Journal articles: 'Parasitic plants Host plants'

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Amuchástegui, Andrea, Letizia Petryna, Juan José Cantero, and César Núñez. "Plantas parásitas del centro de Argentina." Acta Botanica Malacitana 28 (January 1, 2003): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v28i0.7264.

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RESUMEN. Plantas parásitas del centro de Argentina. Este trabajo consiste en la identificación de las especies de plantas parásitas del centro de la Argentina. Se incluye una clave diferencial para las mismas e ilustraciones. Se han identificado 8 especies parásitas distribuidas en 5 familias y 8 géneros, las que representan aproximadamente el 0.6 % de la flora vascular de esta región. Cuatro especies parasitan a plantas leñosas y las restantes parasitan hierbas. La mayor cantidad de especies huéspedes se encuentran en la familia Leguminosac.Palabras Clave. Plantas parásitas, Flora, Argentina.SUMMARY. Parasitic flowering plants of central Argentina. In this contribution a synopsis of the whole species of Parasitic flowering plants from central Argentina, is presented. In this area 8 taxa belonging to 5 families and 8 genera, that represent 0.6 % of the regional flora, have been found. A key based in vegetative and reproductive characters, and illustrations of all species are included. Trees are host of four species, others have been found associated with herbs. Leguminosae is the main host family.Key words. Parasitic plants, Flora, Argentina.

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Tambunan, Meidoraeka Rigine, and Reza Raihandhany. "Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan Parasit dan Persebarannya di Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) Kampus Ganesha." Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.6.2.47-55.

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Parasitic plants are a group of plants that live and have a broad ecological distribution which in general attack trees, shrubs or herbs to be used as a host. Some parasitic plants attacked some plants in Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) Ganesha Campus, Bandung. Exploration and collection of these parasitic plants in this area are conducted. Three parasitic plants species, such as Cuscuta australis, Scurrula parasitica, and Dendrophthoe pentandra are recorded and they attack 7 other plants species in ITB Ganesha. S. parasitica is reported as the highest population species to parasiting 5 plants species, while C. australis only parasiting 3 plants species and D. pendantra is parasiting 4 plants.

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Hu, Luyang, Jiansu Wang, Chong Yang, Faisal Islam, Harro Bouwmeester, Stéphane Muños, and Weijun Zhou. "The Effect of Virulence and Resistance Mechanisms on the Interactions between Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 9013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239013.

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Parasitic plants have a unique heterotrophic lifestyle based on the extraction of water and nutrients from host plants. Some parasitic plant species, particularly those of the family Orobanchaceae, attack crops and cause substantial yield losses. The breeding of resistant crop varieties is an inexpensive way to control parasitic weeds, but often does not provide a long-lasting solution because the parasites rapidly evolve to overcome resistance. Understanding mechanisms underlying naturally occurring parasitic plant resistance is of great interest and could help to develop methods to control parasitic plants. In this review, we describe the virulence mechanisms of parasitic plants and resistance mechanisms in their hosts, focusing on obligate root parasites of the genera Orobanche and Striga. We noticed that the resistance (R) genes in the host genome often encode proteins with nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domains (NLR proteins), hence we proposed a mechanism by which host plants use NLR proteins to activate downstream resistance gene expression. We speculated how parasitic plants and their hosts co-evolved and discussed what drives the evolution of virulence effectors in parasitic plants by considering concepts from similar studies of plant–microbe interaction. Most previous studies have focused on the host rather than the parasite, so we also provided an updated summary of genomic resources for parasitic plants and parasitic genes for further research to test our hypotheses. Finally, we discussed new approaches such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and RNAi silencing that can provide deeper insight into the intriguing life cycle of parasitic plants and could potentially contribute to the development of novel strategies for controlling parasitic weeds, thereby enhancing crop productivity and food security globally.

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Mescher, Mark C., Justin Runyon, and Consuelo M. De Moraes. "Plant Host Finding by Parasitic Plants." Plant Signaling & Behavior 1, no. 6 (November 2006): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.1.6.3562.

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Nelson, David C. "The mechanism of host-induced germination in root parasitic plants." Plant Physiology 185, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab043.

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Abstract Chemical signals known as strigolactones (SLs) were discovered more than 50 years ago as host-derived germination stimulants of parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae. Strigolactone-responsive germination is an essential adaptation of obligate parasites in this family, which depend upon a host for survival. Several species of obligate parasites, including witchweeds (Striga, Alectra spp.) and broomrapes (Orobanche, Phelipanche spp.), are highly destructive agricultural weeds that pose a significant threat to global food security. Understanding how parasites sense SLs and other host-derived stimulants will catalyze the development of innovative chemical and biological control methods. This review synthesizes the recent discoveries of strigolactone receptors in parasitic Orobanchaceae, their signaling mechanism, and key steps in their evolution.

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Zagorchev, Lyuben, Wolfgang Stöggl, Denitsa Teofanova, Junmin Li, and Ilse Kranner. "Plant Parasites under Pressure: Effects of Abiotic Stress on the Interactions between Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 10, 2021): 7418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147418.

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Parasitic angiosperms, comprising a diverse group of flowering plants, are partially or fully dependent on their hosts to acquire water, mineral nutrients and organic compounds. Some have detrimental effects on agriculturally important crop plants. They are also intriguing model systems to study adaptive mechanisms required for the transition from an autotrophic to a heterotrophic metabolism. No less than any other plant, parasitic plants are affected by abiotic stress factors such as drought and changes in temperature, saline soils or contamination with metals or herbicides. These effects may be attributed to the direct influence of the stress, but also to diminished host availability and suitability. Although several studies on abiotic stress response of parasitic plants are available, still little is known about how abiotic factors affect host preferences, defense mechanisms of both hosts and parasites and the effects of combinations of abiotic and biotic stress experienced by the host plants. The latter effects are of specific interest as parasitic plants pose additional pressure on contemporary agriculture in times of climate change. This review summarizes the existing literature on abiotic stress response of parasitic plants, highlighting knowledge gaps and discussing perspectives for future research and potential agricultural applications.

