Academic literature on the topic 'Paradox of Cooperation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Paradox of Cooperation"
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Kecskes, Istvan. "The paradox of communication." Pragmatics and Society 1, no. 1 (August 13, 2010): 50–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.1.1.04kec.
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Communication is not as smooth a process as current pragmatic theories depict it. In Rapaport’s words “We almost always fail […]. Yet we almost always nearly succeed: This is the paradox of communication” (Rapaport 2003: 402). This paper claims that there is a need for an approach that is able to explain this “bumpy road” by analyzing both the positive and negative features of the communicative process. The paper presents a socio-cognitive approach (SCA) to pragmatics that takes into account both the societal and individual factors including cooperation and egocentrism that, as claimed here, are not antagonistic phenomena in interaction. This approach is considered an alternative to current theories of pragmatics that do not give an adequate account of what really happens in the communicative process. They consider communication an idealistic, cooperation-based, context-dependent process in which speakers are supposed to carefully construct their utterances for the hearer taking into account all contextual factors and hearers do their best to figure out the intentions of the speakers. This approach relies mainly on the positive features of communication including cooperation, rapport and politeness while almost completely ignores the untidy, trial-and-error nature of communication and the importance of prior contexts captured in the individual use of linguistic units. The overemphasis on cooperative, societal, contextual factors has led to disregard individual factors such as egocentrism and salience that are as important contributors to the communicative process as cooperation, context and rapport. The socio-cognitive approach is presented as a theoretical framework to incorporate and reconcile two seemingly antagonistic sides of the communicative process and explain the dynamic interplay of prior and actual situational contexts.
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Németh, A., and K. Takács. "The paradox of cooperation benefits." Journal of Theoretical Biology 264, no. 2 (May 2010): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.005.
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WANG, LIN-GANG, NENG-GANG XIE, GANG XU, CHAO WANG, YUN CHEN, and YE YE. "GAME-MODEL RESEARCH ON COOPETITION BEHAVIOR OF PARRONDO'S PARADOX BASED ON NETWORK." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 10, no. 01 (March 2011): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477511000417.
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The paper devises a Parrondo's game model of biotic population with the network as its spatial carrier, trying to analyze individual's coopetition behavior and investigate the degree distribution of the heterogeneity on the impact of coopetition. The populational Parrondo's game model consists of a zero-sum game among individuals and a negative sum game between individuals and environment. In terms of relations of zero-sum game, four patterns are defined: cooperation, competition, harmony, and poor-competition-rich-cooperation. The simulation result shows that: (1) Cooperation and competition in any forms are adaptive behaviors. Cooperative and competitive behavior could convert the losing games combined into winning. The positive average fitness of the population represents the paradoxical feature that the Parrondo's game is counterintuitive. (2) BA Network is conducive to cooperation. (3) The relationships of individual fitness with node degree and with clustering coefficient are disclosed. As for cooperation and poor-competition-rich-cooperation pattern, the greater the node degree is, the greater the individual fitness is. (4) The heterogeneity has a positive impact on cooperation. (5) Population average fitness is the largest when the probability of playing zero-sum game is 1/3 in the Parrondo's game model.
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Kirk, David S., Andrew V. Papachristos, Jeffrey Fagan, and Tom R. Tyler. "The Paradox of Law Enforcement in Immigrant Communities." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 641, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716211431818.
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Frustrated by federal inaction on immigration reform, several U.S. states in recent years have proposed or enacted laws designed to stem the flow of illegal immigrants into the United States and to facilitate their removal. An underappreciated implication of these laws is the potential alienation of immigrant communities—even law-abiding, cooperative individuals—from the criminal justice system. The ability of the criminal justice system to detect and sanction criminal behavior is dependent upon the cooperation of the general public, including acts such as the reporting of crime and identifying suspects. Cooperation is enhanced when local residents believe that laws are enforced fairly. In contrast, research reveals that cynicism of the police and the legal system undermines individuals’ willingness to cooperate with the police and engage in the collective actions necessary to socially control crime. By implication, recent trends toward strict local enforcement of immigration laws may actually undercut public safety by creating a cynicism of the law in immigrant communities. Using data from a 2002 survey of New York City residents, this study explores the implications of perceived injustices perpetrated by the criminal justice system for resident willingness to cooperate with the police in immigrant communities.
