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Journal articles on the topic 'Paraphrase'
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1
ZHANG, YUJIE, and KAZUHIDE YAMAMOTO. "Paraphrasing spoken Chinese using a paraphrase corpus." Natural Language Engineering 11, no. 4 (November 10, 2005): 417–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324905003712.
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One of the key issues in spoken-language translation is how to deal with unrestricted expressions in spontaneous utterances. We have developed a paraphraser for use as part of a translation system, and in this paper we describe the implementation of a Chinese paraphraser for a Chinese-Japanese spoken-language translation system. When an input sentence cannot be translated by the transfer engine, the paraphraser automatically transforms the sentence into alternative expressions until one of these alternatives can be translated by the transfer engine. Two primary issues must be dealt with in paraphrasing: how to determine new expressions, and how to retain the meaning of the input sentence. We use a pattern-based approach in which the meaning is retained to the greatest possible extent without deep parsing. The paraphrase patterns are acquired from a paraphrase corpus and human experience. The paraphrase instances are automatically extracted and then generalized into paraphrase patterns. A total of 1719 paraphrase patterns obtained using this method and an implemented paraphraser were used in a paraphrasing experiment. The results showed that the implemented paraphraser generated 1.7 paraphrases on average for each test sentence and achieved an accuracy of 88%.
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Çeşme, Hatice. "Exploring Paraphrase Performances and Strategies of Graduate Student Writing." Shanlax International Journal of Education 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/education.v11i1.5247.
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This study aims to investigate performances and strategies of EFL graduate students in terms of language proficiency, language background and type of writing task. The participants were 12 graduate students pursuing their doctoral studies in ELT at a Turkish university. A chosen text was used for data collection and the students’ paraphrased texts were analyzed employing Keck’s (2006) the taxonomy of paraphrase types and ‘a paraphrase found form’ developed by the researcher in terms of lexical and structural changes. The results of the study revealed that graduate students had challenges in appropriate implementation of paraphrasing in their task. While they generated frequently moderate level of paraphrases, the strategies they often used were synonym substitution as well as copying strings of words from source. Additionally, deviated meaning was designated as a new paraphrase type in the taxonomy of paraphrase. These findings suggest that students need an explicit paraphrasing instruction supported by good and bad paraphrase examples and more practice to learn how to paraphrase appropriately.
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Isu, Rudolof J. "Lexical Paraphrases in Tonis (a Poetry of Dawan or Uab Meto) Marriage Process in South Central Timor District." Rainbow : Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/rainbow.v13i1.2960.
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This paper is entitled Lexical Paraphrase in Tonis (Dawan Poetry or Uab Meto) used in the Marriage Process in South Central Timor District. The problem of this paper is whether the speech in tonis in Dawan ethnic can show lexical paraphrase both lexical paraphrase on noun, lexical paraphrase on adverb, lexical paraphrase on adjective and lexical paraphrase on preposition. The purpose of this research is to find out whether there is a paraphrasing process in the speech of the marriage process in South Central Timor District. The topic or title mentioned above is considered to have its own uniqueness in language style and distinctiveness in speech. This research uses a qualitative approach method. The results of this study show that there are fifty lexical paraphrases on verbs, twenty-four lexical paraphrases on nouns, eleven lexical paraphrases on adverbs, four lexical paraphrases on adjectives, and one lexical paraphrase on prepositions
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Nicula, Bogdan, Mihai Dascalu, Natalie N. Newton, Ellen Orcutt, and Danielle S. McNamara. "Automated Paraphrase Quality Assessment Using Language Models and Transfer Learning." Computers 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers10120166.
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Learning to paraphrase supports both writing ability and reading comprehension, particularly for less skilled learners. As such, educational tools that integrate automated evaluations of paraphrases can be used to provide timely feedback to enhance learner paraphrasing skills more efficiently and effectively. Paraphrase identification is a popular NLP classification task that involves establishing whether two sentences share a similar meaning. Paraphrase quality assessment is a slightly more complex task, in which pairs of sentences are evaluated in-depth across multiple dimensions. In this study, we focus on four dimensions: lexical, syntactical, semantic, and overall quality. Our study introduces and evaluates various machine learning models using handcrafted features combined with Extra Trees, Siamese neural networks using BiLSTM RNNs, and pretrained BERT-based models, together with transfer learning from a larger general paraphrase corpus, to estimate the quality of paraphrases across the four dimensions. Two datasets are considered for the tasks involving paraphrase quality: ULPC (User Language Paraphrase Corpus) containing 1998 paraphrases and a smaller dataset with 115 paraphrases based on children’s inputs. The paraphrase identification dataset used for the transfer learning task is the MSRP dataset (Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus) containing 5801 paraphrases. On the ULPC dataset, our BERT model improves upon the previous baseline by at least 0.1 in F1-score across the four dimensions. When using fine-tuning from ULPC for the children dataset, both the BERT and Siamese neural network models improve upon their original scores by at least 0.11 F1-score. The results of these experiments suggest that transfer learning using generic paraphrase identification datasets can be successful, while at the same time obtaining comparable results in fewer epochs.
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Michiels, Paul, Karyn Kessler, and Paul Rogers. "Paraphrase Patterns of Expert Academic Writers: Implications for Writing Development, Writing Pedagogy, and Plagiarism Policies." Literatura y Lingüística, no. 46 (February 13, 2023): 153–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/0717621x.46.3133.
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This study offers a linguistic analysis of language borrowing in expertly produced paraphrases. Within the context of higher education, paraphrase writing, an essential skill for source-based writing tasks across the curriculum and a key component in the development of disciplinary expertise, represents a challenge for students and teachers because 1) there is no precise and generally accepted definition of acceptable academic paraphrase, 2) discussions of paraphrase are more often framed in terms of plagiarism than effective writing, and 3) little is known about the linguistic (or rhetorical dimensions) of paraphrases in writing published by experts. The present study analyzes five corpora of paraphrase/source passage pairs (n = 233) produced by expert writers. Corpora 1 and 2 contain exemplar paraphrase/source passage pairs drawn from writing guides and handbooks designed for college students. The remaining three corpora of paraphrase/source passage pairings were assembled using award-winning published articles in three disciplines. Using Keck’s (2006) taxonomy for classifying paraphrases, the study found that about 27% of the average paraphrase of the expert writers analyzed here is made up of language found in the source passage. Paraphrase patterns of expert academic writers point toward a potential continuum of acceptable language borrowing practices likely driven by disciplinary differences. Implications for writing development, writing pedagogy, plagiarism policy, and further research are discussed.
