Academic literature on the topic 'Parasitism'
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Journal articles on the topic "Parasitism"
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Wiley, James W. "Anti-brood parasite strategies of naïve populations of nesting birds in Puerto Rico." Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 25, no. 2 (2012): 41–63. https://doi.org/10.55431/jco.2012.25.41-63.
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Abstract: The Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis), a generalist brood parasite, arrived in Puerto Rico in the 1940s or early 1950s. No previous record of brood parasites exists for Puerto Rico, so the avian communities had no defenses specialized to counter cowbird parasitism. Nevertheless, some native species were parasitized at high rates, whereas others were able to avoid cowbird parasitism. I examined native bird behaviors that reduced the chance of parasitism, with the prediction that some ecological or behavioral mechanisms used to counter nest depredation may effectively counter parasitism. Certain habitat components (e.g., placement of nests low in dense stands of vegetation) associated with reduced nest depredation may also be effective in concealing nests from brood parasites. Similar to avian populations with long histories of coevolution with brood parasites, the recently exposed populations of nesting birds in Puerto Rico were divided into discrete categories of acceptors and rejectors of alien eggs. Regularly parasitized species were characteristically acceptors, whereas species with low rates of nest parasitism were rejectors. Nest guarding is an effective strategy in countering brood parasitism. Species displaying high nest attentiveness experienced a lower incidence of parasitism than species showing low attendance. Nesting species that were aggressive toward all territory invaders incurred low rates of parasitism. Heavily parasitized species showed lower aggression toward cowbirds than toward other species. Aggressive individuals also incurred lower parasitism rates than did individuals showing lower aggressive responses to nest territory intruders. Individuals of colony-nesting species that nested within colonies incurred lower rates of parasitism than did birds nesting outside the area defended by neighbors. Also, non-aggressive species were afforded some protection against cowbird parasitism by the more vigorous territorial defense of neighboring species. The data reported here are among the earliest collected on Shiny Cowbird-host interactions in Puerto Rico and, as such, can serve as baselines against which changes in behavior and ecology can be measured over time. Keywords: aggression, anti-parasite defenses, brood parasitism, egg rejection, habitat selection, host nest defense, Molothrus bonariensis, nest guarding, Shiny Cowbird, territory defense, West Indies Resumen: Las estrategias anti-parásitos de nidada de las ingenuas poblaciones de aves nidificantes en Puerto Rico- Molothrus bonariensis es un parásito de nidada generalista que llegó a Puerto Rico en la década de los 1940 o principios de los 1950. No existen registros previos de parásitos de nidada en Puerto Rico por lo que las comunidades de aves no tienen defensas especializadas para contrarrestar el parasitismo de esta especie. Sin embargo, algunas especies nativas tuvieron altas tasas de parasitismo mientras que otras fueron capaces de evitarlo. Examiné las conductas de especies nativas que redujeron la posibilidad de ser parasitadas con la predicción de que algunos mecanismos ecológicos y conductuales utilizados para evitar la depredación de nidos pueden contrarrestar el parasitismo. Determinados componentes del hábitat (ej. ubicación baja de los nidos en sitios densos de vegetación) asociados con una reducida depredación de nidos pueden también ser efectivos en ocultar los nidos a los parásitos de nidada. Similares a las poblaciones de aves con largas historias de coevolución con estos parásitos, las recientemente expuestas poblaciones de aves nidificantes en Puerto Rico fueron divididas en categorías discretas de aceptores y aquellos que rechazan huevos ajenos. Las especies parasitadas regularmente fueron típicamente aceptores mientras que aquellas con bajas tasas de parasitismo de nido fueron del grupo de rechazo. El cuidado del nido es una estrategia efectiva para evitar el parasitismo de nidada. Las especies que muestran una alta atención del nido experimentaron una incidencia más baja de parasitismo que aquellas que mostraron una baja atención. Las especies nidificantes que fueron agresivas con todos los intrusos en su territorio incurrieron en bajas tasas de parasitismo. Las especies altamente parasitadas mostraron ser menos agresivas hacia Molothrus bonariensis que hacia otras especies. Individuos agresivos también tuvieron tasas de parasitismo más bajas que aquellos que mostraron respuestas menos agresivas hacia los intrusos en los territorios de los nidos. Los individuos de especies coloniales que nidificaron dentro de las colonias tuvieron tasas más bajas de parasitismo que aquellos que nidificaron fuera de las áreas defendidas por sus vecinos. También a las especies no agresivas les fue concedida cierta protección contra el parasitismo del Pájaro Vaquero por las especies vecinas más fuertes en la defensa del territorio. Los datos registrados aquí están entre los primeros colectados en las interacciones del Pájaro Vaquero-huésped en Puerto Rico y como tal pueden servir como línea base en relación con cuáles cambios conductuales y ecológicos pueden ser medidos en el tiempo. Palabras clave: agresión, Antillas, Caribe insular, cuidado del nido, defensas anti-parásito, defensa del territorio, defensa del nido del huésped, parasitismo de nidada, rechazo de huevos, Molothrus bonariensis, Pájaro Vaquero Résumé: Les stratégies des populations indigènes d’oiseaux nicheurs contre le parasitisme de couvée a Porto Rico- Le Vacher luisant (Molothrus bonariensis), une espèce généraliste parasitant les couvées, est arrivé à Porto Rico dans les années quarante ou au début des années cinquante. Il n’existe pas de données antérieures de parasitisme de couvée à Porto Rico, ainsi les communautés d’oiseaux n’avaient pas de défenses pour faire face au Vacher. Toutefois, certaines espèces indigènes étaient fortement touchées alors que d’autres étaient capables d’éviter le parasitisme du Vacher. J’ai examiné des comportements des oiseaux indigènes qui diminuaient les risques de parasitisme, avec l’hypothèse que certains mécanismes écologiques ou comportementaux utilisés pour contrer la prédation des nids pourraient efficacement contrer le parasitisme. Certaines composantes de l'habitat (p. ex. une position basse des nids dans une végétation dense) associées à une faible prédation des nids pourraient également être efficaces pour dissimuler les nids aux oiseaux parasites de couvée. Comme les populations d’oiseaux ayant longuement coévolué avec les espèces parasites de couvée, les populations d'oiseaux nicheurs récemment exposées à ce phénomène à Porto Rico étaient divisées en catégories distinctes acceptant ou rejetant les œufs exogènes. Les espèces régulièrement parasitées les acceptaient de façon caractéristique, alors que les espèces peu parasitées les rejetaient. La surveillance du nid constitue une stratégie efficace dans la lutte contre le parasitisme. Les espèces portant une grande attention à leur nid étaient plus faiblement touchées que les espèces peu présentes. Les espèces nicheuses agressives envers tous les intrus pénétrant sur leur territoire présentaient de faibles taux de parasitisme. Les espèces fortement parasitées se montraient moins agressives envers les vachers qu’envers d'autres espèces. Les individus agressifs présentaient également des taux de parasitisme inférieurs à ceux des individus moins agressifs vis-à-vis des intrusions dans leur territoire de nidification. Les individus appartenant à des espèces coloniales et nichant à l’intérieur des colonies étaient moins touchés par le parasitisme que les oiseaux nichant en dehors de la zone défendue par des voisins. Ainsi, les espèces non-agressives bénéficiaient d'une certaine protection contre le parasitisme du Vacher grâce à la défense territoriale plus vigoureuse des espèces voisines. Les données présentées ici sont parmi les premières recueillies à Porto Rico sur les interactions Vacher luisant / hôte parasité et, à ce titre, peuvent servir de repères pour mesurer des changements du comportement et de l'écologie au fil du temps. Mots clés: agression, Antilles, défenses antiparasites, défense du nid hôte, défense du territoire, Molothrus bonariensis, parasitisme de couvée, rejet d’œuf, sélection de l’habitat, surveillance du nid, Vacher luisant
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Joshua B. LaPergola, C. Justin Proctor, Hodali Almonte, and Kate J. Wallace. "Mortality of an adult Antillean Palm Swift (<em>Tachornis phoenicobia</em>) associated with <em>Philornis</em> sp. parasitism in the Sierra De Bahoruco, Dominican Republic." Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 36 (April 17, 2023): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55431/jco.2023.36.36-44.
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 Abstract The ecological importance of avian myiasis caused by fly (Diptera) larvae, especially in the genus Philornis, remains poorly understood. One major gap in our knowledge is which bird species experience such parasitism. We present here the first report of Philornis parasitism on an adult Antillean Palm Swift (Tachornis phoenicobia) from the Dominican Republic, representing the first documented record of Philornis parasitism of a swift species (Apodidae). The host bird was found dead shortly after being observed alive with clear evidence of myiasis, and we suggest the bird’s death was due to the detected fly larvae. We also propose that this parasite-associated adult mortality implicates Philornis as another potential factor contributing to observed aerial insectivore declines, and highlights the pressing need for more comprehensive studies investigating the occurrence of parasitism in other Caribbean avian species.
