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Journal articles on the topic 'Paraffins; Liquids; Mixtures'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Ebrahimi, Hadi, Akbar Zamaniyan, and Khaled Forsat. "Improving Gas to Liquid production by Associated Gases." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 7, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v7i2.197.

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Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) is a process for converting natural gas into synthetic oil, which can be further processed into fuels and other hydrocarbon-based products. The total GTL plant is self-sufficient. Therefore most of the required utilities provided, too. High energy cost is the main driving force behind currently increasing interest in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) for the conversion of GTL. The catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO and H2 Syngas mixtures leads to a large variety of products such as paraffins, olefins, alcohols, and aldehydes. The process uses mainly natural gas. However, other gases fuels could also be employed. Three-fourths of Iraq's natural gas resources are associated with oil. Meanwhile, Majnoon oil production is generating significant amounts of associated gas that was usually flared while different options to abate flaring are under review. The current article presents using a 10 MM m3 annually associated gases in the southern part of Iraq in 3000 BPD GTL plant. The simulation of the plant shows that the added associated gas which is currently flared could increase the productivity and there is no need to send it to the flares. Research Institute of Petroleum Industry has a license of the GTL process, both fixed-bed and slurry types.

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2

Zotov, Yu L., D. M. Zapravdina, E. V. Shishkin, and Yu V. Popov. "Synthesis of stabilizers based on glycerides of monocarboxylic acids for industrial chloroparaffins." Fine Chemical Technologies 17, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 298–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2022-17-4-298-310.

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Objectives. The study aimed to develop new effective heat stabilizers based on glycerol esters of monocarboxylic acids for industrial chlorinated paraffins and to select of the optimal ratio of active ingredients in the stabilizing composition in order to provide the maximum thermostabilizing effect.Methods. The thermostabilizing effect of the studied samples on chlorinated paraffins was evaluated according to the standard method for determining the thermal stability of liquid chlorinated paraffins in terms of the mass fraction of split off hydrogen chloride. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the obtained mixtures of monocarboxylic acid glycerides was carried out using chromato-mass spectrometry.Results. Glycerides of monocarboxylic acids (oleic, octanoic, hexanoic, and propionic acids) were obtained and identified, and the compositions of the resulting mixtures of mono-, di- and triesters were determined. The stabilizing effect of the obtained mixtures of glycerides of monocarboxylic acids in the amount of 0.5–2.0 wt parts per 100 wt parts of unstabilized industrial chlorinated paraffin CP-30 was determined. The combined use of glycerides of monocarboxylic acids with calcium-containing compounds as a complex stabilizer with a molar ratio of esters/Ca 0.93–0.86/0.07–0.14, respectively, was investigated. Chloroparaffin CP-470, stabilized by the developed complex stabilizer, was successfully used in a polyvinyl chloride composition for cable compound of the brand OM-40.Conclusions. A proposed variant of a complex stabilizer for chlorinated paraffins based on Russian raw materials for import substitution will expand the range of effective stabilizers for organochlorine substances. Glycerides of monocarboxylic acids are shown to exhibit a thermostabilizing effect on industrial chlorinated paraffins. The relationship between the length of the hydrocarbon substituent of the carboxylic acid in the ester and the thermostabilizing effect is obtained. With an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent of the carboxylic acid, the heat-stabilizing ability decreases. The minimum sufficient concentration of glycerides of carboxylic acids was 0.05 ± 0.005 mol/kg, above which no increase in the thermostabilizing effect on chloroparaffin was observed. A synergistic ratio of the components of the stabilizing mixture in terms of thermal stability—glycerides of monocarboxylic acids/calcium-containing compounds—was found equal to 0.85–0.9/0.15–0.1.

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3

Asaftei, Iuliean Vasile, Ion Sandu, Neculai Catalin Lungu, Adrian Florin Spac, and Maria Ignat. "Transformation of Gaseous Technical Mixture of the Alkanes and Alkenes Into Liquid Fraction Over Ni-HZSM-5 Obtained by Ionic Exchange." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 4 (May 15, 2018): 938–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.4.6232.

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Paraffin�s and olefins in the cracked naphtha can be transformed into aromatics and iso-paraffins to reduce the olefins content as well to improve the octane number of the gasoline commercial fraction. In this work Ni-HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst was prepared by ion exchange with Ni(NO3)2 aqueous solution. The activity of Ni-HZSM-5 (wt.% 1.34% Ni) catalyst prepared by ion exchange method was investigated in the conversion of light hydrocarbons resulted as by-products of petroleum refining process (mixtures of butenes and (normal + iso) butanes as main components). The obtained Ni-based catalyst has been compare with HZSM-catalyst. The conversion experiments have been performed in a fixed-bed stainless-steel reactor (Twin Reactor System Naky) at 450oC, under 4 atm. (over Ni-HZSM-5) and 8 atm. pressure (over HZSM-5), respectively and at a space velocity (WHSV) of 1h-1. The catalytic activity of (Ni-HZSM-5 catalyst) monitored over 10 catalytic tests (with regeneration of catalyst after each test) using a mixtures butanes-butylenes. The catalytic activity and selectivity towards liquid products - BTX aromatic hydrocarbons and oligo(iC5-iC10, nC5-nC10, ] C10) - depends on time streaming, composition of butanes-butylenes mixture and pressure. In the first hours of each test the aromatic BTX are the main component of the liquid product (connected with butylenes consume) and after that, the oligo fraction become predominant. The initial aromatization process described as dehydrocyclodimerization of alkanes and alkenes, principally to aromatics BTX and molecular hydrogen, is accompanied by oligomerization, isomerization, cracking and alkylation processes to form finally in the liquid phase product an excessively mixture of iso- and normal - C5 -C10 and ] C10 aliphatic hydrocarbons.

