Relevant bibliographies by topics / Parasite

Academic literature on the topic 'Parasite'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 April 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Parasite"

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Schmid, Carl W. "Alu: a parasite's parasite?" Nature Genetics 35, no. 1 (September 2003): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0903-15.

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Ellis, Vincenzo A., Michael D. Collins, Matthew C. I. Medeiros, Eloisa H. R. Sari, Elyse D. Coffey, Rebecca C. Dickerson, Camile Lugarini, et al. "Local host specialization, host-switching, and dispersal shape the regional distributions of avian haemosporidian parasites." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 36 (August 24, 2015): 11294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515309112.

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The drivers of regional parasite distributions are poorly understood, especially in comparison with those of free-living species. For vector-transmitted parasites, in particular, distributions might be influenced by host-switching and by parasite dispersal with primary hosts and vectors. We surveyed haemosporidian blood parasites (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) of small land birds in eastern North America to characterize a regional parasite community. Distributions of parasite populations generally reflected distributions of their hosts across the region. However, when the interdependence between hosts and parasites was controlled statistically, local host assemblages were related to regional climatic gradients, but parasite assemblages were not. Moreover, because parasite assemblage similarity does not decrease with distance when controlling for host assemblages and climate, parasites evidently disperse readily within the distributions of their hosts. The degree of specialization on hosts varied in some parasite lineages over short periods and small geographic distances independently of the diversity of available hosts and potentially competing parasite lineages. Nonrandom spatial turnover was apparent in parasite lineages infecting one host species that was well-sampled within a single year across its range, plausibly reflecting localized adaptations of hosts and parasites. Overall, populations of avian hosts generally determine the geographic distributions of haemosporidian parasites. However, parasites are not dispersal-limited within their host distributions, and they may switch hosts readily.
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Westby, Katie M., Brenden M. Sweetman, Solny A. Adalsteinsson, Elizabeth G. Biro, and Kim A. Medley. "Host food quality and quantity differentially affect Ascogregarina barretti parasite burden, development and within-host competition in the mosquito Aedes triseriatus." Parasitology 146, no. 13 (August 29, 2019): 1665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019000994.

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AbstractHost condition depends in large part on the quality and quantity of available food and heavily influences the outcome of parasite infection. Although parasite fitness traits such as growth rate and size may depend on host condition, whether host food quality or quantity is more important to parasite fitness and within-host interactions is poorly understood. We provided individual mosquito hosts with a standard dose of a gregarine parasite and reared mosquitoes on two food types of different quality and two quantities. We measured host size, total parasite count and area, and average size of parasites within each treatment. Food quality significantly influenced the number of parasites in a host; hosts fed a low-quality diet were infected with more parasites than those provided a high-quality diet. In addition, we found evidence of within-host competition; there was a negative relationship between parasite size and count though this relationship was dependent on host food quality. Host food quantity significantly affected total parasite area and parasite size; lower food quantity resulted in smaller parasites and reduced overall parasite area inside the host. Thus both food quality and quantity have the potential to influence parasite fitness and population dynamics.
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Teixeira, Adonias A. Martins, Pablo Riul, Samuel Vieira Brito, João A. Araujo-Filho, Diêgo Alves Teles, Waltécio de Oliveira Almeida, and Daniel Oliveira Mesquita. "Ecological release in lizard endoparasites from the Atlantic Forest, northeast of the Neotropical Region." Parasitology 147, no. 4 (January 22, 2020): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000025.

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AbstractWe compared lizard endoparasite assemblages between the Atlantic Forest and naturally isolated forest enclaves to test the ecological release hypothesis, which predicts that host specificity should be lower (large niche breadth) and parasite abundance should be greater for parasites from isolated forest enclaves (poor assemblages) than for parasites from the coastal Atlantic Forest (rich assemblages). Parasite richness per specimen showed no difference between the isolated and non-isolated areas. Parasite abundance did not differ between the isolated and non-isolated areas but showed a positive relationship with parasite richness considering all areas (isolated and non-isolated). Furthermore, host specificity was positively related to parasite richness. Considering that host specificity is inversely proportional to the host range infected by a parasite, our results indicate that in assemblages with greater parasite richness, parasites tend to infect a smaller range of hosts than do those in simple assemblages. In summary, our study partially supports the ecological release hypothesis: in assemblages with greater parasite richness, lizard parasites from Atlantic Forest are able to increase their parasite abundance (per host), possibly through facilitated infection; however, the amplitude of infected hosts only expands in poor assemblages (lower parasite richness).
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Mahony, Kate E., Sharon A. Lynch, Xavier de Montaudouin, and Sarah C. Culloty. "Extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of parasite prevalence and parasite species richness in a marine bivalve." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 26, 2022): e0274474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274474.

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Parasite species richness is influenced by a range of drivers including host related factors (e.g. host size) and environmental factors (e.g. seawater temperature). However, identification of modulators of parasite species richness remains one of the great unanswered questions in ecology. The common cockle Cerastoderma edule is renowned for its diversity and abundance of parasites, yet drivers of parasite species richness in cockles have not been examined to investigate the association of both macro and microparasite communities. Using cockles as a model species, some of the key drivers of parasite prevalence and parasite species richness were investigated. Objectives of this 19-month survey were to determine the influence of the environment, host-parasite dynamics and parasite associations on parasite species richness and prevalence at two different geographic latitudes, chosen based on environmental differences. The highest parasite species richness was recorded in the northern sites, and this was potentially influenced by a range of interactions between the host, the pathogens and the environment. Parasite prevalence increased with host size and age, and parasite species richness increased with reduced salinity. A number of interactions between parasites, and between parasites and pathologies may be influencing parasite infection dynamics. New and concerning information is also presented regarding interactions between parasites and their environment. A number of parasites and potential pathogens (bacteria, Trichodina ciliates, metacercariae, trematode sporocysts) may be advantaged under climate change conditions (warming seas, increased precipitation), increasing disease incidence, which may prove detrimental not just for cockles, but for other bivalve species in the future.
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May, R. M., and R. M. Anderson. "Parasite—host coevolution." Parasitology 100, S1 (June 1990): S89—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000073042.

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In this paper we wish to develop three themes, each having to do with evolutionary aspects of associations between hosts and parasites (with parasite defined broadly, to include viruses, bacteria and protozoans, along with the more conventionally defined helminth and arthropod parasites). The three themes are: the evolution of virulence; the population dynamics and population genetics of host–parasite associations; and invasions by, or ‘emergence’ of, new parasites.
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Strauss, Alexander T., Jessica L. Hite, David J. Civitello, Marta S. Shocket, Carla E. Cáceres, and Spencer R. Hall. "Genotypic variation in parasite avoidance behaviour and other mechanistic, nonlinear components of transmission." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1915 (November 20, 2019): 20192164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2164.

