Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Parameters of a musical recording'

This master thesis deals with systems for detecting rhythmic structures of music recordings. The field of Music Information Retrieval (MIR) allows us to examine the harmonic and tonal properties of music, rhythm, tempo, etc., and has uses in academic and commercial sphere. Various algorithms are used in the detection of rhythmic structures. However, today, most new methods use neural networks. This work aims to summarize the current research results of systems for detecting beats and tempo, to describe methods of calculating and evaluating the parameters of music recordings, and to implement a program that allows comparison of available detection systems. The result of the work is a script in the Python language, which uses six different systems to detect the rhythmic structure of test recordings. It then checks the outputs of the algorithms according to the given reference and compares the given systems with each other using several evaluation values. It uses two datasets as a reference—one of them is publicly available and the other was created by the author of this thesis (including annotations, i.e., reference beat times, for the sample recordings). The program allows user to see the results in graphs and play any of the sample recordings with detected beat times.

From the mid nineteenth century onwards, musical form has primarily been defined in terms of predetermined paradigms, which ostensibly provide a framework for hierarchically ordered materials. Despite its pervasive presence in theoretical literature, however, this Formenlehre tradition is not universal in musical thought. Since antiquity, theorists have resorted to images of dynamism, change, process, energy, intensity, and narration to denote a more elastic conception of (musical) form. However, most of them – such as, for instance, Kurth, Asaf’yev, or Maus – have not recognised that it is ultimately performers – not composers – who individually shape musical materials on the basis of the structural relations that they perceive within the music and then project in performance. This dissertation explores how such apparent incompatibility between theory and practice might be bridged. To that aim, the first part discusses how ‘dynamic’ notions of musical form might realise their full explanatory potential by accounting for the reality of performance. It also reviews previous investigations of performers’ strategies to project their structural understandings of musical works, with a special focus on their handling of timing, dynamics, articulation, intonation, and timbre. Using recorded interpretations of Brahms’s Cello Sonatas as sources for three case studies, the second part evaluates dynamic ideas of musical form from an analytical viewpoint. Through their personal approaches to these works, I show how select performers create a wide range of structural connections, which are never alike across their different recordings. Likewise, these performers neither resort to the same parameters nor ‘shape’ the select movements in the same manner or with the same intensity. I ultimately posit that musical structure is inferred, created, and experienced in a unique way on every occasion a given piece is performed – and also whenever it is composed, analysed, or listened to. This research does not dismiss music theory as having no explanatory potential in the investigation of abstract notions such as musical structure as we sense them in performance. Rather, it aims to contribute to the dialogue between theory and practice by showing how, and why, music theory should reconceptualise musical form as a set of possibilities affording multiple choices and interpretations, that is to say, as a ‘multiverse’ that emerges across time and in sound.

For a year and a spring semester, I have been in the works of a school music project. I set out to make a record of ten self-penned songs. Along the length of the project, I would discover musicians and recording artists. I notated my songs on a staff and recorded demos to assist players of drums, electric bass, French horn, and violin. I play guitar, percussion, synthesized instruments, and do all of the singing on Brown Study, the record's title. The technology used to create the songs include a Tascam 2488 (home digital recording device), computers, printers, cell phones and i-phones, amplifiers, microphones and headphones, and a drum machine. This is my first attempt at collaborating with other musicians. At the defense I will be presenting 4 songs: "Runaway," "Lonely Heart," "Topsy Turvy," and "Friendliest Advice." Each song has a particular history and story to tell containing influences and aesthetic philosophies. My gift is to be shared with whoever will listen upon completing and distributing the full-length album.
B.A.
Bachelors
Arts and Humanities
Music Education

This thesis deals with two categories of musical time, concrete and subjective, and the effect of recording technology on musical time. Concrete musical time can be measured in an objective way, for example, through reference to standards of time external to the listener, such as clocks. Subjective musical time refers to the musical time that cannot be measured objectively: it depends entirely on the listener who experiences the musical work. It is my conclusion that recording technology affects the concrete aspect of musical time, but not the subjective one. Chapter one defines the relationship between time and different forms of art, as well as the relationship between time and music. Chapter two defines concrete and subjective musical time. Chapter three discusses recording technology and the changes it imposes on the musical aesthetic ritual. By musical aesthetic ritual, I mean the agreed-upon physical actions which are related to the activities involving music and the experience of music. Chapter four explains the influence of recording technology on certain musical aesthetic ideas such as the reproduction of music, the completeness of the musical work, and the temporality of the musical work. Chapter five presents my conclusions with regards to the influence of recording technology on concrete and subjective musical time.

Music Composition
D.M.A.
A monograph on the musical composition How We Saved the World, a multimedia musical drama written by the author, describes in detail the history of the writing of the piece, its context within his development as a composer, its context within our times, the writing and structure of the libretto, the characters and character types within the piece, their relationships with one another, the music of the piece and its construction. The two hour long composition requires 44 performers to stage: 14 singers, 8 dancers, and a conducted 21 piece orchestra. In addition to traditional acoustic instruments (winds, brass, percussion, strings) the orchestra includes electric guitars, drum set, and audio and video laptop performers. How We Saved the World is situated in a future time and begins with the premise that the world has been saved. Human beings have found a way to live in peace and harmony with one another and with the ecology of our planet Earth. We, the participants in the performance are sharing among ourselves the story of how human culture changed from the destructive, unsustainable practices and consciousness of the past. The libretto is included as an appendix. The score and all of the audio files needed to perform the piece are included as supplementary material.
Temple University--Theses

The differences between a musical score and an instance of that music in a performance, communicates a performer’s view of the information contained in that score. The main hypothesis in this thesis is that by measuring quantifiable parameters such as tempo, dynamics and motion from live performance, the performer’s interpretation of musical structure can be detected. This will be tested for pieces for which the structure is explicit and obvious, and then used to discover musical structure from looking at patterns of aural and visual performance parameters in performances of more ambiguously structured pieces. This thesis is in two strands. The first part covers the acquisition of multi-modal parameters in piano performance. This will explore current technologies in acquiring MIDI information such as accurate onset timings and key velocities as well as motion tracking systems for measuring general body movements. A new cheap, portable and accurate system for tracking the intricacies of pianists’ finger movement is described as well as methods and tools available for analysis and visualisation of musical data. The second strand of this thesis will explore uses of these capture systems in empirically measuring performance parameters to elucidate musical structure. Two experiments follow which test the hypothesis of detecting musical structure from parameters such as tempo, dynamics and movement, before using these patterns as a basis for discovering structure in performances of the finale of Chopin’s B flat minor sonata. Body movement is discovered as an indicator of phrasing boundaries, which when combined with the measured aural parameters provides interpretations of the performed music. Phrasing boundaries are identified correctly for the control piece (Chopin’s Prelude in A major Op.28, No.7) and consequently for the first test piece (Chopin’s Prelude in B minor Op.28 No.6). The proceeding experiment identifies performers’ style of phrase endings through performances of the control piece and tests them against patterns found in the second test piece (Chopin’s B Flat minor Sonata Finale). Five out of the six performers confirm the musicological hypothesis that bar 5 is not the entry of a new theme but the continuation of the the theme beginning in bar 1.

This thesis presents a method of algorithmic composition in which the music is seen as motion through a multidimensional musical space. An analogy is drawn between physical space and musical space, each direction of the physical space corresponding to a musical parameter. A computer program was developed using the MAX programming environment to simulate the goaldirected motion of a mobile robot through an environment containing obstacles. The potential field method of mobile robot path planning was used. The program maps the location of the robot to musical parameters in the musical space. Based on the instantaneous values of the musical parameters, the program generates melodic material and transmits the resulting MIDI data to a synthesizer. For this research, the program was limited to three spatial dimensions and one obstacle. The program successfully created simple compositions consisting of large musical gestures. A model composition was created. Suggestions were made for further development and more elaborate applications of the method.
School of Music

Note:
The following paper explores how performers manipulate musical parameters toconvey affect in musical performances. We focus on durational microstructure. Results ofproduction and perception experiments suggest that performers are succesful at conveying intended affect and that in certain zones of interest, performers modulate acoustic parameters more than in other parts of the score.
Le présent document examine comment les artistes manipulent les paramètresmusicales pour transmettre les émotions pendants les spectacles musicaux. Nous nousconcentrons sur la microstructure de durées. Les résultats des expériences de productionet de perception suggèrent que les artistes ont réussi à transmettre les affectes voulues etque, dans certaines zones d'intérêt, les interprètes modulent les paramètres acoustiquesplus que dans d'autres parties de la partition.

The objective of this research is to improve the analysis of musical sounds in comparison to traditional additive analysis, i.e. Fourier Analysis. Namely, the focus of this study is to improve the tracking of time-evolving partials. Traditional analysis methods assume constant amplitudes and frequencies over each successive frame in which a signal is analyzed. Tracking the time-evolution of these partials, however, can require the implementation of complex probabilistic techniques. This thesis presents an alternative method in which the Ambiguity Function, a distribution in both time and frequency, is used to create a clearer, more accurate representation that requires fewer complex methods to track partials. Through the use of a more accurate spectral representation and the inclusion of a chirp rate parameter, partials may be more readily followed based upon spectral parameters alone. This new method that is presented will build upon the traditional methods by first employing Fourier analysis to identify partials, and then utilizing the Analytic Signal and Ambiguity Function to improve individual spectral parameter estimations and partial tracking. The overall intent of this work is that through this method, one may create an improved spectral model that is more useful to musical analysis.

No presente trabalho, as peças Noche (número 3) e Huarache (número 4) das oito que integram a Suíte Carteles de Miguel Bernal Jiménez (México: 1910-1956) serviram de base para analisar e comparar três gravações de pianistas mexicanos e seis gravações de três pianistas brasileiros. As gravações foram analisadas com relação ao andamento e suas micro flutuações (timing), visando os aspectos comuns e discrepâncias como ponto de partida das várias possibilidades interpretativas. Foi avaliada a influência das análises e das escutas de gravações dos pianistas mexicanos apresentadas aos pianistas brasileiros. As gravações dos pianistas mexicanos já estavam disponíveis publicamente. Os pianistas brasileiros concordaram voluntariamente em participar deste estudo gravando duas vezes as duas peças: antes e depois de conhecerem os dados básicos tais como título e compositor, as análises estruturais, as análises retóricas e as gravações dos pianistas mexicanos. Os dados extraídos das gravações foram analisados através de softwares especializados e revelaram semelhanças de variações de andamento na peça Noche (Adagio) com respeito à análise estrutural apresentada. Em referência à análise retórica não foram detectados traços comuns. Com respeito à peça Huarache: (Allegro pesante) não foram encontradas semelhanças na variação dos andamentos adotados. Os gráficos gerados das gravações dos pianistas brasileiros permitiram estabelecer a existência de semelhanças e diferenças no desempenho do andamento, como resultado da influência das informações disponibilizadas. Não foi possível estabelecer um padrão de comportamento do andamento baseado em semelhanças entre interpretações de pianistas mexicanos e brasileiros.
This work presents the analyses and comparison of three Mexican pianists’ recordings and six Brazilian pianists’ recordings of two pieces, Noche (No. 3) and Huarache (No. 4), from the eight movement Suite Carteles by Miguel Bernal Jiménez (México 1910- 1956). The analyses aimed at establishing both similarities and differences as a starting point for several performing possibilities based on findings of tempo and timing. The study evaluated the influence of the analyses and the listening of Mexican pianists’ recordings presented to the Brazilian pianists. Mexican pianists’ recordings were previously available to public access. The Brazilian pianists agreed voluntarily to participate in this study by recording the pieces twice: before and after receiving basic information such as title and composer, structural and rhetorical analysis as well as the recordings of Mexican pianists. The analyses of data extracted from recordings through specialized software showed similarities in tempo variations for the piece Noche (Adagio) in light of the structural analysis presented to the Brazilian participants. Rhetorical analyses presented to same group of participants did not seem to affect the results, there were no traceable differences. Results also point to a lack of discernible patterns for Huarache, the faster piece. Graphs generated from recordings by the Brazilian pianists show both similarities and differences in the timing and this can be attributed to the influences from analytical and recorded information. Finally, results point to wide differences in tempo, timing and overall understanding of the two groups.