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Bloemendal, Jan. "Exegesis and Hermeneutics in Erasmus’ Paraphrase on Luke." Erasmus Studies 36, no. 2 (2016): 148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749275-03602006.
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This article discusses how Erasmus deals with the personae in the Paraphrase on Luke, distinguishing between the author Erasmus (the paraphrast), the narrator (the paraphraser) and the evangelist. These ‘Luke-voices’ are connected to exegesis (explanation of the narrative) and hermeneutics (the application of the narrative to the lives of the audience). It is argued that Erasmus deliberately played with the voices; this enabled him to criticize wrongs of his own times as worded by ‘Luke’, and to contribute to the advancement of Christian piety.
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Bhagat, Rahul, and Eduard Hovy. "What Is a Paraphrase?" Computational Linguistics 39, no. 3 (September 2013): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00166.
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Paraphrases are sentences or phrases that convey the same meaning using different wording. Although the logical definition of paraphrases requires strict semantic equivalence, linguistics accepts a broader, approximate, equivalence—thereby allowing far more examples of “quasi-paraphrase.” But approximate equivalence is hard to define. Thus, the phenomenon of paraphrases, as understood in linguistics, is difficult to characterize. In this article, we list a set of 25 operations that generate quasi-paraphrases. We then empirically validate the scope and accuracy of this list by manually analyzing random samples of two publicly available paraphrase corpora. We provide the distribution of naturally occurring quasi-paraphrases in English text.
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Zhou, Ying, Xiaokang Hu, and Vera Chung. "Automatic Construction of Fine-Grained Paraphrase Corpora System Using Language Inference Model." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010499.
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Paraphrase detection and generation are important natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Yet the term paraphrase is broad enough to include many fine-grained relations. This leads to different tolerance levels of semantic divergence in the positive paraphrase class among publicly available paraphrase datasets. Such variation can affect the generalisability of paraphrase classification models. It may also impact the predictability of paraphrase generation models. This paper presents a new model which can use few corpora of fine-grained paraphrase relations to construct automatically using language inference models. The fine-grained sentence level paraphrase relations are defined based on word and phrase level counterparts. We demonstrate that the fine-grained labels from our proposed system can make it possible to generate paraphrases at desirable semantic level. The new labels could also contribute to general sentence embedding techniques.
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Vanautgaerden, Alexandre. "Les Paraphrases d’Érasme: Paraphrase sur Matthieu." Moreana 39 (Number 150), no. 2 (June 2002): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2002.39.2.3.
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Gibson, Rhonda, and Dolf Zillmann. "Effects of Citation in Exemplifying Testimony on Issue Perception." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75, no. 1 (March 1998): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909807500116.
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Two sides of an issue were presented and exemplified with testimonials in a magazine-style news report. Testimony featured the interviewees' positions in citation or paraphrase. All combinations of citation-paraphrase were created and analyzed in factorial designs; i.e., position A (cited, paraphrased) was crossvaried with position B (cited, paraphrased). Issue perception was found to be greatly influenced by citation. Respondents adopted the cited position more than the paraphrased position. This effect was most pronounced when the opposing position was paraphrased. No presentation bias was detected, however.
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Mira, Asri Sekar, and Sitti Fatimah. "Students' Paraphrased Texts and Their Perceptions of Paraphrasing in Academic Writing." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 14, no. 1 (July 13, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v14i1.108732.
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This descriptive qualitative study aims to investigate students’ paraphrased texts based on Keck’s Paraphrase Taxonomy (2006) and on McInnis’ level of paraphrase appropriateness (2009), and to explore their perceptions toward paraphrasing. Fifty nine students from English Language Education Study Program of UNP academic year 2017 were selected to participate in this study and were committed to do a paraphrasing task expecting them to paraphrase 4 separate sentences of one author.
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Oláh, Boglárka Eszter. "Transcription, Paraphrase, Creed in Franz Liszt’s Variations on „Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen”." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Musica 68, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbmusica.2023.2.25.
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"Franz Liszt created a new tradition by playing transcriptions and paraphrasing the most well-known operas and works of his time on his fabulous concerts. This habit created new genres like Transcriptions (Reminiscences de Norma S. 394, Grandes études de Paganini S. 141) and Paraphrases (The Rigoletto Paraphrase S.434, The Ernani Paraphrase S. 432). The Variations on „Weinen Klagen Sorgen Zagen” fits into both categories: On the one hand Liszt paraphrases J.S.Bach’s Crucifixus and the 12th Cantata. On the other hand, he transcribes with a great craftsmanship his piano work for organ. The historical and private background of this work testifies to an extraordinary faith. Keywords: Liszt, Bach, Transcription, Paraphrase, Creed. "
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Xu, Wei, Alan Ritter, Chris Callison-Burch, William B. Dolan, and Yangfeng Ji. "Extracting Lexically Divergent Paraphrases from Twitter." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2 (December 2014): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00194.
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We present MultiP (Multi-instance Learning Paraphrase Model), a new model suited to identify paraphrases within the short messages on Twitter. We jointly model paraphrase relations between word and sentence pairs and assume only sentence-level annotations during learning. Using this principled latent variable model alone, we achieve the performance competitive with a state-of-the-art method which combines a latent space model with a feature-based supervised classifier. Our model also captures lexically divergent paraphrases that differ from yet complement previous methods; combining our model with previous work significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art. In addition, we present a novel annotation methodology that has allowed us to crowdsource a paraphrase corpus from Twitter. We make this new dataset available to the research community.
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Jordan, Michael P. "Toward Plain Language: A Guide to Paraphrasing Complex Noun Phrases." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 24, no. 1 (January 1994): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/fhed-rmjg-y03y-y4uj.
