts. Since high rejection rates are maintained in the absence of parasitism, we predicted that few recognition errors are made by these species. We tested this prediction by monitoring the occurrence of such errors in both experimentally parasitised and non-parasitised host clutches. We found support for the prediction, as our results show that recognition errors are at best rare events in these two species. We discuss the role of intraspecific brood parasitism as well as other explanations for the retention of a high rejection rate in these species. Various studies have reported mixed support for the occurrence of recognition errors among cuckoo hosts, and we consider other explanations for the existence of both acceptors and rejecters of foreign eggs in host populations.
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Kus, Barbara E. "Fitness Consequences of Nest Desertion in an Endangered Host, the Least Bell's Vireo." Condor 104, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.4.795.
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Abstract Recent analyses of the impact of cowbird parasitism on host productivity suggest that while parasitism reduces productivity on a per-nest basis, the ability of pairs to desert parasitized nests and renest allows them to achieve productivity comparable to that of unparasitized pairs. This has implications for the management of several endangered species that are highly vulnerable to parasitism and consequently the target of cowbird control programs. I calculated seasonal nesting effort (number of nests per pair) and productivity of 568 pairs of Least Bell's Vireos (Vireo bellii pusillus) monitored over 11 years at the San Luis Rey River in San Diego County, California (where cowbird trapping has reduced, but not eliminated, parasitism), assigning pairs to one of three groups: (1) deserters, (2) rescued (parasitized pairs with nests “rescued” from probable failure by the removal of cowbird eggs), and (3) unparasitized. Parasitized pairs attempted significantly more nests per season than did unparasitized pairs, with deserters producing more nests than rescued pairs. However, productivity of deserting pairs was significantly lower than that of both rescued and unparasitized pairs, largely because subsequent nests of deserting pairs were also parasitized. Seasonal productivity of rescued and unparasitized pairs was comparable, indicating that in this species, reduction of cowbird impacts through nest manipulation to remove cowbird eggs is effective. Desertion by Least Bell's Vireos does not appear to be an adequate natural defense against parasitism, suggesting the need for continued cowbird control while vireo populations are re-established. Consecuencias de la Deserción de Nidos sobre la Adecuación Biológica en un Hospedero Amenazado, Vireo bellii pusillus Resumen. Análisis recientes del impacto del parasitismo de Molothrus ater sobre la productividad de los hospederos sugieren que mientras el parasitismo reduce la productividad por nido, la habilidad de las parejas parasitadas de abandonar los nidos parasitados y de reanidar les permite obtener una productividad comparable a la de parejas no parasitadas. Esto tiene consecuencias para el manejo de especies amenazadas muy vulnerables al parasitismo, que son el foco de muchos programas de control de M. ater. Calculé el esfuerzo de anidación por temporada (número de nidos por pareja) y productividad de 568 parejas de Vireo bellii pusillus monitoreadas durante 11 años en el río San Luis Rey, San Diego, California (donde la captura de M. ater ha reducido pero no eliminado el parasitismo). Las parejas fueron asignadas a tres grupos: (1) desertoras, (2) rescatadas (parejas parasitadas “rescatadas” mediante la remoción de huevos de M. ater) y (3) no parasitadas. Las parejas parasitadas intentaron un número significativamente mayor de nidos por temporada que las no parasitadas, y las desertoras produjeron más nidos que las rescatados. Sin embargo, la productividad de las parejas desertoras fue significativamente menor que la de las parejas rescatadas o las no parasitadas, principalmente debido a que en los siguientes intentos de las parejas desertoras los nidos también fueron parasitados. La productividad por temporada fue similar entre las parejas rescatadas y las no parasitadas, indicando que la extracción de huevos de M. ater es una práctica efectiva que reduce el impacto del parasitismo. La deserción por parte de V. b. pusillus no parece ser una defensa natural adecuada contra el parasitismo, sugeriendo que debe continuarse el control de M. ater mientras se reestablece la población de V. b. pusillus.
