Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Parametri geologici'

2009/2010
Scopo del lavoro Scopo principale di questo lavoro è quello di dimostrare l’importanza dell’uso dei sistemi informativi territoriali nello studio della distribuzione della concentrazione di radon e dei parametri ad essa correlati. Il lavoro procede attraverso l’analisi della distribuzione della concentrazione di radon indoor, nel suolo e nelle acque, sul territorio del Friuli Venezia Giulia, utilizzando gli strumenti messi a disposizione dalla geomatica e dai sistemi informativi territoriali, con lo scopo ultimo di mettere a disposizione delle amministrazioni pubbliche dati di facile interpretazione e fruizione per la valutazione del rischio da radon per la popolazione della regione. Effettuare uno studio di questo genere sul territorio del Friuli Venezia Giulia risulta particolarmente significativo a causa delle caratteristiche che il territorio presenta sia dal punto di vista della concentrazione di radon indoor, che risulta tra le più alte in Italia, che dal punto di vista delle caratteristiche geologiche che risultano estremamente variabili nell’ambito del territorio regionale e peculiari in ambito nazionale ed europeo. Anche le caratteristiche del parco edilizio della regione risultano essere tali da influenzare notevolmente la concentrazione di radon indoor. Ai fini della definizione della mappa di rischio è necessario analizzare le eventuali correlazioni del contenuto di radon, con particolare riferimento a quello indoor, con i principali parametri geologici, geomorfologici ed idrogeologici senza trascurare l’influenza dei parametri edilizi. Riassunto dell’attività La prima parte della ricerca si è svolta nell’ambito della campagna di campionamento e misura della concentrazione di radon indoor condotta da ARPA Friuli Venezia Giulia, con l’obiettivo di determinare le radon prone areas in regione ai sensi del D.Lgs.241/00. Tale campagna è stata materialmente avviata nel 2005 e le misure sono state completate alla fine del 2007. Dopo una fase iniziale di acquisizione dei suddetti dati e di ricerca bibliografica, l’attività è consistita essenzialmente in cinque momenti: a. creazione e popolamento della banca dati del sistema informativo territoriale per quanto riguarda le misure di radon indoor ed i relativi dati sugli edifici ed elaborazione dei dati stessi mediante l’utilizzo della Carta Tecnica Regionale e della Carta Geologica Regionale; b. analisi della distribuzione della concentrazione del radon indoor e delle sue possibili modalità di rappresentazione spaziale; c. analisi dell’eventuale correlazione dei parametri relativi agli edifici ed ai locali di misura con la concentrazione radon indoor allo scopo di costruire un sottoinsieme di edifici omogenei dal punto di vista delle caratteristiche costruttive che influenzano la concentrazione di radon indoor; d. analisi dell’eventuale correlazione dei parametri geologici con la distribuzione della concentrazione di radon indoor; e. costruzione di sottoinsiemi di abitazioni, omogenei tra loro, in cui i parametri edilizi rendessero, rispettivamente, massime e minime le concentrazioni di radon indoor ed analisi della distribuzione della concentrazione di radon per i diversi sottoinsiemi in funzione dei diversi parametri geologici. Inoltre vengono riportati i dati relativi alla distribuzione del radon nelle acque potabili e sorgive del Friuli Venezia Giulia. Sono anche stati analizzati i dati relativi ad un progetto complementare alla campagna radon prone areas e relativi ad una campagna di misura di radon nel suolo: sono stati georeferenziati i dati relativi alle concentrazioni di radon nel suolo per la provincia di Udine e sono state elaborate le prime mappe di distribuzione. I dati relativi alla campagna radon prone areas in Friuli Venezia Giulia sono stati pubblicati sul sito web di ARPA FVG. Risultati Sulla base dell’analisi dei risultati di oltre 10000 misure di radon indoor effettuate in circa 2500 abitazioni e del confronto di tali risultati con le caratteristiche geologiche, geomorfologiche ed idrogeologiche del territorio del Friuli Venezia Giulia, è stato possibile costruire una mappa della distribuzione della concentrazione di radon negli edifici del Friuli Venezia Giulia e correlarla con i principali parametri analizzati. Sono state altresì riportate le mappe di distribuzione della concentrazione di radon nelle acque potabili e sorgive del Friuli Venezia Giulia ed è stata costruita ed analizzata la mappa di distribuzione della concentrazione di radon nel suolo per la provincia di Udine. Dal punto di vista geologico i principali parametri analizzati sono stati la consistenza del substrato (sciolto o roccioso), la sua tessitura, l’età delle unità litostratigrafiche e le unità litostratigrafiche stesse, i lineamenti tettonici e la sismicità. Dal punto di vista geomorfologico la regione è stata divisa in 9 aree geomorfologicamente omogenee ed è stato considerato il fenomeno del carsismo con riferimento sia al carso classico che alle restanti aree carsificate della regione. Da ultimo sono stati indagati gli aspetti idrogeologici: la permeabilità, le risorgive e la profondità della falda acquifera. Ogni aspetto è stato analizzato e sono state indagate le eventuali correlazioni con le concentrazioni di radon indoor. E’ stato possibile valutare bene l’importanza di alcuni parametri soltanto dopo aver disaggregato i dati analizzando separatamente zone geomorfologicamente diverse fra di loro. I principali risultati ottenuti possono essere così riassunti: a. il parametro più importante è risultato essere la permeabilità del suolo con riferimento sia alla granulometria del substrato sciolto che alla eventuale carsificazione del substrato roccioso; b. altri parametri come le differenze nelle unità litostratigrafiche e la loro età, la presenza di lineamenti tettonici e la sismicità, la presenza della linea delle risorgive e la profondità di falda, non sono risultate significative ai fini della correlazione con il radon indoor in Friuli Venezia Giulia; c. è stato possibile effettuare alcune differenziazioni all’interno della fascia alpina e prealpina: concentrazioni più elevate sono state misurate nelle Prealpi Carniche e più basse nelle Prealpi Giulie. I valori più elevati misurati all’interno di abitazioni costruite su substrato sciolto sono stati misurati nella fascia alpina e prealpina e quelli più bassi nella Bassa pianura friulana e nella provincia di Trieste. Per quanto riguarda i parametri edilizi è stata analizzata l’eventuale correlazione dei parametri stessi con la concentrazione di radon indoor. Sono risultati significativi i seguenti parametri: posizione del locale in cui era posto il dosimetro rispetto al suolo, tipo di contatto suolo-edificio, anno di costruzione (pre o post terremoto del 1976), presenza di pietra nei muri. Sono stati infine creati due diversi data set con parametri edilizi omogenei ed è stata effettuata l’analisi della distribuzione del radon indoor nei due casi mettendo in luce le diversità di distribuzione, oltre che di concentrazione di radon, per le diverse tipologie costruttive. Considerazioni conclusive e prospettive future Dal punto di vista dell’utilizzo dei sistemi informativi, essi sono stati usati in tutte le fasi dello studio, in particolare: Ø nella strategia di campionamento, nella definizione delle maglie e nell’estrazione del campione, nel posizionamento dei dosimetri e nella georeferenziazione dei siti, nella restituzione e nella pubblicazione dei dati; Ø nei controlli preliminari sui set di dati da analizzare; Ø nella creazione di nuovi set standard di dati; Ø nella ricerca di correlazione della concentrazione di radon con parametri edilizi e geologici; Ø nell’analisi della distribuzione della concentrazione del radon e nelle elaborazioni geostatistiche. Sarebbe stato molto più oneroso, ed in molti casi impossibile, eseguire lo stesso studio senza l’ausilio del SIT. Le potenzialità del SIT creato sono molteplici, ad esempio: utilizzo a fini amministrativi (definizione sul Bollettino Ufficiale Regionale delle radon prone areas, creazione di mappe di rischio, ecc.) ed epidemiologici; creazione di mappe nazionali ed europee, analisi geostatistiche ecc. Il SIT costruito risulta essere un sistema ricco di potenzialità, una piccola parte delle quali è stata sfruttata per le analisi che sono state riportate in questo lavoro. Le prospettive future possono comprendere sia l’ampliamento ed il completamento degli studi intrapresi, che lo svolgimento di molteplici nuove attività di ricerca che la struttura dei dati permette. A titolo di esempio si tenga presente, per quanto riguarda il completamento delle attività svolte, che sono state analizzate solo una parte delle eventuali correlazioni dei dati di concentrazione di radon indoor con i parametri geologici ed edilizi. Va inoltre sottolineata la possibilità di utilizzare, oltre alla Carta Geologica Regionale in scala 1:150000, la cartografia CARG 1:5000. L’uso di tale cartografia potrebbe permettere l’esecuzione di studi di dettaglio allo scopo di evidenziare correlazioni con eventuali altri parametri geologici non ancora considerati. Particolarmente promettente appare la possibilità, dimostrata dall’analisi dei diversi set di dati creati, di normalizzare il parco edilizio regionale in funzione delle caratteristiche costruttive, al fine di disporre di un numeroso set di dati per le analisi, eventualmente multivariate, per la valutazione dell’influenza dei diversi parametri geologici. Sono inoltre sicuramente possibili ulteriori analisi geostatistiche sui risultati delle misure, utili per la definizione delle radon prone areas, ma anche per la redazione di una mappa del “rischio radon” in Friuli Venezia Giulia, analogamente a quanto fatto in altri Paesi. I dati contenuti all’interno del SIT possono inoltre essere utilizzati, insieme a quelli prodotti da altre realtà territoriali ed analogamente a quanto già fatto per la parte relativa alle concentrazioni di radon indoor nelle strutture scolastiche regionali, per la redazione di mappe interregionali, nazionali od europee.
XXIII Ciclo
1960

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 84 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83).