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Mower, Jeffrey P., Saša Stefanović, Gregory J. Young, and Jeffrey D. Palmer. "Gene transfer from parasitic to host plants." Nature 432, no. 7014 (November 2004): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/432165b.

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Clarke, Christopher R., Michael P. Timko, John I. Yoder, Michael J. Axtell, and James H. Westwood. "Molecular Dialog Between Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts." Annual Review of Phytopathology 57, no. 1 (August 25, 2019): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100043.

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Parasitic plants steal sugars, water, and other nutrients from host plants through a haustorial connection. Several species of parasitic plants such as witchweeds ( Striga spp.) and broomrapes ( Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) are major biotic constraints to agricultural production. Parasitic plants are understudied compared with other major classes of plant pathogens, but the recent availability of genomic and transcriptomic data has accelerated the rate of discovery of the molecular mechanisms underpinning plant parasitism. Here, we review the current body of knowledge of how parasitic plants sense host plants, germinate, form parasitic haustorial connections, and suppress host plant immune responses. Additionally, we assess whether parasitic plants fit within the current paradigms used to understand the molecular mechanisms of microbial plant–pathogen interactions. Finally, we discuss challenges facing parasitic plant research and propose the most urgent questions that need to be answered to advance our understanding of plant parasitism.

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Yuan, Yongge, and Junmin Li. "Effects of Parasitism on the Competitive Ability of Invasive and Native Species." Life 12, no. 11 (November 6, 2022): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12111800.

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Parasitic plants can often seriously harm host plants and, thus, alter competitive dominance between hosts and neighbouring species. However, whether and how parasitic plants differently affect the competitive abilities of invasive and the native plants have not been tested. In this study, we used Cuscuta grovonii as the parasitic plants and three invasive plants and three native plants as host plants. Host plants grown alone or in competition with Coix lacryma-jobi were either parasitized with Cuscuta grovonii or not parasitized. Parasitism caused similar damage to invasive and native plants when grown with Cuscuta grovonii alone but caused less damage to invasive species than native species when grown in competition. Parasitism increased the competitive ability of invasive plants but did not affect the competitive ability of native plants. In the absence of parasitism, the competitive ability of host plants was significantly negatively correlated with the competitive ability of Coix lacryma-jobi, but under parasitism, there was no significant relationship of the competitive ability between host and competitor plants. Our results indicated that parasitic plants can increase the competitive tolerance of invasive plants, but have no effect on native plants. Thus, parasitism may play an important role in the process of plant invasion.

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Okubamichael, Desale Y., Megan E. Griffiths, and David Ward. "Host specificity in parasitic plants—perspectives from mistletoes." AoB Plants 8 (2016): plw069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw069.

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Cui, Songkui, Tomoya Kubota, Tomoaki Nishiyama, Juliane K. Ishida, Shuji Shigenobu, Tomoko F. Shibata, Atsushi Toyoda, Mitsuyasu Hasebe, Ken Shirasu, and Satoko Yoshida. "Ethylene signaling mediates host invasion by parasitic plants." Science Advances 6, no. 44 (October 2020): eabc2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc2385.

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Parasitic plants form a specialized organ, a haustorium, to invade host tissues and acquire water and nutrients. To understand the molecular mechanism of haustorium development, we performed a forward genetics screening to isolate mutants exhibiting haustorial defects in the model parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum. We isolated two mutants that show prolonged and sometimes aberrant meristematic activity in the haustorium apex, resulting in severe defects on host invasion. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the two mutants respectively have point mutations in homologs of ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1 (ETR1) and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2), signaling components in response to the gaseous phytohormone ethylene. Application of the ethylene signaling inhibitors also caused similar haustorial defects, indicating that ethylene signaling regulates cell proliferation and differentiation of parasite cells. Genetic disruption of host ethylene production also perturbs parasite invasion. We propose that parasitic plants use ethylene as a signal to invade host roots.

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Lumba, Shelley, Michael Bunsick, and Peter McCourt. "Chemical genetics and strigolactone perception." F1000Research 6 (June 22, 2017): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11379.1.

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Strigolactones (SLs) are a collection of related small molecules that act as hormones in plant growth and development. Intriguingly, SLs also act as ecological communicators between plants and mycorrhizal fungi and between host plants and a collection of parasitic plant species. In the case of mycorrhizal fungi, SLs exude into the soil from host roots to attract fungal hyphae for a beneficial interaction. In the case of parasitic plants, however, root-exuded SLs cause dormant parasitic plant seeds to germinate, thereby allowing the resulting seedling to infect the host and withdraw nutrients. Because a laboratory-friendly model does not exist for parasitic plants, researchers are currently using information gleaned from model plants like Arabidopsis in combination with the chemical probes developed through chemical genetics to understand SL perception of parasitic plants. This work first shows that understanding SL signaling is useful in developing chemical probes that perturb SL perception. Second, it indicates that the chemical space available to probe SL signaling in both model and parasitic plants is sizeable. Because these parasitic pests represent a major concern for food insecurity in the developing world, there is great need for chemical approaches to uncover novel lead compounds that perturb parasitic plant infections.

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Watson, David M. "Determinants of parasitic plant distribution: the role of host qualityThis article is one of a collection of papers based on a presentation from the Stem and Shoot Fungal Pathogens and Parasitic Plants: the Values of Biological Diversity session of the XXII International Union of Forestry Research Organization World Congress meeting held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, in 2005." Botany 87, no. 1 (January 2009): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-105.