Background: Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) have been recorded from the sternocleidomastoid muscle (cervical VEMP or cVEMP) and more recently from the eye muscles (ocular VEMP or oVEMP) in response to air conduction and bone conduction stimuli. Both cVEMPs and oVEMPs are mediated by the otoliths and thereby provide diagnostic information that is complementary to videonystagmography and rotational chair tests. In contrast to the air conduction cVEMP, which originates from the saccule/inferior vestibular nerve, recent evidence suggests the possibility that the air conduction oVEMP may be mediated by the utricle/superior vestibular nerve. The oVEMP, therefore, may provide complementary diagnostic information relative to the cVEMP. There are relatively few studies, however, that have quantified the effects of stimulus and recording parameters on the air conduction oVEMP, and there is a paucity of normative data. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of several stimulus and recording parameters on the air conduction oVEMP and to establish normative data for clinical use. Research Design: A prospective repeated measures design was utilized. Study Sample: Forty-seven young adults with no history of neurologic disease, hearing loss, middle ear pathology, open or closed head injury, cervical injury, or audiovestibular disorder participated in the study. Data Collection and Analysis: The effects of stimulus frequency, stimulus level, gaze elevation, and recording electrode location on the amplitude and latency of the oVEMP for monaural air conduction stimuli were assessed using repeated measures analyses of variance in an initial group of 17 participants. The optimal stimulus and recording parameters obtained in the initial group were used subsequently to obtain oVEMPs from 30 additional participants. Results: The effects of stimulus frequency, stimulus level, gaze elevation, and electrode location on the response prevalence, amplitude, and latency of the oVEMP for monaural air conduction stimuli were significant. The maximum N1-P1 amplitude and response prevalence were obtained for contralateral oVEMPs using a 500 Hz tone burst presented at 125 dB peak SPL during upward gaze at an elevation of 30°. Conclusions: The optimal stimulus and recording parameters quantified in this study were used to establish normative data that may be useful for the clinical application of the air conduction oVEMP.

This thesis describes the design and use of two novel digital musical instruments (DMIs) based on moving mechanical systems. The motivation behind using mechanical devices was threefold: to explore the effect of physical effort on DMIs, to make use of the device's inherent haptic and visual feedback, and to serve as a starting point for sound mappings. It was hoped that their mechanical nature would give the instruments a character that could emerge through each of the mappings. The first DMI built was the Gyrotyre, a hand-held DMI based around a small bicycle wheel outfitted with sensors that measure its speed of rotation and as well as its angle of orientation. The second DMI built was the Springwave, which consists of a loose metal spring stretched to one meter and fixed at both ends to a metal frame. The frame is in turn mounted horizontally on a hi-hat stand so that it can be raised and lowered with the pedal, thus inducing oscillation in the spring. Various mappings were designed to reflect and make use of the physical nature of both instruments. It was found that the nature of interaction with each instrument was very different depending on the mapping used. The use of mechanical devices was found to be a useful starting point for the development of mappings, and made playing the instruments engaging for the performer by the relationship between DMIs and musical contexts, a framework for characterizing DMIs that takes musical context into account is presented.

This thesis aims to identify best practices for musical recording, involving the capture of multiple takes of a musical work in studio. Digital technologies and Internet file sharing have brought the recording industry to a transitional phase in which studio professions (sound engineer and record producer) need to be reinvented. To better understand the impact of technological advances on recording production, there is a critical need to investigate studio practices and studio professional's tacit knowledge, an area that has received scant attention in the academic research. This investigation lies at the intersection of knowledge management, and cultural and media studies. It is based on the theoretical concept of mediating roles in artistic creation and management.This thesis on studio professionals' practices includes three parts: 1) musicians' expectations when collaborating with studio professions; 2) record producers' best practices; and 3) the impact of record producers' comments on perceived quality. Specifically, this dissertation reports five studies combining surveys addressed to young musicians and sound engineers, interviews of experienced record producers who have worked throughout the transition of the recording industry, and studio experiments bringing together musicians and studio professionals. A mixed-design approach was chosen with qualitative (content and discourse) analyses of verbal descriptions and statistical analyses of closed-ended questions.Results show that musicians expect studio professionals to exhibit strong communication and interpersonal skills, and to take into consideration the aesthetics of their project. In response, record producers adapt their level of involvement from light coaching to deeper artistic collaboration according to the musicians' requests and personality. Furthermore, producers' comments between takes give a common ground to the ensemble and enhance musicians' focus throughout the recording session. Taken together, the findings highlighted the fact that recent changes in the music industry have not yet transformed the perceived roles and the recording approaches of sound engineers and record producers. However, studio professionals have adapted their organization to budget constraints and challenging conditions to produce high-quality recordings.ivvRecord producers "extend" the ears of the musicians, guide them and provide feedback according to the aesthetic context of the project. Their mediating role between musicians and their audience is similar to the role of actor directors, and comparable with the role of managers in other production contexts. Theoretical investigations with field experiments provided a deep understanding of studio professionals' contribution to the quality of musical recording, hence this thesis contributes to a new methodology for artistic creation studies. On a practical ground, this study of the artistic aspect of recording production can help musicians make informed decisions when hiring studio professionals. On a theoretical ground, this dissertation extends the framework of mediating roles from management to the context of artistic creation.
Cette thèse a pour but d'identifier les pratiques professionnelles de l'enregistrement musical qui implique la «capture» en studio de nombreuses prises d'une même œuvre. Les technologies numériques et les échanges de fichiers sur Internet ont déclenché une phase de transition de l'industrie de l'enregistrement dans laquelle les professions du studio (ingénieur du son et directeur artistique) ont besoin d'être réinventées. Pour mieux com- prendre l'impact des avancées technologiques sur la production d'enregistrements, il est important d'enquêter sur les pratiques et les connaissances tacites des professionnels du studio, un domaine qui a reçu peu d'attention dans la recherche académique. Cette investigation se situe à l'intersection de la gestion des connaissances, de l'étude des cultures et de l'étude des médias. Elle est basée sur le concept théorique des rôles de médiateur en création artistique et en gestion.Cette thèse inclut trois parties : 1) les attentes des musiciens lorsqu'ils collaborent avec des professionnels du studio ; 2) les «meilleures pratiques» des directeurs artistiques ; et 3) l'impact des commentaires des directeurs artistiques sur la qualité perçue. En particulier, cinq études sont présentées alliant des enquêtes adressées à des jeunes musiciens et ingénieurs du son, des entretiens avec des directeurs artistiques expérimentés qui ont travaillé à travers la transition de l'industrie de l'enregistrement, et des études en studio réunissant des musiciens et des professionnels du studio. Une approche mixte a été choisie avec des analyses qualitatives (de contenu et de discours) des descriptions verbales et des analyses statistiques des questions fermées.Les résultats montrent que les musiciens attendent des professionnels du studio d'afficher des aptitudes de communication et de prendre en considération l'esthétique de leur projet. En réponse, les directeurs artistiques adaptent leur niveau d'implication d'un accompagnement léger à une collaboration artistique profonde selon les demandes des musiciens et leur personnalité. De plus, les commentaires des directeurs artistiques donnent une base commune à l'ensemble et améliorent la concentration des musiciens pendant la séance d'enregistrement. Les résultats soulignent le fait que les changements récents de l'industrie de l'enregistrement n'ont pas encore transformé la perception des rôles et les approches des ingénieurs du son et directeurs artistiques. Cependant, les professionnels de studio ont du adapter leur organisation aux contraintes budgétaires et aux conditions difficiles pour produire des enregistrements de qualité.Les directeurs artistiques «prolongent» les oreilles des musiciens, guident et critiquent selon le contexte esthétique du projet. Leur rôle de médiateur entre les musiciens et leur public est similaire au rôle des directeurs d'acteurs, et comparable à celui des directeurs dans d'autres contextes de production. Les investigations théoriques avec les expériences en studio ont fourni une compréhension profonde de la contribution des professionnels de studio dans la qualité des enregistrements musicaux, donc cette thèse valide une nouvelle méthodologie pour les études en création artistique. D'un point de vue pratique, cette étude de l'aspect artistique de la production d'enregistrement peut aider les musiciens à prendre des décisions fondées lorsqu'ils embauchent des professionnels du studio. D'un point de vue théorique, cette thèse élargit le cadre du rôle de médiateur au contexte de la création artistique.

The link to subjective parameters and objective parameters in the field of room acoustics has been the source of much research. This thesis surveys some of the available objective room acoustical analysis methods, quantify their advantages and disadvantages with respect to the measurement of acoustical qualities of professionally operated critical listing rooms, and implements these methods in a range of critical listening rooms. In conjunction with the objective room analysis, a subjective component of research was also performed. A series of anechoically recorded standard instrument sounds were presented to professional listeners in their critical listening spaces with the listeners asked to alter the sounds to taste: to

El presente trabajo de investigación trata de identificar y analizar la influencia y la aplicación del audio analógico en la producción musical contemporánea, abarcando diversos criterios: sonoro/técnico, de ejecución, social, de preservación o archivo, entre otros. A pesar de que el audio digital, y el uso derivado de las herramientas de edición y mezcla, se consideran el estándar en la industria musical actual, se conoce que un número importante de productores, ingenieros y artistas siguen empleando hoy en día las técnicas de grabación y mezcla analógica desarrolladas décadas atrás. Por ello, el audio analógico surge como una alternativa a los procesos de creación y producción musical modernos, tanto a nivel sonoro como de ejecución. Este trabajo parte del desarrollo técnico y estético en la grabación analógica, realizando comparaciones con su contraparte digital. Para ello, se toman en cuenta las opiniones y los procesos de producción de productores musicales y profesionales a cargo de las producciones discográficas más relevantes en los últimos años en el circuito norteamericano. Es en estas producciones donde se evidencia el uso creativo del audio analógico, así como su adaptación al entorno digital. Finalmente, se tiene en cuenta al productor independiente como principal beneficiario de esta publicación, quien conoce directa o indirectamente los beneficios del audio analógico, pero no necesariamente cuenta con los recursos para integrarlo a su estación de trabajo. Por ello, se busca brindar herramientas y soluciones para poder emplear e integrar las principales funciones del formato analógico y digital en una producción moderna.
The hereby thesis attempts to identify and analyze the influence and application of analog audio in contemporary music production by covering diverse criteria: sonic/technical, performative, social, of preservation or archive, among others. Although digital audio, and its derived use of editing and mixing tools, are currently considered standard in the music industry, it is also known that a significant number of producers, engineers and artists still employ analog recording and mixing techniques developed decades ago. Hence, analog audio presents itself as an alternative to the modern creative and production processes, at both sonic and performance levels. This work begins with the technical and aesthetical development within an analog recording, comparing it afterwards with its digital counterpart. To serve this purpose, the opinion and detailed production processes of renowned American producers and professionals, responsible for the most acclaimed records in the last ten years, are taken into consideration. Those records evidence the creative use of analog audio, as well as its adaptation to a digital setup. Finally, independent producers could benefit the most from the information and arguments in this paper, because they directly or indirectly know the benefits of working analog, even when they often lack the resources to acquire these tools. Therefore, the author attempts to bring tools and solutions for the application of analog and digital audio in a single modern production.
Tesis

This work attempts to correlate small changes in the physical parameters of a wind instrument with how humans perceive the pitch and timbre of the produced sound, with a view of helping in the design and quality assessment of musical instruments. The perceptual significance of small changes in the sound of a trombone played with mouthpieces of different shapes is investigated by synthesising the sound recordings with additive synthesis, and performing psychoacoustic tests asking people to state whether they can hear a difference or not, using a two alternative forced choice (2AFC) test. The just noticeable difference in the timbre of the trombone is also found. The psychoacoustic parameters of pitch and timbre of a Scottish Border bagpipe chanter and reed sound played with an artificial blowing machine were measured after having stored the reed under different relative humidity conditions. It was found that the pitch and spectral centroid are inversely correlated with the moisture content of the reed, which depends on the relative humidity of the air around it. The physical parameters of stiffness, resonance frequency and damping factor of the reed were measured. These parameters were used to predict the playing frequency and spectrum of the sound that the chanter and reed system would produce using a physical model based on the Harmonic Balance Method.