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Traditional epidemiological models assume that transmission increases proportionally to the density of parasites. However, empirical data frequently contradict this assumption. General yet mechanistic models can explain why transmission depends nonlinearly on parasite density and thereby identify potential defensive strategies of hosts. For example, hosts could decrease their exposure rates at higher parasite densities (via behavioural avoidance) or decrease their per-parasite susceptibility when encountering more parasites (e.g. via stronger immune responses). To illustrate, we fitted mechanistic transmission models to 19 genotypes of Daphnia dentifera hosts over gradients of the trophically acquired parasite, Metschnikowia bicuspidata . Exposure rate (foraging, F ) frequently decreased with parasite density ( Z ), and per-parasite susceptibility ( U ) frequently decreased with parasite encounters ( F × Z ). Consequently, infection rates ( F × U × Z ) often peaked at intermediate parasite densities. Moreover, host genotypes varied substantially in these responses. Exposure rates remained constant for some genotypes but decreased sensitively with parasite density for others (up to 78%). Furthermore, genotypes with more sensitive foraging/exposure also foraged faster in the absence of parasites (suggesting ‘fast and sensitive’ versus ‘slow and steady’ strategies). These relationships suggest that high densities of parasites can inhibit transmission by decreasing exposure rates and/or per-parasite susceptibility, and identify several intriguing axes for the evolution of host defence.
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SEARLE, C. L., J. H. OCHS, C. E. CÁCERES, S. L. CHIANG, N. M. GERARDO, S. R. HALL, and M. A. DUFFY. "Plasticity, not genetic variation, drives infection success of a fungal parasite." Parasitology 142, no. 6 (February 25, 2015): 839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015000013.

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SUMMARYHosts strongly influence parasite fitness. However, it is challenging to disentangle host effects on genetic vs plasticity-driven traits of parasites, since parasites can evolve quickly. It remains especially difficult to determine the causes and magnitude of parasite plasticity. In successive generations, parasites may respond plastically to better infect their current type of host, or hosts may produce generally ‘good’ or ‘bad’ quality parasites. Here, we characterized parasite plasticity by taking advantage of a system in which the parasite (the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata, which infects Daphnia) has no detectable heritable variation, preventing rapid evolution. In experimental infection assays, we found an effect of rearing host genotype on parasite infectivity, where host genotypes produced overall high or low quality parasite spores. Additionally, these plastically induced differences were gained or lost in just a single host generation. Together, these results demonstrate phenotypic plasticity in infectivity driven by the within-host rearing environment. Such plasticity is rarely investigated in parasites, but could shape epidemiologically important traits.
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Lafferty, Kevin D. "Biodiversity loss decreases parasite diversity: theory and patterns." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1604 (October 19, 2012): 2814–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0110.

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Past models have suggested host–parasite coextinction could lead to linear, or concave down relationships between free-living species richness and parasite richness. I explored several models for the relationship between parasite richness and biodiversity loss. Life cycle complexity, low generality of parasites and sensitivity of hosts reduced the robustness of parasite species to the loss of free-living species diversity. Food-web complexity and the ordering of extinctions altered these relationships in unpredictable ways. Each disassembly of a food web resulted in a unique relationship between parasite richness and the richness of free-living species, because the extinction trajectory of parasites was sensitive to the order of extinctions of free-living species. However, the average of many disassemblies tended to approximate an analytical model. Parasites of specialist hosts and hosts higher on food chains were more likely to go extinct in food-web models. Furthermore, correlated extinctions between hosts and parasites (e.g. if parasites share a host with a specialist predator) led to steeper declines in parasite richness with biodiversity loss. In empirical food webs with random removals of free-living species, the relationship between free-living species richness and parasite richness was, on average, quasi-linear, suggesting biodiversity loss reduces parasite diversity more than previously thought.
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Penley, McKenna J., and Levi T. Morran. "Host mating system and coevolutionary dynamics shape the evolution of parasite avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans host populations." Parasitology 145, no. 6 (June 28, 2017): 724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017000804.

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AbstractHosts exhibit a variety of defence mechanisms against parasites, including avoidance. Both host–parasite coevolutionary dynamics and the host mating system can alter the evolutionary trajectories of populations. Does the nature of host–parasite interactions and the host mating system affect the mechanisms that evolve to confer host defence? In a previous experimental evolution study, mixed mating and obligately outcrossing Caenorhabditis elegans host populations adapted to either coevolving or static Serratia marcescens parasite populations. Here, we assessed parasite avoidance as a mechanism underlying host adaptation. We measured host feeding preference for the coevolved and static parasites vs preference for Escherichia coli, to assess the evolution of avoidance behaviour within our experiment. We found that mixed mating host populations evolved a preference for E. coli relative to the static parasite strain; therefore, the hosts evolved parasite avoidance as a defence. However, mixed mating hosts did not exhibit E. coli preference when exposed to coevolved parasites, so avoidance cannot account for host adaptation to coevolving parasites. Further, the obligately outcrossing host populations did not exhibit parasite avoidance in the presence of either static or coevolved parasites. Therefore, both the nature of host–parasite interactions and the host mating system shaped the evolution of host defence.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Parasite"

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Boissier, Jérôme. "Sexe et schistosome : écologie des interactions hôte-parasite et parasite-parasite." Perpignan, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PERP0478.