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Complex noun phrases, although key elements in technical writing for linguistically mature readers, also present major comprehension difficulties for others. This article establishes many important ways of paraphrasing complex noun phrases into simpler structures, and identifies the differences in meaning, style, is tone, and emphasis created by the paraphrases. Whereas many complex noun phrases at the start of the sentence can be easily paraphrased, those at the end of the sentence or embedded within the sentence present greater challenges. Similarly restrictive post-modifiers are easier to paraphrase than those that define. The principles are applied to a short legal text.
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HO, CHUKFONG, MASRAH AZRIFAH AZMI MURAD, RABIAH ABDUL KADIR, and SHYAMALA DORAISAMY. "COMPARING TWO CORPUS-BASED METHODS FOR EXTRACTING PARAPHRASES TO DICTIONARY-BASED METHOD." International Journal of Semantic Computing 05, no. 02 (June 2011): 133–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x11001225.
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Paraphrase extraction plays an increasingly important role in language-related research and applications in areas such as information retrieval, question answering and automatic machine evaluation. Most of the existing methods extract paraphrases from different types of corpora by using syntactic-based approaches. Since a syntactic-based approach relies on the similarity of context to identify and capture paraphrases, other than paraphrases, other terms which tend to appear in a similar context such as loosely related terms and functionally similar yet unrelated terms tend to be extracted. Besides, different types of corpora suffer from different kinds of problems such as limited availability and domain biased. This paper presents a solely semantic-based paraphrase extraction model. This model collects paraphrases from multiple lexical resources and validates those paraphrases semantically in three ways; by computing domain similarity, definition similarity and word similarity. This model is benchmarked with two outstanding syntactic-based approaches. The experimental results from a manual evaluation show that the proposed model outperforms the benchmarks. The results indicate that a semantic-based approach should be applied in paraphrase extraction instead of a syntactic-based approach. The results further suggest that a hybrid of these two approaches should be applied if one targets strictly precise paraphrases.
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Liu, Tianyuan, Yuqing Sun, Jiaqi Wu, Xi Xu, Yuchen Han, Cheng Li, and Bin Gong. "Unsupervised Paraphrasing under Syntax Knowledge." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 11 (June 26, 2023): 13273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i11.26558.
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The soundness of syntax is an important issue for the paraphrase generation task. Most methods control the syntax of paraphrases by embedding the syntax and semantics in the generation process, which cannot guarantee the syntactical correctness of the results. Different from them, in this paper we investigate the structural patterns of word usages termed as the word composable knowledge and integrate it into the paraphrase generation to control the syntax in an explicit way. This syntax knowledge is pretrained on a large corpus with the dependency relationships and formed as the probabilistic functions on the word-level syntactical soundness. For the sentence-level correctness, we design a hierarchical syntax structure loss to quantitatively verify the syntactical soundness of the paraphrase against the given dependency template. Thus, the generation process can select the appropriate words with consideration on both semantics and syntax. The proposed method is evaluated on a few paraphrase datasets. The experimental results show that the quality of paraphrases by our proposed method outperforms the compared methods, especially in terms of syntax correctness.
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Cocos, Anne, and Chris Callison-Burch. "Paraphrase-Sense-Tagged Sentences." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 7 (November 2019): 714–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00295.
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Many natural language processing tasks require discriminating the particular meaning of a word in context, but building corpora for developing sense-aware models can be a challenge. We present a large resource of example usages for words having a particular meaning, called Paraphrase-Sense-Tagged Sentences (PSTS). Built on the premise that a word’s paraphrases instantiate its fine-grained meanings (i.e., bug has different meanings corresponding to its paraphrases fly and microbe) the resource contains up to 10,000 sentences for each of 3 million target-paraphrase pairs where the target word takes on the meaning of the paraphrase. We describe an automatic method based on bilingual pivoting used to enumerate sentences for PSTS, and present two models for ranking PSTS sentences based on their quality. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of PSTS by using it to build a dataset for the task of hypernym prediction in context. Training a model on this automatically generated dataset produces accuracy that is competitive with a model trained on smaller datasets crafted with some manual effort.
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Roig, Miguel. "When College Students' Attempts at Paraphrasing Become Instances of Potential Plagiarism." Psychological Reports 84, no. 3 (June 1999): 973–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.973.
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In Study 1, undergraduates were asked to consider a scenario in which they were writing a paper and that, in the process of researching material for the paper, they had encountered a relevant paragraph from a journal article which they had to paraphrase. The students were given a two-sentence paragraph and were asked to paraphrase it to the best of their ability. Analysis indicated that between 41% and 68% of the paraphrased paragraphs were “plagiarized” to some degree, where plagiarism was defined as the appropriation of strings of 5 consecutive words or longer. In addition, 52% of the paraphrased paragraphs contained from minor to serious distortions of the original material. In a second study, another sample of undergraduates was asked to paraphrase a similar two-sentence paragraph from a textbook which was easier to read. This time between 9% and 19% of the paraphrased paragraphs evidenced similar amounts of appropriated text, although a comparable proportion of distortions (50%) occurred. The combined results suggest that plagiarism by college students may stem, in part, from their inability to process complex unfamiliar text.
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Altheneyan, Alaa, and Mohamed El Bachir Menai. "Evaluation of State-of-the-Art Paraphrase Identification and Its Application to Automatic Plagiarism Detection." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (August 22, 2019): 2053004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001420530043.
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Paraphrase identification is a natural language processing (NLP) problem that involves the determination of whether two text segments have the same meaning. Various NLP applications rely on a solution to this problem, including automatic plagiarism detection, text summarization, machine translation (MT), and question answering. The methods for identifying paraphrases found in the literature fall into two main classes: similarity-based methods and classification methods. This paper presents a critical study and an evaluation of existing methods for paraphrase identification and its application to automatic plagiarism detection. It presents the classes of paraphrase phenomena, the main methods, and the sets of features used by each particular method. All the methods and features used are discussed and enumerated in a table for easy comparison. Their performances on benchmark corpora are also discussed and compared via tables. Automatic plagiarism detection is presented as an application of paraphrase identification. The performances on benchmark corpora of existing plagiarism detection systems able to detect paraphrases are compared and discussed. The main outcome of this study is the identification of word overlap, structural representations, and MT measures as feature subsets that lead to the best performance results for support vector machines in both paraphrase identification and plagiarism detection on corpora. The performance results achieved by deep learning techniques highlight that these techniques are the most promising research direction in this field.