Este estudo investiga processos de composição musical vinculados ao registro sonoro e à produção de um CD: Como o uso de registros sonoros se coaduna aos processos composicionais coletivos? Quais as implicações de compor e gravar músicas com adolescentes? Como os adolescentes desencadeiam processos composicionais quando os objetivos estão voltados para a produção de um CD? A pesquisa foi realizada com um grupo de 10 adolescentes, no âmbito de uma Oficina oferecida como atividade extracurricular numa escola da rede pública municipal em Gravataí-RS. O referencial teórico apoiou-se em dois eixos: composição musical na educação musical (SANTOS, 1994; SWANWICK, 1979; McDONALD e MIELL, 2000; FAUTLEY, 2004) e música e tecnologias (IAZZETTA, 1996, 1997, 2001; RODRIGUES, 2002 e CARVALHO, 1999). A metodologia adotada foi a pesquisaação na concepção de Pesquisa-Ação Integral (PAI) de André Morin. Entre as principais conclusões está a de que os processos composicionais constituíram-se para além de estruturações musicais, sendo constantemente permeados pelo conjunto de inter-relações sócio-afetivas do grupo. O registro das composições favoreceu o feedback auditivo para os adolescentes, podendo dessa forma, estabelecer novas referências estéticas de percepção musical sobre as próprias composições. Além disso, a produção do CD se configurou como um resultado tangível do fazer musical do grupo, no qual a identidade coletiva e a individual se fundiram.
This study investigates the processes of musical composition linked to the sound record and the production of a CD: how do the use of sound records join to collective compositional processes? What are the implications of composing and recording musics with adolescents? How do they develop compositional processes when the objectives are focused on the production of a CD? The research was carried out on a group of 10 adolescents, in a workshop offered as an extra class activity in a public school in the municipality of Gravataí, RS. The theoretical framework was supported in two axes: musical composition in the musical education (SANTOS, 1994; SWANWICK, 1979; McDONALD e MIELL, 2000; FAUTLEY, 2004) and music and technologies (IAZZETTA, 1996, 1997, 2001; RODRIGUES, 2002 e CARVALHO, 1999). The method of investigation was the action research in the view of André Morin’s Integral Action Research. Among the principal conclusions, it is that the compositional processes resulted beyond the musical structures, being constantly surrounded by a social-affective inter-relations set of the group. The recording of the compositions supported the auditory feedback to the adolescents, becoming possible to them, this way, to set up new aesthetic references of musical understanding about their own compositions. Moreover, the CD production became a tangible result of music making of the group, in which the collective and individual identity fused together.

Este estudo investiga processos de composição musical vinculados ao registro sonoro e à produção de um CD: Como o uso de registros sonoros se coaduna aos processos composicionais coletivos? Quais as implicações de compor e gravar músicas com adolescentes? Como os adolescentes desencadeiam processos composicionais quando os objetivos estão voltados para a produção de um CD? A pesquisa foi realizada com um grupo de 10 adolescentes, no âmbito de uma Oficina oferecida como atividade extracurricular numa escola da rede pública municipal em Gravataí-RS. O referencial teórico apoiou-se em dois eixos: composição musical na educação musical (SANTOS, 1994; SWANWICK, 1979; McDONALD e MIELL, 2000; FAUTLEY, 2004) e música e tecnologias (IAZZETTA, 1996, 1997, 2001; RODRIGUES, 2002 e CARVALHO, 1999). A metodologia adotada foi a pesquisaação na concepção de Pesquisa-Ação Integral (PAI) de André Morin. Entre as principais conclusões está a de que os processos composicionais constituíram-se para além de estruturações musicais, sendo constantemente permeados pelo conjunto de inter-relações sócio-afetivas do grupo. O registro das composições favoreceu o feedback auditivo para os adolescentes, podendo dessa forma, estabelecer novas referências estéticas de percepção musical sobre as próprias composições. Além disso, a produção do CD se configurou como um resultado tangível do fazer musical do grupo, no qual a identidade coletiva e a individual se fundiram.
This study investigates the processes of musical composition linked to the sound record and the production of a CD: how do the use of sound records join to collective compositional processes? What are the implications of composing and recording musics with adolescents? How do they develop compositional processes when the objectives are focused on the production of a CD? The research was carried out on a group of 10 adolescents, in a workshop offered as an extra class activity in a public school in the municipality of Gravataí, RS. The theoretical framework was supported in two axes: musical composition in the musical education (SANTOS, 1994; SWANWICK, 1979; McDONALD e MIELL, 2000; FAUTLEY, 2004) and music and technologies (IAZZETTA, 1996, 1997, 2001; RODRIGUES, 2002 e CARVALHO, 1999). The method of investigation was the action research in the view of André Morin’s Integral Action Research. Among the principal conclusions, it is that the compositional processes resulted beyond the musical structures, being constantly surrounded by a social-affective inter-relations set of the group. The recording of the compositions supported the auditory feedback to the adolescents, becoming possible to them, this way, to set up new aesthetic references of musical understanding about their own compositions. Moreover, the CD production became a tangible result of music making of the group, in which the collective and individual identity fused together.

This, the first study at doctoral level of any white female jazz instrumentalist, provides an overview to the long, active and enduring musical career of British-born, New York-based jazz pianist, Marian McPartland (born 1918). For over six decades, besides being a pianist and a composer, she has been prominent in the professional roles of educator, writer, record producer and recording artist, radio broadcaster and advocate. The scope and impact of this multi-layered career are conveyed through the medium of a Website profiling significant aspects of her professional life through textual, aural and visual presentation. Although not claiming to be exhaustive, this Website brings together a comprehensive collection of data covering all aspects of Marian McPartland's career. Data have been gathered and collated from material in the public domain, and all such sources are acknowledged and referenced. The Website is navigable through three links at the bottom of the Home Page - 1) Historical Perspective; 2) Selected Analyses; and 3) Marian McPartland In Context. Part One of the Website provides access to Marian McPartland's various professional roles in jazz, as well as public profiles, and is consolidated by listings of support material. Part Two of the Website contains formal analyses of four of her compositions, each preceded by a short introduction. The analyses are based on scores transcribed from her recorded improvisations. A discussion of her stylistic approach follows the analyses. Part Three of the Website contextualizes Marian McPartland as a woman in jazz during its major historical and stylistic movements. An Introduction and a Conclusion provide the academic framework for this study. The Introduction outlines the rationale for the study, the dimensions of the study, the methodologies used, and the research process. The Conclusion provides critical commentary on Marian McPartland's musical career, and deductions are made about her significance in and contribution to jazz, based on the evidence presented in the Website. A CD of the entire Website completes the presentation of this thesis, included under Supplementary Material in the back pocket of the thesis. This overview of Marian McPartland's entire career makes an original contribution to knowledge on this jazz artist, and, in a broader sense, provides an important resource for future research in the area of jazz music and musicians.

A presente pesquisa analisou diferentes gravações da peça Nosso Choro de Garoto, com o objetivo de levantar aspectos interpretativos semelhantes entre os intérpretes. A metodologia empregada contempla a escolha das gravações, dos tópicos de análise e as ferramentas para realizar a mesma. As gravações utilizadas foram realizadas por violonistas da tradição do choro, que na maioria dos casos conheceram e conviveram com o autor da peça. Os tópicos analisados nas gravações são: localização e utilização do rubato, articulação e acentuação da figura rítmica semicolcheia – colcheia – semicolcheia, articulação dos baixos, e a utilização de arpejos. Foi realizada uma análise formal da peça, com o intuito de organizar melhor a coleta de dados. A análise de ditas gravações foi feita por meio de softwares especializados para tais fins. As análises revelam aspectos interpretativos semelhantes entre os intérpretes, os quais consideramos como pertencentes ao estilo interpretativo de um gênero musical.
The present research analyzed different recordings of Nosso Choro by Garoto, with the aim of bringing up common interpretive aspects between performers. The methodology includes the choice of the recordings, of the topics of analysis and of the tools to accomplish the same. The recordings were performed by guitarists who belong to the tradition of Choro, who in most cases met the composer. The topics analyzed in the recordings are: location and use of rubato, articulation and accentuation of the rhythmic sixteenth note – eight note – sixteenth note, articulation of the bass line, and the use of arpeggios. A formal analyses of the piece was made with the aim of better organizing the data collected. The analysis of this recording was made through use of specialized software for such purposes. The analyzes reveal similar interpretive aspects between performers, which we consider as belonging to an interpretative style of a musical genre.