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Parasitic plants are less affected by resource constraints than other plants and most exhibit broad host tolerances, occupy large distributional ranges, and produce high numbers of propagules. Yet, parasitic plants are characteristically rare in undisturbed habitats, and patterns of distribution within host populations are often highly nonuniform. Previous work on root and shoot parasites has identified strict germination requirements for many species but, while explaining host ranges and site–microsite preferences for particular species, this cannot account for the highly clumped spatial structure of many parasitic plant populations. Other research has examined the role of seed vectors, but in most systems studied, dispersers are not limiting and their dietary breadth, substrate use, habitat preferences, and distributional ranges exceed the extent of the parasitic plant. Here, I propose the “host-quality hypothesis,” suggesting that variation in the quality of potential hosts can account for nonrandom occurrence patterns of parasitic plants in many systems. “Quality” can relate to access to water, nutrients, or other resources that are generally limiting to hosts, whereby parasites are more likely to establish and survive on hosts with greater access (i.e., higher quality from the parasite’s perspective). Rather than supplanting germination requirements operating at the individual host plant scale or disperser behaviour operating at the landscape scale, this resource-based hypothesis applies at stand and population scales, explaining why some individuals within a stand or population are infected, while other apparently similar hosts are not susceptible. This hypothesis is explored using case studies on root and shoot hemiparasites, and is consistent with a diverse array of findings from a range of temperate and arid systems.

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Tomilov, Alexey A., Natalia B. Tomilova, Tadeusz Wroblewski, Richard Michelmore, and John I. Yoder. "Trans-specific gene silencing between host and parasitic plants." Plant Journal 56, no. 3 (November 2008): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03613.x.

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YOSHIDA, S., and K. SHIRASU. "Host recognition and infection mechanism by parasitic Orobanchaceae plants." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 84, no. 4 (2018): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.84.267.

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Clermont, Kristen, Yaxin Wang, Siming Liu, Zhenzhen Yang, Claude dePamphilis, John Yoder, Eva Collakova, and James Westwood. "Comparative Metabolomics of Early Development of the Parasitic Plants Phelipanche aegyptiaca and Triphysaria versicolor." Metabolites 9, no. 6 (June 13, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9060114.

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Parasitic weeds of the family Orobanchaceae attach to the roots of host plants via haustoria capable of drawing nutrients from host vascular tissue. The connection of the haustorium to the host marks a shift in parasite metabolism from autotrophy to at least partial heterotrophy, depending on the level of parasite dependence. Species within the family Orobanchaceae span the spectrum of host nutrient dependency, yet the diversity of parasitic plant metabolism remains poorly understood, particularly during the key metabolic shift surrounding haustorial attachment. Comparative profiling of major metabolites in the obligate holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca and the facultative hemiparasite Triphysaria versicolor before and after attachment to the hosts revealed several metabolic shifts implicating remodeling of energy and amino acid metabolism. After attachment, both parasites showed metabolite profiles that were different from their respective hosts. In P. aegyptiaca, prominent changes in metabolite profiles were also associated with transitioning between different tissue types before and after attachment, with aspartate levels increasing significantly after the attachment. Based on the results from 15N labeling experiments, asparagine and/or aspartate-rich proteins were enriched in host-derived nitrogen in T. versicolor. These results point to the importance of aspartate and/or asparagine in the early stages of attachment in these plant parasites and provide a rationale for targeting aspartate-family amino acid biosynthesis for disrupting the growth of parasitic weeds.

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Lev-Yadun, Simcha. "Does chemical aposematic (warning) signaling occur between host plants and their potential parasitic plants?" Plant Signaling & Behavior 8, no. 7 (July 2013): e24907. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.24907.

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Hussey, Richard S., Eric L. Davis, and Thomas J. Baum. "Secrets in secretions: genes that control nematode parasitism of plants." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 14, no. 3 (September 2002): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202002000300002.

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The most evolutionary advanced adaptations for plant parasitism by nematodes are the products of parasitism genes expressed in their esophageal gland cells and secreted through their stylet into host tissue to control the complex process of parasitism. Molecular analyses of nematode parasitism genes are revealing the complexity of the tools a nematode possesses that enable it to attack plants and paints a more elaborate picture of host cellular events under specific control by the parasite than previously hypothesized. Interestingly, the majority of the nematode parasitism genes discovered encodes proteins unique to plant parasites. Identifying the complete profile of parasitism genes expressed throughout the parasitic cycle of a nematode is the key to understanding the molecular basis of nematode parasitism of plants and identifying vulnerable points in the parasitic process that can be interfered with to achieve nematode control to limit nematode-induced yield losses in crops.

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Spallek, Thomas, Charles W. Melnyk, Takanori Wakatake, Jing Zhang, Yuki Sakamoto, Takatoshi Kiba, Satoko Yoshida, Sachihiro Matsunaga, Hitoshi Sakakibara, and Ken Shirasu. "Interspecies hormonal control of host root morphology by parasitic plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 20 (May 1, 2017): 5283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619078114.

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Parasitic plants share a common anatomical feature, the haustorium. Haustoria enable both infection and nutrient transfer, which often leads to growth penalties for host plants and yield reduction in crop species. Haustoria also reciprocally transfer substances, such as RNA and proteins, from parasite to host, but the biological relevance for such movement remains unknown. Here, we studied such interspecies transport by using the hemiparasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum during infection of Arabidopsis thaliana. Tracer experiments revealed a rapid and efficient transfer of carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) from host to parasite upon formation of vascular connections. In addition, Phtheirospermum induced hypertrophy in host roots at the site of infection, a form of enhanced secondary growth that is commonly observed during various parasitic plant–host interactions. The plant hormone cytokinin is important for secondary growth, and we observed increases in cytokinin and its response during infection in both host and parasite. Phtheirospermum-induced host hypertrophy required cytokinin signaling genes (AHK3,4) but not cytokinin biosynthesis genes (IPT1,3,5,7) in the host. Furthermore, expression of a cytokinin-degrading enzyme in Phtheirospermum prevented host hypertrophy. Wild-type hosts with hypertrophy were smaller than ahk3,4 mutant hosts resistant to hypertrophy, suggesting hypertrophy improves the efficiency of parasitism. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the interspecies movement of a parasite-derived hormone modified both host root morphology and fitness. Several microbial and animal plant pathogens use cytokinins during infections, highlighting the central role of this growth hormone during the establishment of plant diseases and revealing a common strategy for parasite infections of plants.