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Chi, Xiaoqiang, and Yang Xiang. "Augmenting Paraphrase Generation with Syntax Information Using Graph Convolutional Networks." Entropy 23, no. 5 (May 2, 2021): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23050566.
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Paraphrase generation is an important yet challenging task in natural language processing. Neural network-based approaches have achieved remarkable success in sequence-to-sequence learning. Previous paraphrase generation work generally ignores syntactic information regardless of its availability, with the assumption that neural nets could learn such linguistic knowledge implicitly. In this work, we make an endeavor to probe into the efficacy of explicit syntactic information for the task of paraphrase generation. Syntactic information can appear in the form of dependency trees, which could be easily acquired from off-the-shelf syntactic parsers. Such tree structures could be conveniently encoded via graph convolutional networks to obtain more meaningful sentence representations, which could improve generated paraphrases. Through extensive experiments on four paraphrase datasets with different sizes and genres, we demonstrate the utility of syntactic information in neural paraphrase generation under the framework of sequence-to-sequence modeling. Specifically, our graph convolutional network-enhanced models consistently outperform their syntax-agnostic counterparts using multiple evaluation metrics.
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Madnani, Nitin, and Bonnie J. Dorr. "Generating Phrasal and Sentential Paraphrases: A Survey of Data-Driven Methods." Computational Linguistics 36, no. 3 (September 2010): 341–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00002.
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The task of paraphrasing is inherently familiar to speakers of all languages. Moreover, the task of automatically generating or extracting semantic equivalences for the various units of language—words, phrases, and sentences—is an important part of natural language processing (NLP) and is being increasingly employed to improve the performance of several NLP applications. In this article, we attempt to conduct a comprehensive and application-independent survey of data-driven phrasal and sentential paraphrase generation methods, while also conveying an appreciation for the importance and potential use of paraphrases in the field of NLP research. Recent work done in manual and automatic construction of paraphrase corpora is also examined. We also discuss the strategies used for evaluating paraphrase generation techniques and briefly explore some future trends in paraphrase generation.
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Hu, J. Edward, Rachel Rudinger, Matt Post, and Benjamin Van Durme. "PARABANK: Monolingual Bitext Generation and Sentential Paraphrasing via Lexically-Constrained Neural Machine Translation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016521.
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We present PARABANK, a large-scale English paraphrase dataset that surpasses prior work in both quantity and quality. Following the approach of PARANMT (Wieting and Gimpel, 2018), we train a Czech-English neural machine translation (NMT) system to generate novel paraphrases of English reference sentences. By adding lexical constraints to the NMT decoding procedure, however, we are able to produce multiple high-quality sentential paraphrases per source sentence, yielding an English paraphrase resource with more than 4 billion generated tokens and exhibiting greater lexical diversity. Using human judgments, we also demonstrate that PARABANK’s paraphrases improve over PARANMT on both semantic similarity and fluency. Finally, we use PARABANK to train a monolingual NMT model with the same support for lexically-constrained decoding for sentence rewriting tasks.
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Mack, Peter. "Erasmus’ Paraphrases on the New Testament and the Presentation of Christ’s Teaching." Erasmus Studies 39, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749275-03901001.
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Abstract Erasmus wrote his Paraphrases on the New Testament (1517–1524) at the climactic point of his literary career, just after his new edition of the New Testament, the humanistic edition of the Adagia and his edition of the works of St Jerome. This lecture asks why Erasmus gave so much time to paraphrase at such a key moment, what he hoped his paraphrase would give to early sixteenth-century Christians, and how his paraphrase clarifies, dramatizes and adds to the Biblical text. It analyses quotations from the paraphrases on Romans and the Gospel of Mark, relating to his historicization of the text, his criticism of the contemporary church, and his presentation of issues of law, grace and faith, the appropriate attitude to civic authority and Christian love. It compares Erasmus’ approach to teaching from the New Testament to his hero Rudolph Agricola’s Oration on Christ’s Nativity (1484) and to Philipp Melanchthon’s approach in the first version of his Loci communes (1521).
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Hasegawa, Yoko, Russell Lee-Goldman, Albert Kong, and Akita Kimi. "FrameNet as a resource for paraphrase research." Constructions and Frames 3, no. 1 (September 19, 2011): 104–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.3.1.04has.
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Theoretically as well as empirically, paraphrase is a pivotal concept in many academic and nonacademic fields. And yet, its investigation has made very slow progress, due mainly to the lack of a framework that is versatile enough to deal with the nebulous nature of paraphrase in use. This paper demonstrates how the mechanisms of FrameNet can be utilized as a resource for systematic and coherent research into paraphrase. The semantic framework it provides, including detailed frame descriptions, frame-to-frame relations, and the recording of syntactic information, allows one to see in more principled ways why some set of sentences can be considered paraphrases of each other.
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CHITRA, A., and ANUPRIYA RAJKUMAR. "GENETIC ALGORITHM BASED FEATURE SELECTION FOR PARAPHRASE RECOGNITION." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 22, no. 02 (April 2013): 1350007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213013500073.
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Paraphrase Recognition systems most often use various lexical, syntactic and semantic features to recognize paraphrases. This paper presents the work done in designing a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based Paraphrase Recognizer and then improving its performance using feature selection strategy. Wrapper method of feature selection has been adopted by combining Genetic Algorithms with Support Vector Machine Classifiers. Experimental results show that applying Feature selection improves the accuracy besides reducing the number of features. The developed paraphrase recognizer has been applied for the Student Answer Evaluation task. The results obtained show that the performance of Answer Evaluation systems which use only half the number of features is comparable to systems using the original feature set.
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Huang, Shaohan, Yu Wu, Furu Wei, and Zhongzhi Luan. "Dictionary-Guided Editing Networks for Paraphrase Generation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016546.