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Lindholm, Anna, and Robert Thomas. "BETWEEN POPULATIONS OF REED WARBLERS IN DEFENCES AGAINST BROOD PARASITISM." Behaviour 137, no. 1 (2000): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900501854.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTwo potential defences against brood parasitism by the cuckoo Cuculus canorus were compared experimentally between British populations of reed warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus that are parasitised at different rates. (1) Rates of rejection of model cuckoo eggs were lower at two unparasitised populations which did not have resident cuckoos, than at a rarely parasitised population which had cuckoos nearby, and at a regularly parasitised population. (2) Reed warblers from an unparasitised population showed a slightly weaker response to taxidermic mounts of cuckoos and, unlike a parasitised population, did not differentiate between mounts of a cuckoo, sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus and jay Garrulus glandarius . Differences in exposure to real predators may explain the differences in responses to mounted predators between populations, as specific aggressive responses to predators are likely to have been learned. Although evidence from dispersal and population turnover data suggests that there is likely to be gene flow between reed warbler populations in Britain, the hypothesis that the population differences reflect genotypic differences could not be ruled out. An alternative explanation of phenotypic plasticity in defences could also explain the population differences. Phenotypic plasticity in defences would be favoured in environments where the risk of parasitism fluctuates, if those defences are costly to unparasitised reed warblers.
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Jain, Rakesh, and Chester L. Foy. "Broomrapes (Orobanchespp.): A Potential Threat to U.S. Broadleaf Crops." Weed Technology 3, no. 4 (December 1989): 608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00032899.
Full textAbstract:
Five broadleaf crops, alfalfa, peanut, soybean, tobacco, and tomato, were tested for their susceptibility to three broomrape species, branched, Egyptian and crenate, in the greenhouse. All five crop species were parasitized by one or more broomrape species. Peanut plants were most susceptible and soybean plants were least susceptible to parasitism by broomrape. Egyptian and branched broomrapes had a wider host range affecting plants in both the Solanaceae and Fabaceae. Crenate broomrape mainly infected plants belonging to Fabaceae, except for the few attachments to tomato and tobacco. Apparently, this is the first report on parasitism of peanut plants by branched broomrape and that of peanut and alfalfa plants by crenate broomrape. Parasitism of soybean plants by any of the broomrape species also was observed for the first time in these experiments. These results indicate that broomrapes, although not a major problem on any of the crops in the United States, could parasitize several major broadleaf crops should the parasite become established.
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Chen, W. T., and S. Y. Hwang. "Interspecific competition between Snellenius manilae and Meteorus pulchricornis, larval parasitoids of Spodoptera litura." Bulletin of Entomological Research 105, no. 5 (July 8, 2015): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485315000516.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSnellenius manilae (Ashmead) and Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are larval endoparasitoids of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Both species preferentially parasitize early-instar S. litura and occupy similar ecological niches. Therefore, competition between the two species may occur. In this study, intrinsic competition and cage experiments were conducted to discuss the interactions between S. manilae and M. pulchricornis. The results indicated that in intrinsic competition, M. pulchricornis was always the dominant species. In cage experiments, when the total number of parasitoids was four, the parasitism rates following the release of one species were significantly higher than the release of two species simultaneously. In addition, parasitism rate of eight M. pulchricornis was also significantly higher than the parasitism rate of the treatment released four S. manilae and four M. pulchricornis simultaneously. Therefore, competition occurs between S. manilae and M. pulchricornis, and M. pulchricornis is typically the superior of the two species. The use of M. pulchricornis as a biological agent for S. litura should be considered.
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Goguen, C. B., D. R. Curson, and N. E. Mathews. "Costs of multiple parasitism for an avian brood parasite, the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 12 (December 2011): 1237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-104.