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4

Aimbetova, I. O., U. S. Suleimenov, O. A. Kostikov, and R. A. Ristavletov. "DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT STORAGE MATERIALS BASED ON COMMODITY PARAFFINS." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 6, no. 444 (December 15, 2020): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.124.

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Heat storage materials on the basis of liquid paraffins and their narrow fractions with the set temperature of phase transition and the increased heat capacity for enclosing the structures of buildings are received. A method of formulating compositions heat-storage materials with melting temperatures below 250C and increased heat capacity from a mixture of narrow fractions of commodity paraffins is proposed. The technique of obtaining heat-storage materials on the basis of commodity paraffin by mixing components, in obtaining HSM with specified thermal characteristics, the research of component composition, physico-chemical and thermophysical properties, in the research of their operational properties. The technical conditions for the obtained heat- storage materials on the basis of commodity paraffins are developed and the possibility of their application in the enclosing structures of buildings is substantiated. The developed heat-storage material with the set operational properties provides energy saving due to increase of heat capacity and intensity of heat exchange of enclosing designs of buildings.

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5

Fredi, Giulia, Matteo Favaro, Damiano Da Ros, Alessandro Pegoretti, and Andrea Dorigato. "Thermotropic Optical Response of Silicone–Paraffin Flexible Blends." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 5117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235117.

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Organic phase change materials, e.g., paraffins, are attracting increasing attention in thermal energy storage (TES) and thermal management applications. However, they also manifest interesting optical properties such as thermotropism, as they can switch from optically opaque to transparent reversibly and promptly at the melting temperature. This work aims at exploiting this feature to produce flexible silicone-based blends with thermotropic properties for applications in glazed windows or thermal sensors. Blends are produced by adding paraffin (Tm = 44 °C, up to 10 phr) to a silicone bicomponent mixture, and, for the first time, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is also added to promote paraffin dispersion and avoid its exudation. CTAB is proven effective in preventing paraffin exudation both in the solid and in the liquid state when added in a fraction above 3 phr with respect to paraffin. Rheological results show that paraffin decreases the complex viscosity, but neither paraffin nor CTAB modifies the curing behavior of silicone, which indicates uniform processability across the investigated compositions. On the other hand, paraffin causes a decrease in the stress and strain at break at 60 °C, and this effect is amplified by CTAB, which acts as a defect and stress concentrator. Conversely, at room temperature, solid paraffin only slightly impairs the mechanical properties, while CTAB increases both the elastic modulus and tensile strength, as also highlighted with ANOVA. Finally, optical transmittance results suggest that the maximum transmittance difference below and above the melting temperature (65–70 percentage points) is reached for paraffin amounts of 3 to 5 phr and a CTAB amount of max. 0.15 phr.

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6

Mianowski, A., and T. Siudyga. "Thermal analysis of polyolefin and liquid paraffin mixtures." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 74, no. 2 (2003): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jtan.0000005203.55828.c5.

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7

Moir, Michael E., Stéphanie Charbonneau, and J. Brian A. Mitchell. "SOOT REDUCTION CHEMICALS FOR IN-SITU BURNING." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 761–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-761.

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ABSTRACT A soot reduction additive for use in the in-situ burning of oil spills has been developed. The additive is in the form of a liquid concentrate that can be sprayed on a spill. The soot producing tendency of hydrocarbons decreases in the order: aromatics, branched paraffins, cycloalkanes, normal paraffins. Similarly, the soot reduction ability of ferrocene and derivatives decreases in the order: aromatics, cycloalkanes, branched paraffins, normal paraffins. A method of predicting soot reduction is inferred from model studies and confirmation obtained from experiments on known hydrocarbon mixtures.

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8

Fall, David J., Jaimie L. Fall, and Kraemer D. Luks. "Liquid-liquid-vapor immiscibility limits in carbon dioxide + n-paraffin mixtures." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 30, no. 1 (January 1985): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00039a028.

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9

Estrera, Susana S., and Kraemer D. Luks. "Liquid-liquid-vapor equilibria behavior of certain ethane + n-paraffin mixtures." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 32, no. 2 (April 1987): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00048a022.

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10

Sehabiague, Laurent, and Badie I. Morsi. "Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer Characteristics in a Large-Scale Slurry Bubble Column Reactor for Gas Mixtures in Actual Fischer–Tropsch Cuts." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 11, no. 1 (June 18, 2013): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2012-0042.