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Le cycle biologique du genre Schistosoma est analysé à travers les interactions hôte-parasite en fonction du sexe de l'infestation et à travers les interactions parasite-parasite sexe-dépendantes. L'analyse des interactions hôte-parasite en fonction du sexe de l'infestation révèle que les mâles schistosomes induisent une plus grande pathogénie que les femelles schistosomes aussi bien chez l'hôte mollusque que chez l'hôte vertébré. Chez l'hôte mollusque, les fonctions de nutrition, de relation et de reproduction sont plus affectées par un parasite mâle que par un parasite femelle. Chez l'hôte vertébré, la pathogénie dépend du sexe de l'hôte et du sexe du parasite. Les souris femelles sont plus affectées que les souris mâles et le parasite mâle stimule plus le système immunitaire de son hôte que le parasite femelle. Cette différence de pathogénie entre le mâle et la femelle révèle des stratégies différentes d'évolution au cours du cycle biologique des schistosomes. Les interactions parasite-parasite sont analysées aussi bien chez l'hôte mollusque que chez l'hôte vertébré. Chez l'hôte mollusque, la présence simultanée des deux sexes du parasite stimule la réussite de développement des larves infestantes émises par ce mollusque. Chez l'hôte vertébré, nous mettons en évidence des interactions intra et intersexes. Les femelles génétiquement différentes entreraient en compétition (interaction intrasexe) et feraient le choix du mâle (interaction intersexe). Ces interactions sont à rapprocher des phénomènes de sélection sexuelle qui pourraient influencer les traits de vie de ces parasites
The life cycle of the genus Schistosoma is analysed both considering the host-parasite interactions as a function of the parasite sex and the parasite-parasite sex-dependant interactions. Studies of the host-parasite interactions according to the sex of infection revealed that male schistosomes are more pathogenic than females both in the mollusc and in the vertebrate host. Concerning the mollusc host, a male-infected mollusc was more affected in its nutrition, relation and reproductive functions than a female-infected mollusc. Concerning the vertebrate host, the pathogeny depended on the sex of the host and on the sex of the parasite. Female mice were less affected than male mice and male parasites had a higher stimulation on the immune system of the host than had female parasites. These differences between male and female pathogeny revealed different sexual strategies along the schistosome life cycle. The parasite-parasite interactions were analysed both in the mollusc and in the vertebrate hosts. Concerning the mollusc host, the simultaneous presence of both sexes, in a mollusc increases the development success of the larvae shed by this mollusc. Concerning the vertebrate host we showed intra and intersexes interactions. Genetically different females would complete each other (intrasexual interaction) and would choose there males (intersexual interaction). These interactions could be linked to sexual phenomena which could influence the life-history traits of these parasites
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Rakowitz, Michael. "ParaSITE." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69401.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 71).
paraSITE proposes the appropriation of exterior ventilation systems on existing architecture to inflate pneumatic shelters that are designed for homeless people. This project involves the production of a series of inflatable prototypes, the distribution of these devices to a group of homeless people, and the subsequent use of these shelters in relation to a building.
by Michael Jonathan Rakowitz.
S.M.
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Schneider, Maria Victoria. "Modes de reproduction chez le parasitoi͏̈de solitaire Venturia canesces." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10071.

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Venturia canescens, un parasitoi͏̈de ichneumonidé de chenilles de piralidés, a deux modes de reproduction : arrhénotoque, (mâles haploi͏̈des et femelles diploi͏̈des)) et thélytoque (des femelles vierges engendrent des filles diploi͏̈des). Cette thélytoquie n'est pas l'effet de bactéries symbiotiques. Dans le Sud de la France, les deux modes de reproduction coexistent en sympatrie. La thèse traite des questions soulevées par cette coexistence. Une étude de la distribution géographique et une analyse moléculaire des populations, ont montré l'existence d'un clone thélytoque très répandu. Cependant quelques individus thélytoques sont génétiquement très proches des individus arrhénotoques. Une importante partie de la variabilité chez les thélytoques est due à un flux génique à partir de mâles arrhénotoques. Pour mieux comprendre la coexistence des deux modes de reproduction, différents traits d'histoire de vie et compromis génétiques reflétants des différentes pressions de sélection ont été étudiés.
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Isomursu, M. (Marja). "Host–parasite interactions of boreal forest grouse and their intestinal helminth parasites." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526203645.

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Abstract Parasites are an inseparable part of the life of wild birds. They may cause morbidity, mortality or reduction in fecundity. Parasite distribution in hosts is typically not uniform and many host factors (e.g. age) may affect the pattern of distribution. Under certain conditions, parasites even have the potential to regulate the host population. The grouse species of Finnish forests — the capercaillie Tetrao urogallus , the black grouse Lyrurus tetrix and the hazel grouse Tetrastes bonasia — harbour several species of intestinal helminth parasites. The populations have fluctuated in cyclic manner but the mechanisms behind the cycles are largely unknown. I studied the interactions of forest grouse and their intestinal helminth parasites by using intestinal samples collected by hunters in five game management districts during eight years (1995–2002). The most common parasite species in the samples was the nematode Ascaridia compar. Also, three species of cestodes (Skrjabinia cesticillus, Paroniella urogalli and Hymenolepis sp.) were found. Large size, male gender and age over 1 year were connected with an increased probability and intensity of A. compar infection. Juvenile grouse were commonly infected with cestodes while in adults infections were quite rare. The influence of inbreeding on the susceptibility to parasite infections was studied in the capercaillie by analysing microsatellite heterozygosity. The less heterozygous birds were more likely to be infected with A. compar and were more intensely infected suggesting negative influence of inbreeding on parasite resistance. An indirect negative effect of parasites was found by comparing bags hunted with a trained dog or without a dog. Grouse infected by cestodes were significantly more common in the dog-assisted bag. Thus, cestode infection seemed to make grouse more vulnerable to canine predation. The interaction between grouse population dynamics and parasites was studied by analyzing the grouse densities obtained from annual wildlife counts and parasite indices. A. compar was most common and most abundant in the years of grouse population decline. The grouse population growth rate was negatively correlated with the annual mean abundance of A. compar. Relative survival but not breeding success decreased as the abundance of A. compar increased. The findings suggest that A. compar influences the dynamics of Finnish grouse even though regular cyclic dynamics are no longer evident
Tiivistelmä Loiset kuuluvat erottamattomana osana luonnonvaraisten lintujen elämään. Ne voivat aiheuttaa sairautta, kuolleisuutta tai hedelmällisyyden alentumista. Tyypillisesti loiset ovat levinneet isäntäpopulaatioon epätasaisesti ja monet isännän ominaisuudet (esim. ikä) vaikuttavat levinneisyyteen. Tietyissä oloissa loiset voivat jopa säädellä isäntäpopulaatiotaan. Suomalaiset metsäkanalinnut — metso Tetrao urogallus, teeri Lyrurus tetrix ja pyy Tetrastes bonasia — ovat useiden suolistoloismatolajien isäntiä. Metsäkanapopulaatiot ovat vaihdelleet syklisesti, mutta syklejä aiheuttavat mekanismit ovat yhä tuntemattomia. Tutkin metsäkanalintujen ja niiden suolistoloisten välisiä vuorovaikutuksia käyttäen metsästäjien vuosina 1995–2002 viidestä eri riistanhoitopiiristä keräämiä suolistonäytteitä. Yleisin loislaji näytteissä oli kanalintusuolinkainen, Ascaridia compar. Myös kolme heisimatolajia (Skrjabinia cesticillus, Paroniella urogalli ja Hymenolepis sp.) todettiin. Suuri koko, koirassukupuoli ja yli yhden vuoden ikä olivat yhteydessä suurempaan kanalintusuolinkaistartunnan todennäköisyyteen ja voimakkuuteen. Nuorilla (alle 1 v.) linnuilla heisimadot olivat yleisiä, kun taas aikuisilla tartunnat olivat varsin harvinaisia. Sisäsiittoisuuden vaikutusta loistartuntaherkkyyteen tutkittiin metsolla mikrosatelliittiheterotsygotian perusteella. Vähemmän heterotsygoottiset metsot olivat todennäköisemmin ja voimakkaammin suolinkaisten infektoimia, mikä viittaa sisäsiittoisuuden negatiiviseen vaikutukseen loisten vastustuskykyyn. Loisten epäsuora haitallinen vaikutus havaittiin, kun verrattiin koiran kanssa ja ilman koiraa metsästettyä lintusaalista. Heisimadot olivat selvästi yleisempiä linnuilla, jotka oli metsästetty koiran kanssa kuin ilman koiraa metsästetyillä. Heisimatotartunta näytti siis altistavan metsäkanoja koiraeläinten saalistukselle. Metsäkanalintu- ja loispopulaatioiden välistä vuorovaikutusta tutkittiin analysoimalla vuosittaisia metsäkanatiheyksiä ja loisten runsautta. Kanalintusuolinkainen oli yleisimmillään ja runsaimmillaan metsäkanatiheyden laskuvuosina. Metsäkanapopulaation vuosittainen kasvuvauhti korreloi negatiivisesti kanalintusuolinkaisen vuosittaisen runsauden kanssa. Suhteellinen elossasäilyvyys laski kanalintusuolinkaisen runsauden lisääntyessä, mutta lisääntymistuloksen suhteen ei ollut samaa ilmiötä. Löydökset viittaavat siihen, että kanalintusuolinkaisella on vaikutusta suomalaisten metsäkanalintukantojen vaihteluihin, vaikka syklisiä kannanvaihteluja ei enää havaitakaan
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St, Vincent Chad Michael. "'Parasite single' women of Japan : 'parasites' or search for a new identity? /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ars7749.pdf.