The assessment of the vulnerability of aquifers is a key instrument for planning the methods of environmental resources protection. This research compares three scoring and weighting methods to assess the intrinsic vulnerability of the carbonate type aquifer systems. In particular, we have applied the SINTACS method (Civita, 1994), the EPIK method (Doerfliger N., Jeannin PY, Zwahlen F., 1999) and the COP method (Vias et al., 2006) to the carbonate Sulcis Iglesiente aquifer. The study focused on the area of the socalled "small Metal ring”, near the town of Iglesias, in the south of Sardinia. The peculiarity of this area lies in the fact that for millennia it has been exploited by mining of lead-zinc mines, among the most productive in the world. These activities have left a precarious environment, as potentially polluting landfill opencast mining sites are scattered throughout the area. The analysis of the results has led to develop a methodology for assessing the vulnerability more effective than the others and to highlight the critical issues of each method. With the identification of those areas inherently more vulnerable, we laid the ground for the strategic planning of reclamation of the most vulnerable sites. The study is also preparatory to a larger scale research aimed at the protection and sustainable exploitation of the environment and water resources in the area. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------La valutazione della vulnerabilità degli acquiferi è uno strumento determinante per la pianificazione di metodi di salvaguardia delle risorse ambientali. In questa ricerca si è effettuata una comparazione fra tre metodi a punteggi e pesi per la valutazione della vulnerabilità intrinseca dei sistemi acquiferi di tipo carbonatico. In particolare si sono applicati il metodo SINTACS (Civita,1994), il metodo EPIK (Doerfliger N., Jeannin P.Y., Zwahlen F., 1999) ed il metodo COP (Vias et al. , 2006) all’acquifero carbonatico del Sulcis Iglesiente. Lo studio si è incentrato sulla zona del cosiddetto “piccolo anello metallifero”, in prossimità del comune di Iglesias, situato nel sud della Sardegna. La peculiarità di questa zona risiede nel fatto che per millenni è stata sfruttata dalle attività estrattive delle miniere piombo-zincifere, tra le più produttive al mondo. Queste attivitàhanno lasciato una situazione di precarietà ambientale, in quanto tutto il territorio è disseminato di discariche minerarie a cielo aperto potenzialmente inquinanti. L’analisi dei risultati ottenuti ha portato a definire una metodologia di valutazione della vulnerabilità più efficace delle altre e a mettere in evidenza le criticità di ogni metodo. Con l’individuazione delle zone del territorio intrinsecamente più vulnerabili si sono poste le basi per la pianificazione strategica di bonifiche dei siti maggiormente vulnerabili. Lo studio inoltre è propedeutico ad una ricerca a scala più vasta tesa alla tutela e ad un possibile sfruttamento ecosostenibile dell’ambiente e delle risorse idriche del territorio.

Characterization of aquifers hydraulic parameters is a difficult task that requires field information. Most of the time the hydrogeologist relies on a group of values coming from different test to interpret the hydrogeological setting and possibly, generate a model. However, getting the best from this information can be challenging. In this thesis, three cases are explored. First, hydraulic conductivities associated with measurement scale of the order of 10−1 m and collected during an extensive field campaign near Tübingen, Germany, are analyzed. Estimates are provided at coinciding locations in the system using: the empirical Kozeny-Carman formulation, providing conductivity values, based on particle size distribution, and borehole impeller-type flowmeter tests, which infer conductivity from measurements of vertical flows within a borehole. Correlation between the two sets of estimates is virtually absent. However, statistics of the natural logarithm of both sets at the site are similar in terms of mean values and differ in terms of variogram ranges and sample variances. This is consistent with the fact that the two types of estimates can be associated with different (albeit comparable) measurement (support) scales. It also matches published results on interpretations of variability of geostatistical descriptors of hydraulic parameters on multiple observation scales. The analysis strengthens the idea that hydraulic conductivity values and associated key geostatistical descriptors inferred from different methodologies and at similar observation scales (of the order of tens of cm) are not readily comparable and should not be embedded blindly into a flow (and eventually transport) prediction model. Second, a data-adapted kernel regression method, originally developed for image processing and reconstruction is modified and used for the delineation of facies. This non-parametric methodology uses both the spatial and the sample value distribution, to produce for each data point a locally adaptive steering kernel function, self-adjusting the kernel to the direction of highest local spatial correlation. The method is shown to outperform the nearest-neighbor classification (NNC) in a number of synthetic aquifers whenever the available number of data is small and randomly distributed. Still, in the limiting case, when the domain is profusely sampled, both the steering kernel method and the NNC method converge to the true solution. Simulations are finally used to explore which parameters of the locally adaptive kernel function yield optimal reconstruction results in typical field settings. It is shown that, in practice, a rule of thumb can be used to get suboptimal results, which are best when key prior information such as facies proportions is used. Third, the effect of water temperature fluctuation on the hydraulic conductivity profile of coarse sediments beneath an artificial recharge facility is model and compared with field data. Due to the high permeability, water travels at a high rate, and therefore also water with different temperature is also present on the sediment under the pond at different moments, this translates into different hydraulic conductivity values within the same layer, even though all the other parameters are the same for this layer. Differences of almost 79% in hydraulic conductivity were observed for the model temperatures (2 °C – 25 °C). This variation of hydraulic conductivity in the sediment below the infiltration pond when water with varying temperature enters the sediment, causes the infiltration velocity to change with time and produces the observed fluctuation on the field measurements.
La caracterización de los parámetros hidráulicos de los acuíferos es una tarea difícil que requiere información de campo. La mayoría de las veces el hidrogeólogo se basa en un grupo de valores procedentes de diferentes pruebas para interpretar la configuración hidrogeológica y posiblemente , generar un modelo . Sin embargo, obtener lo mejor de esta información puede ser un reto. En esta tesis se analizan tres casos. Primero, se analizan las conductividades hidráulicas asociadas a una escala de medición del orden de 10 m− 1 y obtenidas durante una extensa campaña de campo cerca de Tübingen, Alemania. Las estimaciones se obtuvieron en puntos coincidentes en el sitio, mediante: la formulación empírica de Kozeny - Carman, proporcionando valores de conductividad, con base en la distribución de tamaño de partículas y las pruebas del medidor de caudal de tipo impulsor en el pozo, el cual infiere las medidas de conductividad a partir de los flujos verticales dentro de un pozo. La correlación entre los dos conjuntos de estimaciones es prácticamente ausente. Sin embargo, las estadísticas del logaritmo natural de ambos conjuntos en el lugar son similares en términos de valores medios y difieren en términos de rangos del variograma y varianzas de muestra. Esto es consecuente con el hecho de que los dos tipos de estimaciones pueden estar asociados con escalas de apoyo de medición diferentes (aunque comparables). También coincide con los resultados publicados sobre la interpretación de la variabilidad de los descriptores geoestadísticos de parámetros hidráulicos en múltiples escalas de observación . El análisis refuerza la idea de que los valores de conductividad hidráulica y descriptores geoestadísticos clave asociados al inferirse de diferentes metodologías y en las escalas de observación similares (en el caso del orden de decenas de cm) no son fácilmente comparables y debe ser utilizados con cuidado en la modelación de flujo (y eventualmente, el transporte) del agua subterránea. En segundo lugar, un método de regresión kernel adaptado a datos, originalmente desarrollado para el procesamiento y la reconstrucción de imágenes se modificó y se utiliza para la delimitación de las facies. Esta metodología no paramétrica utiliza tanto la distribución espacial como el valor de la muestra, para producir en cada punto de datos una función kernel de dirección localmente adaptativo, con ajuste automático del kernel a la dirección de mayor correlación espacial local. Se demuestra que este método supera el NNC (por su acrónimo en inglés nearest-neighbor classification) en varios casos de acuíferos sintéticos donde el número de datos disponibles es pequeño y la distribución es aleatoria. Sin embargo, en el caso límite, cuando hay un gran número de muestras, tanto en el método kernel adaptado a la dirección local como el método de NNC convergen a la solución verdadera. Las simulaciones son finalmente utilizadas para explorar cuáles parámetros de la función kernel localmente adaptado dan resultados óptimos en la reconstrucción de resultados en escenarios típicos de campo. Se demuestra que, en la práctica, una regla general puede ser utilizada para obtener resultados casi óptimos, los cuales mejoran cuando se utiliza información clave como la proporción de facies. En tercer lugar, se modela el efecto de la fluctuación de la temperatura del agua sobre la conductividad hidráulica de sedimentos gruesos debajo de una instalación de recarga artificial y se compara con datos de campo. Debido a la alta permeabilidad, el agua se desplaza a alta velocidad alta, y por lo tanto, agua con temperatura diferente también está presente en el sedimento bajo el estanque en diferentes momentos, esto se traduce en diferentes valores de conductividad hidráulica dentro de la misma capa, a pesar de que todos los demás parámetros son los mismos para esta capa. Se observaron diferencias de casi 79 % en la conductividad hidráulica en el modelo, para las temperaturas utilizadas (2 º C - 25 º C ). Esta variación de la conductividad hidráulica en el sedimento por debajo de la balsa de infiltración cuando el agua de temperatura variable entra en el sedimento, causa un cambio en la velocidad de infiltración con el tiempo y produce las fluctuacciones observadas en las mediciones de campo.

Questo lavoro di tesi analizza i parametri geologici, morfologici e le velocità di spostamento di corpi franosi, che sono stati rilevati da remoto attraverso la tecnica di analisi inSAR, della Regione Emilia-Romagna che si sono riattivati o attivati per la prima volta nel periodo di studio che va da aprile-2015 a maggio-2019. Questi corpi sono disposti lungo la catena dell'Appennino Settentrionale all'interno di aree di studio che sono a loro volta collocate all'interno di 10 bacini idrografici della Regione stessa. Attraverso diversi grafici si è analizzato quali sono i parametri geomorfologici e i fattori ambientali che regolano l'attivazione o meno di frane lungo i versanti dell'erogene Appenninico.