Full textAbstract:
The Brown-headed Cowbird ( Molothrus ater (Boddaert, 1783)) is a generalist brood parasite that often lays into nests that contain conspecific eggs. Although it has often been assumed that this multiple parasitism reduces Cowbird survival, this has rarely been evaluated. We measured Cowbird survival in nests of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher ( Polioptila caerulea (L., 1766)), Plumbeous Vireo ( Vireo plumbeus Coues, 1866), and Western Tanager ( Piranga ludoviciana (A. Wilson, 1811)) in New Mexico, USA. Our objectives were to measure the costs of intraspecific competition on Cowbird survival in multiply-parasitized nests, evaluate if these costs were related to host size, and to compare the costs of multiple parasitism relative to other mortality sources that occur over the entire nesting cycle. Intraspecific competition reduced Cowbird survival during the nestling period in nests of all three hosts, and was of particular importance in nests of the two smaller hosts. When all sources of egg mortality were considered, however, the costs of multiple parasitism were small compared with the large effects of predation and nest desertion. Given that multiple parasitism reduces Cowbird egg survival, it is unclear why Cowbirds multiply-parasitize. Possible explanations depend on an improved understanding of fecundity and level of host nest selectivity by female Cowbirds.
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Strausberger, Bill M., and Dirk E. Burhans. "Nest Desertion by Field Sparrows and its Possible Influence on the Evolution of Cowbird Behavior." Auk 118, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.3.770.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this study, Field Sparrows (Spizella pusilla) deserted 46% of nests, parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and only 1% of unparasitized nests suggesting that desertion functions primarily as an antiparasite defense. Sparrows did not desert nests following various clutch manipulations that are often associated with parasitism, indicating that desertion was not in response to the presence of cowbird eggs. Sparrows often deserted nests following encounters with real or mounted cowbirds, suggesting that nest desertion is a response to adult cowbirds. Sparrows deserted nests only in stages most vulnerable to the effects of parasitism. That finding is consistent with the possibility that desertion is a parasite-specific response. Sparrows arrived at nests earlier in the day at our Illinois site, where parasitism was greater, than in Missouri. Our findings confirm that host vigilance can prevent successful parasitism, and we provide the first direct evidence that encounters with cowbirds may cause hosts to desert nests. Our findings may help explain why cowbirds parasitize nests extremely early in the morning and lay rapidly. We suggest that consideration be given to host response following interactions with adult brood parasites because those interactions may have implications for both the ecology and evolution of both the parasite and host.
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Salama, H. S., and F. N. Zaki. "Biological effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens." Insect Science and Its Application 6, no. 2 (April 1985): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400006524.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFeeding of the adult parasite of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood on a honey solution containing 500 μg of Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae HD-129 for 4–5 days had no effect on their longevity, productivity or their capability to parasitize the host eggs of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisdüvalle) or Anagasta kuehniella Zeller. After spraying the freshly laid host eggs with B. thuringiensis at the same concentration, a significant decrease was observed in the percentage of parasitism. No deleterious effects were observed in the development of the immature stages of the parasite and the percentage of its emergence, as affected by B. thuringiensis, when applied to the host eggs before or after parasitism.
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Peer, Brian D., Lyndon R. Hawkins, Edwin P. Steinke, Patricia Blair Bollinger, and Eric K. Bollinger. "Eastern Bluebirds Eject Brown-Headed Cowbird Eggs." Condor 108, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.3.741.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The relationship between the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) and its cavity-nesting hosts has received little attention because of the assumption that cowbirds rarely parasitize these hosts. We tested the Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis), a host that is sometimes heavily parasitized by cowbirds, for egg ejection behavior. Bluebirds ejected 65% of experimentally added cowbird eggs (n = 20), but ejected no experimentally added conspecific eggs (n = 66). This suggests that cowbird parasitism, not conspecific brood parasitism, is the selective pressure responsible for egg ejection in this species. This level of rejection may be conservative because bluebirds nest in dark cavities, which may make cowbird eggs difficult to detect by bluebirds.