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Goodhead, Ian Barry. "Genomic approaches to understanding host resistance and parasite virulence in Trypanosoma parasites." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.570185.

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Roughly one-third of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa are at risk of contracting "Nagana" - a disease caused by Trypanosoma parasites similar to those that cause human "Sleeping Sickness". Laboratory mice can also be infected by trypanosomes, and different mouse breeds show varying levels of susceptibility to infection, similar to what is seen between breeds of cattle. We have applied next-generation technologies to identify shared polymorphisms between susceptible mice, and annotated these for potential function alongside publicly available SNP data sets. By so doing, short lists of genes at the QTL have been created to aid functional testing in cattle. This includes two promising 'candidate genes': Pram1 and Cd244, which can now be tested to confirm their effect on response to trypanosome infection. The human-infective parasite Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense generally causes an acute form of "sleeping sickness" across Eastern Africa, compared to the more chronic T b. gambiense infections found in Western Africa. The 1988-1993 Ugandan T b. rhodesiense outbreak constituted infections by parasites with differences in their clinical manifestation. Two such sub types, termed Busoga 17 (B 17) and Zambesi 310 (Z31O), caused more acute, and more chronic infections, respectively. In order to investigate whether the major QTL that regulates survival in T congolense infections (Tir 1) does so in a similar manner in T b. rhodesiense, mice congenic for the C5 7BL/ 6 allele (Tirl CC) at Tir 1 were infected with Z310 and B 1 7 zymodeme T b. rhodesiense parasites. Whilst Tir 1 was not found to have a significant effect on survival, all mice had a significantly shorter mean survival time when infected with B 17 (~1O. 7 days) than those infected with Z31 0 (~15.6 days), in line with previous observations of human infections. In order to identify genetic loci that might underlie differences in virulence between T b. rhodesiense zymodemes, cluster analysis was performed on the microsatellite genotypes of 31 T b. rhodesiense isolates that represented nine different zymodemes. Despite STRUCTURE identifying three population clusters, the Z310 and B 17 parasite populations could not be distinguished, suggesting that either multiple genes control virulence, that there is gene flow between similar parasite populations, or that the microsatellite genotyping is insufficient to distinguish between different parasite populations. Finally, we present the first whole-genome sequences of T b. rhodesiense field isolates, one each of Z310 and B 1 7. Genomic analysis of east African T b. rhodesiense and west African T b. gambiense has suggested that recombination may be occurring between them. SNP genotyping of 32 T b. rhodesiense isolates showed that differences in clinical phenotypes were associated with differences in alleles on chromosome 8. The genome sequence suggests that chromosome 8 is heterozygous for alleles of west African origin in the more virulent strain, suggesting that recombination may be associated with parasite virulence. This suggests that the human subspecies of T brucei are not genetically distinct, which has major implications for the control of the parasite, the spread of drug resistance and understanding the variation in virulence and the emergence of human infectivity. Further genetic analysis of T b. brucei populations from Western, central and Eastern Africa may be necessary to ascertain whether recombination is occurring directly between human-infective subspecies, or in the underlying animal-infective population.
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Ferté, Hubert. "Les nématodes parasites du tube digestif du chevreuil (Capreolus capreolus L. 1758) : à propos d'une enquête réalisée dans le nord-est de la France." Tours, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOUR3805.

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Mintsa, Nguema Rodrigue. "Interactions hôte-parasite dans le modèle Biomphalaria pfeifferi-Schistosoma mansoni du Dhofar (Oman) : génétique des populations de l’hôte, traits d’histoire de vie et conséquences sur la transmission du parasite." Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP0995.