I network di fratture hanno un ruolo fondamentale nel controllo della permeabilità e del flusso dei geo-fluidi (e.g. idrocarburi, acqua, fluidi idrotermali ecc.). Nel sottosuolo i parametri delle fratture vengono solitamente caratterizzati utilizzando dati di pozzo e dati sismici, i quali però sono divisi da un salto di scala. Infatti, i dati di pozzo sono sparsi e parziali mentre anche la sismica migliore non è in grado di identificare fratture con dimensione minori di 200 metri. Gli analoghi esumati con dimensioni chilometriche posso aiutare a colmare questo divario permettendo di raccogliere una grande quantità di dati a scale differenti. In questa tesi di dottorato abbiamo caratterizzato il network di fratture nei carbonati delle isole di Malta e Gozo, che si trovano all’interno della Piattaforma Pelagica nel foreland della catena Appeninico-Magrebide e sono degli spettacolari analoghi esumati di reservoir di idrocarburi fratturati sviluppatisi in ambienti tettonici estensionali. La stratigrafia delle isole maltesi è caratterizzata dalla presenza di differenti tipi di carbonati di età compresa tra il tardo Oligocene e il Miocene superiore., tagliati da due set di faglie normali (ENE-WSW e WNW-ESE) con rigetti verticali che possono raggiungere i 210 metri. Dicchi nettuniani associati a faglie normali con rigetto limitato (meno di 5 metri) sono inoltre presenti nelle unità più antiche. In questa tesi abbiamo utilizzato un approccio multidisciplinare che ci ha permesso di effettuare diversi tipi di studi che sono presentati nei quattro capitoli della tesi. i) Nel primo capitolo abbiamo ricostruito l’evoluzione tettonica e geodinamica delle isole di Malta e Gozo e della Piattaforma Pelagica a partire dal tardo Oligocene fino al Pliocene. Questo ci ha permesso inoltre di ricostruire l’età di formazione e la cinematica dei diversi set di faglie e fratture. ii) Nel secondo capitolo abbiamo caratterizzato i parametri delle fratture assieme al loro impatto sulla connettività idraulica e l’architettura della zona di danneggiamento legata alla faglia di Qala (Gozo). Per fare questo abbiamo applicato un nuovo workflow che combina scan-line lineari con scan-area applicate su modelli di affioramento digitali di dimensioni chilometri utilizzando inoltre metodi automatici per il calcolo dei parametri della fratturazione. iii) Nel terzo capitolo, abbiamo mostrato come la meccanica stratigrafica e in particolare le proprietà elastiche delle rocce giochino un ruolo fondamentale nel controllo dello spessore della damage zone. I risultati sono stati ottenuti combinando osservazioni di terreno con analisi petro-fisiche, petrografiche, geo-meccaniche e modelli numerici. iv) Nel quarto capitolo abbiamo utilizzato il Volume Elementare Rappresentativo del network di fratture caratterizzato durante lo studio effettuato nel capitolo due per realizzare modelli DFN ad una scala più piccola rispetto a quella del reservoir. Questo ci ha permesso di risolvere diversi problemi legati alla modellazione della fratturazione alla scala del reservoir.
Fracture networks exert a primary role in the control of permeability and flow of geo-fluids (e.g hydrocarbons, ground water, hydrothermals fluid, etc.). Fracture parameters in the subsurface are usually characterised using borehole and seismic data, but these are affected by a scale gap. Well data are only sparse and partial and even the best seismic data cannot detect fractures shorter than ca 200 m. Km-scale outcrop analogues can help to fill this gap, allowing to collect huge amounts of of data at different scales. This PhD thesis investigates the fracture networks in carbonates of the Maltese Islands, located in the Pelagian Platform in the foreland of the Sicilian-Appenine-Maghrebian fold and thrust belt, that are world-class analogues of extensional fractured and faulted hydrocarbon reservoirs. Here a Late-Oligocene – Late Miocene carbonatic sequence composed by different types of carbonates is exposed. It is cross-cut by normal faults with a vertical displacement up to 210 meters, arranged in two main sets striking ENE-WSW and WNW-ESE. Moreover, Neptunian dykes associated with small normal faults (less than 5 meters of displacement) are present in the lower units. We applied a multidisciplinary approach that allowed us to carry out the following studies that are presented in the four chapters of these thesis. i) In the first chapter, we characterize the tectonic and geodynamic evolution of the Maltese Islands and Pelagian Platform from the Late Oligocene to the Pliocene and to understand the timing, kinematics and stress regime of the different fault and joint sets. ii) In the second chapter, we Investigate the fracture parameters and their impact on hydraulic connectivity and the architecture of the damage of the Qala fault (Gozo). The study was performed applying a new workflow that combines linear scanlines and scanareas collected on a large Digital Outcrop Model also using automatic methods for the extraction of fracture parameters. iii) In the third chapter, we investigate the control of the mechanical stratigraphy and in particular of the elastic properties of the rocks on the damage zone thickness combining petrographical, petrophysical, geomechanical and numerical modeling analyses. iv) In the fourth chapter, we characterize the Representative Elementary Volume of fracture network parameters extracted from the DOM study to drive Discrete Fracture Network modeling. This allows building DFN models on in order to build DFN model on a smaller scale with respect to the reservoir scale solving many numerical models.

Finding and developing oil and gas resources requires accurate geological information with which to formulate strategies for exploration and exploitation ventures. When data are scarce, statistical procedures are sometimes substituted to compensate for the lack of information about reservoir properties. The most modern methods incorporate geostatistics. Even the best geostatistical methods yield results with varying degrees of uncertainty in their solutions. Geological information is, by its nature, spatially limited and the geoscientist is handicapped in determining appropriate values for various geological parameters that affect the final reservoir model (Massonnat, 1999). This study focuses on reservoir models that depend on geostatistical methods. This is accomplished by quantifying the uncertainty in outcome of reservoir simulations as six different geological variables are changed during a succession of reservoir simulations. In this study, variations in total fluid produced are examined by numerical modeling. Causes of uncertainty in outcomes of the model runs are examined by changing one of six geological parameters for each run. The six geological parameters tested for their impact on reservoir performances include the following: 1) variogram range used to krig thickness layers, 2) morphology around well 14, 3) shelf edge orientation, 4) bathymetry ranges attributed for each facies, 5) variogram range used to simulate facies distribution, 6) extension of the erosion at top of the reservoir. The parameters were assigned values that varied from a minimum to a maximum quantity, determined from petrophysical and core analysis. After simulation runs had been completed, a realistic, 3-dimensional reservoir model was developed that revealed a range of reservoir production data. The parameters that had the most impact on reservoir performance were: 1) the amount of rock eroded at the top of the reservoir zone and 2) the bathymetry assigned to the reservoir facies. This study demonstrates how interaction between geological parameters influence reservoir fluid production, how variations in those parameters influence uncertainties in reservoir simulations, and it highlights the interdependencies between geological variables. The analysis of variance method used to quantify uncertainty in this study was found to be rapid, accurate, and highly satisfactory for this type of study. It is recommended for future applications in the petroleum industry.

Risk assessment is made to determine risks with contaminated areas and to determine which treatment the area requires. In Sweden, risk assessment is divided into three levels: risk analysis, facilitated risk assessment and detailed risk assessment. In detailed risk assessment site-specific guideline values are developed to compare with values of contaminants that are measured in the area.

Site-specific guideline values vary with geological and hydrogeological parameters. The purpose of this report is to examine which of these parameters that affect the guideline values. The examination was done using a calculating program for consideration from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency from the year of 1997. The study shows that some of the geological and hydrogeological parameters affect the site-specific guideline values for metals in different ways and others do not.  

Using the program from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency is a simple way to calculate site-specific guideline values. It’s important to make sure that relevant values are chosen to get correct results. The calculating program is still not definitive so it’s important to be careful when using it.

Another purpose of the report is to compare how guideline values have developed from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s model for calculating guideline values from the year of 1997 with their new report whit the same purpose from the year of 2007. Guideline values for all metals that have been considered are lower in the new model from the year of 2007 compared to the model from the year of 1997.

The geothermal heat pump systems have been developed in Italy only during the last few years and today only some regions are investing in this field. In particular, the Tuscany Region and the Autonomus Bolzano Province have promoted the study of these systems with the objective of being able to promote and to disclose in the time this technology. A fundamental aspect for a oculata planning and a greater knowledge of the real predisposition of the territory to the installation is sure the acquaintance of the specification of the geological, geophysical, geotechnical and hidrogeological systems and the parameters that enter at stake. The fundamental parameter in a position to discriminating from a point of view not only economic but also of real thermal yield is the thermal conductivity that the determinated site is able to offer. This research examines the essential elements that they characterize a system of geothermal heat pump system. It has been to such respect important to study at first the various type of systems from a technical-engineering point of view that of principle operation. In a second phase, the parameters were characterized to consider in phase of thermal characterization, therefore the study of the heat conductivity, the transmission of heat between probe and land, the thermal stability and the thermal behavior of the ground. In particular, regarding the study of the heat conductivity, in the Capitol 3 are given the tools used for the acquisition of such parameter through investigations in the laboratory and in situ. Successively the normatives elements that regulate the phases of authorization were characterized and analyzed, afterwards planning and installation of the heat pumps systems in the various international and national contexts were considered. A panoramic pre-emptive of the normative picture of the Nations and Regions was drawn to the vanguard in the field of geothermal energy to low and the lowest entalpy. This was dictated by the requirement to define the problematic ones met from the agencies that have legislated in matter and to put of in evidence virtues and criticality. The checks carried out both in terms of legal and procedural provided an inspiration for the creation of authorization processes and procedures for the installation of various types of geothermal heat pump systems in various geological contexts, in order to assess the possible impacts that these systems can cause on the environmental matrices. Central part of the research project is the study of the heat conductivity, parameter key for the development of a useful cartography in this field. It was decided to perform a literature search of that parameter, in order to process and then compare the data of thermal conductivity obtained from detailed investigation carried out in a pilot site and found through the stratigraphy. In fact, nowadays the available data measured on lithologies of the Italian territory are few and hard to find. The literature research has allowed later to thermally classify the lithostratigraphic units of the geological legend of Sardinia Region, in scale 1:10000, one of the few regions to boast of an updated geological territorial Continuum. The performed research is based on the possibility of drawing up maps of the thermal conductivity from the investigation and trying different methods, ultimately, to compare the two approaches. The first method concerned a detailed investigation of the pilot site located in proximity of Lago Baratz (Municipality of Sassari) through a geological and hidrogeological framework, a pedologic survey and at last, investigations of geoelectrical type. The detailed study has afforded to frame the site potentially interesting to the installation of a system being afforded to characterize from a thermal point of view the area. Therefore, it has been possible to calculate the value of thermal yield for 1800 – 2400 hours of operation of the system in modality cooling and heating. By means of the second method of calculation, it was considered appropriate to disclose a test personally conducted in the territory of the Arezzo Province. Thus, it is reported below an example of processing of the data of thermal conductivity from the stratigraphic information. Giving the high number of information (about 12566 stratigraphic data points), it was decided to perform a first test in order to verify and consolidate the processing procedure. In the Chapter 7 all the passages executed for the elaboration of the thermal conductivity data from the stratigraphic information for the provincial territory are illustrated. Three maps for the depths of interest of 30, 60 and 100 meters Were elaborated. Successively the respective papers of the errors were calculated, allowing to divide the province territory in areas for which it can be identified different planes of address to be followed in the process of thermal characterization. The last chapter contains a possible synthesis of a procedural iter initially for defining the parts that enter as stake in phase of realization of a system. They will follow some detailed lists reported to the criteria to follow, in sensitive areas, for the study and the control from a thermal point of view, of a potentially apt site to the installation of a system The entire research aims to set an example as well as the application of geological information at a scale of detail, the stratigraphic information and spread knowledge of the parameters involved can be combined to create thematic maps useful for public authorities and citizens.