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Hettenhausen, Christian, Juan Li, Huifu Zhuang, Huanhuan Sun, Yuxing Xu, Jinfeng Qi, Jingxiong Zhang, et al. "Stem parasitic plant Cuscuta australis (dodder) transfers herbivory-induced signals among plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 32 (July 24, 2017): E6703—E6709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704536114.

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Cuscuta spp. (i.e., dodders) are stem parasites that naturally graft to their host plants to extract water and nutrients; multiple adjacent hosts are often parasitized by one or more Cuscuta plants simultaneously, forming connected plant clusters. Metabolites, proteins, and mRNAs are known to be transferred from hosts to Cuscuta, and Cuscuta bridges even facilitate host-to-host virus movement. Whether Cuscuta bridges transmit ecologically meaningful signals remains unknown. Here we show that, when host plants are connected by Cuscuta bridges, systemic herbivory signals are transmitted from attacked plants to unattacked plants, as revealed by the large transcriptomic changes in the attacked local leaves, undamaged systemic leaves of the attacked plants, and leaves of unattacked but connected hosts. The interplant signaling is largely dependent on the jasmonic acid pathway of the damaged local plants, and can be found among conspecific or heterospecific hosts of different families. Importantly, herbivore attack of one host plant elevates defensive metabolites in the other systemic Cuscuta bridge-connected hosts, resulting in enhanced resistance against insects even in several consecutively Cuscuta-connected host plants over long distances (> 100 cm). By facilitating plant-to-plant signaling, Cuscuta provides an information-based means of countering the resource-based fitness costs to their hosts.

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Sweatt, Michael R., and Jayne M. Zajicek. "THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HOST PLANTS ON GROWTH, WATER RELATIONS, AND CARBON BALANCE OF THE HEMIPARASITE CASTILLEJA INDIVISA." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 631e—631. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.631e.

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Castilleja indivisa grows hemiparasitically attached to the roots of various nearby plants. Studies were done using several host plants to determine the effects of the parasitic relationship on the growth of C. indivisa and the host plants. Transpiration rates, and leaf water potentials of C. indivisa, and various hosts, were also measured at various soil moisture levels. Carbon transfer between C. indivisa and each host was examined using a 14CO2 tracing technique. The various hosts used in this experiment enhanced the growth of C. indivisa by 200-700% compared to non-parasitic controls. Transpiration rates of non-parasitic controls remained relatively low at all soil moisture levels while transpiration rates of parasitic C. indivisa increased rapidly as soil moisture increased, and generally exceeded that of its host at low to medium soil moisture levels. Leaf water potentials of non-parasitic controls were generally more negative than other treatments. Carbon exchange between C. indivisa and its hosts was insignificant and appears not to be a major nutritional factor.

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Solikin, Solikin. "Infestation and host specificity of mistletoe parasitic plants in Purwodadi Botanic Garden." Berkala Penelitian Hayati 28, no. 1 (April 14, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.28.1.20221.

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Mistletoes are aerial hemiparasitic plant that infesting and parasitizing on wild and cultivated plants. They are can be categorized as generalist and specialist mistletoes according to their host plants diversity. Shannon index of the host plants diversity can be used to determine host specificity of mistletoes. Study aimed to know and determine host plants and host specificity of mistletoes in Purwodadi Botanic Garden was conducted in 2013, 2017 and 2021. Data of mistletoes and their hosts species was collected by explorative and descriptive methods in 2013, 2017, and 2021. Recorded data by observation in the fields were species and species number of mistletoes and their hosts. Observation of the misteltoes used binoculars to ditermine the species of the mistletoes. Identification of the mistletoes species and their hosts was conducted directly in the garden and undirectly by making herbarium specimens and taking photographs. The results showed that there were five species of mistletoes infested 142 species, 82 genera and 36 families of host plants namely Dendrophthoe pentandra, Macrosolen tetragonus, Scurrula atropurpurea, Viscum articulatum, and Viscum ovalifolium. There were significantly different between the mistletoe species and their Shannon index of host plants . D. pentandra was the most generalist or the least specialist to host plants with the highest Shannon index value of 2.20±0.10, whereas S. atropurpurea was the least generalist or the most specialist with Shannon index value of 0.16±0.09.

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Runyon, J. B. "Volatile Chemical Cues Guide Host Location and Host Selection by Parasitic Plants." Science 313, no. 5795 (September 29, 2006): 1964–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1131371.

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Aly, R. "Advanced Technologies for Parasitic Weed Control." Weed Science 60, no. 2 (June 2012): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00066.1.

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Parasitic weeds such as Phelipanche and Orobanche are obligate holoparasites that attack roots of almost all economically important crops in semiarid regions of the world. A wide variety of parasitic weed control strategies (chemical, biological, cultural, and resistant crops) has been tried. Unfortunately, most are partially effective and have significant limitations. The current mini review will discuss the needs for alternative methods and will summarize current and new biotechnology-based approaches for broomrape control. At present, we have generated transgenic tobacco plants expressing a cecropin peptide (sarcotoxin IA), under the control of the inducible HMG2 promoter. Transgenic lines enhanced host resistance to the parasitic weed; transgenes showed higher numbers of aborted parasitization events, reduced Phelipanche biomass, and increased host biomass. Sarcotoxin IA had no obvious effect on growth and development of transgenic host plants. Mannitol content in the parasite is regulated by Mannose 6-Phosphate Reductase (M6PR) gene, an essential process to broomrape species for water and nutrient uptake from the host. In our study, we used the inverted repeat technique to silence the parasite target gene, M6PR. In this study it was shown that the endogenous M6PR mRNA from P. aegyptiaca tubercles or shoots grown on transgenic tomato plants harboring the M6PR silencing construct was reduced by 60 to 80%. The number of dead tubercles was also increased significantly on transgenic plants as compared with the control plants. The strategies presented here are potentially superior to other methods in that they are effective, have a low cost of implementation for producers, and are safe for the environment.