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An intuitive way for a human to write paraphrase sentences is to replace words or phrases in the original sentence with their corresponding synonyms and make necessary changes to ensure the new sentences are fluent and grammatically correct. We propose a novel approach to modeling the process with dictionary-guided editing networks which effectively conduct rewriting on the source sentence to generate paraphrase sentences. It jointly learns the selection of the appropriate word level and phrase level paraphrase pairs in the context of the original sentence from an off-the-shelf dictionary as well as the generation of fluent natural language sentences. Specifically, the system retrieves a set of word level and phrase level paraphrase pairs derived from the Paraphrase Database (PPDB) for the original sentence, which is used to guide the decision of which the words might be deleted or inserted with the soft attention mechanism under the sequence-to-sequence framework. We conduct experiments on two benchmark datasets for paraphrase generation, namely the MSCOCO and Quora dataset. The automatic evaluation results demonstrate that our dictionary-guided editing networks outperforms the baseline methods. On human evaluation, results indicate that the generated paraphrases are grammatically correct and relevant to the input sentence.
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Indah Pratiwi, Yuli, Fathia Asmadiah Lenggana, Hijjah Riani, Fahri Irawan Wijaya, and Emeliya Sukma Dara D. "Pharaprase in Article the Impact of Covid-19 in Education." e-Journal of Linguistics 17, no. 1 (November 24, 2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2023.v17.i01.p03.
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This study aims to analyze and provide examples of paraphrasing a sentence contained in an article, this article is entitled about the influence of COVID-19 in the world of education and the economy in Indonesia. The article that we take as an example is an article written by our friend. Paraphrases can not only be used in speeches, dialogues, songs of daily life and other literary works, but paraphrases can also be used in a scientific work, for example, in articles, mini-research thesis and others. Therefore, the researcher is very interested in paraphrasing this scientific work, namely the article. This researcher uses a qualitative method, by collecting data, then the researcher paraphrases the sentences that can be paraphrased according to the researcher. then the data is taken and collected, then analyzed with the theory contained in the paraphrase, so it really supports this research. Paraphrasing is the restating of a sentence such that both sentences would generally be recognized as lexically and syntactically different while remaining semantically equal.
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Hadjittofi, Fotini. "THE POET AND THE EVANGELIST IN NONNUS’ PARAPHRASE OF THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO JOHN." Cambridge Classical Journal 66 (July 23, 2020): 70–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1750270520000056.
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Christian poetry, and biblical epic in particular, is intensely self-conscious. Both Greek and Latin Christian poets begin or end their compositions, paraphrases and centos with poetological reflections on the value and objectives of their works. The fifth-century Paraphrase of the Gospel according to John is an anomaly in this tradition. While Nonnus’ mythological epic, the Dionysiaca, is heavily self-conscious in that it includes a strong authorial voice as well as an extensive prooemium and an interlude, the Christian Paraphrase has no prooemium, epilogue or interlude, and its narrator never identifies himself. This article examines two passages in the Paraphrase where subtle, implicit poetological reflections may be detected, and then explores the reasons why Nonnus may have chosen to deny the Paraphrase a clear (meta)literary identity. It argues that Nonnus’ poem presents itself as the Gospel of John, and that its narrator ‘becomes’ John the Evangelist in a spiritual exercise which is indebted to Origen's views on that Gospel.
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Biro, John. "Saving the Ship." European journal of analytic philosophy 13, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/ejap.13.2.3.
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In defending the startling claim that that there are no artifacts, indeed, no inanimate material objects of the familiar sort, Peter van Inwagen has argued that truths about such putative objects can be paraphrased as truths that do not make essential reference to them and that we should endorse only the ontological commitments of the paraphrase. In this note I argue that the paraphrases van Inwagen recommends cannot meet his condition. Read one way, they lose us some truths. Read another, they entail the existence of the very objects they are supposed to rid us of. However, we need not share van Inwagen's distaste for the latter: to say that they exist is not to say that anything exists in addition to the simples composing them.
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Leushuis, Reinier. "The Mimetic Paraphrase." Church History and Religious Culture 96, no. 4 (2016): 541–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-09604004.
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The mimetic aspects of speech, the spoken word, and dialogical exchange that distinguish the miracle narratives of the first half of Erasmus’s Paraphrase on John constitute a unique implementation of Erasmus’s reader-oriented Philosophia Christi. They efficiently apply the poetics of speech that characterize the theology of Christ’s inverbation in John 1:1 to the genre of the paraphrase for the sake of imitatio. The Erasmian paraphrase reveals itself as the ideal textual medium to exploit the transformative capacities of the incarnate Word and its poetics of speech and verbal transmission in order to perform the gradual acquisition of faith in the individual reader’s mind and, by extension, in the sphere of thought and action of the imagined listeners in the paraphrase’s homiletic community. Moreover, these examples illustrate the remarkably literary notion of mimesis in Erasmus’s paraphrastic text.
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Sancheti, Abhilasha, Balaji Vasan Srinivasan, and Rachel Rudinger. "Entailment Relation Aware Paraphrase Generation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 10 (June 28, 2022): 11258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21376.
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We introduce a new task of entailment relation aware paraphrase generation which aims at generating a paraphrase conforming to a given entailment relation (e.g. equivalent, forward entailing, or reverse entailing) with respect to a given input. We propose a reinforcement learning-based weakly-supervised paraphrasing system, ERAP, that can be trained using existing paraphrase and natural language inference (NLI) corpora without an explicit task-specific corpus. A combination of automated and human evaluations show that ERAP generates paraphrases conforming to the specified entailment relation and are of good quality as compared to the baselines and uncontrolled paraphrasing systems. Using ERAP for augmenting training data for downstream textual entailment task improves performance over an uncontrolled paraphrasing system, and introduces fewer training artifacts, indicating the benefit of explicit control during paraphrasing.
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Olson, Mary W. "Text Type and Reader Ability: The Effects on Paraphrase and Text-Based Inference Questions." Journal of Reading Behavior 17, no. 3 (September 1985): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862968509547540.