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Finus, Michael, and Matthew McGinty. "The anti-paradox of cooperation: Diversity may pay!" Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 157 (January 2019): 541–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.10.015.
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Tsohatzidis, Savas L. "A paradox of cooperation in the conversational calculus." Language & Communication 13, no. 4 (October 1993): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0271-5309(93)90032-i.
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Foster, Kevin R., and Hanna Kokko. "Cheating can stabilize cooperation in mutualisms." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1598 (June 16, 2006): 2233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3571.
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Mutualisms present a challenge for evolutionary theory. How is cooperation maintained in the face of selection for selfishness and cheating? Both theory and data suggest that partner choice, where one species preferentially directs aid to the more cooperative members of the other species, is central to cooperation in many mutualisms. However, the theory has only so far considered the evolutionary effects of partner choice on one of the species in a mutualism in isolation. Here, we investigate the co-evolution of cooperation and choice in a choosy host and its symbiont. Our model reveals that even though choice and cooperation may be initially selected, it will often be unstable. This is because choice reduces variation in the symbiont and, therefore, tends to remove the selective incentive for its own maintenance (a scenario paralleled in the lek paradox in female choice and policing in within-species cooperation). However, we also show that when variability is reintroduced into symbionts each generation, in the form of less cooperative individuals, choice is maintained. This suggests that the presence of cheaters and cheater species in many mutualisms is central to the maintenance of partner choice and, paradoxically, cooperation itself.
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Arvidsson, Niklas, Sara Jonsson, and Lotta Karin Snickare. "The transaction-relationship paradox." Managerial Finance 45, no. 9 (September 9, 2019): 1253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-01-2019-0024.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply a capability perspective to investigate the shift from relationship lending to transaction lending in a bank’s corporate segment. The authors investigate the impact of three operational capabilities: assisting corporate clients in funding and business operations, management of customer relationships and internal cooperation on performance in relationship and transaction lending. Design/methodology/approach The primarily empirical material comprises longitudinal survey data, collected on three occasions during the period 1998 throughout 2001 from one of Sweden’s largest banks. Data are analyzed using factor analysis and OLS regression. Findings Results show that the effects of the three capabilities are contingent on the type of lending strategy: In relationship lending, assisting corporate clients has no significant direct effect on performance; however, it has an indirect effect on performance via the management of customer relationships. In transaction lending, assisting corporate clients has a direct effect on performance, and this effect becomes stronger as the transaction strategy is further implemented. The results also show that the direct effect of the management of customer relationships and cooperation on performance is significant in both strategies; however, the relation is stronger in relationship lending compared with transaction lending. Originality/value The findings indicate that the choice of lending strategy is more complex than a choice between a strict relationship strategy and a strict transaction strategy and that a strategy that leads to competitive advantage includes elements of both strategies.
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Hwang, Sung-Ha. "Conflict technology in cooperation: The group size paradox revisited." Journal of Public Economic Theory 19, no. 4 (June 21, 2017): 875–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12252.
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Farrand, Benjamin. "The EU-China security paradox: cooperation against all odds?" International Affairs 99, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac273.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Paradox of Cooperation"
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Woll, Bettina. "The ownership paradox : the politics of development cooperation with Bolivia and Ghana." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/856/.