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Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le contexte de la réémergence de la schistosomose à Schistosoma mansoni (plathelminthe trématode) dans le Dhofar en Oman. Le travail est centré sur les interactions hôte-parasite et sur leurs conséquences sur la transmission du schistosome. Une première partie est consacrée à l’étude spatio-temporelle de la structure génétique des populations de Biomphalaria pfeifferi (mollusque gastéropode d’eau douce). Elle a été réalisée à l’aide de neuf marqueurs microsatellites sur 18 populations de mollusques. Les populations de B. Pfeifferi étudiées sont caractérisées par une très faible variabilité génétique intra populationnelle. Par contre, elles sont fortement différenciées génétiquement. Une différenciation temporelle a également été enregistrée dans certaines populations. Une seconde partie est consacrée à l’étude des traits d’histoire de vie et des relations hôte-parasite. Elle a été réalisée à l’aide de huit combinaisons hôte-parasite qui diffèrent soit par la population de parasite (origine humaine ou origine murine), soit par la catégorie du site (naturel ou aménagé), soit par le morphe du mollusque (pigmenté ou albinos). Les traits d’histoire de vie suivants ont été analysés : croissance, fécondité et survie de B. Pfeifferi et taux d’infestation, période prépatente et production cercarienne de S. Mansoni. Les résultats montrent que la population de S. Mansoni et le morphe de B. Pfeifferi jouent un rôle majeur dans la transmission de la schistosomose dans le Dhofar. Les résultats sont discutés en termes de compatibilité hôte-parasite
This thesis has been conducted in the context of the reemergence of schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (flatworm trematode) in Dhofar (Oman). The work focuses on the host-parasite interactions and their implications on schistosome transmission. The first part is devoted to a spatiotemporal study of the population genetics of Biomphalaria pfeifferi (freshwater gastropod snail). Nine microsatellite markers were used for characterization of 18 populations of B. Pfeifferi. The results showed that intrapopulations genetic variability was very low. However, the populations were highly differentiated. Temporal differentiation was also recorded in some populations. A second part concerns to the study of the life-history traits and host-parasite relationships. It was conducted using eight host-parasite combinations that differ either by the parasite population (human versus murine), by the waterbody category (natural versus man-made) or by the morph of the snail (pigmented versus albino). The following life-history traits were analyzed: growth, fecundity and survival of B. Pfeifferi and rate of infection, prepatent period and cercarial production of S. Mansoni. The results show that both the origin of S. Mansoni and the pigmentation of B. Pfeifferi play a major role in transmission of schistosomiasis in Dhofar. The results are discussed in terms of host-parasite compatibility
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Houngbédji, Tossimidé. "Rhamphicarpa fistulosa : infestation dans les bas-fonds rizicoles de la Région des Savanes (Togo) et étude des interactions hôte-parasite." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS455/document.

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Une des contraintes biotiques majeures de la riziculture de bas-fond au nord du Togo est l’adventice parasite Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Hochst.) Benth. Afin d’évaluer les options stratégiques pour contrôler efficacement R. fistulosa, notre étude a été conduite avec comme principaux objectifs : 1) l’identification de la répartition de R. fistulosa et l’étude des facteurs qui favorisent son infestation, 2) l’étude de l’impact des niveaux d’infestation sur la flore adventice du riz, et 3) la caractérisation des interactions hôte-parasite et de leurs impacts sur le développement de l’hôte et les performances reproductives du parasite. A l’issu des prospections de terrain, les plus fortes infestations ont été retrouvées sur des sols majoritairement à texture sableuse et très pauvres en matière organique. Une flore adventice très diversifiée a été retrouvée en présence de R. fistulosa, certaines adventices pouvant être parasitées et constituer éventuellement un réservoir pour accroître le stock semencier du parasite. En conditions contrôlées, R. fistulosa se développe et se reproduit aussi bien sur le riz que sur la tomate, alors que le soja retarde la reproduction du parasite. La germination des graines de R. fistulosa est maximale en présence de graines de plantes cultivées ou adventices. Les graines nouvellement récoltées ont une dormance de plus de six mois, mais leur germination a été stimulée par la présence de phytohormones. En conclusion, les meilleures stratégies de lutte doivent impliquer le contrôle par les semis tardifs, les rotations culturales avec les légumineuses comme le soja, l’arachide ou le niébé, et les cultures maraîchères
Main biotic constraints to rain-fed lowland rice cultivation in northern Togo include the parasitic weed Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Hochst.) Benth. In order to evaluate efficient strategies to control R. fistulosa, our study was performed taking into account the following main objectives: 1) Identification of the distribution of R. fistulosa and study of the factors favouring its infestation, 2) Study of the impacts of infestation levels on rice weed communities, and 3) Characterization of the host-parasite interactions and their impacts on the host development and the parasite reproduction. Following fields investigations, highest infestations were observed on sandy soils with low levels of organic matter.In addition, weed flora found in the presence of R. fistulosa was much diversified and some weeds were found to been parasitized and could possibly constitute reservoirs to increase the seed stock of the parasite. In controlled experiments, R. fistulosa grown and reproduced better on rice and tomato crops, than on soybean which delayed the reproduction of the parasite. Germination of R. fistulosa seeds was stimulated in presence of cultivated crops or weeds. New collected seeds shown six months dormancy but their germination was stimulated in presence of phytohormones. In conclusion, the best strategies to control R. fistulosa must include delayed sowing, crop rotation with leguminous species (i.e. soybean, peanut or cowpea) and vegetable cropsKeywords: Rhamphicarpa fistulosa, rice, lowland, parasitism, host-parasite interaction, weeds
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Oliveira, Ana Carolina Santos. "Mecanismos parasitários de escape ao sistema imunológico." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/2486.

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Trabalho apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas.
A evasão ao sistema imunulógico, por parte dos parasitas, está actualmente omnipresente e envolve uma série de mecanismos moleculares, que reflectem a evolução, reprodução e crescimento parasitário. Existem uma série de formas e processos de escape parasitário permitindo com que estes garantam, simultaneamente, a sua sobrevivência e a do hospedeiro. A co-evolução convergente entre hospedeiro e parasita sustêm a base destes mecanismos que se baseiam na manipulação dos processos que fazem parte e regulam a resposta imunitária e o normal funcionamento das células de defesa do hospedeiro, ficando a resposta inata e adaptativa vulnerável à acção parasitária. O fenómeno de evasão parasitária foi descoberto há cerca de 100 anos, por aquele que é considerado o pai da Imunologia, Paul Erlich; este durante alguns dos seus estudos observou “o desaparecimento dos receptores” característicos dos anticorpos do sistema imune, em Trypanossomas africanos. A partir daí as funções genéticas, alterações de variantes antigénicas, moléculas supressoras do sistema imune têm sido amplamente descobertas e estudadas. A importância do conhecimento das adaptações parasitárias é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de terapeuticas na área da medicina, imunologia, parasitologia e farmacologia visto que destas se obtêm dados fundamentais sobre a interecção entre estes microorganismos e sobre as patologias que podem causar. Desta feita este trabalho aborda, então esses mecanismos, explicando ainda de forma sintética a constituição do sistema imune de forma a direccionar facilmente e localizar o centro de ataque parasitário, demonstrando a forma ágil e habilidosa com que estes seres conseguem ludibriar um complexo sistema como é o sistema imunitário de um indivíduo imunocompetente. Evasion of immunologic system, by parasites, is now ubiquitous and involves several molecular mechanisms that reflect the evolution, parasite growth and its reproduction. There are a number of forms and escape processes which have been adopted by parasits ensuring survival of both parasite and host. The convergent co-evolution of host and parasite is the basis of these mechanisms that rely on manipulation of the processes which are part of the immune response and regulate it, as well as, the normal functioning of host defense cells, leaving the innate and adaptive response vulnerable to parasite activity. The phenomenon of parasite evasion was discovered about 100 years ago, by one considered the father of Immunology, Paul Ehrlich. This has been found during some of his studies where disappearance of the antibody receptors characteristic of the immune system of the African trypanosome, was observed. Since then, gene functions, changes in antigenic variants and suppressing molecules of immune system have been extensively discovered and studied. The importance of the knowledge of parasitic adaptations is crucial for the development of new therapeutics in medicine, immunology, parasitology and pharmacology since these data reflect the interaction between microorganisms and the immune system and also related diseases. With this dissertation we will have an overview of these mechanisms and a brief explanation of the immune system in order to easily locate the center of parasitic attack, demonstrating how agile and skilled these living beings can evade a complex system like the immune system of immunocompetent individuals.
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Books on the topic "Parasite"