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This study investigated good and poor readers' ability to answer text-based inference and paraphrase questions after reading two narrative stories and two expository passages. Subjects were selected that differed only on reading comprehension, not decoding accuracy or language comprehension, and were asked text-based informational and logical inference questions which were classified according to the Warren, Nicholas, and Trabasso (1979) inference taxonomy. Subjects were also asked questions that paraphrased the verbatim information in the text. Dependent measures were researcher-designed questions and reading times for each text. Results indicate that (a) logical text-based inference questions were significantly more difficult to answer than either informational inference questions or paraphrase questions, but only after reading narrative stories; (b) paraphrase questions were as difficult to answer as informational inference questions on both types of text; (c) expository passages were significantly more difficult for the children to understand than narrative stories; (d) good readers answered significantly more text-based inference questions and paraphrase questions than poor readers on both types of text; and (e) good readers read the texts faster than poor readers.
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Posta, Anna. "Latin paraphrases of Old Testament books in verse in 16th century Hungary." Hungarian Studies 37, S (November 20, 2023): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/044.2023.00245.
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AbstractA popular trend in 16th-century Hungarian Neo-Latin poetry was the transposition of biblical, especially Old Testament books and texts. Georg Purkircher (Georgius Purkircher) paraphrased the Book of Wisdom, Péter Laskai Csókás (Petrus C. Lascovius) the Song of Songs, János Bocatius (Johannes Bocatius) the Book of Sirach/Ecclesiasticus, and Leonhardus Mokoschinus (Leonhardus Mokoschinus) a part of the Old Testament books (from Genesis to II Kings) in Latin. Internationally, only Mokoschinus' paraphrase of the Old Testament is known to any extent. In the present paper I will attempt to outline the main similarities and differences between the paraphrases of the Old Testament in Germany and in Hungary by means of a detailed philological analysis of the domestic corpus of texts and by highlighting some related parallels in Germany.
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Hayuningrum, Herdiansari, and Made Frida Yulia. "Students� Problems in Writing Paraphrases in Research Paper Writing Class." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 15, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v15i1.296.
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Paraphrase is one of the techniques of incorporating sources in which every writer is allowed to borrow the authors ideas and restate them into their own words. Based on the previous study, it was found that English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) students, Sanata Dharma University, were unable to paraphrase properly since they tended to copy the authors words directly. If this problem was continuously ignored, it would be dangerous for the students because they could be charged with inadvertent plagiarism. This study was intended to investigate ELESP students problems in writing paraphrases and the reasons why they produce unacceptable paraphrases by conducting document analysis and interview in Research Paper Writing class. From the findings, it could be identified that the most frequent type of problem encountered by the students was word-for-word plagiarism.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2012.150101
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Park, Sunghyun, Seung-won Hwang, Fuxiang Chen, Jaegul Choo, Jung-Woo Ha, Sunghun Kim, and Jinyeong Yim. "Paraphrase Diversification Using Counterfactual Debiasing." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6883–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016883.
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The problem of generating a set of diverse paraphrase sentences while (1) not compromising the original meaning of the original sentence, and (2) imposing diversity in various semantic aspects, such as a lexical or syntactic structure, is examined. Existing work on paraphrase generation has focused more on the former, and the latter was trained as a fixed style transfer, such as transferring from positive to negative sentiments, even at the cost of losing semantics. In this work, we consider style transfer as a means of imposing diversity, with a paraphrasing correctness constraint that the target sentence must remain a paraphrase of the original sentence. However, our goal is to maximize the diversity for a set of k generated paraphrases, denoted as the diversified paraphrase (DP) problem. Our key contribution is deciding the style guidance at generation towards the direction of increasing the diversity of output with respect to those generated previously. As pre-materializing training data for all style decisions is impractical, we train with biased data, but with debiasing guidance. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, our proposed model can generate more diverse and yet semantically consistent paraphrase sentences. That is, our model, trained with the MSCOCO dataset, achieves the highest embedding scores, .94/.95/.86, similar to state-of-the-art results, but with a lower mBLEU score (more diverse) by 8.73%.
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Panseeta, Sayamol, and Richard Watson Todd. "Repetition and paraphrase in contexts of concordant and discordant orientations." Pragmatics and Society 13, no. 2 (June 23, 2022): 250–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.19069.pan.
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Abstract Language processing theory posits that a person chooses words based on how he/she conceptualizes the referent. Where there are two or more interlocutors, depending on the way they conceptualize the referent, their word choices may be the same or different. In an unpublished paper, Sinclair claims that when interlocutors are in concordance, they are likely to repeat the word choices of their partners; when they are in discordance, they are likely to use paraphrases. This article investigates this claim by examining whether there is a relationship between two types of reiteration of concepts (repetition and paraphrase) and interlocutors’ orientations (concordant and discordant). 100 hotel reviews and responses posted on TripAdvisor were collected to form two corpora representing the two contexts. The data was analyzed quantitatively to obtain comparative frequencies of repetition and paraphrase in each context, and connotations of paraphrases were identified to see whether there is any association between the types of connotations and interlocutors’ orientations. The results stand in contrast to Sinclair’s claim. More specifically, paraphrase outnumbers repetition in both contexts, and repetition is more preferred in discordant contexts. Affective connotations are more common in the reviews where the hotels are rated “terrible” and the reviewers and the respondents show opposing views on the concepts.
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LEE, ELIZABETH A., NANCY TORRANCE, and DAVID R. OLSON. "Young children and the say/mean distinction: verbatim and paraphrase recognition in narrative and nursery rhyme contexts." Journal of Child Language 28, no. 2 (June 2001): 531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000901004755.
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Children's ability to distinguish between the text, WHAT WAS SAID, and the intentional structure, WHAT WAS MEANT, was interrogated by means of verbatim and paraphrase questions in two types of discourse, narratives and nursery rhymes. Three- to seven-year-olds participated (n = 119, mean age 5·1). There was an interaction between the type of discourse and the younger children's ability to separate wording from intentional structure. In the narrative form they had difficulty rejecting true paraphrases when asked to focus on wording, while in the nursery rhyme form the difficulty was accepting a true paraphrase when asked to focus on intention.
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Hidayat, Taufik, Ahmad Munir, and Syafi’ul Anam. "THINK-ALOUD PROTOCOLS ANALYSIS: AN INVESTIGATION OF PARAPHRASING STRATEGIES IN POST-GRADUATE STUDENTS." International Journal of Education and Social Science Research 05, no. 04 (2022): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37500/ijessr.2022.5417.