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Since 1999, multi- and bilateral donor agencies have based their development cooperation with heavily indebted poor countries on the elaboration of poverty reduction strategy papers that should be ‘country-owned’. This thesis explores this concept of ownership and analyses the power relationships between aid donors and recipient governments involved in efforts to promote ownership. It employs a political sociology perspective and draws on institutional theories and theories of organisational change to argue that ownership is a normative, not an analytical concept. Using the two ‘model recipient’ case studies of Bolivia and Ghana, it analyses two different tools of development cooperation: direct budget support mechanisms and the fostering of civil society participation in national policy-making. It places these two cooperation tools in their socio-political context to investigate in how far informal political processes represent factors that determine national politics, and ultimately the likelihood of success of political reform. The empirical research is centred around 140 qualitative semi-structured interviews with donor agency, governments and civil society representatives in both countries. The dominance of ownership questions in current development debates are explained with reference to the historical evolution of development cooperation, particularly the structural adjustment programmes of the 1980s and the criticisms and revisions they evoked. The author argues that two different types of ownership should be distinguished: ‘government’ and ‘national’ ownership. The thesis demonstrates that direct budget support mechanisms are intended to foster government ownership, while the promotion of civil society participation is aimed at fostering national ownership. Donors’ attempt to foster ownership of formalised reform agendas is an almost impossible task because informal political processes largely shape the realm of national politics at the state level and determine the type and degree of societal participation in national policy-making. The thesis concludes by suggesting that international donors, pursuing these policies, risk destabilising representative democratic systems of recipient countries in undesirable ways.
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Aziz, Wülbers Shazia. "The paradox of EU India relations : missed opportunities in politics, economics, development cooperation and culture." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008IEPP0030.
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Mon travail est d’étudier la complexité des relations entre ces deux ensembles et de comprendre pourquoi, malgré tous les efforts faits par les deux côtés, ces relations restent superficielles et pourquoi l'Inde semble se rapprocher du reste du monde mais pas de l’Europe. Ma méthodologie consiste à trouver les domaines de discorde existant entre les deux et à essayer d'en comprendre les raisons. Pour cela, j'ai utilisé quelques théories sur les relations internationales qui peuvent expliquer l'Inde aussi bien que le comportement de l'Union Européenne et j’ai formulé plusieurs hypothèses, basées sur des études de cas et des entretiens. Concept Théorique Dans ma thèse, j’ai essayé de montrer que la 'Realpolitik' est toujours importante dans la politique menée par le gouvernement indien. Cette position est d'ailleurs soutenu par les Etats-Unis. De l’autre côté, l'Union Européenne est une entité post-moderne qui fonctionne plus ou moins comme une puissance normative, au moins quand il s’agit de la diffusion de ses normes et règlements techniques. Les normes et les règlements représentés par l'UE sont utiles pour la coopération technique, mais se révèlent inefficaces dans la coopération politique et économique. Dans les affaires économiques, où il est important de faire des partenariats, l’UE se comporte comme une puissance réaliste économique, où les normes sont rapidement oubliées et la réalisation de l'influence économique est la plus importante. Ma méthodologie a été plus une approche de construction de théorie qu'une évaluation de théorie. Mon point de départ était le niveau empirique, qui m'a mené au niveau abstrait conlMy work is about studying the intricacies of EU India relations and finding out why in spite of all efforts made by the two sides; India seems to be getting closer to the rest of the world than to Europe. My methodology consists of finding areas of discord between the two and trying to find answers to the reasons for them. To do so, I have used a few theories of International Relations which can explain India’s as well as the European Union’s behaviour and have formulated several hypotheses by conducting case studies and surveys. Theoretical backgroundIn my thesis I have tired to show that Realpolitik is still relevant to India. The country that backs India’s Realpolitik moves is the United States. The European Union on the other hand is a post modern entity and functions more or less as a normative power, at least when it comes to spreading its technical norms and regulations. The norms and regulations represented by the EU are useful in highly technical cooperation but prove a hindrance for effective political cooperation, and to some extent economic cooperation. In addition to that, when it comes to making economic deals with India, which represent high stakes for the European market, it behaves like an economic realist power, where norms are quickly forgotten and achieving economic influence is the most important criteria. My methodology has been a more theory construction approach than a theory testing one. My starting point is the empirical level, which has led me to the conceptual abstract level
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Lindquist, Annica, and Mathias Sköld. "The paradox of municipal cooperation : Municipalities’ organizational culture and its effect on negotiation strategy -The case of Northern Bohuslän." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Institutionen för ekonomi och it, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-3365.