In dem von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft geförderten Projekt PROBADO (http://www.probado.de) werden von drei universitären Informatik-Instituten und zwei Bibliotheken innovative Verfahren für nicht-textuelle Dokumente entwickelt und prototypisch für die Bereiche 3D-Architekturmodelle und Musikdokumente in bibliothekarische Arbeitsabläufe integriert. Tonaufnahmen und Musikalien stehen dabei im Mittelpunkt des Teilprojekts Probado-Musik, das von der Bayerischen  Staatsbibliothek und dem Institut für Informatik III der Universität Bonn (Arbeitsgruppe Professor Clausen) betreut wird. Die drei wichtigsten Ziele dieses Teilprojektes sind die weitgehende Automatisierung der Erschließung und Indexierung von Musikdokumenten, die Anwendung neuartiger inhaltsbasierter Suchverfahren für Musik und der Aufbau nutzerfreundlicher Oberflächen zur komfortablen Suche und Bereitstellung von diesen Musikdokumenten. Hierfür wurde ein Musik-Repository aufgebaut, das Musikdokumente in verschiedenen Formaten enthält. Dazu gehören eingescannte Notendrucke im TIFF- und JPEG-Format, Audio-Dateien im WAV- und MP3-Format sowie symbolische Musikformate wie Music-XML und die Ausgabeformate von OMR-Programmen („Optical Music Recognition“). Das Musik-Repository enthält mittlerweile ca. 100.000 Seiten von eingescannten Notendrucken und Audio-Dateien von mehreren Hundert CDs. Die dazugehörigen Metadaten werden aus dem Katalog der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek und externen Datenquellen gewonnen und in einer FRBR-basierten Datenbank abgelegt. (Katrin Braun, Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum / Digitale Bibliothek, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek)

This thesis examines the present practice of Odissi, the classical dance form of Orissa in Eastern India, with the view to identifying its strengths as a performing art and building on them. The objectives were to share this dance tradition both on stage and in the studio, not just as a stylised Indian movement form of limited interest, but as an integrating dance experience of relevance to today's multicultural world. The primary concern has been determining parallels with yoga and ritual and addressing the question of transcendence through dance, as understood in the Indian tradition. A choreological perspective has been adopted for this study and Odissi viewed from the position of the student, performer, choreographer, teacher and audience member, all roles which this researcher has performed personally. The basic parameters of Odissi's movement and dance techniques have been analysed informed by this discipline. Odissi has been reviewed historically, both when it was a medieval temple ritual and more recently when it was reconstructed as a classical Indian art after the country's Independence. The hypothesis that the practice of this dance was unconsciously governed by a bedrock of tantric thought forming its covert structures has been explored. Choreographic works have been created in collaboration with traditional musicians using established forms of composition to explain working methods within the tradition and experience its limitations. An alternate way of embodying Odissi based on tantric practices has been outlined. Works that explore this and that stretch the traditional sound-movement nexus of this dance form in the process, have also been created. The results of this research project hence fall broadly into the following inter-related areas: an understanding of Odissi dance and movement in relation to its culture and society; a hypothesis about the phenomenological nature of the medieval Orissan temple dance ritual; an outline of an alternate way of practicing Odissi based on tantric principles; and a choreological documentation of compositions created that make the practice of dance a form of yoga as defined by the Indian tradition.

Orientador: Edmundo Pacheco Hora
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: O presente trabalho apresenta uma reflexão a respeito da expressividade cravística com ênfase em alguns parâmetros da execução. Para tanto, foram delimitados fatores associados à expressividade a partir da literatura especializada e, na etapa seguinte, realizou-se um estudo sobre sua influência na sonoridade do instrumento, procurando-se destacar questões relativas à possibilidade de dinâmica no cravo. Com o objetivo de verificar a maneira como a expressividade tem sido abordada no contexto de aprendizado cravístico e a forma como os estudantes manipulam os parâmetros analisados, realizou-se também uma pesquisa com alunos e ex-alunos de diversas Instituições de Ensino do país. Ao final, a análise dos resultados obtidos possibilitou a visualização da forma como os parâmetros podem influenciar acusticamente a sonoridade na execução, permitindo concluir que sua manipulação pelo intérprete amplia as possibilidades expressivas do instrumento
Abstract: In this thesis we offer a discussion about harpsichord's expressiveness with emphasis on some performance parameters. Thus, we defined some factors associated to the expressiveness from the specialized literature and in the next step we performed a study about its influence on harpsichord's sound, seeking to highlight the instrument dynamic possibilities. In order to check how the expressiveness has been addressed in the context of harpsichords' learning and how students manipulate the parameters, we also carried out a survey involving harpsichord students in different educational institutions. Finally, the results' analysis showed us how expressive parameters can influence acoustically the harpsichord sound, allowing conclude that performer's manipulation expands the instrument expressive possibilities
Doutorado
Fundamentos Teoricos
Doutora em Música

The objective of this study is to determine the nature of the influence of recording and the recording industry upon musical activity. Sound recording is a major communications medium of the twentieth century. Yet there has been limited research into the influence of recording and the changes that it has driven. This study seeks to address this gap in understanding. The method chosen for the study was three separate case studies of the conductors Sir Thomas Beecham, Sir Georg Solti and Sir Simon Rattle. Each of these musicians had a major recording career, and in Rattle's case continues to do so. The data used in the study was collected from three sources: firstly through interviews with those possessing professional experience of the case-study subjects and of the record industry; secondly from archival documentation; and thirdly through published press interviews and commentaries. The analysis of commonalities and differences between the case study subjects indicated that each was generally in control of their involvement with recording, rather than the reverse. Three areas were identified as being of key importance: the relationship with record companies and with personnel within these; control over repertoire decisions; and mastery of the act of recording. Based on the experience of the three case-study subjects, a model of the influence of recording has been constructed. This relates each stage of the technological development of recording to its immediate consequences and to ‘meta-consequences', or the more far-reaching influences of recording. The principal ‘meta-consequences' are seen as being: an increase in knowledge; changes in performance standards; and the introduction of the idea of ethics into recording, with a re-emphasis upon the importance of the musical ‘act'. The study concludes with a discussion of possible future areas of research into the influence of recording and the record industry.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This thesis shows how the classical guitar canon is a phenomenon of the twentieth century in contrast, for example, with the piano, violin and orchestral repertoires, whose canons had been formed step by step since the end of the eighteenth century and dependent as such on the criteria fixed by its interpreters through the medium of sound recording. The project highlights especially, the Age of LPs (1950-90) as the central part of a process where the act of listening to recordings seems to be as important as the edition of music scores. So, for the guitar, the writing is also a sound, and the music is primarily the musicians. Therefore, there are important analogies between the ascension and stabilization of the instrument in the international concert scene and the conceptual development of the recordings, which moves from the Recital LP , simulacrum of live performance, to the Art Work LP , influenced by the historically informed performance and constituting a kind of sound simulacrum of the edited music score. Two important artists who contributed to this process are studied here: Andrés Segovia (1893-1987) and mainly Julian Bream (1933), whose wide phonographic work, released during the second half of the twentieth century, has been analyzed in contrast with the recordings made by Segovia in the first half of the century. Taking that into consideration, authors such as Dahlhaus, Adorno, Lotman, Said and especially Bloom provide decisive conceptual tools for the thesis. Based on this theoretical approach, our study of Juliam Bream s discography has been divided into three moments: the poetical origins (the swerving from Segovia); the middle period (constitution of an independent voice); and the late phase ( misreading of the precursor). The thesis also includes a detailed research of the recordings made by both interpreters and it restores the original context of their albums
Esta tese procura mostrar como ao contrário, por exemplo, dos repertórios pianístico, violinístico e orquestral, cujos cânones formaram-se pouco a pouco desde finais do século XVIII o cânone do violão clássico é um fenômeno do século XX e, como tal, bastante dependente de critérios sonoros fixados por seus intérpretes através de gravações. Em especial, o trabalho destaca a Era dos LPs (aproximadamente 1950-90) como centro de um processo no qual a escuta de discos parece ser ao menos tão importante quanto a edição de partituras. Assim, para o violão, a escrita é também som, e as músicas são antes de tudo os músicos. Há, portanto, fortes analogias entre o processo de ascensão e estabilização do instrumento no cenário internacional de concertos e o desenvolvimento conceitual do disco, que caminha do LP Recital , simulacro da performance ao vivo, para o LP Obra , influenciado pela performance historicamente informada e espécie de simulacro sonoro da partitura editada. Dois artistas centrais para esse processo são estudados no trabalho: o espanhol Andrés Segovia (1893-1987) e sobretudo o inglês Julian Bream (1933), cuja larga obra fonográfica lançada durante a segunda metade do século XX analisamos contra o pano de fundo das gravações realizadas por Segovia na primeira metade do século. Para tanto, autores como Dahlhaus, Adorno, Lotman, Said e especialmente Bloom fornecem ferramentas conceituais decisivas para a fundamentação teórica da pesquisa. A partir desses pressupostos, dividimos nosso estudo crítico da discografia de Julian Bream em três momentos: as origens poéticas, onde predomina o desvio em relação a Segovia; o período médio, caracterizado pela constituição de uma voz própria independente; e a fase de maturidade, onde ocorre a desleitura do precursor. Nesse percurso, o trabalho realiza também um minucioso levantamento das gravações dos dois intérpretes e recupera o contexto original de seus discos

A presente pesquisa investigou a utilização da análise musical e de uma gravação na construção interpretativa do pasillo andino-colombiano “Sincopando” para flauta solo por três flautistas brasileiros. A obra, composta por Léon Cardona originalmente para trío típico colombiano - constituído por bandola, tiple e guitarra - foi adaptada para flauta solo pelo flautista e compositor colombiano Ignacio Ramos. Os participantes da pesquisa foram três flautistas brasileiros de diferentes formações e atuações com nenhuma prática interpretativa em música tradicional colombiana. Cada flautista recebeu a partitura da obra para flauta solo e, após sessões de estudo individuais, realizaram uma gravação sem interferência ou referência externa seguido de uma entrevista semiestruturada. Em seguida cada flautista recebeu uma referência distinta (uma análise musical; uma gravação e uma análise e gravação da obra) para auxiliar o processo interpretativo individual. Posteriormente uma nova gravação e entrevista foram realizadas com o intuito de averiguar como estas referências poderiam ter influenciado ou modificado a interpretação dos flautistas. Os registros sonoros do semi-experimento foram enviados a três avaliadores externos - professores de flauta transversal com ampla experiência - para determinar possíveis diferenças entre o registro sonoro anterior e posterior à utilização da referência. Como conclusão a pesquisa observou resultados positivos na utilização de referências na construção interpretativa da peça bem como a possível influência do perfil artístico e do background de cada flautista no resultado final.
This research aims to investigate the use of musical analysis and recording in the interpretative construction of the Colombian pasillo “Sincopando” by three Brazilian flutists. This work was composed by Leon Cardona for the traditional Colombian trio – constituted by bandola, tiple and guitar – and adapted to solo flute by the Colombian composer and flutist Ignacio Ramos. The participants in this research were three Brazilian flutists with different professional backgrounds and without any background on traditional Colombian music. The flutists studied the piece on his own and recorded it without any reference or information about it. Afterwards, they participated in a semistructured interview. Each player then received different information about the musical piece (a musical analysis, a recording and an analysis and recording) in order to support the interpretation. The players recorded it again and participated in a second interview. The aim was to know how the information given could have influenced their interpretation. The recordings were delivered to three external professors to evaluate the differences between the recordings. The conclusions point out positive results on the use of external references through the interpretative construction of the piece, as well as possible influences of the profile and artistic background of the flutists in the final result.
En el presente trabajo se investigó el uso de análisis musical y de una grabación de audio en la construcción interpretativa del pasillo andino colombiano “Sincopando” para flauta sola por tres flautistas brasileños. La obra fue compuesta originalmente para trio típico colombiano – conformado por bandola, tiple y guitarra - por León Cardona y adaptada para flauta sola por el flautista y compositor colombiano Ignacio Ramos. Los participantes fueron tres flautistas brasileños de formación y perfil artístico diferentes sin ninguna práctica previa de música tradicional colombiana. Cada flautista recibió la partitura de la obra e después de estudio individual sin ningún tipo de interferencia o referencia cada uno realizó una grabación de la obra, seguido de una entrevista semiestructurada. Posteriormente, cada flautista recibió una referencia distinta (un análisis musical de la obra, una grabación de la obra, y un análisis musical y grabación de la obra) para apoyar la construcción interpretativa de la misma. Seguidamente, se realizó una nueva grabación y entrevista a cada flautista con la intención de averiguar cómo estas referencias podrían haber influenciado sus interpretaciones. Los registros sonoros del semi-experimento fueron entregados a tres evaluadores externos para determinar posibles diferencias entre los dos registros de cada flautista, antes y después de la referencia. Como conclusión de la investigación se observaron resultados positivos en la utilización de referencias en la construcción interpretativa de la pieza, así como la posible influencia del perfil artístico y background de cada flautista en el resultado final.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This research started with an investigation about the theatrical speaking. Through an empirical methodology that analyzed a practical experience of creating a play and bibliographical research, the actress/researcher investigated ways to manipulate musical parameters as tools in the creation process of the actor s voice. The actress/researcher attempted to connect theory and practice, moved by the desire to find a vocal expression in theater that unfolds as living and transforming movement. This dissertation also contains the report of pedagogical experiences, in which the actress/researcher explored strategies to teach the appropriation of musical parameters in the construction of the vocal work of the actor. Considering that speaking in theater is closer to singing than everyday speech, she concluded that the actor may compose music as a music composer does in the elaborating process of building vocal scores. Therefore, she demonstrated that it is of fundamental importance a musical training in the development of the actor.
Esta pesquisa se deu a partir de uma investiga??o sobre a fala teatral. Atrav?s de uma metodologia emp?rica que analisou uma experi?ncia pr?tica de constru??o de uma encena??o e de pesquisa bibliogr?fica, a atriz/pesquisadora investigou possibilidades de manipula??o de par?metros musicais como recursos no processo de cria??o da voz do ator. A atriz/pesquisadora procurou unir teoria e pr?tica, movida pelo desejo de buscar uma express?o vocal em cena que se concretizasse como movimento vivo e transformador. Este trabalho cont?m tamb?m o relato de experi?ncias pedag?gicas, nas quais a atriz/pesquisadora explorou estrat?gias para ensinar a apropria??o de par?metros da m?sica na constru??o do trabalho vocal do ator. Verificando que a fala teatral est? mais pr?xima do canto do que da fala cotidiana, ela concluiu que o ator pode compor m?sica assim como o faz um compositor de m?sica no processo de cria??o de suas partituras vocais. Por isso, constatou que ? de fundamental import?ncia um treinamento musical na forma??o do ator.