Exhumed faults decorated by pseudotachylyte, solidified friction induced melt recording a seismic rupture (Sibson, 1975), might give information about the earthquake source. Two cases, representative of different seismogenic environments have been investigated: the pseudodotachylyte-mylonite association in the lower crust, in the Ivrea Zone metagabbros, and the “upper crust” pseudotachylytes in the Tertiary Adamello granitoid batholith. In metagabbros, a cyclical and coeval production of frictional melts and high temperature localized ultramylonites, during amphibolite metamorphic conditions, has been documented. From a selected pseudotachylyte in the Adamello batholith the earthquake energy budget has been estimated, concluding that the most energy was dissipated as frictional heat. The thermal evolution of a frictional melt was modeled, demonstrating that the pristine cataclastic structure used for the component of the surface energy estimation might locally have been preserved.
Faglie esumate sigillate da pseuotachiliti, fusi di frizione solidificati che registrano una rottura sismica (Sibson, 1975), possono fornire informazioni sulla sorgente del terremoto. Sono stati studiati due casi rappresentativi di ambienti simogenetici differenti: l’associazione pseudotachiliti-miloniti nella corsta inferiore, nei metagabbri della Zona d’Ivrea e le pseudotachiliti della “crosta superiore” nel batolite granitoide terziario dell’Adamello. Nei metagabbri è stata documentata la produzione ciclica e contemporanea di fusi di frizione e ultramiloniti localizzate di alta temperatura, entrambe prodotte in facies anfibolitica. Studiando una pseudotachilite prescelta dal batolite dell’Adamello, si è stimato il bilancio energetico di un terremoto, concludendo che la maggior parte dell’energia si è dissipata sotto forma di calore di frizione. Infine si è modellizzata l’evoluzione termica di un fuso di frizione, dimostrando che l’originaria struttura cataclastica usata per stimare il contributo dell’energia di superficie può potenzialmente essersi localmente preservata.

The transport and fate of fine-grained sediments is a critical factor affecting the physical, chemical, and biological health of estuaries, coastal embayments, riverine, lacustrine, and continental shelf environments. A geophysical and sedimentological study of the York River as a part of the NSF Multi-disciplinary Benthic Exchange Dynamics (MUDBED) project was conducted to determine: 1) the primary drivers of sediment erodibility within a fine-grained system, 2) if these drivers can be accurately measured through sedimentological and acoustic information, and 3) the spatial and seasonal variability of erosion within the estuary. Previous studies indicate that increased erodibility within the York River Estuary is mainly due to recent ephemeral deposition, whereas lower erodibility is associated with eroded or biologically reworked conditions. By studying key physical and biological parameters in the York River estuary, we can more generally apply knowledge gained on relationships among sediment facies, seabed erodibility, and the recent history of deposition, erosion, consolidation, and biological reworking. Three different experiments were conducted to look at erosion, deposition, consolidation, and biological reworking in the Clay Bank region of the York River Estuary, each highlighting varying scales of temporal change. The first experimental approach utilized an Imagenex 881A rotary sonar for one- to three-month deployments to examine surficial changes of the seabed, from hourly to monthly timescales, and allow scientists to track movement of sediment in and out of the system using sonar imagery. Optimized parameters were determined for cohesive sediment environments and a real-time observing rotary sonar was created to analyze the seabed on an hourly basis. In the second experiment, cores were collected on a weekly basis to investigate relationships between sediment properties and erodibility during the post-freshet dissipation of the mid-estuary turbidity maximum as well as over the spring-neap cycle. Grain size, water content, abundance of resilient pellets, the occurrence of 7Be, and x-radiographs were analyzed and compared to the results of Gust microcosm erosion tests to further constrain the controls on erodibility. The third experimental approach utilized seven high-resolution bathymetric surveys conducted between September 2008 and August 2009 within a 3.75 km 2 region at Clay Bank. Seabed height was shown to vary both spatially and temporally in association with the spring freshet, likely related to the presence and migration of a local secondary turbidity maximum.

O objeto deste trabalho é fornecer dados hidrológicos com fins de caracterização e monitoramento da região da Cadeia Norte do Brasil e da Cadeia de Fernando de Noronha, assim como levantar e sistematizar informações sobre a geoquímica dos diversos tipos de sedimentos encontrados na plataforma continental externa adjacente ao banco Aracati, contribuindo para o levantamento dos potenciais sustentáveis de exploração dos recursos vivos da Zona Econômica Exclusiva. A área em estudo compreende a sub-área II, setor 1 e parte do setor 2, e está localizada entre 1oN e 5oS de latitude e entre 30o e 40oW de longitude, abrangendo uma área de aproximadamente 400.000 km2. Foram analisadas amostras coletadas em 8 estações resultando em 20 amostras de sedimentos nos anos de 1997 (verão), 1998 (outono) e 2000 (primavera) e 34 estações que originaram 272 amostras de água na primavera de 2000. As concentrações máximas dos parâmetros analisados, com exceção do fosfato, nas amostras de água se localizam na região próxima à costa. Detectou-se na área uma termoclina bem marcada, sendo mais profunda na primavera. A camada de mistura é bastante homogênea, sendo porém, mais espessa na primavera. O pH detectado encontra-se na faixa alcalina sendo os maiores valores de pH detectados na primavera. Verifica-se, um máximo de salinidade na camada de inicio da termoclina sazonal. Não verificou-se na área condição anaeróbica na coluna d’água. A distribuição de fosfato, nitrato e silicato, apresenta-se de forma muito semelhante, sendo que na primavera essas concentrações são maiores, nas camadas superficiais. Na cobertura sedimentar da plataforma continental adjacente aos bancos da cadeia norte do Brasil, encontro-se areia quartzosa, areia carbonática, fragmentos de concha, Lithothanmium e Halimedas. Os fragmentos de concha apresentaram as maiores concentrações totais de metais, enquanto Lithothanmium apresentou o maior teor de carbonato. Há uma forte correlação entre ferro e manganês na amostras de água e em todas as frações de sedimentos analisadas, sendo que nestas a relação média entre estes elementos é da ordem de 1:25. Existe forte correlação entre cromo e carbonato nas amostras que apresentam teor de carbonato maior que 20%. As amostras de areia quartzosa, fragmentos de concha e Halimedas, apresentam-se muito semelhantes quanto à distribuição de ferro, manganês, zinco e cromo. Existe forte correlação nas amostras de sedimento, assim como nas amostras de água, entre ferro, manganês, zinco, correlacionando-se também nas amostras de sedimento com o chumbo. As 8 concentrações de metais nas amostras de água apresentaram-se relativamente baixas em se comparando com as amostras de sedimento. Nas amostras de água as concentrações de cromo e chumbo estão abaixo do limite de detecção.
The object of this work is to supply hidrologicals datas with ends of monitoramento of the area of the North Chain of Brazil and of the Chain of Fernando of Noronha, as well as to lift and to systematize information on the geochesmitry of the several types of sediments found in the external continental platform adjacent to the bank Aracati, contributing to the rising of the maintainable potentials of exploration of the alive resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone. The area in study understands the subarea II, section 1 and it leaves of the section 2, and it is located among 1oN and 5oS of latitude and among 30o and 40oW of longitude, embracing an area of approximately 400.000 km2. Samples collected in 8 stations resulting in 20 samples of sediments in the years of 1997 were analyzed (summer), 1998 (autumn) and 2000 (spring) and 34 stations that originated 272 samples of water in the spring of 2000. The maximum concentrations of the analyzed parameters, except for the phosphate, in the samples of water are located in the close area to the coast. It was detected in the area a very marked termocline, being deeper in the spring. The mixture layer is quite homogeneous, being even so, more it thickens in the spring. The detected pH meets in the alkaline strip being the largest pH values detected in the spring. It is verified, a maximum of salinity in the layer of I begin of the seasonal termoclina. It was not verified in the area anaerobic condition in the column of water. The distribution of phosphate, nitrate and silicate, come in a very similar way, and in the spring those concentrations are larger, in the superficial layers. In the sedimentary covering of the continental platform adjacent to the banks of the north chain of Brazil, find quartz sands, it sands carbonate, shell fragments, Lithothanmium and Halimedas. The shell fragments presented the largest total concentrations of metals, while Lithothanmium presented the largest text of carbonate. There is a strong correlation between iron and manganese in to samples of water and in all the analyzed fractions of sediments, and in these the medium relationship among these elements is of the order of 1:25. strong correlation Exists between chromium and carbonate in the samples that present text of larger carbonate than 20%. The samples of quartz sand, shell fragments and Halimedas, come very similar with relationship to the distribution of iron, manganese, zinc and chromium. Strong correlation exists in the sediment samples, as well as in the samples of water, among iron, manganese, zinc, being also correlated in the sediment samples with the lead. The concentrations 10 of metals in the samples of water came relatively low in if comparing with the sediment samples. In the samples of water the concentrations of chromium and lead are below the detection limit.