 
 
 Keywords aerial insectivores, Antillean Palm Swift, Philornis, Sierra de Bahoruco, Tachornis phoenicobia
 
 
 Resumen Mortalidad de un Tachornis phoenicobia adulto asociado on el parasitismo por Philornis sp. en la Sierra de Bahoruco, Republica Dominicana • La importancia ecológica de la miasis en aves causada por las larvas de moscas del género Philornis ha sido poco estudiada en el pasado. Un vacío importante en nuestro conocimiento es la distribución taxonómica de las especies hospederas. Reportamos el primer registro de parasitismo por la mosca del género Philornis en un individuo de Tachornis phoenicobia de República Dominicana, lo que representa el primer registro documentado de parasitismo por Philornis en una especie de vencejo (Apodidae). El hospedero fue un espécimen adulto encontrado muerto poco después de haber sido observado vivo con claras evidencias de parasitismo por Philornis, por lo que atribuimos su muerte a las larvas de mosca detectadas. Sugerimos que la mortalidad de aves adultas inducida por parasitismo de Philornis sea considerada como otro factor potencial que contribuye a la disminución de los insectívoros aéreos y destacamos la necesidad urgente de estudios más completos que investiguen la aparición de parasitismo en otras especies de aves del Caribe.
 
 
 Palabras clave insectívoros aéreos, Philornis, Sierra de Bahoruco, Tachornis phoenicobia
 
 
 Résumé Mortalité d’un Martinet petit-rollé (Tachornis phoenicobia) adulte associée au parasitisme par Philornis sp. dans la Sierra de Bahoruco en République dominicaine • L’importance écologique de la myiase aviaire causée par des larves de mouches (diptères), notamment du genre Philornis, reste mal connue. Une lacune importante dans nos connaissances est de savoir quelles espèces d’oiseaux sont affectées par ce type de parasitisme. Nous présentons ici la première mention de parasitisme d’un Martinet petit-rollé (Tachornis phoenicobia) adulte par Philornis en République dominicaine, ce qui constitue la première mention documentée de parasitisme d’une espèce de martinet (Apodidae) par cette mouche. L’oiseau hôte a été retrouvé mort peu de temps après avoir été observé vivant avec des preuves évidentes de myiase, et nous attribuons donc la mort de l’oiseau aux larves de mouche détectées. Nous suggérons également que la mortalité à l’âge adulte induite par le parasitisme par Philornis soit considérée comme un autre facteur pouvant contribuer au déclin observé des insectivores aériens, et nous soulignons le besoin urgent d’études plus complètes sur l’occurrence du parasitisme chez d’autres espèces d’oiseaux de la Caraïbe.
 
 Mots clés insectivores aériens, Martinet petit-rollé, Philornis, Sierra de Bahoruco, Tachornis phoenicobia
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Bourne, Mitchel E., Gabriele Gloder, Berhane T. Weldegergis, et al. "Parasitism causes changes in caterpillar odours and associated bacterial communities with consequences for host-location by a hyperparasitoid." PLOS Pathogens 19, no. 3 (2023): e1011262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011262.
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Microorganisms living in and on macroorganisms may produce microbial volatile compounds (mVOCs) that characterise organismal odours. The mVOCs might thereby provide a reliable cue to carnivorous enemies in locating their host or prey. Parasitism by parasitoid wasps might alter the microbiome of their caterpillar host, affecting organismal odours and interactions with insects of higher trophic levels such as hyperparasitoids. Hyperparasitoids parasitise larvae or pupae of parasitoids, which are often concealed or inconspicuous. Odours of parasitised caterpillars aid them to locate their host, but the origin of these odours and its relationship to the caterpillar microbiome are unknown. Here, we analysed the odours and microbiome of the large cabbage white caterpillar Pieris brassicae in relation to parasitism by its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata. We identified how bacterial presence in and on the caterpillars is correlated with caterpillar odours and tested the attractiveness of parasitised and unparasitised caterpillars to the hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus. We manipulated the presence of the external microbiome and the transient internal microbiome of caterpillars to identify the microbial origin of odours. We found that parasitism by C. glomerata led to the production of five characteristic volatile products and significantly affected the internal and external microbiome of the caterpillar, which were both found to have a significant correlation with caterpillar odours. The preference of the hyperparasitoid was correlated with the presence of the external microbiome. Likely, the changes in external microbiome and body odour after parasitism were driven by the resident internal microbiome of caterpillars, where the bacterium Wolbachia sp. was only present after parasitism. Micro-injection of Wolbachia in unparasitised caterpillars increased hyperparasitoid attraction to the caterpillars compared to untreated caterpillars, while no differences were found compared to parasitised caterpillars. In conclusion, our results indicate that host-parasite interactions can affect multi-trophic interactions and hyperparasitoid olfaction through alterations of the microbiome.
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Santos, Luan Alberto Odorizzi, and Laila Herta Mihsfeldt. "Capacidade de Busca e de Parasitismo de Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) em Lagartas de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)." EntomoBrasilis 7, no. 2 (2014): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v7i2.333.
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A capacidade do parasitoide de localizar e parasitar o hospedeiro estão diretamente relacionados ao sucesso do controle biológico de pragas. Diante disso, o presente trabalho avaliou o efeito da idade de Cotesia flavipes Cameron na capacidade busca e no parasitismo em lagartas de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) em condições de laboratório. Realizou-se uma liberação de 2000 parasitoides com 24 horas de idade. Foram colocados 40 internódios infestados artificialmente com a broca, na distância de cinco e dez metros, num total de 80 colmos por avaliação, durante seis dias. Constatou-se que no primeiro dia de liberação houve a maior porcentagem de parasitismo, diferindo apenas do quinto e sexto dia. Conclui-se que C. flavipes pode parasitar até 120 horas de vida em condições de laboratório e recomenda-se a liberação de indivíduos com 24 horas de vida por apresentarem maior percentual de parasitismo nessa idade.
 Ability to Quest and Parasitism of Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Larvae
 Abstract. The ability of the parasitoid to locate and parasitize the host is directly related to the success of biological control of pests. The effect of Cotesia flavipes Cameron’s age on the ability to quest and parasitism larvae of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) in laboratory conditions was evaluated. An amount of 2,000 adults (24 hours aged) was released. Fourteen sugarcane borer artificially infested internodes were 5 and 10 m placed apart each other, comprising eighteen stalks in each evaluation, during six days. The higher parasitism rate was observed in the first day after parasitoid release, with significant differences from the fifth day on. Therefore, C. flavipes is able to efficiently parasitize until its first 120 hours of life in laboratory conditions. It makes possible a recommendation of 24-hours aged parasitoid releases, that possibly will be more efficient in the sugarcane borer biological control.
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Haryati, Siti, Y. Andi Trisyono, and Witjaksono Witjaksono. "Parasitism of The Rice Brown Planthopper Eggs in Various Periods of Time of The Day." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 20, no. 1 (2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.16621.
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The rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is an important pest of rice. Since at the early stage, this pest is infested by parasitoids, but most cultural practices do not consider the existences of parasitoids in rice ecosystem. This study was aimed to determine the level of parasitism on N. lugens with regard to the time of the day. This information would be useful to minimize the effect of insecticide application to the parasitoids. Trapping of egg parasitoids in rice ecosystem was conducted every two hours from 05.00 a.m. until 04.00 p.m. Parasitism occured as early as at 05.00 a.m. (12.26% of the total parasitoid found), reached the peak abundance at 11.00 a.m. (36.13%), and decreased at 01.00 p.m. The parasitism level varied from 1.12 to 8.51% at 66 days after planting. The highest number of parasitoids and the highest parasitism level occured when trapping was conducted between 11.00 a.m.−01.00 p.m.. Before and after this period of time, the number of parasitoid emerged and parasitism were low. This suggest that if insecticide is necessary, it should be applied in the early morning or late afternoon. INTISARIWereng batang padi cokelat, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), merupakan salah satu hama penting padi. Praktik budidaya pertanian padi belum memperhatikan aktivitas parasitoid dalam ekosistem. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui tingkat parasitasi telur N. lugens pada beberapa waktu dalam sehari. Informasi ini akan bermanfaat untuk mengurangi dampak aplikasi insektisida terhadap parasitoid. Pemerangkapan parasitoid telur N. lugens di lahan padi dilakukan setiap dua jam yang dimulai pada pukul 05.00 sampai pukul 16.00. Parasitoid telur N. lugens mulai aktif pada pukul 05.00 (12,26%), mencapai puncaknya pukul 11.00 (36,13%), dan mulai mengalami penurunan pada pukul 13.00. Tingkat parasitasi pada tanaman padi umur 66 hari setelah tanam berkisar mulai 1,12−8,51%. Hasil pemerangkapan menunjukkan bahwa jumlah parasitoid yang paling banyak muncul dan tingkat parasitisme tinggi terjadi pada waktu pemerangkapan yang dilakukan pada pukul 11.00−13.00. Sebelum dan sesudah waktu pemerangkapan tersebut jumlah parasitoid dan tingkat parasitisme rendah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa apabila aplikasi insektisida diperlukan, maka harus dilakukan di pagi hari atau sore hari.