I detta arbete har jag undersökt hur jag kan nyttja olika musikparametrar för att gestalta olika känslor i min musik. Det blev tolv låtar utifrån fyra valda känslor, där riktlinjerna för att kunna gestalta känslorna hämtades ur Patrik Juslins Bok Musical Emotions Explained. Låtarna komponerades först på piano och utvecklades senare till fritt instrumenterade och arrangerade versioner i utvalt DAW. Arbetet ger inblick i gestaltning av känslorna glädje, intresse, ilska och sorg i flera låtar genom att visa på hur olika musikparametrar har använts i komponerandet och arrangerandet för respektive känsla. Jag har kommit fram till att olika musikparametrar för känslorna har värderats och prioriterats olika högt beroende på vilken känsla som gestaltats. Låtarnas klangfärg, genom val av instrument och artikulationer har spelat större roll för musikens känslouttryck än vad jag tidigare hade trott. Visualisering, i form av inre upplevda bilder, har fungerat som en inspirationskälla i skapandet av de arrangerade intresselåtarna och även till några låtar för de andra känslorna. Riktlinjerna till musikparametrarna som använts stämmer till stor del överens med de olika känslorna som låtarna ska gestalta enligt mig. Slutligen anser jag att alla riktlinjer i studien (Juslin, 2019, ss. 126, 235) inte alltid fungerar i praktiken, exempelvis genom att en individs känsloupplevelse kan skilja sig från majoritetens känsloupplevelse av ett stycke musik. Faktorer som lyssnarens bakgrund och omgivning tar på ett eller annat sätt fokus från de musikaliska funktionerna och formar upplevelsen av musiken.

Orientador: Orly Zucatto Mantovani de Assis
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: A presente pesquisa pretende discutir a importância das atividades musicais para o trabalho com crianças no cotidiano da escola. Apresenta uma avaliação qualitativa intitulada rede semântica natural proposta por Figueroa, González e Solís (1981) sobre a concepção dos professores de educação infantil e ensino fundamental 1º e 2º ciclos de talento musical e a importância da música no ambiente escolar. Os resultados confirmam o julgamento, muito freqüente, do privilégio de poucos ¿dotados¿ de talento nato para o fazer musical e revela um reconhecimento das contribuições da música para o desenvolvimento cognitivo, afetivo, social e motor das crianças, embora as concepções dos professores sobre a música na escola não apresentem categorias que envolvam a prática musical como o cantar, tocar ou fazer música. Esses resultados provocaram algumas necessidades. Para tanto, pretendeu-se conhecer o processo de construção das noções musicais em crianças de educação infantil e propor um caminho de reflexão sobre as possibilidades musicais comum a todos. Assim, o estudo apresenta o registro gráfico do som realizado por crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade que visa analisar à luz da psicologia genética o processo de representação gráfica do som e sua relação com a natureza da inteligência. Foram propostas duas observações, uma do ambiente sonoro da escola e outra da percepção de quatro instrumentos musicais: o par de cocos, o metalofone, a queixada e a flauta doce. Os estudos permitiram observar uma evolução do registro do som que parte das garatujas, sem semelhanças com os sons emitidos, passando pelo registro da fonte sonora, inicialmente sem nenhum sinal acompanhando o corpo do objeto e posteriormente com sinais que indicam o som como um prolongamento do objeto sonoro. Algumas representações apresentaram a evocação de objetos ausentes, características nas crianças pré-operatórias. Os registros mais evoluídos apresentaram o som desligado da fonte sonora se mantendo estável pela generalização do significante para um mesmo significado, caracterizando a passagem de símbolo para signo. A partir dessas observações, pôde-se concluir que a compreensão dos signos musicais exige a construção de estruturas mentais, fruto das explorações e invenções organizadas e criadas pelas crianças em contato com os elementos sonoros e das possibilidades de transformação do invisível para visível por meio da escrita, relacionando os signos arbitrários e convencionais às suas experiências anteriores. À guisa de conclusão, são apresentadas algumas reflexões sobre as práticas musicais decorrentes da exploração sonora e de suas representações escritas, possíveis de serem realizadas por qualquer profissional da educação, independente de ser ou não um especialista em música
Abstract: The present research intends to argue the importance of the musical activities for the work with children in the daily one of the school. It presents a qualitative evaluation intitled net natural semantics proposal for Figueroa, González and Solís (1981) on the conception of the professors of infantile education and basic education 1º and 2º cycles on musical talent and the importance of music in the pertaining to school environment. The results confirm the judgment, very frequent, of the privilege of few "endowed" with born talent to make musical comedy and disclose a recognition to it of the contributions of music for cognizance, affective, social and motor the development of the children, even so the conceptions of the professors on music in the school do not present categories that involve the practical musical comedy as singing, touching or to make music. These results had provoked some necessities. For in such a way, it was intended to know the process of construction of the musical slight knowledge in children of infantile education and to consider a reflection way on the musical possibilities common to all. Thus, the study it presents the graphical register of the sound carried through for children of 3 the 6 years of age that it aims at to analyze to the light of genetic psychology the process of graphical representation of the sound and its relation with the nature of intelligence. Two comments environment the school the sonorous another one of the perception of four musical instruments had been proposals, one of and: the pair of coconuts, metalofone, the jaw and the flute candy. The studies had allowed to observe an evolution of the register of the sound that has left of garatujas, without similarities with the emitted sounds, passing for the register of the sonorous source, initially without no signal following the body of the object and later with signals that indicate the sound as a prolongation of the sonorous object. Some representations had presented the absent, characteristic object mandate in the children daily pay-operative. The evolved registers more had presented the off sound of steady the sonorous source if keeping for the generalization of the significant one for one exactly meant, characterizing the ticket of symbol for sign. To leave of these comments, it could be concluded that the understanding of the musical signs demands the construction of mental structures, fruit of the explorations and inventions organized and created for the children in contact with the sonorous elements and of the possibilities of transformation of the invisible one for visible by means of the writing, relating the arbitrary and conventional signs to its previous experiences. To it stews of conclusion, are presented some reflections on the practical decurrent musical comedies of the sonorous exploration and its written, possible representations to be carried through for any professional of the education, independent of being or not a specialist in music
Mestrado
Psicologia, Desenvolvimento Humano e Educação
Mestre em Educação

Este trabalho consiste na aplicação de técnicas de identificação de parâmetros estruturais, especificamente massa, rigidez e amortecimento, à caixa acústica de um violão clássico. A abordagem experimental tradicional é adotada, com medição de aceleração em um ponto da estrutura e excitação proveniente de martelo instrumentado registrada em diferentes pontos. As funções de resposta em frequência são então traçadas para, em conjunto com um modelo analítico representativo dos primeiros graus de liberdade do acoplamento ar/estrutura, realizar-se o ajuste de curvas e posterior identificação dinâmica. Para tanto, esta última etapa foi tratada como um problema matemático de otimização não linear no qual se busca a minimização de uma função objetivo que contabiliza de alguma forma a diferença entre o resultado das medições e os valores previstos pelo modelo utilizado. Várias funções de erro (objetivo) e vários algoritmos foram utilizados, como mínimos quadrados não linear, simplex de Nealder-Mead, algoritmo genético padrão e enxame de partículas (particle swarm), entre outros, sendo este último o de melhor desempenho entre todos, quando aplicado em conjunto com a norma da diferença dos logaritmos das magnitudes ao quadrado. Assim, uma calibração com boa concordância entre dados experimentais e resultados teóricos foi estabelecida para o modelo proposto, sendo realizada também a verificação do ajuste através da comparação de um conjunto independente de dados, trazendo, desta forma, confiabilidade para posteriores cálculos das grandezas associadas ao comportamento dinâmico utilizando-se o modelo ajustado.
This work aims at identify structural parameters of a classical acoustic guitar’s resonant chamber by comparing theoretical and experimental frequency response functions. The quantities used to construct the mass, stiffness and damping matrices of an air/structure analytical model, which is representative of the first few modes of the body, are considered as project variables, and an impact vibration testing approach is used to obtain the measured data, with a roving instrumented hammer and an accelerometer attached to a predefined point of the body. Then, a curve-fit analysis is performed as a mathematical problem of non-linear optimization, wherein the objective function, which is to be minimized, somehow accounts for the difference between the measured data and the theoretically predicted values. Some different error (objective) functions and optimization algorithms, like non-linear least-squares, Nealder-Mead simplex, standard genetic algorithm and particle swarm, among others, were applied, and the latter yielded, together with the squared error norm, the best performance. Then, an updated model was achieved with fair agreement between analytical predictions and experimental results, verified using a validation data set, bringing reliability for further theoretical predictions.