A faixa urbanizada da orla na costa sul – oriental e leste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro sofre constantemente com a destruição de calçadões, ruas, muros e casas em eventos oceanográficos extremos. Essas construções, na maior parte dos casos estão localizadas muito próximas ao limite com a praia, dentro da faixa de não edificação prevista no Projeto Orla do Ministério do Meio Ambiente. A região apresenta forte crescimento populacional com principais atividades econômicas associadas à exploração de petróleo nas cidades de Macaé e Rio das Ostras, ao turismo da Região dos Lagos, além do centro urbano de Niterói já consolidado. A identificação de jazidas de material semelhante ao original para recuperação de praias como opção de mitigação, representa uma alternativa para manter a função de proteção exercida pelas mesmas e de seu uso para o lazer. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a compatibilidade de sedimentos superficiais da plataforma continental interna com as areias de praias urbanas, situadas entre as cidades de Niterói e Macaé – RJ, através da comparação de parâmetros estatísticos da distribuição granulométrica das areias desses dois ambientes. Para a caracterização sedimentar das praias alvo, foram coletadas amostras da face praial de 16 praias situadas nos principais núcleos urbanos deste segmento do litoral fluminense. Os dados granulométricos dos sedimentos superficiais da antepraia e plataforma continental interna entre Niterói e Macaé são secundários, de campanhas oceanográficas pretéritas. Tais dados foram filtrados e digitalizados, somando um total de aproximadamente 1200 pontos de coleta que vão desde a barra leste da Baia da Guanabara até a Restinga de Jurubatiba. Onze áreas granulometricamente compatível com as diferentes praias da região de estudo foram identificadas próximo à isóbata de -20 m ao largo da costa de Niterói e Maricá, de Cabo Frio e Búzios e entre Rio das Ostras e Macaé, representando potenciais estoques de sedimento para utilização em projetos de recuperação dessas praias.
The urbanized coastline of east and south-east littoral of the state of Rio de Janeiro suffers constantly with the destruction of houses, walls and streets in extreme oceanographic events. These constructions, in most cases are located very close to the limit with the beach, inside of the range of no building suggest by Projeto Orla – Ministry of Environment. This region has strong population growth with major economic activities associated with oil exploration in the city of Macae and Rio das Ostras, industry of tourism in Lakes Region and the urban center of Niteroi already consolidated. The identification of sand deposits with similar granulometric characteristics to the native material to nourishment project as a mitigation option, represented an alternative to maintain the protective function of the beach and use for recreation. The objective of this study is analyze the compatibility of surface sediments of the inner continental shelf and sands of urban beaches, located between the cities of Niteroi and Macae – RJ, through of comparison the statistical parameters of size distribution of the sands of these two environments. For the characterization of sedimentary beaches were sampled from the beach face of 16 beaches located in the major urban centers of this segment of the coastline of Rio de Janeiro’s state. The granulometric data of surface sediments of the inner continental shelf between Niteroi an Macae are secondary from preterits oceanographic campaigns. These datas were filtered and digitized with a total of approximately 1200 collection points ranging from east bar of Guanabara Bay to the Restinga de Jurubatiba. Eleven areas granulometrically compatible with the different beaches were identified near the -20 meters isobaths near the coast of Niteroi and Marica, Cabo Frio and Buzios and between Rio das Ostras and Macae, representing a potential borrow areas for use in nourishment projects in this region.

This Ph.D. thesis addresses remote sensing of the atmosphere by means of lidar and S-band clear-air weather radar, and related data signal processing. Active remote sensing by means of these instruments offers unprecedented capabilities of spatial and temporal resolutions for vertical atmospheric profiling and the retrieval of key optical and physical atmospheric products in an increasing environmental regulatory framework. The first goal is this Ph.D. concerns the estimation of error bounds in the inversion of the profile of the atmospheric backscatter coefficient from elastic lidar signals (i.e., without wavelength shift in reception when interacting with atmospheric scatterers) by means of the two-component inversion algorithm (the so-called Klett-Fernald-Sasano¿s algorithm). This objective departs from previous works at the Remote Sensing Lab. (RSLab) of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) and derives first-order error-propagated bounds (approximate) and total-increment bounds (exact). As distinctive feature in the state of the art, the error bounds merge into a single body both systematic (i.e., user-calibration inputs) and random error sources (finite signal-to-noise ratio, SNR) yielding an explicit mathematical form. The second goal, central to this Ph.D., tackles retrieval of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height (ABLH) from elastic lidar and S-band Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar observations by using adaptive techniques based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The filter is based on morphological modelling of the Mixing-Layer-to-Free-Troposphere transition and continuous estimation of the noise covariance information. In the lidar-EKF realization the proposed technique is shown to outperform classic ABLH estimators such as those based on derivative techniques, thresholded decision, or the variance centroid method. The EKF formulation is applied to both ceilometer and UPC lidar records in high- and low-SNR scenes. The lidar-EKF approach is re-formulated and successfully extended to S-band radar scenes (Bragg¿s scattering) in presence of interferent noise sources (Rayleigh scattering from e.g., insects and birds). In this context, the FMCW feature enables the range-resolved capability. EKF-lidar and EKF-radar ABLH estimates are cross-examined from field campaign results. Finally, the third goal deals with exploitation of the existing UPC lidar station: In a first introductory part, a modified algorithm for enhancing the dynamic range of elastic lidar channels by ¿gluing¿ analog and photon-counting data records is formulated. In a second part, two case examples (including application of the gluing algorithm) are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the UPC lidar in networked atmospheric observation of two recent volcano eruption events as part of the EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network). The latter is part of GALION (Global Atmospheric Watch Atmospheric Lidar Observation Network)-GEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems) framework.
La tesis doctoral aborda la teledetecció atmosfèrica amb tècniques lidar i radar (banda S) i llur tractament del senyal. La teledetecció activa amb aquests instruments ofereix resolucions espacials i temporals sense precedents en la perfilometria vertical de l'atmosfera i recuperació de productes de dades òptics i físics atmosfèrics en un marc de creixent regulació mediambiental. El primer objectiu d'aquesta tesi concerneix l'estimació de cotes d'error en la inversió del perfil del coeficient de retrodispersió atmosfèrica a partir de senyals lidar de tipus elàstic (és a dir, sense desplaçament de la longitud d'ona en recepció al interactuar amb els dispersors atmosfèrics) mitjançant l'algorisme d'inversió de dues components de Klett-Fernald-Sasano. Aquest objectiu parteix de treballs previs en el Remote Sensing Lab. (RSLab) de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) i permet obtenir cotes de primer ordre (aproximades) basades en propagació d'errors i cotes (exactes) basades en el increment total de l'error. Característica diferencial en front l'estat de l'art és l'assimilació d'errors sistemàtics (per exemple, entrades de cal.libració d'usuari) i aleatoris (relació senyal-soroll, SNR, finita) en forma matemàtica explícita. El segon objectiu, central de la tesis, aborda l'estimació de l'altura de la capa límit atmosfèrica (ABLH) a partir de senyal lidar elàstics i d'observacions radar en banda S (ona continua amb modulació en freqüència, FMCW) utilitzant tècniques adaptatives basades en filtrat estès de Kalman (EKF). El filtre es basa en modelat morfològic de la transició atmosfèrica entre la capa de mescla i la troposfera lliure i en l'estimació continua de la informació de covariança del soroll. En el prototipus lidar-EKF la tècnica proposada millora clarament les tècniques clàssiques d'estimació de la ABLH como són les basades en mètodes derivatius, decisió de llindar, o el mètode de la variança-centroide. La formulació EKF s'aplica tant a mesures procedents de ceilòmetres lidar como de la pròpia estació lidar UPC en escenes d'alta i baixa SNR. Addicionalment, l'enfoc lidar-EKF es reformula i s'estén amb èxit a escenes radar en banda S (dispersió Bragg) en presència de fonts de soroll interferent (dispersió Rayleigh de, per exemple, insectes i ocells). En aquest context, la característica FMCW permet la capacitat de resolució en distància. L'estimació de la ABLH amb els prototipus lidar-EKF i radar-EKF s'intercompara en campanyes de mesura. Finalment, el tercer objectiu atén a l'explotació de l'estació lidar UPC existent: En una primera part introductòria, es formula un algorisme modificat de "gluing" per a la millora del marge dinàmic de canals lidar elàstics mitjançant combinació (o "enganxat") de senyals lidar adquirits analògicament i amb foto-comptatge. En una segona part, es presenten dos exemples (incloent l'aplicació de l'algorisme de "gluing") que il.lustren les capacitats del lidar de la UPC en l'observació atmosfèrica de dos recents erupcions volcàniques des de la xarxa d'observació EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network). Aquesta última és part de GALION (Global Atmospheric Watch Atmospheric Lidar Observation Network)-GEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems).