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Sugoni͡aev, E. S. Host-parasite relations in insects: As they relate to eulecanium caraganae borchs, and its parasite Encyrtus infidus Rossi. Karachi, Pakistan: Published for the OICD, ARS, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture by G. Saad, 1989.

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Birlew, Dan. Parasite. Indianapolis, Ind: BradyGames, 2000.

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Zimmer, Carl. Parasite rex: Inside the bizarre world of nature's most dangerous creatures. New York: Free Press, 2000.

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Zimmer, Carl. Parasite rex: Inside the bizarre world of nature's most dangerous creatures. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

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Zimmer, Carl. Parasite rex: Inside the bizarre world of nature's most dangerous creatures. New York: Free Press, 2000.

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1946-, Pearson Terry W., ed. Parasite antigens: Toward new strategies for vaccines. New York: M. Dekker, 1986.

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J, Pitt Sarah, ed. Parasitology: An integrated approach. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

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Sena, Hideaki. Parasite eve. Tokyo: Kadokawashoten, 1998.

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de Pablos, Luis M., and Javier Sotillo, eds. Parasite Genomics. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1681-9.

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Parasite Pig. S.l: FIREBIRD, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Parasite"

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Frank, J. Howard, J. Howard Frank, Michael C. Thomas, Allan A. Yousten, F. William Howard, Robin M. Giblin-davis, John B. Heppner, et al. "Parasite." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2730. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2765.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Parasite." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_2314-2.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Parasite." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 2047. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_2314.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Parasite." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 913. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14423.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Parasite Locations." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 2047–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_4160.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Parasite Prevalence." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 2051. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_4161.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Parasite Locations." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_4160-1.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Parasite Prevalence." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_4161-1.

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Frank, J. Howard, J. Howard Frank, Michael C. Thomas, Allan A. Yousten, F. William Howard, Robin M. Giblin-davis, John B. Heppner, et al. "Protelean Parasite." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 3054–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3173.

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Lodhiya, Tejan, Dania Devassy, and Raju Mukherjee. "Parasite Proteomics." In Textbook of parasitic zoonoses, 39–49. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7204-0_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Parasite"

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A.ALMASHAY, Ahmed. "ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PARASITIC NEMATODES (CUCULLNUS LONGICOLLIS) THAT INFECTS (MULLUS SURMULETUS) FISH IN THE MARINE WATERS OF SIRTE-LIBYA." In IV.International Scientific Congress of Pure,Appliedand Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/rimarcongress4-1.

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Due to the important geographical location that characterized the city of Sirte-Libya, and given the importance of fish wealth in this region and the negative impact that may occur as a result of infecting fish with parasites, and the lack of research studies on this subject in this region, so this research study was conducted to contribute to the to clarify this issue. A number of (70) fish specimens were collected from Sirte - Libyan coast facing Mediterranean Sea from January 2021 to March 2021 , and the measurements were made on them all marine fish examined externally in the laboratory, after that they were dissected by the scientific methods used and examined internally, as well as the digestive system was examined and conducted on parasites extracted by all the processes related to study. The discovered parasitic worms were carefully extracted, laboratory operations were conducted on them, and they were examined and photographed under a normal light microscope as well as an electron microscope. The results showed that (2) of these fish were infected with nematode worms of the species Cucullanus longicollis , which were extracted from the large intestines of these fish. This parasite was recorded for the first time in the marine waters of the city of Sirte-Libya.The general shape of the parasite has been described, supported by pictures. This research aims to identify the parasitic nematodes that infect Mullus surmuletus fish and to know the extent of environmental pollution in the study area and the rate of fish infestation, as well as to clarify and studying the general form of these parasitic worms under study. Key words: Mullus surmuletus, Cucullanus longicollis, Waters of Sırte
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M.V., Sukhanova, Kondrachuk D.A., and Tkachova I.V. "PARASITE FAUNA OF SCOPHTHALMUS MAEOTICUS (PALLAS, 1814) SOUTH PART OF CRIMEA." In II INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "DEVELOPMENT AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AQUACULTURE" ("AQUACULTURE 2022" CONFERENCE). DSTU-Print, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/aquaculture.2022.148-150.

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The analytical review was made on the basis of literature data, and archive material, and personal studies of the parasitofauna, which were carried out on the Azov-Black Sea branch of FGBNU "VNIRO" ("AzNIIRH"). The object of the research is parasitic organisms, which parasitize on the Black Sea Turbot - Kalkan. The results of the research prove that the parasitofauna of mature, wild flounder off the southern coast of the Crimean peninsula is represented by 4 species. No parasites are detected in juvenile flounder obtained in an industrial way in the conditions of the research base "Zavetnoe" of the Kerch department of the Azov-Black Sea branch of FGBNU "VNIRO" ("AzNIIRKh").
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Kurachi, Noriko. "Parasite eve." In ACM SIGGRAPH 97 Visual Proceedings: The art and interdisciplinary programs of SIGGRAPH '97. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/259081.259457.

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Pennacchio, Francesco. "Honey bee-parasite immune suppression by parasites and pathogens." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.92904.

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Chihai, Oleg, Ștefan Rusu, Nina Talambuta, Victoria Nistreanu, Alina Larion, Anatol Savin, and Nicolae Nafornita. "Parasite fauna diversity in Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes) from natural and anthropized ecosystems of the Republic of Moldova." In Xth International Conference of Zoologists. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/icz10.2021.30.