I detta självständiga arbete undersöks upplevelsen av arrangering för stråkinstrument utifrån olika musikaliska parametrar. Syftet med arbetet är att analysera dessa upplevelser samt att studera hur inställningen och självförtroendet till arrangeringen varierar och utvecklas. Under tre månader skapas arrangemang av åtta låtar av varierande karaktär, där processen dokumenteras med hjälp av loggbok och analyseras med tematisk analys. Med stöd från det fenomenologiska perspektivet och vald litteratur presenteras ett resultat utifrån följande frågeställningar: Hur påverkar olika musikaliska parametrar så som gehör, rytmik och harmonisering vid arrangering? Hur upplevs arrangeringsprocessen utifrån inställning, självförtroende och utmaningar? Resultatet delas in i två teman som baseras på dessa frågeställningar, Musikaliska parametrar och Upplevelsen av arrangering. I resultatet framkommer att plankning och gehörsbaserad arrangering upplevs som lustfylld och utmanande. Utveckling vad gäller harmonisering och musikteori analyseras och vid arrangering för elever dras slutsatsen att balansen mellan utmaningar och tydlighet i arrangemanget är en utmaning även för arrangören. Struktur lyfts som en betydelsefull faktor i processen och inställningen till arbetet är mestadels positiv. Motgångar ger ny drivkraft och inspiration till nya idéer och självförtroendet växer under arbetets gång. Avslutningsvis följer en diskussion kring arbetets resultat i relation till vald litteratur och det fenomenologiska perspektivet.
In this self-study the experience of arranging for string instruments is examined based on different musical parameters. The purpose of this study is to analyze these experiences and to examine how the attitude and self-confidence varies and develops. During three months, arrangements of eight songs of varying character are created, where the process is documented with the help of a journal and analyzed with thematic analysis. With support from the phenomenological perspective and selected literature, a result is presented based on the following questions: How do different musical parameters such as hearing, rhythm and harmonization affect when arranging? How is the arrangement process experienced based on attitude, self-confidence and challenges? The results are divided into two themes based on these issues, musical parameters and the experience of arrangement. The results show that an aural-based arrangement is experienced as pleasurable and challenging. Development in terms of harmonization and music theory is analyzed and when arranging for students, it is concluded that the balance between challenges and clarity in the arrangement is indeed a challenge for the arranger as well. Structure is highlighted as a significant factor in the process and the attitude to the study is mostly positive. Adversity provides new impetus and inspiration to new ideas and self-confidence grows during the study. In conclusion, a discussion follows about the results of the study in relation to selected literature and the phenomenological perspective.

This dissertation presents evidence for the influence which tenor Enrico Caruso had on the Italian Vocal Tradition. This impact was clearly boosted by the revolution realized in the fledgling recording industry, and the recordable disc. In the years of 1902-1920 gramophones became commonplace, and collecting recordings became an interest for many. This new technology required specialized skills, and was especially suited to certain qualities of voice. Caruso enjoyed immense success in this medium, in recording over 250 records. Italian vocal style at the turn of the century was changing, and Caruso employed a new "modern" style in his singing. His interpretive decisions, vocal method, and repertoire which he championed had an impact on the vocal tradition of future generations. Comparison of his recordings with tenors Fernando de Lucia, Giuseppe Anselmi, and Alessandro Bonci shows a marked contrast in styles of "the old school" and Caruso's "more straightforward" approach. A collection of historical documents for those who succeeded him include many biographies, reviews, and quotes to demonstrate the extent of his influence. Recordings also show a movement toward "the Caruso Sound." Jussi Bjoerling, Franco Corelli, Richard Tucker, Mario Lanza, and Luciano Pavarotti were all influenced by the great Caruso. Almost 100 years have passed since he sang his last performance. He continues to inspire singers to this day, through his recordings and legacy passed on by many generations. He is the ideal, the measuring stick for all tenors to follow, and continues even to today.

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O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é o processo intervalar na construção composicional de Almeida Prado em suas três fases pós-ruptura, chamadas de Pós-Tonal, Síntese e Pós-Moderna. A concepção intervalar do compositor é demonstrada por análises realizadas em três obras, uma de cada fase pós-ruptura: Sonata n. 3, Cartas Celestes I e Noturno n. 7, respectivamente. A análise tem sua metodologia baseada em um recorte arbitrário que buscou compreender três intervalos básicos que podem ser somados a outros três intervalos enarmônicos como ampliação das possibilidades intervalares na escrita. O desenvolvimento teórico da pesquisa aprofundou-se a partir de um foco e uma análise intervalar que, conceitualmente, buscaram uma superação terminológica de uma formulação anterior nomeada como expressividade intervalar (SANT’ANA, 2009) para a atualização terminológica definida como intervalo característico. O embasamento teórico para essa concepção intervalar deu-se a partir das proposições de Boulanger (1926), Costère (1954, 1962), Forte (1973), Straus ([1990] 2013), Pousseur ([2005] 2009) e Menezes (2002). Como contextualização crítico-histórica, foi realizada uma revisão sucinta de tendências teórico-analíticas e seus problemas, reconsiderando-se as observações de Schoenberg ([1922] 2001, [1954] 2004), Kerman ([1985] 1987), Cook (1987, 2007) e Kramer (2015). Para se validar a construção e o caráter da ferramenta teórico-analítica aqui empreendida, utilizou-se a teoria de Lacey (2008) associada à visão teórico-musicológica desses autores. Com o processo analítico, apresentado no quarto capítulo, procurou-se demonstrar a grande incidência do(s) intervalo(s) característico(s) na construção estrutural das obras, desvelando-se um número variado de estratégias composicionais adotadas por Almeida Prado associadas a esses intervalos. Ainda no quarto capítulo, foi aplicada a ferramenta denominada régua intervalar, que pode ajudar na melhor compreensão dos intervalos com mais potencial de dissonância, os quais agem por meio de interação e contraste frente ao background aparentemente tonal dos intervalos mais consonantes ligados aos primeiros sete parciais (harmônicos) da série harmônica. Assim, em uma pesquisa futura, a ferramenta e a proposição analítica aqui desenvolvidas podem contribuir na compreensão e na sistematização dos tipos de objetos harmônicos pensados como entidades tímbricas que são moldados a partir dessa concepção intervalar.
The object of study this work is the interval process in the compositional construction of Brazilian pianist and composer Almeida Prado in his three post-rupture phases, called PostTonal, Synthesis and Post-Modern. The intervalar conception of the composer is demonstrated by analyses carried out in three works - one from each post-rupture phase (Sonata n. 3, Cartas Celestes I and Noturno n. 7). The analysis has its methodology based on an arbitrary crop that sought to understand three basic intervals that can be added to three other enharmonic intervals as an extension of the interval possibilities in writing. The theoretical development of the research was deepened from a focus and an interval analysis that, conceptually, sought a terminological overcoming of an earlier formulation named as intervalar expressivity (SANT'ANA, 2009) for the terminological update defined as a characteristic interval. The theoretical basis for this interval conception came from the propositions of Boulanger (1926), Costère (1954, 1962), Forte (1973), Straus ([1990] 2013), Pousseur ([2005] 2009) and Menezes (2002). As a critical-historical context, a brief review of theoretical-analytical trends and their problems was carried out, reconsidering the observations of Schoenberg ([1922] 2001, [1954] 2004), Kerman ([1985], 1987), Cook (1987, 2007) and Kramer (2015). To validate the construction and character of the theoreticalanalytical tool undertaken here, Lacey (2008)’s theory was used associated with the theoretical-musicological view, methodologically adopted in this work. Like the analytical process contained in the fourth chapter, one tried to demonstrate the great incidence of the characteristic interval (s) in the structural construction of the works, revealing a varied number of compositional strategies adopted by Almeida Prado associated to these intervals. Still in the fourth chapter, the tool called interval rule was applied, which can help in better understanding the intervals with more potential of dissonance that act through interaction and contrast against the seemingly tonal background of the more consonant intervals linked to the first seven (harmonic) partials of the harmonic series. Thus, in a future research, the tool and the analytical proposition developed here, can contribute to the comprehension and systematization of the types of harmonic objects thought as timbral entities that are shaped from this intervalar conception.

As all genres of popular music, classical music consists of many different subgenres. The aim of this work is to recognize those subgenres from orchestral recordings. It is focused on the time period from the very end of 16th century to the beginning of 20th century, which means that Baroque era, Classical era and Romantic era are researched. The Music Information Retrieval (MIR) method was used to classify chosen subgenres. In the first phase of MIR method, parameters were extracted from musical recordings and were evaluated. Only the best parameters were used as input data for machine learning classifiers, to be specific: kNN (K-Nearest Neighbor), LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis), GMM (Gaussian Mixture Models) and SVM (Support Vector Machines). In the final chapter, all the best results are summarized. According to the results, there is significant difference between the Baroque era and the other researched eras. This significant difference led to better identification of the Baroque era recordings. On the contrary, Classical era ended up to be relatively similar to Romantic era and therefore all classifiers had less success in identification of recordings from this era. The results are in line with music theory and characteristics of chosen musical eras.

Orientador: José Eduardo Ribeiro de Paiva
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve por finalidade identificar convergências nos trabalhos de mediação dos produtores musicais envolvidos com o movimento do pagode nas décadas de 1980 e 1990. O samba apresentado nas rodas de pagodes nos anos de 1980, e que ficou comercialmente conhecido como pagode - ou "samba de raiz", mais recentemente -, é caracterizado por musicólogos como representante das comunidades restritas e da tradição do samba. Da mesma forma, os musicólogos costumam caracterizar os artistas que emergiram na década de 1990 - e que tiveram seus trabalhos classificados como pagode - como incorporadores de elementos estrangeiros e modernos ao samba, num "novo" pagode que ficou conhecido como "pagode romântico". A despeito destas dicotomias que envolvem o pagode, ao passar por um estúdio de gravação a música de ambos os segmentos (e períodos) reflete um processo de mediação; e as figuras dos produtores musicais são responsáveis por isso, no âmbito da indústria fonográfica. Utilizando-se da análise de fonogramas de artistas ligados ao pagode (de ambas as décadas) e de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os produtores musicais daqueles artistas, foi possível identificar algumas estratégias, objetivos e padrões de produção musical que deixam as fronteiras préestabelecidas menos nítidas. Dessa forma pôde-se concluir que, além das dicotomias, há muitas convergências que permitem avaliar o pagode de maneira menos segmentária e mais independente do discurso moderno-tradicional, hibridoautêntico, nacional-internacional que vêm pautando os estudos sobre o assunto; e é quando se analisa o pagode sob o prisma do produtor musical que se identifica o mercado como diminuidor de fronteiras e integrador de pólos distintos
Abstract: This research aimed to identify convergences in mediation work of record producers during the movimento do pagode of the 1980s and 1990s. Samba made in the rodas de pagode in the 1980s, commercially known as pagode - more recently called rootsy samba -, is characterized by musicologists as the representative of restricted communities and samba tradition. Likewise, musicologists often characterize the artists that emerged in the 1990s - and had their work classified as pagode - as incorporators of foreign and modern elements to the samba, creating a "new" pagode which became known as "romantic pagode". Despite these dichotomies involving the pagode, passing the music of both segments (and periods) by a recording studio reflects a process of mediation and the figures of record producers are responsible for that within the music industry. Through the analysis of repertoire of artists connected with the pagode (in both decades) and semi-structured interviews with the record producers of those artists it was possible to identify some strategies, objectives and standards of record production that leave the pre-established boundaries less clear. Thus it can be concluded that besides the dichotomies there are many convergences for assessing the pagode in a less segmental speech - more independent of the modern-traditional, hybrid-authentic, national-international discussions that have been basing the studies on the subject. Analyzing the pagode through the prism of the record producers makes possible to identify the market as borders subtractor and distinct poles integrator
Doutorado
Fundamentos Teoricos
Doutor em Música

Diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of using video records in analysis road accidents. There are described static and dynamic camera systems. There are also explained the principles of functioning digital cameras and other related terms and associated principles. In this thesis there are compared several types of dynamic cameras, desribed analysis an evaluation procedure. Part of this thesis is to describe the legal issues of recording.