En bergslänts stabilitet styrs av berggrundens egenskaper, så som sprickegenskaper och bergkvalité. För att uppnå önskad stabilitet i en bergslänt behöver de bergmekaniska parametrarna kartläggas och analyseras för att fastställa risker och stabilitetsåtgärder. Syftet med studien är att utvärdera kvalitén på bergteknisk data från digitalfotogrammetriska 3D-modeller genom att jämföra resultatet med manuella mätningar från konventionell kartläggning. Målet är även att utforska potentialen för användning av fotogrammetrisk 3D-modellering vid stabilitetsanalyser i bergslänter genom att utvärdera den bergtekniska analys som kan göras utifrån fotogrammetrisk data. Sprickmätningar framtagna från 3D-modellen visade sig ha samma kvalité som manuella mätningar tagna enligt konventionell metod. Den UAS-baserade fotogrammetrin kan dock inte ersätta den konventionella analysen helt vid stabilitetsanalyser men kan användas som ett kompletterande verktyg i bergtekniska undersökningar. Fotogrammetrin möjliggör datainsamling från ett säkrare avstånd vilket minskar riskmomenten som den konventionella metoden medför vid arbete i fält. Den digitala metoden visade sig även ha fler fördelar såsom möjligheten av kartläggning och analysering framför datorn för mindre tids- och kostnadskrävande moment, digital datalagring samt att slänter med begränsad åtkomst kan karteras.
The stability of a rock slope is controlled by the rock’s mechanical properties, such as rock quality and facets. To achieve the desired stability in a rock slope, the mechanical parameters need to be mapped and analysed to determine possible failures and decide necessary stability measures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of rock technical data from digital photogrammetry 3D models by comparing the result with manual measurements from conventional mapping. The goal is also to explore the potential uses of photogrammetric 3D models for rock slope stability analyses by evaluate the photogrammetric data. Facets extracted from 3D models were found to have the same quality as manual measurements. However, the UAS-based method cannot completely replace the conventional method but can be useful as a complementary tool. Photogrammetry enables the collection of data from a safer distance, which reduces workplace hazards that the conventional method entails. The digital method also proved to have more advantages, such as the possibility of digital mapping and analysing which is less costly and time-consuming, digital data storage and the possibility to access outcrops that can’t be mapped with manually measurements due to inaccessibility.

Gravity gradient tensor (GGT) data contains the second derivatives of the Earth’s gravitational potential in three orthogonal directions. GGT data can be measured either using land, airborne, marine or space platforms. In the last two decades, the applications of GGT data in hydrocarbon exploration, mineral exploration and structural geology have increased considerably. This work focuses on developing new interpretation techniques for GGT data as well as pseudo-gravity gradient tensor (PGGT) derived from measured magnetic field. The applications of developed methods are demonstrated on a GGT data set from the Vredefort impact structure, South Africa and a magnetic data set from the Särna area, west central Sweden. The eigenvectors of the symmetric GGT can be used to estimate the position of the causative body as well as its strike direction. For a given measurement point, the eigenvector corresponding to the maximum eigenvalue points approximately toward the center of mass of the source body. For quasi 2D structures, the strike direction of the source can be estimated from the direction of the eigenvectors corresponding to the smallest eigenvalues. The same properties of GGT are valid for the pseudo-gravity gradient tensor (PGGT) derived from magnetic field data assuming that the magnetization direction is known. The analytic signal concept is applied to GGT data in three dimensions. Three analytic signal functions are introduced along x-, y- and z-directions which are called directional analytic signals. The directional analytic signals are homogenous and satisfy Euler’s homogeneity equation. Euler deconvolution of directional analytic signals can be used to locate causative bodies. The structural index of the gravity field is automatically identified from solving three Euler equations derived from the GGT for a set of data points located within a square window with adjustable size. For 2D causative bodies with geometry striking in the y-direction, the measured gxz and gzz components of GGT can be jointly inverted for estimating the parameters of infinite dike and geological contact models. Once the strike direction of 2D causative body is estimated, the measured components can be transformed into the strike coordinate system. The GGT data within a set of square windows for both infinite dike and geological contact models are deconvolved and the best model is chosen based on the smallest data fit error.
Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 730

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A Bacia Rio do Peixe (BRP) apresenta diversas estruturas rúpteis, dentre elas as bandas de deformação, que podem controlar as propriedades petrofísicas e aspectos texturais das rochas. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é identificar os efeitos causados pelos diferentes tipos de bandas de deformação cataclásticas, em função da cinemática, sobre os aspectos texturais, distribuição de tamanho de grãos e poros, bem como porosidade em arenitos conglomeráticos. As propriedades dos grãos e dos poros foram extraídas através da análise de imagens em seções delgadas no Avizo Fire 8.1. No total foram analisadas 23 amostras, 19 com bandas de deformação (CB) com orientação definida (NW, NE, NS e EW), 2 amostras deformadas, porém sem bandas (SB) e 2 amostras da rocha hospedeira (ND). As rochas deformadas (CB e SB), apresentam redução no tamanho de grãos e pequeno acréscimo nos valores dos aspectos texturais em comparação a rocha não deformada (ND). Em relação à porosidade foi encontrada redução de 66% nas amostras CB e acréscimo de 13% nas SB. Ambos agrupamentos possuem maior conexão de grãos, permitindo o surgimento da macroporosidade, que não havia sido detectada nas amostras ND. Dentre as amostras com banda de deformação e cinemática definida, a rochas associadas ao sistema transcorrente dextral, de direção NW, possuem maior redução de diâmetro de grão, e menor redução de porosidade, cerca de 29%. As amostras com bandas de deformação NE e NS, formadas por cinemática transtensiva, são as amostras nas quais houve a menor quebra dos grãos, entretanto caracterizam-se pela presença de porosidade por fraturamento de grãos, gerando altos picos de macroporosidade. As amostras oriundas do sistema distensivo de direção EW possuem segunda maior redução de grãos, maior redução de porosidade e ausência de macroporosidade. Os aspectos texturais (circularidade, convexidade e razão de aspecto) das amostras com banda (NW, NE, NS e EW) é dependente da intensidade de cisalhamento provocado por diferentes sistemas deformacionais, quanto mais intenso mais cominuído será o grão, e consequentemente mais convexo, circular e menos alongado. Logo, é possível observar que a cinemática e a presença de bandas de deformação exercem controle sobre os aspectos texturais e petrofísicos dos arenitos conglomeráticos da Formação Antenor Navarro. E esse controle é definido pela compactação da rocha, rearranjo dos grãos, intensidade da catáclase, presença de fraturamento de grãos e cinemática atuante.
The Rio do Peixe Basin (RPB) presents several rump structures, among them the deformation bands, which can control the petrophysical properties and textured aspects of the rocks. Therefore, the objective of this work is to identify the effects caused by the different types of cataclastic deformation bands, as a function of kinematics, on the textural aspects, grain and pore size distribution, as well as porosity in conglomeratic sandstones. The grain and pore properties were extracted by thin section image analysis in Avizo Fire 8.1. In total, 23 specimens were analyzed, 19 with deformation bands (CB) with defined orientation (NW, NE, NS and EW), 2 deformed samples, but without bands (SB) and 2 samples of host rock (ND). The deformed rocks (CB and SB), present a reduction in grain size and small increase in the values of the textured aspects in comparison to the non-deformed rock (ND). In relation to the porosity, a reduction of 66% was found in the CB samples and a 13% increase in the SB. Both clusters have a larger grain connection, allowing the appearance of macroporosity, which had not been detected in the ND samples. Among the samples with deformation band and defined kinematics, the rocks associated to the dextral transcurrent system, NW direction, have a larger reduction of grain diameter, and a smaller reduction of porosity, about 29%. The samples with NE and NS deformation bands, formed by transtensive kinematics, are the samples with the lowest grain breakage. However, they are characterized by the presence of porosity by grain fracturing, generating high peaks of macroporosity. The samples from the EW steering distance system have the second largest grain reduction, greater reduction of porosity and absence of macroporosity. The textural aspects (roundness, convexity and aspect ratio) of the banded samples (NW, NE, NS and EW) are dependent on the shear strength caused by different deformation systems, the more intense the grain is, the more convex, circular and less elongated. Therefore, it is possible to observe that kinematics and the presence of deformation bands exert control over the texture and petrophysical aspects of the conglomeratic sandstones of the Antenor Navarro Formation. And this control is defined by the rock compaction, rearrangement of the grains, the intensity of the catachase, presence of grain fracture and active kinematics.

A seqüência mesozóica da bacia de Ucayali é a maior produtora de gás e condensado do Peru. A área do trabalho, denominada Grande Camisea, fica na parte sul da bacia e, na atualidade, pertence à companhia Plupetrol Peru Corporation. Neste trabalho, foi aplicado um método de interpretação de perfis de indução em um poço petrolífero no sector San Martin do campo Camisea (QuickLook Interpretation method). O objetivo consiste na caracterização do reservatório de San Martín utilizando um método de interpretação rápida de perfis elétricos e, assim, fornecer uma visão geral no entendimento de parâmetros de poços e reservatórios, de zonas produtivas e suas características petrofísicas de porosidade e de saturação do óleo. Para validar a interpretação, foram utilizadas a descrição geológica de testemunhos e amostras de calha, descrição e informação do sistema petrolífero do campo e a geologia regional da zona de interesse da bacia. Desta forma, foi possível apresentar uma comparação entre os valores obtidos através dos métodos detalhados executados pela Pluspetrol e o método rápido de interpretação aplicado aqui, assim como o desvio entre ambos os resultados.
The Mesozoic sequence of the Ucayali basin is the main producer of gas and condensate of Peru. The work area is called Gran Camisea, located in the south part of the basin, and, in the present time, belongs to the company Plupetrol Peru Corporation. In this work, a well log interpretation method was used in a gas well in San Martin area, part of the Camisea field. The goal is the characterization of the reservoir of San Martín using a Quick Look log interpretation method, and thus to supply a general view in the understanding of well and reservoirs parameters, productive zones and its petrophysics characteristics of porosity and saturation. To validate the interpretation, besides using the geologic description of well cores and cutting sampling, it was used the description and information of the petroleum system of Camisea gas field and its regional geology. It was possible to present a comparison between Pluspetrol values, obtained through detailed methods, and those from the Quick Look log interpretation method used here, as well as an analysis of convergence between both results.