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Yoneyama, Kaori, Xiaonan Xie, Hitoshi Sekimoto, Yasutomo Takeuchi, Shin Ogasawara, Kohki Akiyama, Hideo Hayashi, and Koichi Yoneyama. "Strigolactones, host recognition signals for root parasitic plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, from Fabaceae plants." New Phytologist 179, no. 2 (July 2008): 484–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02462.x.

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Madibela, O. R., M. Letso, B. Makoba, and O. Seitshiro. "Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of parasitic plants reflect that of indigenous browse trees." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013326.

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Mistletoes are common parasitic plants that attach on branches of Acacia species, Boscia albitrunca, Ziziphus mucronata and other trees of semi-arid Botswana. These plants form an interesting alternative and additional feed resource, which could increase both mineral and protein intake of ruminants. Previous studies (Madibela et al., 2000, 2002) have shown that these parasitic plants have high crude protein and mineral levels than what is expected of natural grasses. The hypothesis is that the higher the nutritive value of host browse trees the higher it is in the parasitic plants.

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Hwang, Sunmin, Jihyon Kil, Chang-Woo Lee, and Youngha Kim. "Distribution and Host Plants of Parasitic Weed Cuscuta pentagona Engelm." Korean Journal of Plant Resources 26, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.7732/kjpr.2013.26.2.289.

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Yoneyama, Koichi. "Studies on the Host Recognition Mechanism of Root Parasitic Plants." Journal of Pesticide Science 35, no. 3 (2010): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.35.355.

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Yoneyama, Koichi. "Studies on the Host Recognition Mechanism of Root Parasitic Plants." Journal of Pesticide Science 35, no. 3 (2010): 348–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.j10-01.

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Pennings, Steven C., and Juliet C. Simpson. "Like herbivores, parasitic plants are limited by host nitrogen content." Plant Ecology 196, no. 2 (August 29, 2007): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9348-z.

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De Cuyper, Carolien, and Sofie Goormachtig. "Strigolactones in the Rhizosphere: Friend or Foe?" Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 30, no. 9 (September 2017): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0051-cr.

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Strigolactones are well-known endogenous plant hormones that play a major role in planta by influencing different physiological processes. Moreover, ex planta, strigolactones are important signaling molecules in root exudates and function as host detection cues to launch mutualistic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere. However, parasitic plants belonging to the Orobanchaceae family hijacked this communication system to stimulate their seed germination when in close proximity to the roots of a suitable host. As a result, the secretion of strigolactones by the plant can have both favorable and detrimental outcomes. Here, we discuss these dual positive and negative effects of strigolactones and we provide a detailed overview on the role of these molecules in the complex dialogs between plants and different organisms in the rhizosphere.

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Fernández-Aparicio, M., J. H. Westwood, and D. Rubiales. "Agronomic, breeding, and biotechnological approaches to parasitic plant management through manipulation of germination stimulant levels in agricultural soils." Botany 89, no. 12 (December 2011): 813–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-075.

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A number of plant species have adapted to parasitize other plants, and some parasitic species pose severe constraints to major crops. The role of strigolactones and other metabolites present in host root exudates as germination stimulants for weedy root parasitic weed seeds has been known for the last 40 years. Recently, the ecological and developmental roles of strigolactones have been clarified by the discovery that they are a new class of plant hormone that controls shoot branching and serve as host recognition signals for mycorrhizal fungi. Parasitic plants also recognize these chemicals and use them to coordinate their life cycle with that of their host. Here we review agronomic practices that use parasitic germination stimulant production as a target for manipulation to control parasitic weeds.

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Keller, MA, and PA Horne. "Sources of Host-Location Cues for the Parasitic Wasp Orgilus-Lepidus (Braconidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 41, no. 4 (1993): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9930335.

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The responses of the parasitic wasp Orgilus lepidus to potato plants infested by its host Phthorimae, operculella were investigated. Wasps flew to both undamaged and mechanically damaged potatoes when they were presented alone in a flight tunnel, indicating that the odour of potato alone is attractive to them. When given a choice, females flew preferentially to either mechanically damaged plants or to plants infested by P. operculella rather than to intact plants. Thus, when O. lepidus is searching for hosts, it first flies toward the odour of plants, especially those that are damaged. There was no difference in the behaviour of wasps on either undamaged or mechanically damaged potato leaves, but they spent considerably more time probing with their ovipositor on leaves infested by their host. Wasps responded similarly to leaves infested with hosts and leaves from which hosts were removed, indicating that plant damage caused by their host or host products are the primary cues used to discriminate different kinds of damage.

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Mułeszko, Wiesław. "Parasitic Hyphomycetes of the Białowieża National Park. III." Acta Mycologica 31, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1996.001.

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The paper presents a list of 15 species of parsitic Hyphomycetes (Deuteromycetes) collected in the Białowieża National Park and their distribution in Poland. Some species were collected on new host plants or have bcen reported from a few localities only. For each taxon the binding names were given. Synonyms are also given but only for those fungi which are described on host plants cited in the paper.

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Ngangbam, Ajit K., and Nongmaithem B. Devi. "An Approach to the Parasitism Genes of the Root Knot Nematode." International Journal of Phytopathology 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2012): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.001.01.0019.