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This thesis aims to study if organizational culture affects the negotiation strategy in negotiation processes between municipalities in Sweden. Our cases are four municipalities involved in the municipal cooperation “Tillväxt Bohuslän”; a project which aims to foster cooperation. The question this thesis seeks to answer is: “Does the cultural attribute of organizational culture (ability for joint action) of the municipalities in ‘Tillväxt Bohuslän’ affect negotiation strategy in a negotiation process?” The municipalities’ ability for joint action has been classified as either strong or weak by a previous study. This thesis uses these already established classifications with the intention to test if they affect which negotiation strategy municipalities use. The negotiation strategy can either be of a competitive or a collaborative nature. The method to collect data about the municipalities’ negotiation strategies is semi-structured interviews with politicians who are actively involved in the negotiation in the municipal cooperation “Tillväxt Bohuslän”. Results from the analysis in this thesis show a zero result; the municipalities’ ability for joint action does not affect which negotiation strategy they use. However, interesting empirical findings are explored.
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LACIRIGNOLA, DONATO. "ANTIGONES D'AFRIQUE SUR LA SCENE FRANCOPHONE. LES PARADOXES CULTURELS ET POLITIQUES DE LA CREATION THEATRALE FRANCO-AFRICAINE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/943799.
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All’incrocio tra questioni culturali, politiche e antropologiche, questa tesi analizza la
trasposizione di un mito greco nell’universo africano. Si concentra, in particolare, sulla figura
di Antigone e sulla sua rappresentazione, interrogando la produzione teatrale francofona
contemporanea attraverso lo studio di dieci «Antigoni d’Africa», in un arco cronologico che
va dalla fine degli anni Ottanta a oggi. Questo lavoro si basa su un corpus composto da riletture
testuali, ma anche e soprattutto sulla ricerca di materiali peri-testuali (spettacoli, adattamenti,
fotografie di spettacoli, progetti drammaturgici, interviste, ecc.), in gran parte inediti.
Considerando gli spettacoli teatrali come oggetti artistici in cui si manifestano le relazioni tra
culture e potere, questa tesi si interroga sul modo in cui la colonialità e il mondo contemporaneo
influenzano la ripresa di un «classico» nel riverbero delle relazioni franco-africane.
Rivolgendosi al teatro per ripensare l'insieme dei prodotti culturali in termini di performance e
forme di dominazione, l’analisi del corpus mostra le relazioni tra creazione teatrale, istituzioni
culturali e logiche economiche e politiche. L’analisi mostra, da un lato, i modi in cui le
produzioni artistiche veicolano rappresentazioni che possono favorire l’elaborazione di
un’estetizzazione della differenza, in particolare nelle forme dell’esotismo del corpo e
dell’immaginario; dall'altro, mette in luce le strategie che consentono di contrastare le
attribuzioni identitarie e di decostruire gli stereotipi relativi a questi quadri precostituiti e
dominanti, sia per sovvertirli sia per reimpiegarli a fini «contro-esotici».At the crossroads of cultural, political and anthropological issues, this thesis analyses the transposition of a Greek myth into the African universe. It focuses on the figure of Antigone and her representation, questioning contemporary Francophone theatrical production through the study of ten «Antigones of Africa», on a chronological arc going from the end of the 1980s to the present. This work is based on a corpus composed of textual re-readings, but also and above all on research into peri-textual materials (performances, adaptations, photographs, dramaturgical projects, interviews, etc.), most of which have never been published. Considering theatrical productions as artistic objects where the relations between cultures and power are manifested, this thesis questions the way in which coloniality and the contemporary world affect the revival of a «classic» in the reverberation of Franco-African relations. By turning to the theatre to rethink the whole of cultural products in terms of performance and forms of domination, the analysis of the corpus shows the relationships between theatrical creation, cultural institutions, and economic and political logics. The analysis shows, on the one hand, the ways in which artistic productions convey representations that can favour the fabrication of an aestheticization of difference, notably in the form of the exoticism of the body and the imaginary; on the other hand, it highlights the strategies that make it possible to thwart identity assignments and deconstruct stereotypes relating to these pre-established and dominant frameworks, either to subvert them or to redeploy them for «counter-exotic» purposes.