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N, SIVAPRAKASAMI, BALASUBRAMANIAN G, JAYARAMAN V, NARAYANAN A, and VENKATESAN S. "FIELD RECOVERY OF Eucelatoria brvani ON Heliothis armigera (Hubner)." Madras Agricultural Journal 73, November (1986): 614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02321.
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Studies made on the field recovery of Eucalatorja bryani Sabroky from Heliothis armigera Hubner indicated that there was effective parasitism from December, to April to an extent of 20 per cent and emergence of adult flies was 9 from each parasitised larvan The pencentage of parasitism and emergence of adult flies were significantly high from the larvae of Heliothis armigera collected from tomato followed by redgram and Lab-lab. A positive correlation was found to exist between the number of larvae parasitised vs. percentage of parasitism as well as with the number of adult flies emerged. Regression: equation fitted with the above variables showed that for every parasitised host larvas in the field, there would be an increase of 5.63 per cent parasitism and 3.73 adult flies emergence. These studies significantly revealed the practical utility of this parasitoid for effective parasitism on Heliothis armegera by mass multiplication and release in the field.
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De Barro, P. J., and M. T. Coombs. "Post-release evaluation of Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich and Rose in Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 99, no. 2 (2008): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308006445.
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AbstractBemisia tabaci biotype B is a significant pest of agriculture world-wide. It was first detected in Australia in 1994. Assessments of the potential of parasitoids already present in Australia to control this pest indicated that two species of Eretmocerus and 11 species of Encarsia were present, but they did not exert sufficient control with a combined average of 5.0±0.3% apparent parasitism of 4th instars. Further, only 25% of samples containing biotype B had parasitised individuals present. The surveys also identified that fewer B biotype were being parasitised compared with the Australian indigenous biotype. Overall, Er. mundus was the most abundant parasitoid prior to the introduction. Previous research indicated that Er. hayati offered the best prospects for Australia and, in October 2004, the first releases were made. Since then, levels of apparent parasitism have averaged 29.3±0.1% of 4th instars with only 24% of collections having no parasitism present. Eretmocerus hayati contributed 85% of the overall apparent parasitism. In addition, host plants of the whitefly with low or no parasitism prior to the release have had an order of magnitude increase in levels of parasitism. This study covers the establishment of the case to introduce Er. hayati and the post-release establishment period November 2004–March 2008.
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Rodrigues, William Costa, and Paulo Cesar Rodrigues Cassino. "Parasitóides Associados a Cochonilhas e Aleirodídeos (Sternorrhyncha) de Plantas Cítricas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro." EntomoBrasilis 5, no. 1 (2012): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v5i1.177.
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Com o propósito de conhecer os parasitóides de cochonilhas e aleirodídeos, associados às plantas cítricas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foram realizadas coletas de folhas contendo os fitoparasitos: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), Tetraleurodes (=Aleurotrachelus) cruzi (Cassino), Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi, Coccus viridis (Green), Crysomphalus ficus (Ashmead), Orthezia praelonga (Douglas) e Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), sendo estas limpas, em seguida procedia-se a eliminação dos organismo que eram objeto de estudo (cada folha permanecia com um única espécie de fitoparasito, para que os parasitóides que surgissem fossem mesmo associados àquela espécie). Após este procedimento as folhas foram incubadas por um período de 25 dias, onde foi observado somente o parasitismo de A. floccosus, P. aspidistrae, C. viridis e T. cruzi, sendo que os parasitóides deste dois últimos, não foram identificados, pois o número de espécimes obtidos foi muito reduzido. Parasitando A. floccosus observou-se: Arrhenophagus sp., Cales sp., Encarsia sp (1), Eretmocerus sp., Signiphora sp. (1), Signiphora sp. (2), Signiphora sp. (3) e uma espécie da família Platygasteridae. Parasitando P. aspidistrae observou-se: Arrhenophagus sp., Cales sp., Encarsia sp (2) e Pteroptrix sp. Algumas espécies estão associadas tanto A. floccosus quanto P. aspidistrae. Através dos resultados verificou-se que o parasitismo de Arrhenophagus sp. e a espécie da família Platygasteridae em A. floccosus e o parasitismo de Arrhenophagus sp. e Pteroptrix sp. em P. aspidistrae, são novos registros de ocorrência para o Estado do Rio de Janeiro.
 Parasitoids Associated to Scales and Whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha) of 
 Citrus Plants in Rio de Janeiro State
 Abstract. With the purpose of knowing parasitids of scales and whiteflies, associates to the citrus plants in Rio de Janeiro State, they were accomplished leaves collected contend fitoparasits: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), Tetraleurodes (=Aleurotrachelus) cruzi (Cassino), Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi, Coccus viridis (Green), Crysomphalus ficus (Ashmead), Orthezia praelonga (Douglas) and Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), being this ones clean, it soon after proceded the organism elimination that was study object (each leaf remained with an only species of fitoparasite, so that parasitoids that had arisen had gone same associate to that species). After this procedure the leaves were incubate for a period of 25 days, when it was observed only parasitism in A. floccosus, P. aspidistrae, C. viridis and T. cruzi, and parasitoids of this the latter, not identified because the number specimens was very reduced. It was parasiting A. floccosus it observed: Arrhenophagus sp., Cales sp., Encarsia sp. (1), Eretmocerus sp., Signiphora sp. (1), Signiphora sp. (2), Signiphora sp. (3) and a species of the family Platygasteridae. Parasiting P. aspidistrae it was observed: Arrhenophagus sp., Cales sp., Encarsia sp. (2) and Pteroptrix sp. Some species are associated either to A. floccosus or to P. aspidistrae. By the results it was verified that Arrhenophagus sp. the parasitism and the species of the family Platygasteridae in A. floccosus and parasitism of Arrhenophagus sp. and Pteroptrix sp. in P. aspidistrae, they are occurrence new record for do Rio de Janeiro State
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McNeill, M. R., J. M. Kean, and S. L. Goldson. "Parasitism by Microctonus aethiopoides on a novel host Listronotus bonariensis in Canterbury pastures." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3953.
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The parasitoids Microctonus aethiopoides and M hyperodae have been introduced as biological control agents against Sitona discoideus and Argentine stem weevil Listronotus bonariensis respectively Collections from ryegrass/white clover pastures in midCanterbury found that M aethiopoides was widespread in L bonariensis despite the weevil being a novel host Microctonus aethiopoides was recovered from 83 of the 65 sites sampled in Canterbury with parasitism rates of 0419 Studies in lucerne crops showed that M aethiopoides preferentially parasitised its natural host S discoideus although in some cases up to 10 of L bonariensis found in the lucerne were parasitised A possible reason for the prevalence of M aethiopoides in Canterbury pasture was that the widelydispersive flights of S discoideus from aestivation sites provided a source for reinfection of the parasitoid into ryegrass pasture Analysis of field parasitism suggested that parasitism of L bonariensis by M aethiopoides was negatively correlated with parasitism by M hyperodae
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Karindah, Sri, Sutanto Sutanto, E. Siswanto, and L. Sulistyowati. "Parasitoid larva-pupa Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) pada Pluttella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) di pertanaman kubis kecamatan batu dan poncokusumo, kabupaten malang." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 2, no. 1 (2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.2.1.61.
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The surveys of larval parasitiod Plutella xylostella, which have been done in cabbage plantations area in Batu and Poncokusumo, Malang east Java, found other larval parasitoid biside the commonly larval parasitiod Diagdema semiclausum. The parasitoid was Teratichus howardi (Hyminoptera: Eulophidae). The percentage of parasitism was dependent of the altitude of cabbage plantation and developmental stage of crop. The percent of parasitism could reach 82% when parasitized larvae sampled in cabbage plant and the crop stage. Parasitism was also higher at the medium lowland rather than it was that the upland. T. howardi is a gregrarious larval-pupa endoparasitoid. The life cycle of T. howardi was 14-16 days. The longevity of male and female was influenced by the availability of hosts or the change of mating. The longevity of mated female which was offered some host is 14-21 days, but the longevity of mated female without hosts was 38-56 days. The mated male parasitoid lived from 1 to 4 days, but they lived 12-16 days when they were not mated. One female could lay some cluster of egg varied from 35-60 eggs cluster or from 142 to 235 eggs during the lifespan. One eggs cluster consist of ±4 eggs. The parasitoid laid one or two clusters of egg per host. Parasitoid laid eggs soon after mating at day one from eclosion until day 19th. Four to 28 Parasitoids could emerge from one host. One parasitoid was able to parasitize 17-30 larvae of P. xylostella.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Parasitism"
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Féres, Flávia Corbari [UNESP]. "Ocorrência e caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. em cordeiros na Região de Araçatuba-SP-Brasil: avaliação da transferência da imunidade passiva." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92204.