A performance coral requer que o regente faça uma série de escolhas técnicas e interpretativas. Um dos elementos a respeito dos quais o regente faz escolhas é a dicção do texto cantado, visto que a notação musical ocidental não especifica o exato instante de articulação, a duração ou a dinâmica de vogais e consoantes. Manuais de regência coral geralmente discutem a dicção em termos de uniformidade de pronúncia e clareza de enunciação, ou também de sua relação com a homogeneidade do timbre coral e/ou com uma linha legato. Entretanto, são poucos os escritos sobre regência coral que explicitam possíveis durações, dinâmicas e/ou instantes de articulação de vogais e consoantes, e ainda mais raros aqueles que exemplificam como tais escolhas podem contribuir para uma performance expressiva. Nas últimas décadas, houve um aumento de pesquisas sobre a expressividade na performance, contudo poucas mencionam que a maneira como o texto é pronunciado pode colaborar com a expressividade. Ademais, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos expressivos da dicção em performances especificamente corais. Neste trabalho, estudamos as escolhas interpretativas de regentes quanto à dicção do texto em obras corais cantadas em alemão, visando a observar os efeitos dessas escolhas na expressividade da performance coral. Para isso, utilizamos um conjunto de métodos e técnicas que incluem estudos bibliográficos e estudos de caso, entrevistas, análises de partituras, assim como análises de gravações feitas com o software Sonic Visualiser. A primeira parte apresenta os pontos de partida da pesquisa, que se referem às questões de escolhas e de expressividade na performance. A segunda parte apresenta os estudos bibliográficos, que incluem uma análise de escritos sobre regência coral e também dados coletados nas entrevistas que fizemos com seis regentes. Nessa parte, discutimos a pronúncia do alemão para o canto, as sugestões de regentes quanto à dicção do texto (principalmente em relação à duração, à dinâmica e ao instante de articulação de vogais e consoantes), as relações entre a articulação do texto e a articulação musical, e as possibilidades expressivas da dicção. A terceira parte apresenta os estudos de caso, nos quais analisamos partituras e gravações de obras corais de J. S. Bach, F. Schubert e J. Brahms e descrevemos os efeitos de diferentes escolhas relativas à dicção. A quarta e última parte confronta os dados apresentados nos estudos bibliográficos e nos estudos de caso. Nela, discutimos as relações entre as gravações e a literatura pesquisada em termos das escolhas interpretativas relacionadas à dicção, da influência da articulação do texto sobre articulação musical, e do papel da dicção na expressividade da performance coral. Os resultados sugerem que, em situações específicas, a dicção pode ter um papel central na expressividade da performance, sendo eventualmente tão ou mais significativa que aspectos mais comumente analisados, como variações de andamento, portamento ou vibrato. Por fim, sugerimos dois elementos relacionados à dicção que podem contribuir para compreender a experiência de escuta de uma performance expressiva: um sentido de que os músicos são parte da música e um sentido de estar no momento presente.
Choral performance requires several interpretative and technical choices by the conductor. One of the elements about which the conductor makes choices is the diction of the sung text, since Western musical notation does not specify the precise instant of articulation, the duration or the dynamic of vowels and consonants. Choral conducting handbooks generally discuss diction in terms of uniformity of pronunciation and clearness of enunciation, or also in terms of its relationship with choral blend and/or with a legato line. However, few writings on choral conducting are explicit in relation to possible durations, dynamics and/or instants of articulation of vowels and consonants, and even rarer are those which exemplify how these choices may contribute to an expressive performance. In the last decades, researches on expressivity in music performance have increased, yet few of such researches mention that the way one pronounces a text may play a part in expressivity. Moreover, little is known about the effects of an expressive diction specifically in choral performances. In this research, I investigate conductors\' interpretative choices regarding text diction in choral music sung in German, aiming to identify the effects of these choices on the expressivity of choral performance. My research uses mixed methods and techniques, which include bibliographical studies, case studies, interviews, score analyses, as well as recording analyses made with the software Sonic Visualiser. The first part presents the research\'s starting points, which refer to questions on choices in performance and on expressivity in performance. The second part presents the bibliographical studies, which include an analysis of writings about choral conducting and data collected in the interviews I did with six conductors. In this part I discuss German diction for singing, conductor\'s suggestions with respect to text diction (especially as regards the duration, the dynamic and the instant of articulation of vowels and consonants), the relationships between text articulation and musical articulation, and the expressive possibilities of diction. The third part presents the case studies, in which I analyse scores and recordings of choral works by J. S. Bach, F. Schubert and J. Brahms, and describe the effects of different choices related to diction. The fourth and last part compares data presented in the bibliographical studies and in the case studies. In this final part, I discuss the relationships between the recordings and the researched literature in terms of the interpretative choices regarding text diction, the influence of text articulation on musical articulation, and the role of diction in the expressivity of choral performance. Results suggest that in particular situations text diction can play a central role in performance expressivity, eventually being as significant as (or perhaps even more than) aspects more commonly analysed in researches, such as variations in tempo, portamento or vibrato. Finally, I suggest two elements concerning text diction that may contribute to an understanding of the experience of listening to an expressive performance: a sense that the musicians are part of the music, as well as a sense of being in the present moment.

Cette thèse traite de la manière dont le musicien contrôle les régimes d'oscillation d'un instrument de la famille des cuivres. L'’association d’'un instrument et d'un musicien forme un système dynamique complexe. Le couplage non linéaire entre les lèvres et la colonne d’'air peut mener à un régime stationnaire, des auto-oscillations périodiques ou quasi-périodiques. De nombreux paramètres de contrôle permettent à un musicien de choisir le régime d’oscillation.Deux approches sont utilisées pour comprendre l’'émergence des régimes de l’'instrument et leur contrôle par le musicien. D'’une part, on étudie un modèle physique de cuivre, consistant en une valve à 1 degré de liberté couplée non linéairement à une expression modale de l’'impédance d’'entrée de l’'instrument. Les caractéristiques des régimes de ce modèle sont étudiés par analyse de stabilité linéaire, simulation numérique et équilibrage harmonique. L’'objectif est d'’estimer la capacité de ce modèle à reproduire le comportement de l’'instrument. Un outil expérimental est également développé pour mesurer simultanément des paramètres de contrôle employés par les musiciens et des variables de jeu.Les résultats améliorent la compréhension des régimes d’oscillation des cuivres. Les mesures expérimentales donnent les plages de variation des paramètres de jeu. Les résultats des méthodes d'’analyse se complètent, donnant une vision globale de l’'apparition des régimes oscillants du modèle et des informations détaillées sur certains points de fonctionnement. Certaines situations de jeu particulières sont étudiées: note pédale du trombone, ’influence de l’'utilisation d’'une sourdine et nature des sons multiphoniques
This thesis focuses on how a musician controls and chooses the oscillation regimes of brass instruments.The association of an instrument and a musician is a complex dynamical system. The nonlinear coupling between the lips and the resonator can lead to a stationary regime, periodic or quasi-periodic self-sustained oscillations. Through several control parameters, a musician can select the desired regime.Two approaches are developed to understand the emergence of the instrument oscillation regimes and how a musician controls it. A physical model of brass instrument is studied. It consists in a one-degree-of-freedom lip valve nonlinearly coupled to a modal fit of the input impedance of the instrument. The features of several oscillation regimes of this model are studied through linear stability analysis, numerical simulation and harmonic balance. Goals are the assessment of the ability of this model to reproduce the behavior of the modelled instrument. An experimental setup is also developed to measure simultaneously playing parameters used by a musician and instrument variables.Results provide a better understanding of the behavior of brass instrument oscillation regimes. Measurements provide ranges of the control parameters. Results of the analysis methods of the model are complementary. A global vision of the occurrence of certain oscillation regimes is provided, along with more detailed information for some operating points. Some specific playing situations are examined in detail, such as the trombone pedal note, the influence of a passive or active mute on the latter, and the nature of multiphonic sounds

Nous explorons le lien entre la mobilité au chevalet et la perception de la jouabilité en observant si le musicien perçoit des différences dans les limites supérieure et inférieure de Schelleng, pour les notes autres que la note de loup. Nous recherchons également d’autres facteurs pertinents pour la perception de la jouabilité en étudiant les interactions entre le musicien et l’instrument lors d’une tâche d’évaluation et d’interprétation. Contrairement aux approches précédentes, nous observons toutes les parties de la boucle de rétroaction de la jouabilité, à savoir les paramètres de contrôle, les mesures vibro-acoustiques de l’instrument, la réponse de l’instrument en situation de jeu et les commentaires du musicien sur les qualités de cet instrument. Nous trouvons que la courbure du chevalet du violoncelle peut amener le musicien à utiliser moins de force que d’habitude afin d’éviter de toucher accidentellement des cordes adjacentes. Cela entraîne des transitoires plus longs et des timbres différents, qui sont perçus d’une manière non lié à la géométrie ou aux paramètres de contrôle. Parfois, des adaptations inconscientes de la géométrie affectent les sons produits et la perception ultérieure de l’instrument. Un effort conscient est nécessaire pour surmonter ces comportements naturels afin de compenser la géométrie de la configuration et d’arriver à une évaluation stable
We attempt to validate the link between the bridge mobility and the perception of playability by observing whether the musician perceives differences in Schelleng’s upper and lower limits for notes other than the wolf note. We also look for other factors which are relevant to the musician’s perception of playability by studying the interactions between the player and the instrument during an evaluation and performance task. Unlike previous approaches, we observe all parts of the playability feedback loop, including the control parameters, some vibro-acoustical measurements taken with an impact hammer, the response of the instrument to the control parameters, and the musician’s comments about perceptual properties. We find that geometric features of the cello set-up (in particular, the bridge curvature) may lead the musician to use less force than usual in order to avoid accidentally touching adjacent strings. This results in longer transients and different timbres, which are perceived in ways that are not related to geometry or control parameters. Sometimes unconscious adaptations to the geometry affect the sounds produced and the subsequent perception of the instrument. A conscious effort is needed to overcome these natural behaviors in order to compensate for set-up geometry and arrive at a stable evaluation