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Abstract The hydrodynamics (gas holdup, Sauter mean bubble diameter, d 32) and the overall volumetric liquid-side mass transfer coefficients (kLa) were measured in a large-scale (0.29 m ID, 3 m high) slurry bubble column reactor (SBCR) for He/N2 gaseous mixtures, as surrogates for syngas, in three different Fisher–Tropsch (F-T) products (liquid paraffins mixture, light F-T cut and heavy F-T cut) in the presence and absence of three different solids (spent iron oxides catalyst, alumina powder and Puralox alumina). The effects of pressure (10–30 bar), temperature (up to 500 K), superficial gas velocity (0.14–0.26 m/s), solid concentration (0–20 vol.%) and gas density on these design parameters were investigated. The experimental data revealed that increasing the reactor pressure or gas density increased the gas holdup and decreased d 32, by increasing the population of the small gas bubbles, which increased the overall kLa values for all the gas mixtures used in the three F-T cuts under most of the operating conditions employed. Increasing temperature increased the gas holdup in the three F-T cuts, except for N2-light F-T cut, where the gas holdup values remained almost constant from 400 to 500 K. Increasing the slurry concentration decreased the gas holdup and increased d 32, mainly for gaseous mixtures with high He mole fractions, which decreased the overall kLa under all conditions used. Increasing the gas superficial velocities (UG ) increased the gas holdup and kLa values, even though d 32 was found to increase or decrease with increasing UG . Increasing the He mole fraction in the He/N2 gaseous mixture at constant pressure led to low gas holdup and high d 32 which decreased kLa values, and under similar operating conditions, kLa values of He as a single gas were always lower than those of N2 as a single gas. Increasing the He mole fraction in the He/N2 gaseous mixture at constant density, however, was found to have negligible effect on the gas holdup, d 32 and subsequently on the overall kLa. The gas holdup, the overall kLa and the population of the small gas bubbles for N2 in the liquid paraffins mixture were greater than those in the light F-T cut. Operating the SBCR with the heavy F-T cut resulted in the lowest gas holdup and the largest gas bubbles size which led to the lowest gas–liquid interfacial area and consequently, the lowest kLa values. Also, under the operating conditions investigated, the behavior of overall kLa for the gases used in the three F-T cuts in the presence and absence of the three solids employed was controlled by that of the gas–liquid interfacial area (a). Using the data obtained, two novel empirical correlations for predicting the gas holdup and the overall kLa for gases specifically in F-T cuts are proposed.

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11

Ventura, Danilo Alencar Mayer Feitosa, Monaysa Kelly Valadares Araujo dos Santos, José Jailson Nicácio Alves, Antônio Tavernard Pereira Neto, and Bianca Viana de Sousa. "Modeling of the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Aiming to Predict the Production of Paraffins and Olefins." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1628.

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The growing concern with the global environmental issues has resulted in a constant demand for the production of clean fuels. Therefore, researches were carried out in order to improve the gas-to-liquids technology, well represented by the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. This synthesis is able to produce liquid fuels from syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen which is obtained through the processing of the methane gas. Based on literature data, this paper suggests a kinetic model developed by making use of the Matlab® commercial application. The goal was to predict the production of hydrocarbons such as paraffins and olefins with up to six carbons in each chain. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was conducted with the catalyst 20% Co/ MCM-41 in fixed bed reactor at the temperature of 270 °C and atmospheric pressure. The results obtained by the model for both paraffins and olefins were compared with experimental data found in the literature.

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12

Yan, Quan Ying, Li Hang Yue, Li Li Jin, Ran Huo, and Lin Zhang. "The Experimental Research on the Thermal Properties of Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1159.

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This paper investigated the thermal performance of shape stabilized phase change paraffin and shape-stabilized phase change fatty acid. And the PCMs are mixtures of 60% 46# paraffin and 40% liquid paraffin, 65 % 48# paraffin and 35% liquid paraffin,30%capric acid and 70% lauric acid, 30%capric acid and 70% myristic acid. Support material is high-density polyethylene. The results in this paper show that: Thermal stability of both of the two types of phase change materials are good, thermal stability of shape stabilized phase change fatty acid is better than that of paraffin. Results in this paper can provide references and basis for the application of phase change material walls in the practice building.

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13

Osipova, E. O., and V. V. Shevchuk. "Intensification of potash ore flotation process by the introduction of hydrophobizator into the potassium chloride collective mixture." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 57, no. 2 (June 3, 2021): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2021-57-2-218-225.

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The process of enrichment of potash ore using industrial oils as a hydrophobizing agent in the collective mixture of potassium chloride, which is a composition of salts of higher aliphatic amines, pine oil and polyethylene glycol PEG- 400, has been investigated. A comparative analysis of the influence of industrial oils I-8A, I-12A, I-30A and liquid paraffins on the technological parameters of potash ore flotation has been carried out. The influence of hydrophobizing additives on the adsorption of amine on potassium chloride crystals was investigated by infrared spectroscopy. It has been established that the introduction of industrial oils into the flotation system ensures the recovery of potassium chloride at the same level as when using a collective mixture with liquid paraffins. The best flotation performance when using industrial oils is possible by increasing the consumption of the apolar reagent.

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14

Zivanic, Ljiljana, Marko Stamenic, Branislav Todic, Dragomir Bukur, and Nikola Nikacevic. "Comparison of Cubic-Plus-Association and Soave-Redlich-Kwong equations of state for prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium of Fischer-Tropsch reaction mixture." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 25, no. 1 (2019): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq180403018z.