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Lindholm, Anna. "TESTS OF PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN REED WARBLER DEFENCES AGAINST CUCKOO PARASITISM." Behaviour 137, no. 1 (2000): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900501863.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAs there is geographic and temporal variation in the rate at which reed warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus are parasitised by the cuckoo Cuculus canorus , phenotypic plasticity of defences against parasitism could be advantageous. Three experiments were conducted using three populations of reed warblers, parasitised by cuckoos to varying degrees, to test if reed warbler defences against parasitism are plastic. In an unparasitised and a rarely parasitised population, attempts to simulate the presence of cuckoos at the nest or in the habitat failed to stimulate an increase in rates of egg rejection. However, three lines of evidence supported the view that both unparasitised and parasitised populations were similarly able to discriminate odd eggs but that there is phenotypic plasticity in the decision to reject those eggs. First, reed warblers at all populations pecked model eggs, thereby indicating recognition of the model egg as a foreign egg, but varied in their tendency to reject them. Second, reed warblers at two populations, one unparasitised and the other frequently parasitised, rejected brown painted reed warbler eggs at the same rate, suggesting that there are no differences between populations in the ability to reject some types of eggs. Finally, rates of rejection decreased seasonally only at the frequently parasitised population. These results suggest that phenotypic plasticity can explain population differences in rates of egg rejection, but do not rule out the possibility that genetic differences also contribute to differences between populations.
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SEEMAN, OWEN D., and CHRISTOPHER M. PALMER. "Parasitism of Apteropanorpa tasmanica Carpenter (Mecoptera: Apteropanorpidae) by larval Leptus agrotis Southcott (Acari: Erythraeidae) and Willungella rufusanus sp. nov. (Acari: Microtrombidiidae)." Zootaxa 2925, no. 1 (June 21, 2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2925.1.2.
Full textAbstract:
The Apteropanorpidae is a family of wingless scorpionflies endemic to Tasmania, comprising four described species in the genus Apteropanorpa Carpenter. Intensive field surveys for adult Apteropanorpa conducted from April to May 2002 revealed the presence of ectoparasitic mites, parasitising many individuals of Apteropanorpa tasmanica Carpenter at four localities. Laboratory investigations revealed the presence of one species from each of the Erythraeidae and Microtrombidiidae parasitising adults: Leptus agrotis Southcott and Willungella rufusanus sp. nov., respectively. The larvae of W. rufusanus are described. Laboratory investigations of attachment sites and parasite loads of male and female scorpionflies are described and discussed. Results show neither sex was parasitised more than the other, and that up to four mites parasitised individual scorpionflies, although most adults supported one or two mites. Like many other Leptus species, all L. agrotis larvae attached to sclerites, whereas all W. rufusanus larvae attached to membranous areas. Larval W. rufusanus were predominantly attached to the scorpionfly abdomen; however, larval L. agrotis were more evenly distributed on the scorpionfly body. These data are the first records of parasitism in the Apteropanorpidae, and the first report of parasitism of Mecoptera in Australia. Parasitism of A. tasmanica by W. rufusanus is the first record of a mecopteran as a host for larval microtrombidiine mites. Parasite records for the Mecoptera are summarised.
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Wang, Kening, Robert Riggs, and Devany Crippen. "Competition between two phenotypes of the nematophagous fungus ARF in infecting eggs of Heterodera glycines and effect of soil depth on parasitism by ARF." Nematology 6, no. 3 (2004): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568541042360483.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe sterile nematophagous fungus ARF (Arkansas fungus) had been separated into two phenotypes based on morphological differences: those with compact sclerotium-like-structures (SLS) (ARF-C), and those with loose SLS (ARF-L). The ARF-L isolate TN14 had been more effective than the ARF-C isolate BG2 in suppressing nematode numbers in glasshouse studies, and the BG2 isolate had been more virulent in in vitro tests. No tests had been conducted on the effect of depth in the soil on the level of parasitism by ARF. The objectives of this study were to determine: i) which isolate is more competitive in field microplots by comparing isolation frequency of the two fungal strains from parasitised eggs of Heterodera glycines; and ii) whether parasitism by ARF varies with soil depth (0-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm deep). TN14 was isolated more frequently than BG2, irrespective of whether the original mixture of BG2 and TN14 was 50% TN14 + 50% BG2, 75% TN14 + 25% BG2, or 25% TN14 + 75% BG2. The percentage of parasitised eggs of H. glycines by ARF was different for the 0-10 cm soil layer vs the 10-20 cm soil layer, or the 0-10 cm soil layer vs the 20-30 cm soil layer. Parasitism by ARF was greatest at a soil depth of 10-20 cm. This would correspond with the level where the root concentration and numbers of cysts should be greatest.