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Plant parasitic nematodes which are highly successful parasites evolved a very specialized feeding relationship with the host plant to cause the destructive root-knot disease. They initiate their parasitic relationship with the host by releasing their secretions into root cells which in turn stimulate the root cells of the host to become specialized feeding cells which are considered as the single source of nutrients essential for the nematode's survival. The parasitism genes expressed in nematode's esophageal gland cells encode secretory proteins that are released through its stylet to direct the interactions of the nematode with its host plants.

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CARDONA-MEDINA, Edison, and Sandra Bibiana MURIEL RUIZ. "SEED GERMINATION AND PLANT DEVELOPMENT IN Escobedia grandiflora (OROBANCHACEAE): EVIDENCE OF OBLIGATE HEMIPARASITISM?" Acta Biológica Colombiana 20, no. 3 (July 24, 2015): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v20n3.43776.

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Root parasitic plants can be facultative or obligate. Facultative parasites are able to complete their life cycle and their seeds can germinate without a host. Escobedia grandiflora is a poorly studied species in spite of its ancestral importance as dye of foods and medicinal use. The present study evaluates the states of seed, seedlings and mature plants, under presence and absence of possible hosts, for inferring the type of parasitism exhibited by E. grandiflora. Seeds were evaluated using two conditions each of light (12 and 0 hours) and temperature (20 ºC and 25 ºC); percentage germination, and germination speed were determined. The seeds did not require a host to germinate, as is typical of facultative parasitic plants. Percentage of germination varied between 66 % and 85.3 % and was not affected by light or temperature although germination speed was greater at 25 ºC. Larger seeds had a higher percentage of germination and produced larger seedlings. The seedlings planted without a host did not survive, while those planted with Paspalum notatum had a 45 % survival rate, demonstrating that this is a critical stage of development, even with a host. Escobedia grandiflora plants sowed with grasses began the reproductive stage at the 28th week, and those planted with Pennisetum purpureum showed better performance, expressed in more haustoria, higher dry matter of total plant, rhizome and aerial stems. Plants sowed alone lived for more than six months, but they did not produce flowers or fruits. According to the behavior of seedlings and plants, E. grandiflora is an obligate parasite. Germinación de semillas y desarrollo de plantas en Escobedia grandiflora (Orobanchaceae): ¿Evidencia de hemiparasitismo obligado? Las plantas parásitas de raíces pueden ser facultativas u obligadas, las primeras pueden completar su ciclo de vida y sus semillas pueden germinar sin un hospedero. Escobedia grandiflora es una especie poco estudiada, a pesar de su importancia ancestral como colorante de alimentos y uso medicinal. Este estudio evaluó los estados de semilla, plántula y planta adulta, en presencia y ausencia de posibles hospederos para inferir sobre su tipo de parasitismo. En las semillas se evaluaron dos condiciones de luz (12 y 0 horas) y temperatura (20 ºC y 25 ºC), el porcentaje y velocidad de germinación. Las semillas no requirieron la presencia del hospedero para germinar. El porcentaje de germinación osciló entre 66 y 85,3 % y no fue afectado por la luz o la temperatura, aunque la velocidad de germinación fue mayor a 25 ºC. Las semillas con mayor tamaño presentaron mayor porcentaje de germinación y produjeron plántulas más grandes. Las plántulas sembradas sin hospedero no sobrevivieron, mientras que las sembradas con Paspalum notatum, tuvieron una sobrevivencia del 45 %, evidenciando que este estado es crítico, aún con hospedero. Las plantas de Escobedia grandiflora sembradas con pastos, iniciaron la etapa reproductiva en la semana 28, y aquellas sembradas con Pennisetum purpureum presentaron más haustorios, y mayor materia seca en la planta total, rizoma y tallos aéreos. Las plantas sembradas solas vivieron más de seis meses, pero ellos no desarrollaron flores y ni frutos. Según el comportamiento de las plántulas y las plantas, E. grandiflora es parásita obligada.

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Yang, Zhenzhen, Yeting Zhang, Eric K. Wafula, Loren A. Honaas, Paula E. Ralph, Sam Jones, Christopher R. Clarke, et al. "Horizontal gene transfer is more frequent with increased heterotrophy and contributes to parasite adaptation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 45 (October 24, 2016): E7010—E7019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608765113.

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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the transfer of genetic material across species boundaries and has been a driving force in prokaryotic evolution. HGT involving eukaryotes appears to be much less frequent, and the functional implications of HGT in eukaryotes are poorly understood. We test the hypothesis that parasitic plants, because of their intimate feeding contacts with host plant tissues, are especially prone to horizontal gene acquisition. We sought evidence of HGTs in transcriptomes of three parasitic members of Orobanchaceae, a plant family containing species spanning the full spectrum of parasitic capabilities, plus the free-livingLindenbergia. Following initial phylogenetic detection and an extensive validation procedure, 52 high-confidence horizontal transfer events were detected, often from lineages of known host plants and with an increasing number of HGT events in species with the greatest parasitic dependence. Analyses of intron sequences in putative donor and recipient lineages provide evidence for integration of genomic fragments far more often than retro-processed RNA sequences. Purifying selection predominates in functionally transferred sequences, with a small fraction of adaptively evolving sites. HGT-acquired genes are preferentially expressed in the haustorium—the organ of parasitic plants—and are strongly biased in predicted gene functions, suggesting that expression products of horizontally acquired genes are contributing to the unique adaptive feeding structure of parasitic plants.

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Zagorchev, Lyuben, Alexandra Atanasova, Kalina Pachedjieva, Anita Tosheva, Junmin Li, and Denitsa Teofanova. "Salinity Effect on Germination and Further Development of Parasitic Cuscuta spp. and Related Non-Parasitic Vines." Plants 10, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030438.