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Predictions of vapor liquid equilibrium for Fischer-Tropsch mixtures were compared using the classical Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) and cubic-plus-association (CPA) equations of state. The performance of the two equations of state was evaluated based on comparison with results from eight sets of experimental runs in which different process conditions (pressure, reactants feed ratio, space velocity) were used. Flash calculations were used to determine the phase split at defined process conditions, whereas the phase equilibrium was defined utilizing the concept of equal fugacities in the vapor and the liquid phase for all components. A total of 75 components were considered in the reaction mixture: CO, H2, H2O, CO2, C1-C57 paraffins and C2-C15 olefins. All calculations were performed in MATLAB. The results showed that both equations of state had similar performance regarding the hydrocarbons, whereas CPA gave better results with inorganic components and SRK with prediction of the composition of the liquid phase. Computational time for CPA was substantially (100 times with the CPU used) higher than that for SRK. Overall, the use of CPA did not improve VLE prediction for FTS systems significantly enough to be recommended for use in FTS reactor models.

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15

Dao, Thoa Thi Kim, and Loc Cam Luu. "Study the hydro-isomerization of light paraffin over bifunctional catalysts at elevated pressures." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i2.648.

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Noble metal based catalysts being 0.8 wt.%Pd and 0.35 wt.%Pt supported on HZSM-5 zeolite were subjected to the investigation. Physico-chemical characteristics of catalysts were determined by the methods of nitrogen physi-sorption, SEM, XRD, TEM, NH3-TPD, TPR, and Hydrogen Pulse Chemi-sorption (HPC). Activity of catalysts in the isomerization of n-C6 and n-C5 + n-C6 mixture was studied in a micro-flow reactor in the temperature range of 225 − 325 oC at pressure of 0.1 MPa and 0.7 MPa; the molar ratio H2/ hydrocarbon: 5.92, concentration of n-C5 or n-C6: 4.6 mol.%, GHSV 2698 h-1. The stability of catalysts was also determined. The obtained catalysts expressed high acid density, good reducing property, and high metal dispersion with the cluster size in the range of nanometer. They were an excellent contact for isomerization of n-hexane or n-C5 + n-C6 mixture with high conversion, selectivity, and yield. At optimal temperature, n-paraffin conversions were as high as 57 – 63 % and selectivity was 90 %. Pressure had the positive effect to the catalyst conversion, selectivity, and stability. At 0.7 MPa, both catalysts produced 66- 69 RON liquid product containing friendly environmental iso-paraffins which is superior blending stock for green gasoline.

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16

Liu, Lei, Yongwei Chen, and Peng Huang. "Preparation and tribological properties of organically modified graphite oxide in liquid paraffin at ultra-low concentrations." RSC Advances 5, no. 110 (2015): 90525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra20065b.

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Ultra-low concentration (0.008 wt%) of HDTMS or OTMS modified GO in liquid paraffin can reduce the friction coefficients (FC) of the mixtures by 34.0% and 15.5% respectively. HDTMS who possesses longer alkyl chain works better in decreasing FC.

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17

Li, Xiaoqing, Renqiang Liu, Tianyu Zhang, Peng Yu, and Xiaoyan Liu. "Division of paraffin melting zone based on multiscale experiments." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200818140l.

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Phase change energy storage materials are widely used in the field of renewable energy. Paraffin is one of the common phase change energy storage materials. As a multi-component hydrocarbon mixture, the melting of paraffin is different from that of pure substance. In addition to the solid and liquid zones, there is also a fuzzy zone in which solid and liquid coexist. In this paper, the melting characteristics of paraffin in phase transition zone are studied by multi-scale experiments. Through the visualization experiment of square cavity paraffin melting, the solid zone, fuzzy zone and liquid zone are determined, and the moving process of phase interface is tracked by digital pictures and infrared heat maps. The evolution process of the pore structure in the fuzzy zone under different temperatures is photographed by means of the micro experiment, and it is revealed that there are two areas in the fuzzy zone, porous media area and multiphase flow area. The results show that the melting process of paraffin can be divided into four zones: liquid zone, multiphase flow zone, porous media zone and solid phase zone. According to the polarizing optical microscopy (POM) picture, the continuous phase and discrete phase transition relationship between solid wax crystal and liquid paraffin is captured. The POM picture is statistically analyzed, and the critical liquid phase ratio of the transition from porous media area to multiphase flow area is given under experimental conditions.

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18

Okada, Tetsuo, Hiromu Saito, and Takashi Inoue. "Kinetics of crystal growth in mixtures of isotactic polypropylene and liquid paraffin." Polymer 34, no. 22 (January 1993): 4752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(93)90713-k.

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19

Jain, A. K., R. V. Jasra, and S. G. T. Bhat. "Liquid-Phase Adsorption of Olefin/Paraffin Mixtures on Ion-Exchanged X Zeolite." Separation Science and Technology 25, no. 4 (April 1990): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496399008050345.

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20

Sabourin, Shaun W., Claire I. Boteler, and William L. H. Hallett. "Droplet ignition of approximately continuous liquid mixtures of n-paraffins and n-alkyl aromatics." Combustion and Flame 163 (January 2016): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.10.008.

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21

Yan, Quan Ying, Ran Huo, Li Hang Yue, Lin Zhang, and Li Li Jin. "Experimental Research on the Heat Transfer and Mechanical Property of Phase Change Material Wallboards." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1153.

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This paper investigated the heat transfer and mechanical property of phase change material (PCM) walls and common wall. Three mixtures of liquid paraffin-46# paraffin, liquid paraffin- lauric acid and capric-myristic acid were prepared and mixed respectively with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to prepare shape-stabilized phase change materials. Then direct mixing method was used to add these materials into cement mortar in order to make phase change walls. The results shows that the temperatures and heat flow on phase change walls’ surface are all lower than those of common wall; PCMs of different thermal properties have a more and more obvious distinction in heat storage performance with the increasing content of them added in the wall; PCM walls have lower compressive strength than the common one. Results can provide the basis for the application of phase change material walls in real buildings.