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The study of the diversity of the parasite fauna in the investigated foxes showed a high level of infestation (100%). The taxonomy of parasitofauna in foxes includes 12 parasitic invasions (Isospora canis – 14,3%, Alaria alata – 51,0%, Mesocestoides lineatus – 21,7%, Taeniidae spp – 27,0%, Syphacia obvelata – 17,0%, Strongyloides stercoralis – 13,3%, Toxocara canis – 59,0%, Toxascaris leonina – 65,5%, Ancylostoma caninum – 8,7%, Trichuris vulpis – 26,1%, Trichuris muris – 4,4%, Capilaria hepatica – 35,0%), which belong to 5 classes, 10 families, 11 genera and about 12 species. The share of species from the Sporozoa class is 8.3%, from the Trematoda class - 8.3%, from the Cestoda class - 16.7%, from the Secernentea class - 41.7% and from the Adenophorea class - 25.0%. Analyzing the parasitic species on epidemiological criterion, it was found that 10 species (83.3%) with large spread have zoonotic impact (A. alata, M. lineatus, Taenia spp., S. obvelata, S. ratti, T. canis, T. leonina, A. caninum, C. hepatica, T. vulpis) with a major risk to public health, and the identified invasions (100%) can parasitize domestic animals, as well as game fauna.
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Peña-Fernández, Antonio, Sergio Llorens, Carolina Hurtado, Fernando Izquierdo, Maria Jose Pozuelo, Soledad Fenoy, Chris Young, et al. "TEACHING PARASITE CULTURE THROUGH E-LEARNING INCORPORATING DIGITISED 2D AND 3D PARASITE IMAGES." In 11th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2019.1654.

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Baumann, Lukas, Elias Heftrig, Haya Shulman, and Michael Waidner. "The Master and Parasite Attack." In 2021 51st Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsn48987.2021.00029.

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Niven, Larry. "Movie Magic and Parasite Control." In 2004 Planetary Defense Conference: Protecting Earth from Asteroids. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-1476.

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Suppi, R., M. Solsona, and E. Luque. "Web-based distributed computing using Parasite." In Proceedings Eleventh Euromicro Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-Based Processing. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/empdp.2003.1183627.

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Savkare, S. S., and S. P. Narote. "Automated system for malaria parasite identification." In 2015 International Conference on Communication, Information & Computing Technology (ICCICT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccict.2015.7045660.

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Reports on the topic "Parasite"

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Aly, Radi, and John I. Yoder. Development of resistant crop plants to parasitic weeds based on trans-specific gene silencing. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598146.bard.

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Broomrapes (Orobanche/Phelipanchespp.) are holo parasitic plants that subsist on the roots of a variety of agricultural crops and cause severe losses to the yield quality and quantity. Effective methods for controlling parasitic weeds are scarce, with only a few known cases of genetic resistance. In the current study, we proposed an improved strategy for the control of parasitic weeds based on trans-specific gene-silencing of three parasite genes at once. We used two strategies to express dsRNA containing selected sequences of three Phelipancheaegyptiacagenes PaACS, PaM6PR and PaPrx1 (pma): transient expression using Tobacco rattle virus (TRV:pma) as a virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) vector and stable expression in transgenic tomato Solanumlycopersicum(Mill.) plants harboring a hairpin construct (pBINPLUS35:pma). siRNA-mediated transgene-silencing (20–24 nt) was detected in the host plants. Our results demonstrate that the quantities of PaACSand PaM6PR transcripts from P. aegyptiacatubercles grown on transgenic tomato or on Tobacco rattle virus-infected Nicotianabenthamianaplants were significantly reduced. However, only partial reductions in the quantity of PaPrx1 transcripts were observed in the parasite tubercles grown on tomato and on N. benthamianaplants. Concomitant with the suppression of the target genes, there were significant decreases in the number and weight of the parasite tubercles that grew on the host plants, in both the transient and the stable experimental systems. The results of the work carried out using both strategies point to the movement of mobile exogenous siRNA from the host to the parasite, leading to the impaired expression of essential parasite target genes. In light of the importance of parasitic weeds to world agriculture and the difficulty of obtaining resistance by conventional methods, we assume that genetic resistance based on the silencing of key metabolic genes in the parasite is now feasible. BARD Report - Project4622 Page 2 of 60
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Charissa de Bekker, Charissa de Bekker. How does a parasite create zombie-like behavior? Experiment, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/1490.

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Vaage, Jan. Comparative Aspects of Host-Parasite and Host-Tumor Relationships. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada224495.

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Westwood, James H., Yaakov Tadmor, and Hanan Eizenberg. Identifying the genes involved in host root perception by root parasitic weeds: Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of Orobanche hybrids differing in signal response specificity. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598145.bard.

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Seeds of the root parasitic plants of the genus Orobanchegerminate specifically in response to host-derived germination signals, which enables parasites to detect and attack preferred hosts. The best characterized class of germination stimulants is the strigolactones (SL), although some species respond to sesquiterpene lactones such as dehydrocostuslactone (DCL). Despite great progress in characterizing the SL signaling system in plants, the mechanism(s) by which parasite species detect specific compounds remains poorly understood. The goal of our project was to identify and characterize the genes responsible for stimulant specificity in O. cernuaand O. cumana. These two species are closely related, but differ in host range, with O. cernuaparasitizingSolanaceous crops such as tomato (and responding to SLs), and O. cumanaspecifically parasitizing sunflower (and responding to DCL). We used a genetic approach based on O. cernuax O. cumanahybrids to associate germination response with genes. We found that these parasite species each have multiple copies of KAI2d genes, which function in SL perception. In O. cernua, the OrceKAI2d2 responds to SL stimulants and is most consistently associated with hybrid lines that respond to SLs. For O. cumana, an apparently linked block of KAI2d genes was associated with response to DCL in hybrid lines, but we found no strong evidence that any of the OrcuKAI2d genes specifically recognize the DCL stimulant. Remarkably, one O. cumanagene, OrcuKAI2d5, responds to certain SLs in a genetic complementation assay, even though hybrid lines containing this gene show fidelity to DCL. In summary, we have identified the SL receptor in O. cernua, but the DCL receptor in O. cumanaremains unknown. Our data point to involvement of additional genes and yet greater levels of complexity regulating germination specificity in Orobanche. BARD Report - Project 4616 Page 2 of 8
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Piper, Robert C. Parasite Lactate Dehydrogenase for Diagnosis of Plasmodium Falciparum. Phase II. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adb230017.

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Aly, Radi, James H. Westwood, and Carole L. Cramer. Novel Approach to Parasitic Weed Control Based on Inducible Expression of Cecropin in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586467.bard.