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feres_fc_me_araca.pdf: 219812 bytes, checksum: 1f1fed7d532991a23b940dd724388339 (MD5)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>Foram coletadas 460 amostras de fezes de cordeiros com até 30 dias de vida com o objetivo de determinar a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium na região de Araçatuba, assim como as espécies envolvidas nesta parasitose. Realizou-se análise microscópica pela técnica de coloração negativa com verde malaquita em todas as amostras de fezes. Para a identificação molecular de Cryptosporidium, nas amostras positivas à microscopia, utilizou-se a reação de nested PCR, com amplificação de fragmentos da subunidade 18S do gene do RNA ribossômico ou do gene da actina. Encontraram-se 6,73% dos animais eliminando oocistos de Cryptosporidium nas fezes. A espécie e genótipo envolvidos foram: Cryptosporidium parvum e genótipo cervídeo que representam potencial zoonótico e Cryptosporidium parvum tipo B. Foram coletadas também 191 amostras de sangue de cordeiros com até 30 dias de vida com o objetivo de determinar as concentrações séricas de imunoglobulina G, PT, γ globulina, GGT e FA, assim como determinar a associação entre estas variáveis. Foi avaliada se a atividade sérica das enzimas GGT e FA pode ser utilizada indiretamente como indicadora de transferência de imunidade passiva. Para tanto, foram realizados os testes de imunodifusão radial, espectrofotometria e eletroforese respectivamente. Para os valores de GGT e FA, foram utilizados kits comerciais. Houve correlação estatística significativa entre a FA e GGT; fato também observado com relação a PT, a IgG e a GGT. A γ globulina mostrou-se correlacionada com GGT, IgG e PT. A atividade de FA demonstrou-se ineficaz para uso como indicadora de transferência de imunidade passiva.<br>A total of 460 fecal samples were collected from lambs during the first 30 days of life with the aim to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in Araçatuba region, as well as to identify species involved in this parasitism. Microscopic analysis of feces was carried out using malachite green negative stain. Cryptosporidium positive samples were subjective to a nested PCR, with amplification of fragments of the subunity 18S of the gene of the ribossomic RNA or the gene of the actin. In this study 6.73% of animals were eliminating oocists of Cryptosporidium in their feces. The involved species and genotype were: Cryptosporidium parvum and cervide genotype, which represent a zoonotic potential and Cryptosporidium parvum type B. Blood samples (191) were collected from lambs that were up to 30 days old to determine the serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G, TP, γ globulin, GGT and ALP, as well as to determine the association between these variables. This was done in order to explore the possibility of using changes in activities of GGT e ALP as indirect indicators of immune passive transfer in lambs The following tests were perfomed: radial immunodiffusion, spectrophotometry and electrophoresis respectively. GGT and ALP values were determinate using commercial kits. There was a statistically significant correlation between ALP and GGT. The same correlation was observed from TP, IgG and GGT. A positive γ globulin correlation was found between GGT, IgG and TP. ALP activity cannot be used as an indicator of immune passive transfer.
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Reichart, Letitia Marie. "Conspecific brood parasitism in ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis)." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2008/L_Reichart_072408.pdf.
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Féres, Flávia Corbari. "Ocorrência e caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. em cordeiros na Região de Araçatuba-SP-Brasil : avaliação da transferência da imunidade passiva /." Araçatuba, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92204.
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Orientador: Francisco Leydson Formiga Feitosa<br>Banca: Luiz Cláudio Nogueira Martins<br>Banca: Maurício Garcia<br>Resumo: Foram coletadas 460 amostras de fezes de cordeiros com até 30 dias de vida com o objetivo de determinar a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium na região de Araçatuba, assim como as espécies envolvidas nesta parasitose. Realizou-se análise microscópica pela técnica de coloração negativa com verde malaquita em todas as amostras de fezes. Para a identificação molecular de Cryptosporidium, nas amostras positivas à microscopia, utilizou-se a reação de nested PCR, com amplificação de fragmentos da subunidade 18S do gene do RNA ribossômico ou do gene da actina. Encontraram-se 6,73% dos animais eliminando oocistos de Cryptosporidium nas fezes. A espécie e genótipo envolvidos foram: Cryptosporidium parvum e genótipo cervídeo que representam potencial zoonótico e Cryptosporidium parvum tipo B. Foram coletadas também 191 amostras de sangue de cordeiros com até 30 dias de vida com o objetivo de determinar as concentrações séricas de imunoglobulina G, PT, γ globulina, GGT e FA, assim como determinar a associação entre estas variáveis. Foi avaliada se a atividade sérica das enzimas GGT e FA pode ser utilizada indiretamente como indicadora de transferência de imunidade passiva. Para tanto, foram realizados os testes de imunodifusão radial, espectrofotometria e eletroforese respectivamente. Para os valores de GGT e FA, foram utilizados kits comerciais. Houve correlação estatística significativa entre a FA e GGT; fato também observado com relação a PT, a IgG e a GGT. A γ globulina mostrou-se correlacionada com GGT, IgG e PT. A atividade de FA demonstrou-se ineficaz para uso como indicadora de transferência de imunidade passiva.<br>Abstract: A total of 460 fecal samples were collected from lambs during the first 30 days of life with the aim to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in Araçatuba region, as well as to identify species involved in this parasitism. Microscopic analysis of feces was carried out using malachite green negative stain. Cryptosporidium positive samples were subjective to a nested PCR, with amplification of fragments of the subunity 18S of the gene of the ribossomic RNA or the gene of the actin. In this study 6.73% of animals were eliminating oocists of Cryptosporidium in their feces. The involved species and genotype were: Cryptosporidium parvum and cervide genotype, which represent a zoonotic potential and Cryptosporidium parvum type B. Blood samples (191) were collected from lambs that were up to 30 days old to determine the serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G, TP, γ globulin, GGT and ALP, as well as to determine the association between these variables. This was done in order to explore the possibility of using changes in activities of GGT e ALP as indirect indicators of immune passive transfer in lambs The following tests were perfomed: radial immunodiffusion, spectrophotometry and electrophoresis respectively. GGT and ALP values were determinate using commercial kits. There was a statistically significant correlation between ALP and GGT. The same correlation was observed from TP, IgG and GGT. A positive γ globulin correlation was found between GGT, IgG and TP. ALP activity cannot be used as an indicator of immune passive transfer.<br>Mestre
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Soutello, Ricardo Velludo Gomes de [UNESP]. "Influência do parasitismo e da suplementação no desenvolvimento ponderal de novilhos mestiços Angus-Nelore e da raça Guzerá." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98643.