This thesis addresses several shortcomings on the current state of the art methodologies in music information retrieval (MIR). In particular, it proposes several computational approaches to automatically analyze and describe music scores and audio recordings of Ottoman-Turkish makam music (OTMM). The main contributions of the thesis are the music corpus that has been created to carry out the research and the audio-score alignment methodology developed for the analysis of the corpus. In addition, several novel computational analysis methodologies are presented in the context of common MIR tasks of relevance for OTMM. Some example tasks are predominant melody extraction, tonic identification, tempo estimation, makam recognition, tuning analysis, structural analysis and melodic progression analysis. These methodologies become a part of a complete system called Dunya-makam for the exploration of large corpora of OTMM. The thesis starts by presenting the created CompMusic Ottoman- Turkish makam music corpus. The corpus includes 2200 music scores, more than 6500 audio recordings, and accompanying metadata. The data has been collected, annotated and curated with the help of music experts. Using criteria such as completeness, coverage and quality, we validate the corpus and show its research potential. In fact, our corpus is the largest and most representative resource of OTMM that can be used for computational research. Several test datasets have also been created from the corpus to develop and evaluate the specific methodologies proposed for different computational tasks addressed in the thesis. The part focusing on the analysis of music scores is centered on phrase and section level structural analysis. Phrase boundaries are automatically identified using an existing state-of-the-art segmentation methodology. Section boundaries are extracted using heuristics specific to the formatting of the music scores. Subsequently, a novel method based on graph analysis is used to establish similarities across these structural elements in terms of melody and lyrics, and to label the relations semiotically. The audio analysis section of the thesis reviews the state-of-the-art for analysing the melodic aspects of performances of OTMM. It proposes adaptations of existing predominant melody extraction methods tailored to OTMM. It also presents improvements over pitch-distribution-based tonic identification and makam recognition methodologies. The audio-score alignment methodology is the core of the thesis. It addresses the culture-specific challenges posed by the musical characteristics, music theory related representations and oral praxis of OTMM. Based on several techniques such as subsequence dynamic time warping, Hough transform and variable-length Markov models, the audio-score alignment methodology is designed to handle the structural differences between music scores and audio recordings. The method is robust to the presence of non-notated melodic expressions, tempo deviations within the music performances, and differences in tonic and tuning. The methodology utilizes the outputs of the score and audio analysis, and links the audio and the symbolic data. In addition, the alignment methodology is used to obtain score-informed description of audio recordings. The scoreinformed audio analysis not only simplifies the audio feature extraction steps that would require sophisticated audio processing approaches, but also substantially improves the performance compared with results obtained from the state-of-the-art methods solely relying on audio data. The analysis methodologies presented in the thesis are applied to the CompMusic Ottoman-Turkish makam music corpus and integrated into a web application aimed at culture-aware music discovery. Some of the methodologies have already been applied to other music traditions such as Hindustani, Carnatic and Greek music. Following open research best practices, all the created data, software tools and analysis results are openly available. The methodologies, the tools and the corpus itself provide vast opportunities for future research in many fields such as music information retrieval, computational musicology and music education.
Esta tesis aborda varias limitaciones de las metodologías más avanzadas en el campo de recuperación de información musical (MIR por sus siglas en inglés). En particular, propone varios métodos computacionales para el análisis y la descripción automáticas de partituras y grabaciones de audio de música de makam turco-otomana (MMTO). Las principales contribuciones de la tesis son el corpus de música que ha sido creado para el desarrollo de la investigación y la metodología para alineamiento de audio y partitura desarrollada para el análisis del corpus. Además, se presentan varias metodologías nuevas para análisis computacional en el contexto de las tareas comunes de MIR que son relevantes para MMTO. Algunas de estas tareas son, por ejemplo, extracción de la melodía predominante, identificación de la tónica, estimación de tempo, reconocimiento de makam, análisis de afinación, análisis estructural y análisis de progresión melódica. Estas metodologías constituyen las partes de un sistema completo para la exploración de grandes corpus de MMTO llamado Dunya-makam. La tesis comienza presentando el corpus de música de makam turcootomana de CompMusic. El corpus incluye 2200 partituras, más de 6500 grabaciones de audio, y los metadatos correspondientes. Los datos han sido recopilados, anotados y revisados con la ayuda de expertos. Utilizando criterios como compleción, cobertura y calidad, validamos el corpus y mostramos su potencial para investigación. De hecho, nuestro corpus constituye el recurso de mayor tamaño y representatividad disponible para la investigación computacional de MMTO. Varios conjuntos de datos para experimentación han sido igualmente creados a partir del corpus, con el fin de desarrollar y evaluar las metodologías específicas propuestas para las diferentes tareas computacionales abordadas en la tesis. La parte dedicada al análisis de las partituras se centra en el análisis estructural a nivel de sección y de frase. Los márgenes de frase son identificados automáticamente usando uno de los métodos de segmentación existentes más avanzados. Los márgenes de sección son extraídos usando una heurística específica al formato de las partituras. A continuación, se emplea un método de nueva creación basado en análisis gráfico para establecer similitudes a través de estos elementos estructurales en cuanto a melodía y letra, así como para etiquetar relaciones semióticamente. La sección de análisis de audio de la tesis repasa el estado de la cuestión en cuanto a análisis de los aspectos melódicos en grabaciones de MMTO. Se proponen modificaciones de métodos existentes para extracción de melodía predominante para ajustarlas a MMTO. También se presentan mejoras de metodologías tanto para identificación de tónica basadas en distribución de alturas, como para reconocimiento de makam. La metodología para alineación de audio y partitura constituye el grueso de la tesis. Aborda los retos específicos de esta cultura según vienen determinados por las características musicales, las representaciones relacionadas con la teoría musical y la praxis oral de MMTO. Basada en varias técnicas tales como deformaciones dinámicas de tiempo subsecuentes, transformada de Hough y modelos de Markov de longitud variable, la metodología de alineamiento de audio y partitura está diseñada para tratar las diferencias estructurales entre partituras y grabaciones de audio. El método es robusto a la presencia de expresiones melódicas no anotadas, desviaciones de tiempo en las grabaciones, y diferencias de tónica y afinación. La metodología utiliza los resultados del análisis de partitura y audio para enlazar el audio y los datos simbólicos. Además, la metodología de alineación se usa para obtener una descripción informada por partitura de las grabaciones de audio. El análisis de audio informado por partitura no sólo simplifica los pasos para la extracción de características de audio que de otro modo requerirían sofisticados métodos de procesado de audio, sino que también mejora sustancialmente su rendimiento en comparación con los resultados obtenidos por los métodos más avanzados basados únicamente en datos de audio. Las metodologías analíticas presentadas en la tesis son aplicadas al corpus de música de makam turco-otomana de CompMusic e integradas en una aplicación web dedicada al descubrimiento culturalmente específico de música. Algunas de las metodologías ya han sido aplicadas a otras tradiciones musicales, como música indostaní, carnática y griega. Siguiendo las mejores prácticas de investigación en abierto, todos los datos creados, las herramientas de software y los resultados de análisis está disponibles públicamente. Las metodologías, las herramientas y el corpus en sí mismo ofrecen grandes oportunidades para investigaciones futuras en muchos campos tales como recuperación de información musical, musicología computacional y educación musical.
Aquesta tesi adreça diverses deficiències en l’estat actual de les metodologies d’extracció d’informació de música (Music Information Retrieval o MIR). En particular, la tesi proposa diverses estratègies per analitzar i descriure automàticament partitures musicals i enregistraments d’actuacions musicals de música Makam Turca Otomana (OTMM en les seves sigles en anglès). Les contribucions principals de la tesi són els corpus musicals que s’han creat en el context de la tesi per tal de dur a terme la recerca i la metodologia de alineament d’àudio amb la partitura que s’ha desenvolupat per tal d’analitzar els corpus. A més la tesi presenta diverses noves metodologies d’anàlisi computacional d’OTMM per a les tasques més habituals en MIR. Alguns exemples d’aquestes tasques són la extracció de la melodia principal, la identificació del to musical, l’estimació de tempo, el reconeixement de Makam, l’anàlisi de la afinació, l’anàlisi de la estructura musical i l’anàlisi de la progressió melòdica. Aquest seguit de metodologies formen part del sistema Dunya-makam per a la exploració de grans corpus musicals d’OTMM. En primer lloc, la tesi presenta el corpus CompMusic Ottoman- Turkish makam music. Aquest inclou 2200 partitures musicals, més de 6500 enregistraments d’àudio i metadata complementària. Les dades han sigut recopilades i anotades amb ajuda d’experts en aquest repertori musical. El corpus ha estat validat en termes de d’exhaustivitat, cobertura i qualitat i mostrem aquí el seu potencial per a la recerca. De fet, aquest corpus és el la font més gran i representativa de OTMM que pot ser utilitzada per recerca computacional. També s’han desenvolupat diversos subconjunts de dades per al desenvolupament i evaluació de les metodologies específiques proposades per a les diverses tasques computacionals que es presenten en aquest tesi. La secció de la tesi que tracta de l’anàlisi de partitures musicals se centra en l’anàlisi estructural a nivell de secció i de frase musical. Els límits temporals de les frases musicals s’identifiquen automàticament gràcies a un metodologia de segmentació d’última generació. Els límits de les seccions s’extreuen utilitzant un seguit de regles heurístiques determinades pel format de les partitures musicals. Posteriorment s’utilitza un nou mètode basat en anàlisi gràfic per establir semblances entre aquest elements estructurals en termes de melodia i text. També s’utilitza aquest mètode per etiquetar les relacions semiòtiques existents. La següent secció de la tesi tracta sobre anàlisi d’àudio i en particular revisa les tecnologies d’avantguardia d’anàlisi dels aspectes melòdics en OTMM. S’hi proposen adaptacions dels mètodes d’extracció de melodia existents que s’ajusten a OTMM. També s’hi presenten millores en metodologies de reconeixement de makam i en identificació de tònica basats en distribució de to. La metodologia d’alineament d’àudio amb partitura és el nucli de la tesi. Aquesta aborda els reptes culturalment específics imposats per les característiques musicals, les representacions de la teoria musical i la pràctica oral particulars de l’OTMM. Utilitzant diverses tècniques tal i com Dynamic Time Warping, Hough Transform o models de Markov de durada variable, la metodologia d’alineament esta dissenyada per enfrontar les diferències estructurals entre partitures musicals i enregistraments d’àudio. El mètode és robust inclús en presència d’expressions musicals no anotades en la partitura, desviacions de tempo ocorregudes en les actuacions musicals i diferències de tònica i afinació. La metodologia aprofita els resultats de l’anàlisi de la partitura i l’àudio per enllaçar la informació simbòlica amb l’àudio. A més, la tècnica d’alineament s’utilitza per obtenir descripcions de l’àudio fonamentades en la partitura. L’anàlisi de l’àudio fonamentat en la partitura no només simplifica les fases d’extracció de característiques d’àudio que requeririen de mètodes de processament d’àudio sofisticats, sinó que a més millora substancialment els resultats comparat amb altres mètodes d´ultima generació que només depenen de contingut d’àudio. Les metodologies d’anàlisi presentades s’han utilitzat per analitzar el corpus CompMusic Ottoman-Turkish makam music i s’han integrat en una aplicació web destinada al descobriment musical de tradicions culturals específiques. Algunes de les metodologies ja han sigut també aplicades a altres tradicions musicals com la Hindustani, la Carnàtica i la Grega. Seguint els preceptes de la investigació oberta totes les dades creades, eines computacionals i resultats dels anàlisis estan disponibles obertament. Tant les metodologies, les eines i el corpus en si mateix proporcionen àmplies oportunitats per recerques futures en diversos camps de recerca tal i com la musicologia computacional, la extracció d’informació musical i la educació musical. Traducció d’anglès a català per Oriol Romaní Picas.

碩士
國立成功大學
藝術研究所
92
Lian Ya-tang, a traditional intellectual who was in the period of the governing transition between Cing dynasty and Japan government. Keeping track of the phenomena of contemporary musical culture in Taiwan, Lian was an important voice represented the groups of the Han people and the traditional scholars. Lian’s culture research was capable to illustrate the recognition and impression which prevailed over the Taiwanese folk, and was indispensable for collecting the documents related to the studying of the Taiwan ethnomusicological during the Japan governing period. The thesis is a studying that mainly probing into the musical records of Lian Ya-tang. From Lian’s multiple identity background and his various style of documents, it discussed that how is Lian trying to record and to present the Taiwan musical culture. Furthermore, trying to probe the characteristics and the value of Lian’s research, and to understand the research’s contribution and limitation to Taiwan ethnomusicological documents, it analyzed the contents of Lian’s musical records in depth.