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22

Petr, Jevič, Pražan Radek, and Šedivá Zdeňka. "Engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of paraffinic diesel fuel in a model diesel engine." Research in Agricultural Engineering 64, No. 2 (June 28, 2018): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/113/2017-rae.

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The article deals with verification of a diesel fuel and two fuel mixtures blends with different amounts of the bio-component using the model single-cylinder engine without the additional equipment for treatment of exhaust gases. This combustion diesel engine served for measuring the performance characteristics of the model single-cylinder engine and the individual emission components in order to assess the use of these blends of liquid paraffinic diesel fuel in practice and to meet current and forthcoming European legislation and to fulfil the commitments by 2020. A detailed chemical analysis was performed in case of all the tested paraffinic diesel fuels.

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23

Lee, Jung Hyun, Sang Wook Kang, Donghoon Song, Jongok Won, and Yong Soo Kang. "Facilitated olefin transport through room temperature ionic liquids for separation of olefin/paraffin mixtures." Journal of Membrane Science 423-424 (December 2012): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.08.007.

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24

Fredrik Neonufa, Godlief, Meiti Pratiwi, Astri Nur Istyami, Lidya Elizabeth, Sri Suminar Dewi, Ronny Purwadi, Tirto Prakoso, and Tatang H. Soerawidjaja. "An innovative method to produce drop-in fuel by alkaline earth-transition metals basic soap decarboxylation." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 02064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815902064.

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Decarboxylation of metal soap is an emerging method to produce drop-in fuels as an alternative to the expensive hydrotreatment process. In this study, the Mg-Fe basic soap produced from palm kernel fatty acid had been successfully decarboxylated into jet-fuel type biohydrocarbons. The Mg-Fe basic soap with ratio of 8:2 mol was decarboxylated for 5 hours at atmospheric pressure and temperature varied up to 370°C; it produced a liquid product whose yield was around 60 %-weight. The resulting hydrocarbon product was a complex mixture consisted of normal paraffins in the range of carbon chain length C8 – C17, iso-and cyclo-paraffins, and various olefin products.

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25

Yan, Quanying, and Xiangyu Sun. "The thermal storage performance of mixtures consisting of liquid paraffin and fatty acids." International Journal of Sustainable Energy 37, no. 6 (May 12, 2017): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2017.1323899.

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26

Jaroniec, M., A. Dabrowski, G. Nowakowski, H. Herden, W. D. Einicke, and R. Sch�llner. "Adsorption of 1-olefin/n-paraffin liquid mixtures on NaX and NaY zeolites." Journal of Inclusion Phenomena 3, no. 1 (1985): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00658865.

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27

Matzain, Ahmadbazlee, Mandar S. Apte, Hong-Quan Zhang, Michael Volk, James P. Brill, and J. L. Creek. "Investigation of Paraffin Deposition During Multiphase Flow in Pipelines and Wellbores—Part 1: Experiments." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 124, no. 3 (August 6, 2002): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1484392.

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Results are presented from two-phase flow wax deposition tests using a state-of-the-art, high-pressure, multiphase flow test facility. Wax deposition was found to be flow pattern specific and dependent on the flow velocities of the two-phase fluids. Wax deposition occurs only along the pipe wall in contact with a waxy crude oil. An increase in mixture velocity results in harder deposits, but with a lower deposit thickness. The wax buildup trend at low mixture velocities is similar to that observed in laminar single-phase flow tests. The wax buildup trend at high mixture velocities is similar to that observed in turbulent single-phase flow tests. Thinner and harder deposits at the bottom than at the top of the pipe were observed in horizontal and near-horizontal intermittent flow tests. For annular flow tests, thicker and harder deposits were observed at low superficial liquid velocity than at high superficial liquid velocity. In stratified flow tests, no wax deposition was observed along the upper portion of the pipe.

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28

Okada, Tetsuo, Hiromu Saito, and Takashi Inoue. "Nonlinear crystal growth in the mixture of isotactic polypropylene and liquid paraffin." Macromolecules 23, no. 16 (August 1990): 3865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00218a024.

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29

Wang, Jingyi, Yanmei Liang, Shu Zhang, Yueqiao Zhou, Haiyang Ni, and Yan Li. "Evaluation of optical clearing with the combined liquid paraffin and glycerol mixture." Biomedical Optics Express 2, no. 8 (July 21, 2011): 2329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.2.002329.

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30

WADA, Yoshio, Takeshi TAKANO, Naoki KAWAGUCHI, Yuji NAGASAKA, and Akira NAGASHIMA. "Measurement and correlation of the thermal conductivity of liquid paraffin hydrocarbons and their mixtures." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 51, no. 463 (1985): 1010–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.51.1010.

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31

Jousma, H., J. G. H. Joosten, G. S. Gooris, and H. E. Junginger. "Changes of mesophase structure of BRIJ 96/water mixtures on addition of liquid paraffin." Colloid & Polymer Science 267, no. 4 (April 1989): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01413630.

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32

Schmeling, Nadine, Roman Konietzny, Daniel Sieffert, Patrick Rölling, and Claudia Staudt. "Functionalized copolyimide membranes for the separation of gaseous and liquid mixtures." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 6 (August 12, 2010): 789–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.6.86.