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soutello_rvg_me_ilha.pdf: 132892 bytes, checksum: c6cef071d108accbe4359581e690ee32 (MD5)<br>Analisou-se os efeitos do tratamento anti-helmíntico estratégico e da suplementação protéica no ganho de peso de novilhos, do desmame até o abate. Foram utilizados 40 animais, com 8-9 meses de idade, 20 da raça Guzerá e 20 mestiços (Nelore - Angus), pesando em média 211,8 Kg. Esses animais foram distribuídos em quatro lotes, conforme o peso e permaneceram em quatro piquetes de aproximadamente 10 hectares cada, formado por Brachiaria decumbens. Dois lotes, grupos 1 e 2, receberam suplementação protéica comercial com 50 % de proteína bruta durante a seca e com 15 % durante as águas, fornecido ad libitum, e dois receberam somente mistura mineral, grupos 3 e 4 (controle). Dos lotes que receberam suplementação, apenas um foi tratado com endectocida Moxidectin 1% (grupo 1), o mesmo ocorrendo para os que receberam a mistura mineral (grupo 3). A cada 28 dias, os animais foram pesados e suas fezes colhidas para a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coprocultura, e a cada 14 dias foi feito contagem de carrapatos de um lado do animal. O ganho de peso dos animais dos grupos um, dois, três e quatro foram de: 0,453 Kg, 0,320 Kg, 0,339 Kg e 0,231 Kg, por dia, respectivamente. Observou-se uma diferença significativa de peso entre os animais suplementados e tratados (grupo 1) em relação aos animais apenas tratados (grupo 3) e apenas suplementados (grupo 2), que por sua vez também foram significativamente diferentes dos animais que não receberam tratamento nem suplementação (grupo 4). A média de OPG nos grupos um, dois, três e quatro foi de: 19,82; 275,98; 31,34 e 254,55 respectivamente, com diferença significativa entre os animais tratados com anti-helmíntico (grupos 1 e 3) e os não tratados (grupos 2 e 4). As contagens médias de carrapatos nos grupos um, dois, três e quatro foram de: 1,2; 7,7; 0,8 e 9,3 respectivamente, com diferença... .<br>The effect of strategic anthelmintic treatment and protein suplementation was evaluated in steers using the weight gain as a parameter, during the period from weans to slawghtery. Forty animals were used, with 8-9 months of age, 20 of Guzera breed (Bos indicus) and 20 Nelore - Angus, weighing 211.8 kg in average. These animals were distributed in four groups and remained in four paddoks of 10 hectares each, formed by Brachiaria decumbens. Two groups had received commercial protein suplement with 50% of crude protein during the dry period and with 15% of crude protein, during the wet period, supplied ad libitum (groups 1 and 2) and the others two received only mineral mixture; groups 3 and 4 (control group). From those animals that received protein suplement, only one was treated with anthelmintic 1% Moxidectin (group 1), the same occurring for those animals that received mineral mixture (group 3). At 28 days of intervals the animals were weighed and theirs fecal samples were collected for nematode egg counts (EPG) and larval cultures, and at 14 days of intervals ticks were counted on a half of animal. The weight gain in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 was: 0.453 kg, 0.320 kg, 0.339 kg and 0,231 kg per day, respectively. Statistical significace of weight gain occurred between the animals supplemented and medicated (group 1) in relation to the animals that were only medicated (group 3) or betweem the groups that were only supplemented (group 2), and no medicated and suplemented (group 4). The average of EPG in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 was of: 19.82; 275.98; 31.34 and 254.55 respectively, with significant difference in the animals medicated with anthelmintic (groups 1 and 3) and no medicated (groups 2 and 4). The tick counts in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 was of: 1,2; 7,7; 0,8 e 9,3 respectively, with significant difference in the animals medicated (groups 1 and 3) and no... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
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Naranjo, Guevara Natalia [UNESP]. "Bioecologia comparada de duas linhagens de Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) parasitando ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91324.
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naranjoguevara_n_me_jabo.pdf: 1094961 bytes, checksum: abebabbc7d6d55795ac30c24a5d2bb13 (MD5)<br>A criação massal em condições de laboratório afeta a atividade e vigor dos parasitoides e,consequentemente, opotential como agentes de controle biológico. No Brasil, Telenomus remus foi introduzido em1986 e obtiveram-se altos níveis de parasitismo sobre Spodoptera frugiperda em testes de laboratório. Entretanto, estes níveis não foram obtidos em condições de campo.Assim, para ampliar abasegenéticadas linhagens e determinar possíveisdiferenças naatividade e vigor, opresente estudo objetivou: (1) realizara introdução deuma nova linhagem de T. remus no Brasil, a partir da Venezuela; (2) comparar a biologia das duas linhagens (uma coletada em culturas de milho e introduzida e outra,criadapor cerca de 600 gerações em laboratório) por meio da avaliaçãode parâmetros reprodutivos etabela de vida de fecundidade; (3) comparar as respostas funcionais; (4) avaliar a qualidade das linhagens utilizando-se a atividadede voo e a emergência como critérios. A espécie foi confirmada por taxonomista e foi confirmadaa sua especificidade porS. frugiperda. As duas linhagens demostraram similaridade genética em padrõesde restrição para asregiões 16S e ITS1, embora a linhagem importada apresentasse qualidadesuperior. Osparâmetros de fecundidadedemostraram que alinhagem introduzida temum potencial de aumento populacional maior e éintrinsecamente mais agressiva. As duas linhagens apresentaram resposta funcional tipo III, comestabilizaçãodo parasitismo apartirde 200 ovosdohospedeiro. Infere-se que a criaçãoem laboratório de T. remus requer cuidados que limitem a perda do potencial para controle biológico. Avaliaçõessubsequentes de qualidade bem como ametodologia atual de criação precisam ser revistas.O presente estudo resultou numimportante aporte para auxiliar na implementação de programas de controle biológico para a lagarta-do-cartucho.<br>Mass rearing in laboratory conditions affects the activity and vigor of parasitoids and consequentlytheir potentialas biological agents. In Brazil, Telenomus remus was introduced in 1986 and high levels of parasitism on Spodoptera frugiperda were obtained in laboratory tests. However, theselevels were notobtained infield conditions. Thus, tobroaden thegeneticbases of laboratorymaintained strains and to determine possible differencesin activity and vigor, this study aimed to:(1) introduce a new strain ofT. remus from Venezuela in Brazil;(2) compare the biology of two strains of T.remus (one collected in maizefields and introduced, and the other, maintained by over 600generations in laboratory conditions) by evaluatingreproductive parameters and fertilitylife tables, (3)compare the functional responses; (4) evaluate thequality ofthestrains using flightacitivity and emergence as criteria. The introduced species was confirmed by a taxonomist and their specificity for S. frugiperda was confirmed.Both strains demonstrated genetic similarity in restriction patterns for the 16S and ITS1 regions, although the imported strain showed superior quality as biological control agent. The fertility parameters showed thattheintroduced strain has a greater potentialfor population increaseand is inherently more aggressive. The two strains exhibited type IIIfunctional response, with stabilization of parasitism at 200 hosteggs. It is inferred that the laboratory rearingof T. remus requires efforts toprevent lossof biological control potential. Further evaluations of quality must be made and the currentmass rearing methodology should bere-designed. This study resulted in an important contribution that could aid the implementation of biological control programs for fall armyworm.
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Aguiar, Aline [UNESP]. "Helmintofauna associativa à anfíbios da Ilha Anchieta, litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, Brasil." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108606.
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000758239.pdf: 1005727 bytes, checksum: b67d66057a2c388cb3d5c5d8bbe8de7a (MD5)<br>Os anfíbios ocupam grande variedade de microhabitats refletindo os diversos modos reprodutivos, estilos de vida e parasitas que estes animais apresentam. Os parasitas são indicativos de muitos aspectos biológicos de seus hospedeiros, incluindo a dieta, ocupação do habitat e a filogenia, podendo também ser bons indicadores diretos do estado de qualidade ambiental. A Ilha Anchieta, parque estadual em área de Mata Atlântica, torna-se interessante para estudos biológicos devido a sua dinâmica insular e isolamento geográfico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a fauna de helmintos de 195 anfíbios da Ilha Anchieta representados por 14 espécies, Flectonotus fissilis (n = 18), Haddadus binotatus (n = 9), Ischnocnema bolbodactyla (n = 4), Ischnocnema parva (n = 20), Rhinella ornata (n = 20), Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus (n = 3), Hypsiboas albomarginatus (n = 18), Scinax hayii (n = 23), Hylodes asper (n = 2), Hylodes phyllodes (n = 3), Leptodactylus cf. marmoratus (n = 42), Leptodactylus latrans (n = 4), Chiasmocleis carvalhoi (n = 26) e Myersiella microps (n = 3). Foram identificadas pelo menos 14 espécies de helmintos entre as comunidades componentes dos anfíbios: 12 espécies de nematóides (Falcaustra mascula, Oxyascaris oxyascaris, Oswaldocruzia sp., Rhabdias sp., Physaloptera sp., Aplectana crucifer, Aplectana pintoi, Aplectana sp., Cosmocerca brasiliense, Cosmocerca parva, Cosmocerca travassosi e Cosmocerca sp.), uma espécie de cestóide (Cylindrotaenia cf. americana) e uma espécie de Acanthocephala (cistacantos). Este estudo apresenta uma revisão dessas espécies de helmintos com seus anfíbios hospedeiros até hoje relatados; a helmintofauna associada a estas espécies hospedeiras; e uma análise de similaridade das infracomunidades de algumas espécies de anfíbios, mostrando que o habitat pode influenciar na composição e abundância da comunidade parasita<br>The amphibians use a variety of microhabitats, relationship with the various reproductive modes, life style and parasites that these animals presented. The parasites are indicatives about a lot of biological aspects of yours hosts, including feeding, use of habitat and phylogeny. They also may be good indicators about status of environmental quality. The Anchieta Island, state park in Atlantic Rain Forest area, is very interesting for biological studies because insular dynamics and geographical isolation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the helminth fauna of 195 amphibians from Anchieta Island representing 14 species, Flectonotus fissilis (n = 18), Haddadus binotatus (n = 9), Ischnocnema bolbodactyla (n = 4), Ischnocnema parva (n = 20), Rhinella ornata (n = 20), Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus (n = 3), Hypsiboas albomarginatus (n = 18), Scinax hayii (n = 23), Hylodes asper (n = 2), Hylodes phyllodes (n = 3), Leptodactylus cf. marmoratus (n = 42), Leptodactylus latrans (n = 4), Chiasmocleis carvalhoi (n = 26), and Myersiella microps (n = 3). They were necropsied to examine for helminth parasites. We identified at least 14 helminths species in the component communities of anurans: 12 nematodes species (Falcaustra mascula, Oxyascaris oxyascaris, Oswaldocruzia sp., Rhabdias sp., Physaloptera sp., Aplectana crucifer, Aplectana pintoi, Aplectana sp., Cosmocerca brasiliense, Cosmocerca parva, Cosmocerca travassosi, and Cosmocerca sp.), one cestode species (Cylindrotaenia cf. americana), and one species of Acanthocephala (cystacanths). This study presents a revision about these helminth species with the related hosts to date; the helminth fauna associated to these host species; and the similarity about infracommunities of some amphibian species, showing habitat can influence on composition and abundance of parasite community
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Aguiar, Aline. "Helmintofauna associativa à anfíbios da Ilha Anchieta, litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, Brasil /." Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108606.