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Plants are continuously subjected to the unfavorable impact of abiotic stress factors, of which soil salinity is among the most adverse. Although away from direct soil contact throughout most of their lifecycle, stem parasitic plants of the genus Cuscuta, family Convolvulaceae are also affected by salinity. The present study aimed to assess salt stress impact on germination and early establishment of three Cuscuta species, in comparison to related nonparasitic vines of the same family. It was found, that Cuscuta spp. are highly sensitive to NaCl concentration within the range of 200 mM. Germination was delayed in time and reduced by nearly 70%, accompanied by decrease in further seedling growth, ability to infect host plants and growth rate of established parasites. The nonparasitic vines showed similar sensitivity to salinity at germination level, but appeared to adapt better after the stress factor was removed. However, the negative effect of salinity did not fully prevent some of the Cuscuta species from infecting hosts, probably a beneficial characteristic at a species level, allowing the parasite to successfully thrive under the scarce host availability under saline conditions.

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Saric-Krsmanovic, Marija, and Sava Vrbnicanin. "Field dodder life cycle and interaction with host plants." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 32, no. 2 (2017): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1702095s.

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Field dodder is a parasitic plant that attaches to stems and leaves of broadleaf plants, including weeds, field crops, vegetables and ornamentals, across most agricultural regions of the world. Effective field dodder control is extremely difficult to achieve due to the nature of attachment and close association between the host and the parasite, which require a highly effective and selective herbicide to destroy the parasite without damaging its host. To establish a strategy for controlling parasite growth and restricting the spread of field dodder in crop fields, it is important to learn more about this weed, its life cycle and development.

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Mach, Jennifer. "A Shot in the Dark: How Parasitic Plants Find Host Roots." Plant Cell 22, no. 4 (April 2010): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.110.220412.

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Conn, C. E., R. Bythell-Douglas, D. Neumann, S. Yoshida, B. Whittington, J. H. Westwood, K. Shirasu, C. S. Bond, K. A. Dyer, and D. C. Nelson. "Convergent evolution of strigolactone perception enabled host detection in parasitic plants." Science 349, no. 6247 (July 30, 2015): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aab1140.

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Rehan S., Ahmad, and Masuldar Asma. "Screening of Phytoconstituents from Curcuma longa, Piper nigrum and Murraya koenigii Methanolic Extracts, and In Vitro Efficacy of Their Combinations on Nematode Parasite (Ascaridia galli) of Gallus gallus domesticus." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 01 (2022): 744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.081.

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Plants are a natural gift from God to humans. They play a crucial role in maintaining the health of humans as well as the environment. Humans have used medicinal plants to cure a variety of diseases since ancient times, including skin disorders, gastrointestinal issues, respiratory issues, bacterial infections, viral diseases, and parasitic diseases, as they contain a variety of active components (phytoconstituents). Nematidiasis is a parasitic ailment in livestock animals and birds caused by nematode parasites that reduces livestock output. The current work examines the phytoconstituents found in methanolic extracts of Curcuma longa (rhizome), Piper nigrum (seed), and Murraya koenigii (leaf), as well as their interactions. Their extracts were tested in vitro against the parasitic worm Ascaridia galli from the host Gallus gallus domesticus. They contain significant phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, steroids, and others. When their extracts were combined, they have a high level of action against parasites, indicating a synergetic effect. The amount of activity displayed was dosedependents. Researchers may find the findings useful in controlling nematode infection in farm animals and birds by combining these important natural plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics.

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WA, Elkhateeb. "The Anti-Nemic Potential of Mushroom against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000186.

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Plant-parasitic nematodes are responsible for huge annual economic loss that is estimated to be more than 215 billion US$ worldwide due to plants damages caused by nematodes. The root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne spp.) is ranked first in the global list of top ten plant-parasitic nematodes, with wide host range of more than 3000 host plant species and posing a major threat in the cultivation of agricultural, vegetables, and horticultural crops. Such pathogens are commonly controlled using chemical nematicides. However, the risk of using such chemicals on human, animals, and surrounding environment has forced researchers to search for natural, less harmful, and effective nematicidal agents. In this review, we discuss the biological control of nematodes by different microorganisms, stressing on the promising capabilities of some mushrooms such as some species of Pleurotus, Beauveria, Ganoderma lucidum and Lentinus edodes.

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Cuevas-Reyes, Pablo, G. Wilson Fernandes, Antonio González-Rodríguez, and Mariana Pimenta. "Effects of generalist and specialist parasitic plants (Loranthaceae) on the fluctuating asymmetry patterns of ruprestrian host plants." Basic and Applied Ecology 12, no. 5 (August 2011): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2011.04.004.

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Jin, Song, Ze-Bin Chen, Yu-Chuan Li, Yuan Su, Zhi-Wei Fan, and Ding-Kang Wang. "Diversity of Endophytic Bacteria in Parasitic and Non-Parasitic Centranthera grandiflora Benth. Based on High-Throughput Sequencing." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2021.2139.

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The community of endophytic bacteria varies with the genotypes, nutritional status and growth environment of host plants, and in turn it also affects the growth, metabolism and biochemical synthesis of plants. Using the root, stem and leaf of parasitic and non-parasitic Centranthera grandiflora Benth. (PR, PS, PL and NR, NS, NL) as materials, the differences of endophytic bacteria community and diversity were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Alpha diversity analysis shows that the richness and diversity of endophytic bacteria in NR were lower than those in PR; while those in NS were higher than those in PS. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria was the dominant phyla, followed by Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria; the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in each tissue of non-parasitic sample (NR 93.87%, NS 84.27%, NL 90.00%) was higher than that in parasitic sample (PR 77.06%, PS 78.28%, PL 84.96%). The relative abundance in roots increased the most, up to 16.84%. At the genus level, each sample had its own dominant group, Acinetobacter (37.90%) was the dominant in NR, and the relative abundance was 9.56 times than that in PR. The nutritional status and the endophytic bacteria community of host plants have an impact on the structure and diversity of endophytic bacteria in Centranthera grandiflora Benth.; the nutrients needed for Centranthera grandiflora Benth. growth may not only come from the host plant, but also from endophytic bacteria. The results aim to provide a theoretical basis for related study in the relationship between root hemiparasitic plants and their hosts.