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This research aims to figure out the paraphrasing strategies used by post-graduate English students based on three stages of writing process division: before-writing, while-writing, and after-writing. This research is qualitative study that investigate paraphrasing strategies used by post-graduate English students in writing a thesis. The qualitative data obtained from think-aloud protocols to gather verbal report data on cognitive and metacognitive reading strategies used by the students in producing their paraphrases. For data analysis, the think-aloud protocols were transcribed, and data was coded and categorized relative to the focus of the research. The result shows that students planned for through understanding, read to memorize the most important information before writing a paraphrase. Another, students tended to write from memory with sometimes look at the source text and applied text transformation/substitution strategies while writing a paraphrase. Finally, most students are comparing the text with the source after they have written a paraphrase.
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Pöckelmann, Marcus, Janis Dähne, Jörg Ritter, and Paul Molitor. "Fast paraphrase extraction in Ancient Greek literature." it - Information Technology 62, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/itit-2019-0042.
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AbstractIn this paper,A shorter version of the paper appeared in German in the final report of the Digital Plato project which was funded by the Volkswagen Foundation from 2016 to 2019. [35], [28]. we present a method for paraphrase extraction in Ancient Greek that can be applied to huge text corpora in interactive humanities applications. Since lexical databases and POS tagging are either unavailable or do not achieve sufficient accuracy for ancient languages, our approach is based on pure word embeddings and the word mover’s distance (WMD) [20]. We show how to adapt the WMD approach to paraphrase searching such that the expensive WMD computation has to be computed for a small fraction of the text segments contained in the corpus, only. Formally, the time complexity will be reduced from \mathcal{O}(N\cdot {K^{3}}\cdot \log K) to \mathcal{O}(N+{K^{3}}\cdot \log K), compared to the brute-force approach which computes the WMD between each text segment of the corpus and the search query. N is the length of the corpus and K the size of its vocabulary. The method, which searches not only for paraphrases of the same length as the search query but also for paraphrases of varying lengths, was evaluated on the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae® (TLG®) [25]. The TLG consists of about 75\cdot {10^{6}} Greek words. We searched the whole TLG for paraphrases for given passages of Plato. The experimental results show that our method and the brute-force approach, with only very few exceptions, propose the same text passages in the TLG as possible paraphrases. The computation times of our method are in a range that allows its application in interactive systems and let the humanities scholars work productively and smoothly.
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Hudson, G. Thomas, and Noura Al Moubayed. "Ask me in your own words: paraphrasing for multitask question answering." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (October 27, 2021): e759. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.759.
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Multitask learning has led to significant advances in Natural Language Processing, including the decaNLP benchmark where question answering is used to frame 10 natural language understanding tasks in a single model. In this work we show how models trained to solve decaNLP fail with simple paraphrasing of the question. We contribute a crowd-sourced corpus of paraphrased questions (PQ-decaNLP), annotated with paraphrase phenomena. This enables analysis of how transformations such as swapping the class labels and changing the sentence modality lead to a large performance degradation. Training both MQAN and the newer T5 model using PQ-decaNLP improves their robustness and for some tasks improves the performance on the original questions, demonstrating the benefits of a model which is more robust to paraphrasing. Additionally, we explore how paraphrasing knowledge is transferred between tasks, with the aim of exploiting the multitask property to improve the robustness of the models. We explore the addition of paraphrase detection and paraphrase generation tasks, and find that while both models are able to learn these new tasks, knowledge about paraphrasing does not transfer to other decaNLP tasks.
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VILA, M., H. RODRÍGUEZ, and M. A. MARTÍ. "Relational paraphrase acquisition from Wikipedia: The WRPA method and corpus." Natural Language Engineering 21, no. 3 (September 16, 2013): 355–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000235.
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AbstractParaphrase corpora are an essential but scarce resource in Natural Language Processing. In this paper, we present the Wikipedia-based Relational Paraphrase Acquisition (WRPA) method, which extracts relational paraphrases from Wikipedia, and the derived WRPA paraphrase corpus. The WRPA corpus currently covers person-related and authorship relations in English and Spanish, respectively, suggesting that, given adequate Wikipedia coverage, our method is independent of the language and the relation addressed. WRPA extracts entity pairs from structured information in Wikipedia applying distant learning and, based on the distributional hypothesis, uses them as anchor points for candidate paraphrase extraction from the free text in the body of Wikipedia articles. Focussing on relational paraphrasing and taking advantage of Wikipedia-structured information allows for an automatic and consistent evaluation of the results. The WRPA corpus characteristics distinguish it from other types of corpora that rely on string similarity or transformation operations. WRPA relies on distributional similarity and is the result of the free use of language outside any reformulation framework. Validation results show a high precision for the corpus.
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Kermanidis, Markos. "Allegorie und Lob der Physik: Das Proömium der Paraphrase des Theodoros Metochites zu naturwissenschaftlichen Schriften des Aristoteles." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 115, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 143–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bz-2022-0006.
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Abstract The present paper undertakes a hermeneutic analysis of the hitherto little investigated preface of Theodore Metochites᾽ Paraphrase of the natural scientific works of Aristotle. Based on a problematic quotation at the very beginning of the proem, the article shows that paraphrase does not only mean, for Metochites, the language-specific clarification of the obscure Aristotelian texts but mainly the elucidation and simplification of the relationship of physics to the rest of the philosophical curriculum, as well as of the interconnection between Aristotle‘s separate treatises of natural sciences. The preface proves to be an indirect, i.e. encoded testimony for the exegetical competition of Theodore Metochites with his coeval George Pachymeres and the most prominent ancient paraphraser of Aristotle, namely Themistius (4th century CE).
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Leushuis, Reinier. "Speaking the Gospel." Erasmus Studies 36, no. 2 (2016): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749275-03602007.