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Our overall goal was to engineer crop plants with enhanced resistance to Orobanche (broomrape) based on the inducible expression of sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP). A secondary objective was to localize small proteins such as SLP in the host-parasite union in order to begin characterizing the mechanism of SLP toxicity to Orobanche. We have successfully accomplished both of these objectives and have demonstrated that transgenic tobacco plants expressing SLP under control of the HMG2 promoter show enhanced resistance to O. aegyptiaca and O. ramosa . Furthermore, we have shown that proteins much larger than the SLP move into Orobanche tubercles from the host root via either symplastic or apoplastic routes. This project was initiated with the finding that enhanced resistance to Orobanche could be conferred on tobacco, potato, and tomato by expression of SLP (Sarcotoxin IA is a 40-residue peptide produced as an antibiotic by the flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina ) under the control of a low-level, root-specific promoter. To improve the level of resistance, we linked the SLP gene to the promoter from HMG2, which is strongly inducible by Orobanche as it parasitizes the host. The resulting transgenic plants express SLP and show increased resistance to Orobanche. Resistance in this case is manifested by increased growth and yield of the host in the presence of the parasite as compared to non-transgenic plants, and decreased parasite growth. The mechanism of resistance appears to operate post-attachment as the parasite tubercles attached to the transgenic root plants turned necrotic and failed to develop normally. Studies examining the movement of GFP (approximately 6X the size of SLP) produced in tobacco roots showed accumulation of green fluorescence in tubercles growing on transformed plants but not in those growing on wild-type plants. This accumulation occurs regardless of whether the GFP is targeted to the cytoplasm (translocated symplastically) or the apoplastic space (translocated in xylem). Plants expressing SLP appear normal as compared to non-transgenic plants in the absence of Orobanche, so there is no obvious unintended impact on the host plant from SLP expression. This project required the creation of several gene constructs and generation of many transformed plant lines in order to address the research questions. The specific objectives of the project were to: 1. Make gene constructs fusing Orobanche-inducible promoter sequences to either the sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP) gene or the GFP reporter gene. 2. Create transgenic plants containing gene constructs. 3. Characterize patterns of transgene expression and host-to-parasite movement of gene products in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). 4. Characterize response of transgenic potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill .) to Orobanche in lab, greenhouse, and field. Objectives 1 and 2 were largely accomplished during the first year during Dr. Aly's sabbatical visit to Virginia Tech. Transforming and analyzing plants with all the constructs has taken longer than expected, so efforts have concentrated on the most important constructs. Work on objective 4 has been delayed pending the final results of analysis on tobacco and Arabidopsis transgenic plants. The implications of this work are profound, because the Orobanche spp. is an extremely destructive weed that is not controlled effectively by traditional cultural or herbicidal weed control strategies. This is the first example of engineering resistance to parasitic weeds and represents a unique mode of action for selective control of these weeds. This research highlights the possibility of using this technique for resistance to other parasitic species and demonstrates the feasibility of developing other novel strategies for engineering resistance to parasitic weeds.
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Joseph Philip Morton, Joseph Philip Morton. Is a newly discovered parasite negatively impacting bay scallops in North Carolina? Experiment, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/1312.

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Joel, Daniel M., Steven J. Knapp, and Yaakov Tadmor. Genomic Approaches for Understanding Virulence and Resistance in the Sunflower-Orobanche Host-Parasite Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592655.bard.

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Oroginal Objectives: (i) identify DNA markers linked to the avirulence (Avr) locus and locate the Avr locus through genetic mapping with an inter-race Orobanche cumana population; (ii) develop high-throughput fingerprint DNA markers for genotypingO. cumana races; (iii) identify nucleotide binding domain leucine rich repeat (NB-LRR) genes encoding R proteins conferring resistance to O. cumana in sunflower; (iv) increase the resolution of the chromosomal segment harboring Or₅ and related R genes through genetic and physical mapping in previously and newly developed mapping populations of sunflower; and (v) develop high-throughput DNA markers for rapidly and efficiently identifying and transferring sunflower R genes through marker-assisted selection. Revisions made during the course of project: Following changes in O. cumana race distribution in Israel, the newly arrived virulent race H was chosen for further analysis. HA412-HO, which was primarily chosen as a susceptible sunflower cultivar, was more resistant to the new parasite populations than var. Shemesh, thus we shifted sunflower research into analyzing the resistance of HA412-HO. We exceeded the deliverables for Objectives #3-5 by securing funding for complete physical and high-density genetic mapping of the sunflower genome, in addition to producing a complete draft sequence of the sunflower genome. We discovered limited diversity between the parents of the O. cumana population developed for the mapping study. Hence, the developed DNA marker resources were insufficient to support genetic map construction. This objective was beyond the scale and scope of the funding. This objective is challenging enough to be the entire focus of follow up studies. Background to the topic: O. cumana, an obligate parasitic weed, is one of the most economically important and damaging diseases of sunflower, causes significant yield losses in susceptible genotypes, and threatens production in Israel and many other countries. Breeding for resistance has been crucial for protecting sunflower from O. cumana, and problematic because new races of the pathogen continually emerge, necessitating discovery and deployment of new R genes. The process is challenging because of the uncertainty in identifying races in a genetically diverse parasite. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We developed a small collection of SSR markers for genetic mapping in O. cumana and completed a diversity study to lay the ground for objective #1. Because DNA sequencing and SNPgenotyping technology dramatically advanced during the course of the study, we recommend shifting future work to SNP discovery and mapping using array-based approaches, instead of SSR markers. We completed a pilot study using a 96-SNP array, but it was not large enough to support genetic mapping in O.cumana. The development of further SNPs was beyond the scope of the grant. However, the collection of SSR markers was ideal for genetic diversity analysis, which indicated that O. cumanapopulations in Israel considerably differ frompopulations in other Mediterranean countries. We supplied physical and genetic mapping resources for identifying R-genes in sunflower responsible for resistance to O. cumana. Several thousand mapped SNP markers and a complete draft of the sunflower genome sequence are powerful tools for identifying additional candidate genes and understanding the genomic architecture of O. cumana-resistanceanddisease-resistance genes. Implications: The OrobancheSSR markers have utility in sunflower breeding and genetics programs, as well as a tool for understanding the heterogeneity of races in the field and for geographically mapping of pathotypes.The segregating populations of both Orobanche and sunflower hybrids are now available for QTL analyses.
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Cara N Love, Cara N. Love. Chernobyl’s Legacy: Does radiation exposure affect parasite and disease rates in two of Chernobyl's carnivores? Experiment, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/7565.

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Prachumsri, Jetsumon. Proteomic Study of Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium Vivax Liver Stages for Development of Vaccines and Drugs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada494445.

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