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Song, Handa, Borong Lin, Qiuling Huang, Longhua Sun, Jiansong Chen, Lili Hu, Kan Zhuo, and Jinling Liao. "The Meloidogyne graminicola effector MgMO289 targets a novel copper metallochaperone to suppress immunity in rice." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 15 (May 11, 2021): 5638–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab208.

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Abstract Recent studies have reported that plant-parasitic nematodes facilitate their infection by suppressing plant immunity via effectors, but the inhibitory mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study found that a novel effector MgMO289 is exclusively expressed in the dorsal esophageal gland of Meloidogyne graminicola and is up-regulated at parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles. In planta silencing of MgMO289 substantially increased plant resistance to M. graminicola. Moreover, we found that MgMO289 interacts with a new rice copper metallochaperone heavy metal-associated plant protein 04 (OsHPP04), and that rice cytosolic COPPER/ZINC -SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 (cCu/Zn-SOD2) is the target of OsHPP04. Rice plants overexpressing OsHPP04 or MgMO289 exhibited an increased susceptibility to M. graminicola and a higher Cu/Zn-SOD activity, but lower O2•− content, when compared with wild-type plants. Meanwhile, immune response assays showed that MgMO289 could suppress host innate immunity. These findings reveal a novel pathway for a plant pathogen effector that utilizes the host O2•−-scavenging system to eliminate O2•− and suppress plant immunity.

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Banerjee, Arjan. "Inter-plant communication via parasitic bridging." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 749–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz507.

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This article comments on: Li S, Zhang J, Liu H, Liu N, Shen G, Zhuang H, Wu J. 2020. Dodder-transmitted mobile signals prime host plants for enhanced salt tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 1171–1184.

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Bandaranayake, Pradeepa C. G., and John I. Yoder. "Trans-Specific Gene Silencing of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase in a Root-Parasitic Plant." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 5 (May 2013): 575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-12-0297-r.

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Parasitic species of the family Orobanchaceae are devastating agricultural pests in many parts of the world. The control of weedy Orobanchaceae spp. is challenging, particularly due to the highly coordinated life cycles of the parasite and host plants. Although host genetic resistance often provides the foundation of plant pathogen management, few genes that confer resistance to root parasites have been identified and incorporated into crop species. Members of the family Orobanchaceae acquire water, nutrients, macromolecules, and oligonucleotides from host plants through haustoria that connect parasite and host plant roots. We are evaluating a resistance strategy based on using interfering RNA (RNAi) that is made in the host but inhibitory in the parasite as a parasite-derived oligonucleotide toxin. Sequences from the cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) gene from Triphysaria versicolor were cloned in hairpin conformation and introduced into Medicago truncatula roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformation. Transgenic roots were recovered for four of five ACCase constructions and infected with T. versicolor against parasitic weeds. In all cases, Triphysaria root viability was reduced up to 80% when parasitizing a host root bearing the hairpin ACCase. Triphysaria root growth was recovered by exogenous application of malonate. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that ACCase transcript levels were dramatically decreased in Triphysaria spp. parasitizing transgenic Medicago roots. Northern blot analysis identified a 21-nucleotide, ACCase-specific RNA in transgenic M. truncatula and in T. versicolor attached to them. One hairpin ACCase construction was lethal to Medicago spp. unless grown in media supplemented with malonate. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the Medicago ACCase was inhibited by the Triphysaria ACCase RNAi. This work shows that ACCase is an effective target for inactivation in parasitic plants by trans-specific gene silencing.

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Durska, Bożena. "Studies on parasitic fungi of plants occurring in the lake littoral of the Masurian Lakeland." Acta Mycologica 10, no. 1 (November 21, 2014): 73–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1974.002.

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In the years 1969-1970 the parasitie mycoflora of plants occurring in the littoral of 51 lakes of the Olsztyn and Mrągowo lake distriets and inthe Land of Great Lakes was examined. 132 species of parasitic fungi on the 150 vascular plants species were found, 6 of them for the first time in Poland, and 9 on hosts hitherto not observed in Poland. The influence of ecological factors such as the zone of the littoral, the position and irradiation of the coast etc. on the occurrence of pathogens was noted. The effect of some pathogenes on the transpiration, level of nitrogen and phosphorus, calorific value and yield of host plants wasalso examined, maily for Phragmites communis Trin.

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Fürst, Matthias A., and David R. Nash. "Host ant independent oviposition in the parasitic butterfly Maculinea alcon." Biology Letters 6, no. 2 (October 28, 2009): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0730.

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Parasitic Maculinea alcon butterflies can only develop in nests of a subset of available Myrmica ant species, so female butterflies have been hypothesized to preferentially lay eggs on plants close to colonies of the correct host ants. Previous correlational investigations of host-ant-dependent oviposition in this and other Maculinea species have, however, shown equivocal results, leading to a long-term controversy over support for this hypothesis. We therefore conducted a controlled field experiment to study the egg-laying behaviour of M. alcon . Matched potted Gentiana plants were set out close to host-ant nests and non-host-ant nests, and the number and position of eggs attached were assessed. Our results show no evidence for host-ant-based oviposition in M. alcon , but support an oviposition strategy based on plant characteristics. This suggests that careful management of host-ant distribution is necessary for conservation of this endangered butterfly.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Parasitic plants Host plants'

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