La sûreté des installations de stockage profond des déchets radioactifs repose sur l’évaluation des propriétés de confinement de la barrière géologique et des processus qui y régissent le transport des radionucléides. La thèse est menée dans le cadre de l’expérience Deep Borehole du projet Mont Terri. Elle vise à renforcer l’évaluation de l’importance relative des phénomènes de transfert convectifs et diffusifs au sein de l’Argile à Opalines (OPA) et à apporter des éclaircissements concernant l’impact des phénomènes transitoires chimique et hydraulique sur ces transferts et la génération d’anomalies de pression. Un premier volet expérimental a permis d’acquérir les paramètres de transport advectifs, diffusifs, et les forces motrices associées, nécessaires à l’estimation des flux d’eau et de solutés entre l’OPA et les aquifères adjacents. Les données de température et de pression révèlent un gradient géothermique de 8.5°C/100 m et un excès de charge d’au moins 60 m. L’inversion du profil de chlorure par méthode Bayésienne de type Monte Carlo Markov Chain valide l’évolution paléohydrogéologique du site proposé dans la littérature en considérant un transport diffusif pur à travers la formation. La contribution des phénomènes de transport osmotique a été déterminée en interprétant le profil de pression à l’aide de simulations transitoires considérant l’évolution temporelle de la chlorinité et de la pression au cours du scénario géologique et de simulations en pseudo régime permanent. Ce profil est reproduit en évaluant le flux advectif couplé incluant l’advection de Darcy, la chemo-osmose et la thermo-osmose, avec une contribution majeure de ce dernier processus
The safety of radioactive waste disposal facilities in deep geological formation depends on the evaluation of the rock confining properties and the processes governing radionuclides transfer. The thesis is conducted in the framework of Deep Borehole experiment of the Mont Terri project. The purpose of this research is to build confidence with regard to understanding relative importance of diffusive and convective phenomena withine the Opalinus Clay (OPA) and to identify the impact of a hydraulic and chemical transient behaviour on the transfers of fluid and solutes, and anomalous pressures generation.A first experimental stage enabled to acquire the advective and diffusive transport parameters, and the associated driving forces, necessary to the evaluation of fluid and solute fluxes between the OPA and its adjacent aquifers. Temperature and pressure measurements revealed a geothermal gradient of 8.5 °C/100 m and an excess of hydraulic head of at least 60 m.The chloride profile inversion by a Bayesian method with a Monte Carlo Markov Chain algorithm validates the paleohydrological evolution proposed in the litterature, considering a pure diffusive transport through the argillaceous formation. The contribution of osmotic transport phenomena was assessed by interpreting the pressure profile, using transient simulations that takes into account the temporal evolution of chlorinity and pressure during the geological scenario, and pseudo steady-state simulations. This profile is reproduced by evaluating the coupled advective flux, including pure advection, chemo-osmosis and thermo-osmosis, with a major contribution of the latter process

Esta Tese aborda, de modo original e pioneiro, importantes aspectos da Engenharia de Fundações do Sul de Minas: a) sistematização de conhecimentos sobre a Geologia regional; b) identificação e caracterização da prática de fundações; c) definição (com a formação de um banco de dados) dos perfis mais representativos do subsolo de suas principais cidades; d) estudo dos parâmetros físicos, químicos e geomecânicos de um solo típico; e) implantação de campo experimental de fundações da Universidade Federal de Lavras, com a realização de provas de carga. Grande ênfase foi dada aos itens (a), (c) e (e). Priorizou-se o estudo das fundações de baixa capacidade de carga, no estudo do comportamento carga-recalque de ensaios de placa, de provas de carga a compressão em estacas-broca isoladas e de tubulões curtos instrumentados. Destacam-se as análises sobre os efeitos de forma, profundidade, melhoramento do terreno de fundação e de inundação nas fundações rasas e da variação L/d na resistência lateral unitária das estacas, sendo valorizadas as fórmulas empíricas com base no SPT. São apresentadas fórmulas de previsão de carga, em função do SPT, para sapatas, estacas de pequeno diâmetro e tubulões curtos e um estudo de custos, onde se mostra que a opção indiscriminada por tubulões é inadequada para certas faixas de carga de trabalho. Adicionalmente, são feitas recomendações para intensificar o uso de sondagens tendo em vista a grande variabilidade das propriedades dos solos regionais e para aumentar os fatores de segurança nestas fórmulas onde houver possibilidade de ocorrência de colapso no solo.
This work presents, at time, important aspects of Foundation Engineering at Southern Region of Minas Gerais State: a) systematization of the knowledge about regional geology; b) identification and characterization of practice in foundations; c) definition (though establishment of a data base) of most representative sub-soil profiles at main cities at the region; d) study of physical, chemical and geomechanical parameters of a typical soil; e) implementation of a experimental field for foundation studies at Federal University of Lavras, by execution of load tests. A large emphasis was given to items a, c and e. The study of foundations of low load capacity was prioritized when testing plates, isolated piles under compression and short drilled piers with sensors. Analysis such as form effects, depth, soil improvement and flooding on shallow foundations and variation of L/d on the lateral unity resistance by emphasizing the empiral equations based on SPT were all pointed out. Mathematical equations are presented for load estimation as function of SPT for small diameter piles and short drilled piers as well as a cost study where it can bem shown that the undistinguished alternative for piers is inadequate for some load values. In addition, due to soil spatial variability and safety factor increment on soils subject for colapse, recommendations on intensive use of SPT test are given.

У дисертації висвітлюються актуальні питання визначення положення газонафтового і водонафтового контактів на “водоплавних” нафтогазоконденсатних покладах за результатами геофізичних досліджень у відкритому стовбурі свердловини. Такі поклади є об'єктами з дуже складними електричними властивостями присвердловинної зони і потребують підвищення інформативності комплексу методів ГДС. Теоретично обґрунтовано і доведено фактичними дослідженнями в свердловинах переваги методу ВІКІЗ для визначення параметрів геоелектричної моделі порід-колекторів, які виповнюють теригенні відклади юрського комплексу ЗСНГП. Методологічні властивості методу зумовлюють достовірнішу оцінку геоелектричних параметрів зони проникнення і дають можливість виявити облямовуючу зону. На базі геофізичної інформації під час дослідження розрізу свердловин та інформації по визначенню фізико-хімічних властивостей пластового флюїду, створено фізико-геологічну модель присвердловинної зони, яка характеризує залежність електричних параметрів присвердловинної зони від геологічних властивостей порід-колекторів з різним типом пластового флюїду. Свердловинні дослідження методом ВІКІЗ на Кинському і Харампурському нафтогазоконденсатних родовищах показують що зміна параметрів геоелектричного розрізу свердловини відбувається під час проходження свердловиною через ГНК і ВНК. Створена фізико-геологічна модель присвердловинної зони для «водоплавних» нафтогазоконденсатних покладів має можливість не тільки виділяти інтервал продуктивних колекторів, але і розділяти їх на нафтонасичені і газонасичені. Запропонована уніфікована схема використання порівняння газонасичених інтервалів, виділених за методом ВІКІЗ і способом ПНК, яка дає можливість визначити положення ГНК як на етапі оперативного висновку, так і на етапі побудови флюїдальної моделі покладу.
В диссертации освещаются актуальные вопросы определения положения газонефтяного и водонефтяного контактов на «водоплавающих» нефтегазоконденсатных залежах по результатам геофизических исследований в открытом стволе скважины. Такие залежи являются объектами с очень сложными электрическими свойствами прискважинной зоны и требуют повышения информативности комплекса методов ГИС. Теоретически обосновано и доказано на практических исследованиях преимущество метода ВИКИЗ при определении параметров геоэлектрической модели пород-коллекторов, которые составляют терригенные отложения юрского комплекса ЗСНГП. Методологические свойства метода обеспечивают более однозначную оценку геоэлектрических параметров зоны проникновения и дают возможность выявлять окаймляющую зону. На базе геофизической информации по исследованиям разрезов скважин и информации по определению физико-химических свойств пластового флюида, создано физикогеологическую модель прискважинной зоны, которая характеризует зависимость электрических параметров прискважинной зоны от геологических свойств пород-коллекторов с разным типом пластового флюида. Доказано, что в течении первых 5-10 часов после раскрытия разреза по электрическим параметрам техногенных неоднородностей с высоким уровнем достоверности можно определить тип насыщающего пластового флюида. Скважинные исследования методом ВИКИЗ на Кынском и Харампурском нефтегазоконденсатных месторождениях показывают, что изменение параметров геоэлектрического разреза скважины происходит при прохождении скважиной через ГНК и ВНК. Предложено унифицированную схему использования соответствия газонасыщенных интервалов, выделенных по методу ВИКИЗ и методике ПИК, которая дает возможность определять положение ПНК как на этапе оперативного заключения, так и на этапе построения флюидальной модели залежи.
The Theses illustrates relevant issues of gas-oil and oil-water contacts position location in bottom water-drive oil-gas condensate reservoirs, belonging to laminated deposits of Jurassic bedrock in West-Siberian petroleum province. Such deposits are objects with very complicated electrical properties of the well bore zone, abruptly changing with the deposit’s height. Investigation of deposits with multicomponent reservoir fluid composition requires implementation of new geophysical wells survey methods and increase of useful information volume, extractable from the carried out complex of geographical information system (GIS). As a result of the author’s investigations, a number of scientific conclusions were drawn, which represent great practical importance in the field of geophysical survey of oil and gas wells and geological simulation for deposit fluidic structures with multicomponent composition of reservoir fluid. Advantages of the VIKIZ method for surveying lamellar terrigenous deposits of West-Siberian petroleum province of Jurassic horizon have been theoretically validated and proved in practice. Based on geophysical information and the information on formation fluid property investigations, main points and directions for a physical and geological model were formulated. The model characterizes relation between the penetration zone parameters and geological properties of reservoirs with different types of fluids. A method was developed which allows locating the OWC based on the parameters of the penetration zone and the low-resistivity zone. This can be important information for of specification standard oil-water surface interpretation results. A physical and geological model was created which allows discriminating oil-saturated reservoirs in the pay zone from gas-saturated ones and determines OWC position in bottom water-drive oil and gas condensate reservoirs of West-Siberian petroleum province. A unified scheme for gas-saturated formation comparison usage was suggested. The intervals were distinguished based on the VIKIZ method and PNK technique, which allowed determining GOC position at the operative conclusion stage, as well as at the stage of fluidic model deposit creation.