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Kiesmüller, Christine, Joachim T. Haug, Patrick Müller, and Marie K. Hörnig. "A case of frozen behaviour: A flat wasp female with a beetle larva in its grasp in 100-million-year-old amber." Fossil Record 25, no. 2 (September 16, 2022): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.82469.
Full textAbstract:
Parasitism, a malignant form of symbiosis, wherein one partner, the parasite, derives benefits to the detriment of another, the host, is a widespread phenomenon. Parasitism sensu lato is understood here to include many phenomena, like parasitoidism, kleptoparasitism, phoresy and obligate parasitism. Insecta has many in-groups that have evolved a parasitic life-style; one of the largest in-groups of these is probably the group of Hymenoptera. Bethylidae, the group of flat wasps, is a smaller in-group of Aculeata, the group of hymenopterans with venom stings; representatives of Bethylidae are parasitic. They are more specifically larval ectoparasitoids, meaning that their immature stages are externally developing parasites that kill their host organism at pupation (end of interaction). They mostly parasitise immature representatives of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Female flat wasps search for a host for their progeny, paralyse it with their venom sting and then oviposit onto it. Herein we describe one of the oldest findings of parasitic interactions of parasitoid wasps with their progenies’ hosts, specifically a flat wasp female grasping and (potentially) stinging a beetle immature in Cretaceous Kachin (Myanmar) amber (ca. 100 million years old). This finding indicates that this type of parasitic interaction existed since the Cretaceous, temporally close to the earliest findings of representatives of Bethylidae.
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Rabuffetti, Fabián L., and Juan C. Reboreda. "Early Infestation by Bot Flies (Philornis Seguyi) Decreases Chick Survival and Nesting Success in Chalk-Browed Mockingbirds (Mimus Saturninus)." Auk 124, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.3.898.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBot flies (Diptera: Muscidae: Philornis spp.) are a group of flies comprising mostly species with a Neotropical distribution. Their larvae parasitize several species of birds, living subcutaneously on altricial chicks. We investigated the effect of parasitism by bot flies (P. seguyi) on the reproductive success of Chalk-browed Mockingbirds (Mimus saturninus) in temperate grasslands near the southern limit of bot fly distributions. We analyzed seasonal variation of bot fly prevalence during three consecutive years and how the timing and intensity of bot fly infestation affected growth and survival of Chalk-browed Mockingbird nestlings. Bot fly prevalence was 58.3%, 30.7%, and 45.5% each year, and in all years, it increased with time of breeding. Most of the infested nests fledged no chicks. In these nests, chicks had a lower tarsus growth rate than in noninfested nests and died 3–4 days after parasitism. The average time from hatching of the first chick until infestation was 4.4 days. The age of the chicks at the time of infestation was associated positively with nesting success and negatively with intensity of parasitism. Bot fly parasitism also reduced the survival of Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) chicks present in Chalk-browed Mockingbird nests, but the presence of Shiny Cowbird chicks did not affect timing of infestation or fledging success of Chalk-browed Mockingbird chicks. Our results show that an intermediate prevalence of bot fly parasitism produces an important decrease in the reproductive success of Chalk-browed Mockingbirds and suggest that bot flies may play an important role as selective agents in the evolution of host life-history strategies.La Infestación Temprana con Larvas de Philornis seguyi Disminuye la Supervivencia de los Pichones y el Éxito de Nidificación de Mimus saturninus
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van Nouhuys, Saskya, David C. Harris, and Ann E. Hajek. "Population level interactions between an invasive woodwasp, an invasive nematode and a community of native parasitoids." NeoBiota 82 (February 9, 2023): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.82.96599.