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Orientador: Reinaldo José da Silva<br>Coorientador: Luciano Alves dos Anjos<br>Banca: Max Rondon Werneck<br>Banca: Vanda Lucia Ferreira<br>Resumo: Os anfíbios ocupam grande variedade de microhabitats refletindo os diversos modos reprodutivos, estilos de vida e parasitas que estes animais apresentam. Os parasitas são indicativos de muitos aspectos biológicos de seus hospedeiros, incluindo a dieta, ocupação do habitat e a filogenia, podendo também ser bons indicadores diretos do estado de qualidade ambiental. A Ilha Anchieta, parque estadual em área de Mata Atlântica, torna-se interessante para estudos biológicos devido a sua dinâmica insular e isolamento geográfico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a fauna de helmintos de 195 anfíbios da Ilha Anchieta representados por 14 espécies, Flectonotus fissilis (n = 18), Haddadus binotatus (n = 9), Ischnocnema bolbodactyla (n = 4), Ischnocnema parva (n = 20), Rhinella ornata (n = 20), Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus (n = 3), Hypsiboas albomarginatus (n = 18), Scinax hayii (n = 23), Hylodes asper (n = 2), Hylodes phyllodes (n = 3), Leptodactylus cf. marmoratus (n = 42), Leptodactylus latrans (n = 4), Chiasmocleis carvalhoi (n = 26) e Myersiella microps (n = 3). Foram identificadas pelo menos 14 espécies de helmintos entre as comunidades componentes dos anfíbios: 12 espécies de nematóides (Falcaustra mascula, Oxyascaris oxyascaris, Oswaldocruzia sp., Rhabdias sp., Physaloptera sp., Aplectana crucifer, Aplectana pintoi, Aplectana sp., Cosmocerca brasiliense, Cosmocerca parva, Cosmocerca travassosi e Cosmocerca sp.), uma espécie de cestóide (Cylindrotaenia cf. americana) e uma espécie de Acanthocephala (cistacantos). Este estudo apresenta uma revisão dessas espécies de helmintos com seus anfíbios hospedeiros até hoje relatados; a helmintofauna associada a estas espécies hospedeiras; e uma análise de similaridade das infracomunidades de algumas espécies de anfíbios, mostrando que o habitat pode influenciar na composição e abundância da comunidade parasita<br>Abstract: The amphibians use a variety of microhabitats, relationship with the various reproductive modes, life style and parasites that these animals presented. The parasites are indicatives about a lot of biological aspects of yours hosts, including feeding, use of habitat and phylogeny. They also may be good indicators about status of environmental quality. The Anchieta Island, state park in Atlantic Rain Forest area, is very interesting for biological studies because insular dynamics and geographical isolation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the helminth fauna of 195 amphibians from Anchieta Island representing 14 species, Flectonotus fissilis (n = 18), Haddadus binotatus (n = 9), Ischnocnema bolbodactyla (n = 4), Ischnocnema parva (n = 20), Rhinella ornata (n = 20), Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus (n = 3), Hypsiboas albomarginatus (n = 18), Scinax hayii (n = 23), Hylodes asper (n = 2), Hylodes phyllodes (n = 3), Leptodactylus cf. marmoratus (n = 42), Leptodactylus latrans (n = 4), Chiasmocleis carvalhoi (n = 26), and Myersiella microps (n = 3). They were necropsied to examine for helminth parasites. We identified at least 14 helminths species in the component communities of anurans: 12 nematodes species (Falcaustra mascula, Oxyascaris oxyascaris, Oswaldocruzia sp., Rhabdias sp., Physaloptera sp., Aplectana crucifer, Aplectana pintoi, Aplectana sp., Cosmocerca brasiliense, Cosmocerca parva, Cosmocerca travassosi, and Cosmocerca sp.), one cestode species (Cylindrotaenia cf. americana), and one species of Acanthocephala (cystacanths). This study presents a revision about these helminth species with the related hosts to date; the helminth fauna associated to these host species; and the similarity about infracommunities of some amphibian species, showing habitat can influence on composition and abundance of parasite community<br>Mestre
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Naranjo, Guevara Natalia. "Bioecologia comparada de duas linhagens de Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) parasitando ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) /." Jaboticabal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91324.
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Orientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes<br>Banca: Marta Maria Rossi<br>Banca: Nelson Wanderley Perioto<br>Resumo: A criação massal em condições de laboratório afeta a atividade e vigor dos parasitoides e,consequentemente, opotential como agentes de controle biológico. No Brasil, Telenomus remus foi introduzido em1986 e obtiveram-se altos níveis de parasitismo sobre Spodoptera frugiperda em testes de laboratório. Entretanto, estes níveis não foram obtidos em condições de campo.Assim, para ampliar abasegenéticadas linhagens e determinar possíveisdiferenças naatividade e vigor, opresente estudo objetivou: (1) realizara introdução deuma nova linhagem de T. remus no Brasil, a partir da Venezuela; (2) comparar a biologia das duas linhagens (uma coletada em culturas de milho e introduzida e outra,criadapor cerca de 600 gerações em laboratório) por meio da avaliaçãode parâmetros reprodutivos etabela de vida de fecundidade; (3) comparar as respostas funcionais; (4) avaliar a qualidade das linhagens utilizando-se a atividadede voo e a emergência como critérios. A espécie foi confirmada por taxonomista e foi confirmadaa sua especificidade porS. frugiperda. As duas linhagens demostraram similaridade genética em padrõesde restrição para asregiões 16S e ITS1, embora a linhagem importada apresentasse qualidadesuperior. Osparâmetros de fecundidadedemostraram que alinhagem introduzida temum potencial de aumento populacional maior e éintrinsecamente mais agressiva. As duas linhagens apresentaram resposta funcional tipo III, comestabilizaçãodo parasitismo apartirde 200 ovosdohospedeiro. Infere-se que a criaçãoem laboratório de T. remus requer cuidados que limitem a perda do potencial para controle biológico. Avaliaçõessubsequentes de qualidade bem como ametodologia atual de criação precisam ser revistas.O presente estudo resultou numimportante aporte para auxiliar na implementação de programas de controle biológico para a lagarta-do-cartucho.<br>Abstract: Mass rearing in laboratory conditions affects the activity and vigor of parasitoids and consequentlytheir potentialas biological agents. In Brazil, Telenomus remus was introduced in 1986 and high levels of parasitism on Spodoptera frugiperda were obtained in laboratory tests. However, theselevels were notobtained infield conditions. Thus, tobroaden thegeneticbases of laboratorymaintained strains and to determine possible differencesin activity and vigor, this study aimed to:(1) introduce a new strain ofT. remus from Venezuela in Brazil;(2) compare the biology of two strains of T.remus (one collected in maizefields and introduced, and the other, maintained by over 600generations in laboratory conditions) by evaluatingreproductive parameters and fertilitylife tables, (3)compare the functional responses; (4) evaluate thequality ofthestrains using flightacitivity and emergence as criteria. The introduced species was confirmed by a taxonomist and their specificity for S. frugiperda was confirmed.Both strains demonstrated genetic similarity in restriction patterns for the 16S and ITS1 regions, although the imported strain showed superior quality as biological control agent. The fertility parameters showed thattheintroduced strain has a greater potentialfor population increaseand is inherently more aggressive. The two strains exhibited type IIIfunctional response, with stabilization of parasitism at 200 hosteggs. It is inferred that the laboratory rearingof T. remus requires efforts toprevent lossof biological control potential. Further evaluations of quality must be made and the currentmass rearing methodology should bere-designed. This study resulted in an important contribution that could aid the implementation of biological control programs for fall armyworm.<br>Mestre
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Léonard, Nancy Jacynthe. "Ectoparasitism of odonate hosts, host response to parasitism and host sex bias in parasitism." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36940.pdf.
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Nair, Radha Goh. "Neural adaptations for brood parasitism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409117.