In questo lavoro abbiamo cercato di mettere a punto una nuova procedura analitica per determinare il rapporto 87Sr/86Sr in prodotti della filiera agroalimentare, a partire dai suoli che costituiscono il substrato delle vigne fino al vino come prodotto finito passando per uva e mosto. Il nuovo protocollo analitico mostra un’ottima riproducibilità, comparabile con quella delle rocce in sistemi geologici, così da permettere la valutazione del possibile legame tra vino e substrato geologico delle vigne di produzione (Marchionni et al., 2013). In this work we have tried to develop a new analytical procedure to determine the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the products of the food chain, from the soils that form the substrate of the vineyards to wine as a finished product by way of grapes and wine. The new analytical protocol shows good reproducibility, comparable with that of the rocks in geological systems, to enable assessment of the possible link between geological substratum of the vineyards and wine production (Marchionni et al., 2013).

碩士
國立中央大學
應用地質研究所
84
The direct current resistivity(DC)data and hydrogeological data from wells in Choshuichi alluvial fan is studied and, an empirical relation between hydrogeological parameters and geoelectrical parameters is obtained. The following conclusions is derived: 1. The distribution of vertical electric sounding curves is correlative tothe geologic settings in the study area. 2. Based on the qualitative analysis of DC data, three distinguished resistive zones can be recognized. They are Homei Fan area, Choshuichi Fan area and Peikangchi Fan area. The thickness of gravel deposits in Choshuichi Fan area is larger than that of the other two areas. 3. According to the empirical relation between hydrogeological parameters and geoelectrical parameters, the study area can be divided into six zones. Furthermore, a direct correlation between hydraulic conductivity and resistivity of the aquifer can be found in each zone except Chyongpuu area. 4. Based on the established empirical relation between transmissivity and geoelectrical parameters, the transmissivity at sounding points without well information can still be estimated with different way of approaches. The final results are comparable with the results computed directly from observed transmissivity of the wells. However, from practical point of view, our method can provide a more detailed distribution of transmissivity in the study area.

In the last decades, several approaches were proposed accounting for early warning systems to manage in real time the risks due to fast slope failures where important elements, such as structures, infrastructures and cultural heritage are exposed. The challenge of these approaches is to forecast the slope evolution, thus providing alert levels suitable for managing infrastructures in order to mitigate the landslide risk and reduce the “response” time for interventions. Three different strategies can be defined in this regard: an Observation‐Based Approach (OBA), a Statistic‐Based Approach (SBA) and a Semi‐Empirical Approach (SEA). These approaches are focused on searching relations among destabilizing factors and induced strain effects on rock mass. At this aim, some experiments are being performed at different scales in the framework of consulting activities and research projects managed by the Research Centre for the Geological Risk (CERI) of the University of Rome “Sapienza”. These experiments are testing different kind of sensors including extensometers, strain gauges, rock‐thermometers, interferometers, optical cams connected to Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, for detecting changes in rock properties and detecting stressstrain changes, as well as pluviometers, anemometers, hygrometers, air‐thermometers, micro‐ or nano‐ accelerometers and piezometers for detecting possible trigger of deformational events. The results of this Ph.D. thesis demonstrate that the data analysis methods allowed the identification of destabilizing actions responsible for strain effects on rock mass at different dimensional scale and over several time‐window, from short‐ to long‐ period time scale. Furthermore, the three approaches were to be suitable to recognize precursor signals of rock mass deformation and demonstrated the possibility to provide an early warning.

Aim of this thesis was to answer question how big is influence of geological and pedological conditions on qualitative parameters of wines. Four sites with variety Ryzlink rýnský have been choosen on vineyard Velká Vendule in Velké Žernoseky based on differect pedological a geological characteristics. Site have been closely described from pedological point of view. Wine samples from vintages 2012 to 2014 have been made from every site via unified vinification so 51 wine properities could be measured. Results have undergone canonical diskriminant analysis. It was found content of elements in soil isn't in clear relation to content in wine, mainly because different climatic conditions each year. In spite of this it was possible to clearly separate all wine samples by sites by chossing selected parameters (D/H)II, 13C, B, Ca, K, Mg, P, catechin a trans-piceid. They could be therefore called markers for tracking wine authenticity in relation to geological and pedological conditions.

The construction of geological models of kimberlites during an evaluation project typically suffers due to a lack of outcrop and dependency on visual core-logging criteria. A case study is presented showing how the inclusion of a metallurgical parameter (% Dense Media Separator, or DMS yield) obtained from large diameter drilling can be used to: • enhance geological definition in a kimberlite, • corroborate and support the identification of geological units, and • contribute towards understanding the volcanology at the time of emplacement. DMS yield represents the ratio of the mass of wet concentrate/mass of wet head-feed to the sampling plant and is a relative value. The %DMS yield data exhibited spatial structure within the three lobes which allowed the construction of variograms for unit M/PK, the dominant kimberlite type in the South lobe of the AK06 kimberlite. This kimberlite type revealed an extreme range of %DMS yield values which will present a challenge to the recovery of diamonds. It was therefore essential for mine planning purposes that zones of high %DMS yield were accurately defined and quantified. Ordinary Kriging was applied to obtain the “best linear unbiased estimate” of %DMS yield at a local block scale. Conditional simulations using the Turning Bands and Sequential Gaussian methods were generated to quantify the variance of %DMS yield and the potential uncertainty. Indicator kriging was applied to the kimberlite to obtain the probability of intersecting %DMS yields above a particular cut-off (20%) which the main treatment plant design could not accommodate. A possible reason for the high %DMS yield values in the kimberlite was proposed and the location of problematic zones illustrated in 3-D space. This study represents pro-active use of geology to investigate resource risk, delineate problem areas in advance and develop a geo-metallurgical model.

Le analisi contenute nel presente elaborato di tesi costituiscono uno strumento conoscitivo di base, indispensabile per tutte quelle zone in cui i movimenti franosi o altre dinamiche inducono pericolosità geologica interferendo con l’ambiente e le strutture antropiche, consentendo una buona conoscenza, anche di territori con estensione piuttosto ampia, a costi molto ridotti.Tutte le procedure e software utilizzati nel presente lavoro sono disponibili open-source e fruibili gratuitamente online. Il rilevamento geomorfologico è stato condotto in tre aree di studio, caratterizzate da contesti geologico-strutturali diversi tra loro. Tale rilevamento, coadiuvato da un'analisi multitemporale condotta mediante fotointerpretazione, si è rivelato molto utile per individuare i limiti dei movimenti franosi, il loro grado di attività e la loro evoluzione nel tempo. Le analisi statistiche hanno consentito di individuare la variabilità dei parametri predisponenti nelle diverse aree di studio e di indicare quali classi, tra i parametri, sono caratterizzate dal maggior numero di frane e, dunque, più prone al franamento. Gli studi di suscettibilità effettuati per le diverse aree di studio con la metodologia di statistica bivariata mostrano un’elevata percentuale di aree in frana ricadenti all’interno delle aree predette a più elevata suscettibilità e possono essere applicati sia a piccola sia a grande scala, per diverse tipologie di frane. Infine, i risultati ottenuti tramite il modello prevalentemente deterministico basato sul modulo r.slope.stability (http://www.slopestability.org/) sono piuttosto attendibili e rappresentativi della situazione reale, come dimostrato dai risultati della validazione tramite la stima di AROC. L’opportunità di utilizzare software GIS, non solo per la manipolazione dei dati ma anche per il loro aggiornamento e per l’esecuzione automatica delle procedure bivariate (ad es. attraverso il codice in linguaggio Python creato durante questo lavoro di tesi), incrementa notevolmente la possibilità di estendere queste analisi a nuove e diverse aree di studio, con costi pressoché nulli.

Εξετάστηκαν κατ'αρχήν οι σχηματισμοί " σκληρά εδάφη-μαλακοί βράχοι" με βάση τη διεθνή και Ελληνική εμπειρία. Διερευνήθηκαν η γεωλογική σύσταση και δομή, σεισμικότητα, τεχνικογεωλογικοί χαρακτήρες και υδρογεωλογικό καθεστώς αυτών στο πλαίσιο του έργου της Ευρείας Παράκαμψης Πατρών (ΕΠΠ). Συντάχθηκε ο τεχνικογεωλογικός-γεωτεχνικός χάρτης της επριοχής έρευνας, σε κλίμακα 1:5000, αξιολογήθηκαν 170 γεωτρήσεις και διαχωρίστηκαν δύο γεωτεχνικές ενότητες των λεπτομερών αυτών ιζημάτων, Ανώτερη και Κατώτερη, οι οποίες αξιολογήθηκαν σε σχέση με τα υπόγεια τεχνικά έργα (σήραγγες). Οι ενότητες αυτές αποτυπώθηκαν σε μηκοτομές των δύο κλάδων του έργου της ΕΠΠ σε κλίμακα 1:5000/1:1000. Έγινε περαιτέρω τεκμηρίωση των ενοτήτων αυτών με βάση λεπτομερή μικροσκοπική μελέτη-ορυκτολογική ανάλυση, αξιολόγηση των εργαστηριακών και επιτόπου δοκιμών, καταγραφή παραμορφώσεων διατομής του έργου (συγκλίσεις), καθώς και ανάδρομες αναλύσεις. Η έρευνα αυτή αποτελεί χρήσιμο οδηγό διερεύνησης ανάλογων σχηματισμών για τον ασφαλή σχεδιασμό υπόγειων τεχνικών έργων.
The formations " hard soils-soft rocks" were firstly examined, based on the international and Greek territory experience. The geological composition and structure of the formations were investigated, as well as seismicity, engineering geological characteristics and hydrogeological regime of the wider area of Patras Ring Road. The engineering geological-geotechnical map of the examined area was drawn up, on a scale of 1:5000, 170 borehole logs were evaluated and two main geotechnical units in these fine sediments were distinguished, Upper and Lower, in relation to the underground works (tunnels). These Units were shown on sections along the two branches of the project, on a scale of 1:5000/1:1000. This discrimination was furthermore documented through detailed microscopic-mineralogical analysis, evaluation of the in situ and laboratory tests, as well as of the recorded deformations of the tunnels cross sections (convergenes) and finally the performance of back analysis. The investigation comprises a useful guide for the examination of such formations, concerning the safe design of underground works.