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In his Paraphrases on the synoptic gospels, Erasmus stages the voice of the evangelist speaking in the first-person singular to address the reader in the second-person singular. Such a marked interlocutorial setting is absent in Scripture, with the exception of Luke’s brief address to a certain Theophilus. More than a strategy to forestall criticisms directed at the author of the paraphrase, this direct engagement between biblical author and reader reveals a deeper concern for the transfer of gospel faith and gospel philosophy to the minds of his contemporaries. This essay examines the ways in which the evangelist’s voice engages the implied reader in the Paraphrases on Matthew, Luke, and most notably Mark. It focuses on the reliability (fides) of narration and narrator, the emotional, sensory, and homiletic engagement between speaking voice and reader, and the role of drama and performative elements. The paraphrastic staging of the evangelist’s voice reflects each gospel’s unique challenge in conveying Philosophia Christi to the reader and in the Paraphrase on Mark illustrates in particular the literary dimension of reader-oriented imitatio.
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Paul, Bradley. "To Paraphrase." Iowa Review 32, no. 1 (April 2002): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.5507.
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Resnick, Hy. "Paraphrase II." Computers in Human Services 15, no. 2-3 (January 12, 1999): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j407v15n02_07.
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TERADA, REI. "LUNULAR PARAPHRASE." Essays in Criticism XLII, no. 4 (1992): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eic/xlii.4.329.
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Schrickx, Josine. "Waarom nedum altijd ‘laat staan’ betekent." Lampas 51, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/lam2018.2.004.schr.
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Summary Nedum is comparable to English let alone, German geschweige (denn) and Dutch laat staan (dat). Like these modern counterparts it can be paraphrased with ‘much more’ or ‘much less’, depending on the context. If nedum introduces a clause, it can always be paraphrased with ‘much less’. If it introduces only part of a clause and does not have an inflected verb in its scope, the paraphrase depends on the previous clause. If this previous clause contains a semantic negation, nedum can be paraphrased with ‘much less’, if it contains a lexical or pragmatic negation or no negation at all, nedum can be paraphrased with ‘much more’.
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Foziliya, Muazzama. "PARAPHRASE AND NICKNAME ANALYSIS." Oriental Journal of Social Sciences 01, no. 01 (July 1, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojss-02-01.
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This article deals with the phenomenon of renaming events and individuals by describing their characteristics, not by their names. It has also been suggested that people have nicknames that refer to their strengths and weaknesses. Paraphrases are then used to describe speech as a means of stylistics. Paraphrases are said to be renaming by describing objects, events, and types, and their types are listed according to their structure. Paraphrases have been noted to serve not only to enrich charm, imagery, and speech, but also to reinforce its content. The lexical unit of the nickname, in turn, has four different meanings. At the same time, Rashod Nuri Guntekin connects the whole system of events in the novel “Cholikushi” with certain paraphrases and divides them into three parts: “Farida – Cholikushi”, “Farida – Ipak qurti”, “Farida – Gulbashakar”. It is said that the events of the work are developed around these paraphrases by the author, and the author has created the original aesthetic means. It is emphasized that each paragraph and nickname in the work is a unique invention of the author, which is skillfully used in the novel as a methodological tool. It is noted that Rashod Nuri Guntekin’s novel “Cholikushi” effectively used paraphrases and nicknames. The author is in his work “Çalıkuşu”, “İpekböceği”, “Gülbeşeker”, “Evliya parmaklığı”, “Küçük” parafrazalarini, “Sakallı Amca”, “Gourde”, “San çıyanı”, “Ayı Dayı”, “Sarı zalim”, “Sarı mahluk”, “Düldül”, “Odabaşı”, “Sevgili ayıcıklarım” emphasis was placed on the skillful use of their nicknames in their place, and analyzed through examples. In the conclusion, the main part of the nicknames are Turkish words, some of them contain Persian (gül, dayı) and Arabic (zalim, mahluk) words, the only nickname is French (gourde)), in order to convey the spirit of the time explained.
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Bamnote, Dr G. R., and Ms Deepti Ingole. "Design of Efficient Model to Predict Duplications in Questionnaire Forum using Machine Learning." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 5893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53088.
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Abstract: Detection of duplicate sentences from a corpus containing a pair of sentences deals with identifying whether two sentences in the pair convey the same meaning or not. This detection of duplicates helps in deduplication, a process in which duplicates are removed. Traditional natural language processing techniques are less accurate in identifying similarity between sentences, such similar sentences can also be referred as paraphrases. Using Quora and Twitter paraphrase corpus, we explored various approaches including several machine learning algorithms to obtain a liable approach that can identify the duplicate sentences given a pair of sentences. This paper discusses the performance of six supervised machine learning algorithms in two different paraphrase corpus, and it focuses on analyzing how accurately the algorithms classify sentences present in the corpus as duplicates and non-duplicates
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Emawati, Emawati, and Noermanzah Noermanzah. "The Effectiveness of Case Method to Students’ Paraphrasing Write Skills." IJLECR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND CULTURE REVIEW 9, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.v9i2.43202.
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Paraphrasing writing skills are useful for students in writing scientific papers, especially in providing an explanation of a concept using different language from the reference we quote without changing the meaning so as to avoid plagiarism. Writing paraphrases requires critical thinking skills and creativity in processing sentences without changing the meaning. In fact, there are still many students who are not skilled in writing paraphrases. One way to improve students' paraphrasing writing skills is to apply the case method. For this reason, this study aims to determine how much influence the case method has on students' paraphrasing abilities. This research used experimental method with pre-experimental designs. The research design used the One Groups Pretest-Posttest Design. Data collection using paraphrase writing test technique. Analysis of research data by: assessing the results of each student's paraphrasing writing, calculating data normality tests, and conducting hypothesis testing with the Paired Sample T Test using SPSS 23. The results showed that there was a significant effect of the case method on the paraphrasing ability of students of the Management Study Program, Faculty of Economics, Universitas PGRI Palembang. The influence is indicated by the Sig value. (2-tailed) of 0.01 is smaller than 0.05. Students are able to paraphrase using their own language in several techniques, namely changing active sentences to passive ones, shortening sentences, changing sentences to become longer, and replacing words with words that have the same meaning. It's just that there are still some students who paraphrase by only changing some of the words in the quoted sentence by writing the equivalent of the word.