Full textBooks on the topic "Parasitism"
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Rizwan, Hafiz Muhammad, and Muhammad Sohail Sajid, eds. Parasitism and Parasitic Control in Animals. CABI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800621893.0000.
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Combes, Claude. Les associations du vivant: L'art d'être parasite. Flammarion, 2001.
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T, Englund Paul, Sher Alan, and Marine Biological Laboratory, eds. The Biology of parasitism: A molecular and immunological approach : based on the Biology of parasitism course held at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Liss, 1988.
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Tschudi, Christian, and Edward J. Pearce, eds. Biology of Parasitism. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4622-8.
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Soler, Manuel, ed. Avian Brood Parasitism. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73138-4.
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1970-, Thomas Frédéric, Renaud François 1955-, and Guégan Jean-François, eds. Parasitism and ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2005.
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1954-, Tschudi Christian, and Pearce Edward J. 1958-, eds. Biology of parasitism. Kluwer Academic, 2000.
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Belyi, Yuri F. Intracellular Parasitism of Microorganisms. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22047-4.
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J, Barnard C., and Behnke Jerzy M, eds. Parasitism and host behaviour. Taylor & Francis, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Parasitism"
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Frank, J. Howard, J. Howard Frank, Michael C. Thomas, et al. "Parasitism." In Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2770.
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Wharton, David A. "Parasitism." In A Functional Biology of Nematodes. Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8516-9_5.
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Gooch, Jan W. "Parasitism." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14424.
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Reitner, Joachim, and Volker Thiel. "Parasitism." In Encyclopedia of Geobiology. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_241.
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Heppner, John B., John B. Heppner, Minos E. Tzanakakis, et al. "Obligate Parasitism." In Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1808.
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Capinera, John L., Marjorie A. Hoy, Paul W. Paré, et al. "Nest Parasitism." In Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2194.
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Matsuura, Makoto, and Seiki Yamane. "Social Parasitism." In Biology of the Vespine Wasps. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75230-8_8.
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Proudman, Christopher J. "Intestinal Parasitism." In The Equine Acute Abdomen. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119063254.ch17.
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Krafsur, E. S., R. D. Moon, R. Albajes, et al. "Facultative Parasitism." In Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3741.
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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Phenomenon Parasitism." In Animal Parasites. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46403-9_1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Parasitism"
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Epa, Yuwan Ranjeev, Roger W. Portell, and John Huntley. "LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN PREDATION AND PARASITISM: FUSSY DRILLERS AND PICKY PARASITES?" In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-357986.
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Hickinbotham, Simon, and Susan Stepney. "Environmental bias forces parasitism in Tierra." In European Conference on Artificial Life 2015. The MIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-33027-5-ch055.
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Jitea (Sirbu), Beatrice Ana-Maria, Catalin Bogdan Sirbu, Tiana Florea, Ionela Hotea, and Gheorghe Darabus. "ENDOPARASITES FOUND IN LEPUS EUROPAEUS HUNTED IN WESTERN ROMANIA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/6.2/s29.87.
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The European hare (Lepus europaeus) is widely spread throughout Europe, however, their numbers are declining in some countries, with parasites bearing some responsibility for this population decrease, due to their role as favouring factors. The aim of this study was to determine the gastrointestinal parasitic populations of hares (Lepus europaeus) from Romania. The study took place during the hunting seasons (November-February) of the years 2020-2022. Gastrointestinal tracts from 72 hares were subjected to a macro- and microscopic examination in order to determine the presence of endoparasites. Each intestinal segment was individualised and examined by standard methods. The faeces were subsequently examined using the flotation method (Willis) with suprasaturated NaCl solution. Fifty one (70.8%) animals were parasitized by one or several parasite species. The following helminths were found through necropsy: Trichostrongylus spp. (76.5 %), Passalurus ambiguus (15.7 %) in the digestive tract, Dicrocoelium dendriticum (9.8 in the liver and Cysticercus pisiformis (2 %) on the abdominal serosae. Additionally, Linguatula serrata nymphs were also found in 3.9 % animals. Coproscopy revealed a prevalence rate of 100% for Eimeria spp. Multiparasitism was more frequent than parasitism involving a single species. Although the identified parasites can play an important role in the health status of rabbits.
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Glibiciuc, Corina, Tudor Nastas, and Maria Zavatin. "Monitorizarea dezvoltării gazdei de laborator Galleria mellonella L. pe diferite medii nutritive." In Scientific International Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Perspectives". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/ppap2023.23.
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In the given article, the results of the optimization of the nutrient medium for the multiplication of the species Galleria mellonella L. as a laboratory host for the multiplication of the entomophagous Bracon hebetor Say are presented. At the same time, it was found that the females of the entomophagous Bracon hebetor can parasitize the larvae of Galleria mellonella starting from those of age III and up to age V, and the longevity of the larval parasitism period extends for about 8 days with a potential of about 2.4 larvae /24 hours.
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Linehan, Liane Christine, and John Warren Huntley. "PARASITISM IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS THROUGH GEOLOGIC TIME." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-284458.
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Bondarenko, G., I. Solov'eva, and T. Truhina. "STRONGYLOIDOSIS OF CALVES IN THE AMUR REGION." In SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT FOR LIVESTOCK BREEDING IN SIBERIA. Krasnoyarsk Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture is a separate division of the Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS, 2024. https://doi.org/10.52686/9785605087915_364.
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Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic disease caused by parasitism of the nematodes Strongyloides spp. family Strongyloididae, suborder Rhabdidata. Cattle are infected by the species Strongyloides papillosus and Strongyloides vituli. Young animals suffer the most; calves may develop eczema, enteritis and bronchopneumonia, and in some cases death has been reported. Subsequently, there is a decrease in cattle productivity. As a result of the research, infection of calves from 1 to 12 months was established, with the extent of invasion from 12.5 to 66.7% different intensity of invasion. The largest number of infected calves was observed at the age of 1-5 months.
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Shesteperov, A. A., and E. S. Starostina. "PARASITOCENOTIC ASPECTS IN PHYTOPARASITOLOGY." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.462-468.
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The term "microparasitocenosis" proposed by A. P. Markevich, who combined parasitizing forms of resident microflora of the organism and parasites that entered from external environment. Viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, phytohelminths, phytoparasitic mites and insects form the parasitocenosis in a macroorganism (plant) and represent a damaging complex that contributes to pathological changes in the macroorganism. The intention to simplify complex biological processes as much as possible has led to artificial isolation of any single pathogen. This turned out to be necessary and effective in studying causative agents of dangerous plant parasite infections. But it turned out to be inconsistent for associated infections and invasions since complex diseases develop when they are combined with other phytoparasites. Their synergism contributes to high harmfulness of complex diseases. Unfortunately, the problem of plant parasite infection and invasion has not been sufficiently studied in phytoparasitology. As defined, plant parasitism has boundaries from positive to neutral interactions of other types that are precisely outlined by pathogenicity. Harmfulness is exactly what can explain centuries-old hostility towards parasites. We considered the plant parasite cenosis of strawberries that included 27 plant parasites and 25 pathogens. The discovery of relationships between phytopathogens and phytoparasites has resulted in a qualitative change in cognitive tools and the interpretation of various pathogenic process phases. Based on systemic analysis, phytoparasites at different levels (plants, plant populations, biocenosis) are considered not as a mechanical population but as an integral system that functions under specific laws. Systemic quality of the plant parasitic cenosis appears in its interactions with other organisms.
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Dobeš, Milan. "Offenders of the Crime of Social Parasitism in Czechoslovakia 1956–1990." In Mezinárodní konference doktorských studentů oboru právní historie a římského práva. Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0156-2022-18.
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The offence of social parasitism was a typical institution of criminal law in socialist Czechoslovakia. Through its criminal regulation, the obligation to work (one of the characteristics of totalitarian states) was enforced. Social parasitism was committed by those who avoided proper work for a long time and who, at the same time, made a living in a way which was back in the time considered unfair or illegal. Typical perpetrators included prostitutes, property crime offenders, beggars, homeless people, gamblers or, last but not least, people who let someone else support them – typically people who had succumbed to alcohol addiction or newly adult individuals who did not enter the workforce and continued to be supported by their parents. To some extent, the communist regime used social parasitism to bully its opponents, taking advantage of the fact that the state was a de facto monopoly employer and could fire people from their jobs and refuse to employ them for no good reason.
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Jhu, Min-Yao. "Blocking entry: lignin-based resistance to dodder parasitism." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.365250.
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Bicharova, Mariya. "�CHILD HATE� AS A FORM OF SOCIAL PARASITISM." In 4th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/41/s18.062.
Full textReports on the topic "Parasitism"
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Carpenter, Terry L., C. McMeans, and Chad P. McHugh. Additional Instances of Human Parasitism by the Brown Dog Tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Defense Technical Information Center, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada218723.