Full textAbstract:
Parasitic nematodes and hymenopteran parasitoids have been introduced and used extensively to control invasive Eurasian Sirex noctilio woodwasps in pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere where no members of this community are native. Sirex noctilio has more recently invaded North America where Sirex-associated communities are native. Sirex noctilio and its parasitic nematode, Deladenus siricidicola, plus six native hymenopteran woodwasp parasitoids in New York and Pennsylvania, were sampled from 204 pines in 2011–2019. Sirex noctilio had become the most common woodwasp in this region and the native parasitoids associated with the native woodwasps had expanded their host ranges to use this invader. We investigated the distributions of these species among occupied trees and the interactions between S. noctilio and natural enemies as well as among the natural enemies. Sirex noctilio were strongly aggregated, with a few of the occupied trees hosting hundreds of woodwasps. Nematode parasitism was positively associated with S. noctilio density, and negatively associated with the density of rhyssine parasitoids. Parasitism by the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides was positively associated with host (S. noctilio) density, while parasitism by the rhyssine parasitoids was negatively associated with density of S. noctilio. Thus, most S. noctilio come from a few attacked trees in a forest, and S. noctilio from those high-density trees experienced high parasitism by both the invasive nematode and the most abundant native parasitoid, I. l. ensiger. There is little evidence for direct competition between the nematodes and parasitoids. The negative association occurring between rhyssine parasitoids and I. l. ensiger suggests rhyssines may suffer from competition with I. l. ensiger which parasitize the host at an earlier life stage. In addition to direct competition with the native woodwasp Sirex nigricornis for suitable larval habitat within weakened trees, the large S. noctilio population increases the parasitoid and nematode populations, which may increase parasitism of S. nigricornis.
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Gordon, H. McL. "PARASITISM." Australian Veterinary Journal 41, no. 7 (March 10, 2008): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1965.tb01849.x.
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De Souza, Moisés Santos, Alexandre Almeida e. Silva, César Augusto Domingues Teixeira, and José Nilton Medeiros Costa. "Parasitismo na população da broca-do-café Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), pelo parasitoide Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)." EntomoBrasilis 7, no. 3 (December 5, 2014): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v7i3.402.
Full textAbstract:
A broca-do-café, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) é responsável por grandes prejuízos em plantios de café, causando perdas de produtividade aos cafeicultores e danos quantitativos e qualitativos aos grãos. O controle biológico da praga tem sido principalmente à base de fungos entomopatogênicos. Em Rondônia, Brasil, as informações acerca dos parasitoides de H. hampei são escassas. O parasitoide Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem é um inimigo natural da broca do café e já é utilizado como agente de controle biológico em países da África e da América Latina. Constatou-se a presença desse parasitoide em cafezais de Rondônia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os níveis de ocorrência e parasitismo do parasitóide em uma plantação de café no município de Ouro Preto D’Oeste, Estado de Rondônia. Foram analisados semanalmente frutos de café coletados diretamente das plantas e caídos sobre o solo, de janeiro a dezembro de 2004. Observou-se a ocorrência do parasitoide durante os meses de maior infestação da praga. Durante o período estudado, a taxa de parasitismo nos diferentes microambientes variou de 2 a 24%.
Parasitism in the Population of the Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) by the Parasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
Abstract. The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) attacks coffee plantations, greatly decreasing the production of coffee plants, causing quantitative and qualitative damage to the grains. Biological control of this pest has focused mostly on entomopathogenic fungi. In the state of Rondonia, studies on parasitism levels of the parasitoids of H. hampei are scarce. The parasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem is a natural enemy of the coffee berry borer and is already used as an agent of biological control in countries of Africa and Latin America. The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and parasitism levels of the parasitoid in a coffee plantation in the municipality of Ouro Preto D’Oeste, State of Rondonia. Coffee beans collected directly from the plants and on the ground were analyzed weekly from January to December 2004. Parasitoid occurred in months of the highest pest infestation. During the studied period, parasitism rate in different microenvironments ranged from 2 to 24%.