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Functionalized copolyimides continue to attract much attention as membrane materials because they can fulfill the demands for industrial applications. Thus not only good separation characteristics but also high temperature stability and chemical resistance are required. Furthermore, it is very important that membrane materials are resistant to plasticization since it has been shown that this phenomenon leads to a significant increase in permeability with a dramatic loss in selectivity. Plasticization effects occur with most polymer membranes at high CO2 concentrations and pressures, respectively. Plasticization effects are also observed with higher hydrocarbons such as propylene, propane, aromatics or sulfur containing aromatics. Unfortunately, these components are present in mixtures of high commercial relevance and can be separated economically by single membrane units or hybrid processes where conventional separation units are combined with membrane-based processes. In this paper the advantages of carboxy group containing 6FDA (4,4′-hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic anhydride) -copolyimides are discussed based on the experimental results for non cross-linked, ionically and covalently cross-linked membrane materials with respect to the separation of olefins/paraffins, e.g. propylene/propane, aromatic/aliphatic separation e.g. benzene/cyclohexane as well as high pressure gas separations, e.g. CO2/CH4 mixtures. In addition, opportunities for implementing the membrane units in conventional separation processes are discussed.

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33

Horváth, Dominik, Szabina Tomasek, and Norbert Miskolczi. "Value-Added Pyrolysis of Waste Sourced High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Mixtures." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030997.

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In this study, Fischer-Tropsch paraffin mixture, heavy residue of waste polyethylene pyrolysis, shredded and crashed agricultural polyethylene waste and their combinations were pyrolysed both thermally and catalytically in a two-stage reactor system. During the experimental work, yields and compositions of pyrolysis products were studied as function of feedstock composition and catalyst placement. It was found that the average molecular weight of feedstocks and the presence of ZSM-5 catalyst also have significant effects on the product yields and the compositions. Feedstocks with high concentration of Fischer-Tropsch paraffin and real waste polyethylene resulted in deeper fragmentation in both thermal and thermo-catalytic pyrolysis. Due to the deeper fragmentation, they seemed to be suitable feedstocks for the production of C6–C9 and C10–C14 hydrocarbons. Meanwhile, for production of C15–C21 hydrocarbons, the use of a higher concentration of heavy residue of waste polyethylene pyrolysis in the feedstocks is recommended. From the point of view of liquid hydrocarbon and isomer production, the placement of the catalyst into the 1st reactor proved to be more advantageous. When the catalyst was placed into the 2nd reactor, the product formation shifted to the more volatiles, isomers took part in secondary cracking reactions and aromatics formed in higher concentrations.

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34

Chai, Muyuan, Wenbo Zhao, Genming Li, Shengchao Xu, Qingming Jia, and Yuan Chen. "Novel SO2 Phase-Change Absorbent: Mixture of N,N-Dimethylaniline and Liquid Paraffin." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, no. 37 (August 24, 2018): 12502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02638.

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35

Nasrifar, Khashayar, and Mohammad Fani Kheshty. "Effect of pressure on the solid–liquid equilibria of synthetic paraffin mixtures using predictive methods." Fluid Phase Equilibria 310, no. 1-2 (November 2011): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2011.08.005.

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36

Duquesne, Marie, Clément Mailhé, Stefania Doppiu, Jean-Luc Dauvergne, Sergio Santos-Moreno, Alexandre Godin, Guillaume Fleury, Fabien Rouault, and Elena Palomo del Barrio. "Characterization of Fatty Acids as Biobased Organic Materials for Latent Heat Storage." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 4707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164707.

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This work aims to characterize phase change materials (PCM) for thermal energy storage in buildings (thermal comfort). Fatty acids, biobased organic PCM, are attractive candidates for integration into active or passive storage systems for targeted application. Three pure fatty acids (capric, myristic and palmitic acids) and two eutectic mixtures (capric-myristic and capric-palmitic acids) are studied in this paper. Although the main storage properties of pure fatty acids have already been investigated and reported in the literature, the information available on the eutectic mixtures is very limited (only melting temperature and enthalpy). This paper presents a complete experimental characterization of these pure and mixed fatty acids, including measurements of their main thermophysical properties (melting temperature and enthalpy, specific heats and densities in solid and liquid states, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity as well as viscosity) and the properties of interest regarding the system integrating the PCM (energy density, volume expansion). The storage performances of the studied mixtures are also compared to those of most commonly used PCM (salt hydrates and paraffins).

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37

Torkhovsky, V. N., S. N. Antonyuk, S. I. Vorobyev, and M. V. Nikolaeva. "TRANSFORMATION OF SHORT-CHAIN n-ALKANES UNDER TREATMENT OF HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION." Fine Chemical Technologies 12, no. 5 (October 28, 2017): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2017-12-5-65-70.