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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, et al. Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Newman). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228621.
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The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) is an invasive pest native to Japan and the Russian Far East, causing significant damage to various plants in eastern North America and more recently in Northern Italy. Its extensive host range includes over 300 ornamental and agricultural plants. Classical biological control efforts in the USA (1920-1933) led to the establishment of five parasitoids, notably Tiphia vernalis and Istocheta aldrichi, though they are not fully effective. Tiphia vernalis parasitizes larvae in spring, while Tiphia popilliavora, less successful in the USA, targets larvae in autumn. Istocheta aldrichi, a tachinid fly, shows high parasitism rates in Japan but has synchronization issues in the USA. In colder regions of North America, parasitism rates by I. aldrichi are increasing. Other potential biological control agents include the bacterium Paenibacillus popilliae, causing milky disease, which may be used in areas where it is absent. Further investigation into these agents is warranted to manage Japanese beetle populations effectively in newly invaded areas.
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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, et al. The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Å ulc). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228448.
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Bactericera cockerelli, a psyllid, is a major agricultural pest affecting potatoes, tomatoes and other crops through feeding damage and transmission of the bacterial pathogen Liberibacter solanacearum, which causes zebra chip disease. This pest, originating from the Western USA, Mexico and Central America, poses a threat in its native regions and in New Zealand where it has been introduced. Given the current distribution, B. cockerelli could establish itself in Southern and Central Europe and areas with mild winters in Northern Europe. Tamarixia triozae, a parasitoid wasp, has shown promise as a biological control agent, with established populations in New Zealand achieving up to 40% parasitism rates. T. triozae prefers fourth and fifth instar nymphs of B. cockerelli and has high reproductive potential, although it requires carbohydrate sources, such as nectar for optimal reproduction. Sensitivity to insecticides and the timing of parasitism may limit its effectiveness in some scenarios. Other natural enemies, including generalist predators, could also be explored for classical biological control in regions lacking these natural predators.
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Joel, Daniel, John Steffens, and Alfred Mayer. Developmental Mechanisms of Parasitism in Broomrape (Orobanche Spp.) and their Potential Impact on Control. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7603800.bard.
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Joel, Daniel M., John C. Steffens, and Alfred M. Mayer. Host-Elicited Germination and Mechanism of Penetration in Broomrape (Orobanche Spp.). United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568107.bard.
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Orobanche is an important parasitic weed. For developing novel methods for its control, a thorough understanding of crucial stages of its development is needed. Therefore, the objectives of this project were characterization of Orobanche germination stimulants, analysis of mechanisms of haustorial penetration, and characterization and isolation of penetration enzymes. The first highly potent natural germination stimulant for Orobanche was isolated from sunflower and identified by high-field 1D (1H and 13C), 2D (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC)-NMR, GC.FT-IR, and GC.MS as costuslactone, a guaiane type sesquiterpene lactone that resembles strigol only in possessing a lactone moiety that is required for activity. The first direct in situ evidence for the enzymatic nature of the infection process of a parasitic angiosperm was established. Pectin deesterification and depletion of pectins in host cell walls were shown adjacent to haustorial cells. Pectin methyl esterase and polygalacturonase were immunocytochemically detected in intrusive cells and in adjacent host apoplast. Orobanche tissues contain inhibitors of PGase activity. PME and three PGases were isolated from Orobanche calli. PME was characterized and purified, and antibodies were prepared against it. This study presents novel findings regarding parasitism in Orobanche, which may help to open up new approaches for controlling broomrapes.
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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, et al. Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228451.
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Bactrocera dorsalis, also known as the Oriental fruit fly, is a highly polyphagous invasive pest originating from tropical south east Asia. It has invaded over 50 countries, causing significant economic damage to a wide range of fruit and vegetable crops through oviposition and larval development. The species thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, with potential to spread to warm temperate regions under irrigation or climate change. Classical biological control efforts against B. dorsalis have primarily involved the introduction of parasitic wasps, such as Fopius arisanus and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. F. arisanus has shown high effectiveness, with significant reductions in B. dorsalis populations in Hawaii, French Polynesia, and parts of Africa, while D. longicaudata has been less successful. F. arisanus is considered the most promising biological control agent due to its high parasitism rates and adaptability, though it has not established in all regions. Other natural enemies, including various hymenopteran parasitoids and the predatory ant Oecophylla longinoda, have shown limited effectiveness and potential ecological drawbacks. Combining F. arisanus with other biological control agents targeting different life stages of B. dorsalis could enhance overall control efforts.
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Davis, Eric L., Yuji Oka, Amit Gal-On, Todd Wehner, and Aaron Zelcer. Broad-spectrum Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes in Transgenic Cucurbits. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593389.bard.
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Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., are extremely destructive pathogens of cucurbit crops grown in the United States and Israel. The safety and environmental concerns of toxic nematicides, and limited sources of natural cucurbit resistance to the four major species of Meloidogyne that threaten these crops in Israel and the U.S., have emphasized the use of biotechnology to develop cucurbits with novel RKN resistance. The U.S. scientists have identified over 40 unique RKN parasitism genes that encode nematode secretions involved in successful plant root infection by RKN, and they have demonstrated that expression of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) complementary to a RKN parasitism gene (called 16DIO) in Arabidopsis thaliana induced RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of the RKN16DlO gene and produced transgenic plants with strong resistance to all four major RKN species. The expression 8D05 parasitism gene was found to coincide with the timing of upregulation of NtCel7 promoter (identified to be upregulated in giantcells by US scientists). NtCel7 promoter was used to express the genes at the right time (early stages of infection) and in the right place (giant-cells) in transgenic plants. US partners produced NtCel7 (nematode-induced promoter)-driven 16DlO-RNAi and 8DOS-RNAi constructs, pHANNIBAL 4D03-RNAi construct and modified 16DlO-RNAi construct (for increased RNAi expression and efficacy) for cucurbit transformation in Israel. In Arabidopsis, some 16DlO-RNAi plant lines show greater levels of resistance to M. incognita than others, and within these lines resistance of greater than 90% reduction in infection is observed among almost all replicates in US. The level of observed nematode resistance is likely to be directly correlated with the level of RNAi expression in individual plants. In Israel, all the RKN parasitism genes-RNAi constructs were successfully transformed into cucumber and melon. The transgenic lines were evaluated for expression of the transgene siRNA in leaves and roots. Those displaying transgene siRNA accumulation were passed on for nematode resistance analysis. Rl seedlings from different lines were subjected to evaluation for resistance to M. javanica. None of the lines was resistant to the nematode in contrast with US partner's results in Arabidopsis. This could be for the following reasons: a) The level of transgene siRNA was insufficient in cucumber and tomato to cause resislance. b) 111e nemalode species on cucwnber IIlay be different ur act in a different manner. c) The assay was performed in soil with a high level of nematode inoculation, and not in petri dish, which may not permit the observation of a low level of resistance.
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Bravo, Adriana, Nora Bynum, Michelle Cawthorn, et al. Practice Your Data Analysis Skills! American Museum of Natural History, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0049.
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In this exercise, we present you with a realistic dataset for nest parasitism and a hypothetical analysis performed by a hypothetical student. Using a “rubric” or assessment guide, students will evaluate the analysis, and, where necessary, correct it or improve it. In the process, students will review and reflect on what is required for good data analysis, and they can use that knowledge to improve their own skills.
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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, et al. Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228445.
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The Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens) is a major pest of mango and citrus, causing significant damage through larval tunneling and fruit rotting. Native to Central America, it has also been found in the southern USA and poses a potential threat to the Mediterranean region. Classical biological control efforts began in the 1950s with the introduction of various parasitoids, though only Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and Aceratoneuromyia indica established successfully. Diachasmimorpha longicaudata remains the most effective, achieving up to 33% parasitism in augmentative releases. Other promising natural enemies include Doryctobracon crawfordi and Coptera haywardii, both native to the Neotropics. Numerous other parasitoids and predators, such as ants and spiders, contribute to A. ludens control, but their specific impacts and potential for biological control programs require further study.
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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, et al. Glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228465.
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The glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), native to the southeastern USA and northeastern Mexico, has become a major economic threat to the grape and wine industry of California, USA, due to its role as a vector for the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. This pest has also spread to Hawaii, Cook Islands, Easter Island and French Polynesia. In California, chemical control measures have led to imidacloprid resistance, necessitating sustainable management options. Classical biological control has been effective, particularly using egg parasitoids from the genus Cosmocomoidea. The most successful species, Cosmocomoidea ashmeadi, has achieved parasitism rates of 80-100% and significantly reduced H. vitripennis populations in California and French Polynesia. Cosmocomoidea walkerjonesi offers complementary control, particularly in cooler regions. These parasitoids present promising long-term solutions for managing H. vitripennis populations.