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The structure and properties of oil disperse systems (ODS) are mainly determined by the presence of paraffin hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) in the crude oil and natural gas liquid. Short-chain n-alkanes (С8-С17) are part of ODS dispersion medium. Under oil refining treatment, they concentrate in the distillate fractions and influence the operation characteristics of product liquid fuels and natural gas liquid.We studied the influence of hydrodynamic cavitation on the short-chain n-alkanes. Cavitation was produced by a high pressure disintegrator DA-1. A plunger pump produced compression pressure 50 MPa. Cavitation treatment was applied three times in a row. The research object was liquid oil paraffin containing 96.5% wt. n-alkanes С9-С21 (including 95% wt. С9-С17) and 2.5% wt. isoalkanes С10-С20; the balance was a mixture of other hydrocarbons. The results of GLC demonstrated that the total conversion of initial n-alkanes С14-С17 was not high, but it grew growing constantly: after the 1st cavitation cycle - 1.4%, after the 2nd cavitation cycle - 2.7%, after the 3rd one - 3.6%. At the highest conversion, the concentration of n-alkanes C8-C13 in liquid oil paraffin increased by 28% rel., and the concentration of n-alkanes C18-C22 - by 36% rel. The information obtained allows predicting the influence of the short-chain n-alkanes present in the oil feed on alterations of its hydrocarbon and fraction composition after cavitation.

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Okada, Tetsuo, Hiromu Saito, Manabu Yamazaki, and Takashi Inoue. "Effect of nucleating agent on the structure development in isotactic polypropylene/liquid paraffin mixture." Polymer 31, no. 3 (March 1990): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(90)90386-d.

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39

Abbasov, V. M., L. M. Afandiyeva, L. I. Aliyeva, L. H. Nuriyev, Ch Q. Salmanova, S. F. Ahmadbayova, and F. N. Seyidahmadova. "INVESTIGATION OF LIQUID-PHASE OXIDATION OF NAPHTHENE-PARAFFINIC HYDROCARBONS OF BALAKHANY OIL." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 11, no. 5 (April 18, 2015): 3540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v11i5.4472.

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Liquid-phase aerobic oxidation of naphthene-paraffinic hydrocarbons at 217-330о С of diesel fraction of Balakhany oils in the presence of the mixtures of Mn, Cr salts of natural petroleum acids (MeNPA) has been investigated. The catalytic oxidation process is realized for 7 hours at temperature 135-1400C in a barbotage reactor. Samples were taken every hour and oxidized product was separated by composition in accordance with known methods. Mechanism of oxidation process of naphthene-paraffinic hydrocarbons has been studied by IR- spectroscopy. It has been found that, after 5 hours oxidation of naphthene-paraffinic hydrocarbons the yield of obtaining synthetic petroleum acids rich 16,5%, the yield of oxysynthetic petroleum acids-18%. The changes of the optical density of a carbonyl and a hydroxyl groups depending on the time were studied. It was found that the oxidation reaction should be conducted within 6 hours, as D1713(C=O) and D941(OH) after 6 hours decrease and it’s probably connected with beginning decomposition process of the acids and oxyacids.

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40

Kostyanaya, Margarita, Stepan Bazhenov, Ilya Borisov, Tatiana Plisko, and Vladimir Vasilevsky. "Surface Modified Polysulfone Hollow Fiber Membranes for Ethane/Ethylene Separation Using Gas-Liquid Membrane Contactors with Ionic Liquid-Based Absorbent." Fibers 7, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7010004.

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Olefin/paraffin separation is an important technological process. A promising alternative to conventional energy-consuming methods is employment of gas-liquid membrane contactors. In the present work, the membranes used were polysulfone (PSf) asymmetrical porous hollow fibers fabricated via the NIPS (non-solvent induced phase separation) technique in the free spinning mode. The surface of the fine-pored selective layer from the lumen side of the fibers was modified by layer-by-layer deposition of perfluorinated acrylic copolymer Protect Guard® in order to hydrophobized the surface and to avoid penetration of the liquid absorbent in the porous structure of the membranes. The absorbents studied were silver salts (AgNO3 and AgBF4) solutions in five ionic liquids (ILs) based on imidazolium and phosphonium cations. The membranes were analyzed through gas permeance measurement, SEM and dispersive X-ray (EDXS). Contact angle values of both unmodified and modified membranes were determined for water, ethylene glycol, ILs and silver salts solutions in ILs. It was shown that the preferable properties for employment in membrane contactor refer to the PSf hollow fiber membranes modified by two layers of Protect Guard®, and to the absorbent based on 1 M AgNO3 solution in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide. Using the membrane contactor designed, ethylene/ethane mixture (80/20) separation was carried out. The fluxes of both components as well as their overall mass transport coefficients (MTC) were calculated. It was shown that the membrane absorption system developed provides absorption of approx. 37% of the initial ethylene volume in the mixture. The overall MTC value for ethylene was 4.7 GPU (gas permeance unit).

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41

Lee, Jung Hyun, P. Sudhager, Younghyun Cho, and Sang Wook Kang. "Effect of temperature on separation performance in ionic liquid/Ag nanocomposite membranes for olefin/paraffin mixtures." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 74 (June 2019): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2019.02.009.

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42

Wang, Lan, Xiudong Sun, Wenjing Liu, and Bingyi Liu. "High quality zinc-blende CdSe nanocrystals synthesized in a hexadecylamine–oleic acid–paraffin liquid mixture." Materials Chemistry and Physics 120, no. 1 (March 2010): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.10.020.

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43

Krebayeva, Lazat, Zhannur Algabas, Akerkem Еssenbayeva, Alexandr Brodskyi, and Sapargali Konuspayev. "Cracking of the paraffins on catalysts from natural zeolite of Kazakhstan Shankanay field." Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15328/cb1154.

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Cracking of paraffins was held to obtain long chain α-olefins using the catalysts from natural zeolite of Shankanay field modified with 1N HCl at the temperature range of 500-570°С and atmospheric pressure on a fixed layer. Liquid and gaseous reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography; regeneration of the catalyst was carried out with a steam-air mixture until total absence of CO2 in the contact gases. To evaluate the structure and texture of the obtained catalysts, the methods of Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-Ray diffractometry analysis, and elemental analysis using scanning electron microscopy were used. As results, zeolite modification allowed doubling the activity of the catalysts and increasing the selectivity by 23.8-44.8%. The group compositions of olefins, alkanes and gaseous products were detected. Iron form under α-Fe2O3, ε-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH was present. The modified and blank form of catalysts under 1N hydrochloric acid solution washing phase content was detected; partial destruction of the crystalline carcass of clinoptilolite was observed.

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44

Nan, He, Cheng Zhang, Amrit Venkatesh, Aaron J. Rossini, and Jared L. Anderson. "Argentation gas chromatography revisited: Separation of light olefin/paraffin mixtures using silver-based ionic liquid stationary phases." Journal of Chromatography A 1523 (November 2017): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.024.

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45

Kiernan, John A. "Double Embedding in Cellulose Nitrate and Paraffin Wax, an Old and Useful Method that is Easily Misunderstood." Microscopy Today 6, no. 2 (March 1998): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500059563.

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Cellulose nitrate is also known as celloidin, collodion, low viscosity nitrocellulose (LVN) necoloidine, nitrocellulose, parlodion, pyroxylin, and soluble gun cotton. (Some of these are trade-names; for even more synonyms, see the Merck Index, under pyroxylin.) It is made by treating cellulose with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids, This converts some of the hydroxyl (-OH) groups of cellulose to nitrate ester (-ONO2) groups. The molecular size and physical form of the original cellulose and the proportion of nitrated hydroxyl groups determine the properties of the product. It is useful in microtechnique because of its physical properties and its unusual responses to solvents and other liquids.

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46

Page, Norbert P., and Myron Mehlman. "Health Effects of Gasoline Refueling Vapors and Measured Exposures At Service Stations." Toxicology and Industrial Health 5, no. 5 (December 1989): 869–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378900500521.

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Liquid gasoline is a complex mixture of at least 150 hydrocarbons with about 60-70% alkanes (paraffins), 25-30% aromatics, and 6- 9% alkenes. In order to evaluate the potential for health effects from inhaling gasoline vapors, it is essential to understand the major differences in the composition of vapors versus liquid gaso line. The small chain, low carbon-numbered components are more volatile and thus in higher percentages in the vapor phase than the larger and heavier molecules. It is noteworthy that the concentrations of aromatics (the more toxic of the gasoline components), are depleted to about 2% in the vapor phase, with the light paraffins (the less toxic) enriched to about 90%. Actual measurements of vapor exposure at service sta tions confirm that the vapor composition is primarily to low weight alkanes although benzene is also emitted and represents the chemi cal of greatest concern. A perceived health concern from inhaling gasoline vapors is the potential for carcinogenicity based on the induction of kidney tumors in male rats and liver tumors in female mice exposed to wholly-vaporized gasoline. However, the results of the animal stud ies are of questionable relevance for human risk assessment due to the unique mechanism operative only in the male rat and since the exposure was to wholly-vaporized gasoline rather than the gasoline vapor mixture to which humans are exposed. Recent research supports the hypothesis that branched-chain alkanes bind to a globulin specific to make rats, alpha 2-u-globulin. The protein complex can not be degraded in the usual manner so that protein accumulation occurs in renal cells, leading to cytotox icity, death, proliferation, and with prolonged exposure, kidney cancer. The results of epidemiology studies fail to link an increase in cancer to exposure to gasoline vapors.

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47

Sangal, Vikas, Vineet Kumar, and Mani Mishra. "Optimization of a divided wall column for the separation of C4-C6 normal paraffin mixture using Box-Behnken design." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 19, no. 1 (2013): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq121019047s.

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In the present study, simulation of a divided wall column (DWC) was carried out to study the product quality and energy efficiency as a function of reflux rate, liquid spilt and vapour split for the separation of C4-C6 normal paraffin ternary mixture. Rigorous simulation of the DWC was carried out using Multifrac model of ASPEN Plus software. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used for the optimization of parameters and to evaluate the effects and interaction of the process parameters such as reflux rate (r), liquid split (l) and vapour split (v). It was found that the number of simulation runs reduced significantly for the optimization of DWC by BBD. Optimization by BBD under response surface methodology (RSM) vividly underscores interactions between variables and their effects. The predictions agree well with the results of the rigorous simulation.

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48

Tsai, Jung-Chin, and Shun-Zhou Bao. "Solid–Liquid Equilibria for Five Binary Mixtures of Tetradecanoic Acid or Dodecanoic Acid with Three Heavy Paraffins Using DSC Measurements." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 66, no. 12 (October 7, 2021): 4335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.1c00476.

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49

Szpakowska, Maria. "Kinetics of coupled transport of Cu(II) ions through liquid membranes composed of technical solvents and paraffin mixtures." Journal of Membrane Science 92, no. 3 (July 1994): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-7388(94)00068-9.

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50

Wada, Y., Y. Nagasaka, and A. Nagashima. "Measurements and correlation of the thermal conductivity of liquid n-paraffin hydrocarbons and their binary and ternary mixtures." International Journal of Thermophysics 6, no. 3 (May 1985): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00522147.

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