Située à la croisée d’enjeux aussi bien culturels, politiques, qu’anthropologiques, cette thèse analyse la transposition d’un mythe grec dans l’univers africain. Elle se concentre, en particulier, sur la figure d’Antigone et sa représentation, interrogeant la production théâtrale francophone contemporaine à travers l’étude de dix « Antigones d’Afrique », sur un arc chronologique allant de la fin des années 1980 à aujourd’hui. Ce travail porte sur un corpus composé de relectures textuelles, mais aussi et surtout de recherche de matériaux péri-textuels (performances, adaptations, photographies des spectacles, projets dramaturgiques, entretiens, etc.), pour la plupart inédits. Considérant les productions théâtrales en tant qu’objets artistiques où les relations entre cultures et pouvoir se manifestent, cette thèse interroge la manière dont la colonialité et le monde contemporain affectent la reprise d’un « classique » dans la réverbération des relations franco-africaines. En se tournant vers le théâtre pour repenser l’ensemble des produits culturels sous l’angle de la performance et des formes de domination, l’analyse du corpus montre les rapports entre la création théâtrale, les institutions culturelles et les logiques économiques et politiques. L’analyse montre, d’une part, les façons dont les productions artistiques véhiculent des représentations pouvant favoriser la fabrication d’une esthétisation de la différence, notamment sous les formes de l’exotisme des corps et de l’imaginaire ; elle souligne, d’autre part, les stratégies permettant de déjouer les assignations identitaires et de déconstruire les stéréotypes relatifs à ces cadres préétablis et dominants, soit pour les subvertir, soit pour les redéployer à des fins « contre-exotiques ».
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Molé, Antoine. "Les paradis fiscaux dans la concurrence fiscale internationale." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090007/document.
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Dans le cadre de l’internationalisation puis de la mondialisation de la sphère économique et financière, les paradis fiscaux se sont développés tout au long du XXe siècle. Emergent à l’abri de la cage de l’Etat-Nation, ce phénomène de déconnexion de la sphère résidente de la sphère d’activité économique effective, a donné lieu à l’émergence de centres offshore, de manière embryonnaire durant la première moitié du XXe siècle, puis à une échelle industrielle sur l’ensemble des secteurs de l’activité économique à partir des années 1950. Les observateurs et les acteurs politiques des pays industrialisés se sont progressivement saisi du sujet dans le cadre de l’appréhension des effets dommageables de la concurrence fiscale internationale. Les difficultés rencontrées dans la lutte engagée à différentes échelles contre ces territoires traduisent l’ambiguïté des relations qu’entretiennent les grands pays industrialisés avec la sphère offshoreIn the framework of the growth and the internationalisation of the financial flows since the beginning of the twentieth century, Tax havens leading positions in the economic and financial environment have become so much important, that many political actors of the well developed countries have tried to assess this phenomenon through the international tax competition studies. Going further in the tax optimisation and tax planning process of the offshore sphere of activity, we can consider that far from being isolated in the sovereignty of a few countries, the offshore financial model is far integrated in the worldwide economic system, which can explain the difficulty and the different means used by the political authority to manage and stop the offshore mechanism through a by territory approach
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Ravel, d'Esclapon Anne de. "La lutte contre les paradis fiscaux à l'aune des exemples français et américain." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA013.
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Les scandales financiers survenus ces dernières années et l'hémorragie des recettes fiscales ont remis sur le devant de la scène la lutte contre les paradis fiscaux. Au niveau national, la France et les États-Unis ont mis en place tout un arsenal de dispositifs afin de mettre un terme à l'utilisation des paradis fiscaux. Ils ont renforcé leur législation, qui met l'accent sur la coopération en matière fiscale. L'efficacité de la lutte contre les paradis fiscaux nécessite également une intervention au niveau international. L'Organisation de Coopération et de Développement économiques en est le chef de file et met en œuvre une série de mesures en faveur de la coopération en matière fiscale, tout comme l'Union européenne. C'est donc autour de deux axes que se constitue la lutte contre les paradis fiscaux : l'unilatéralisme et le multilatéralismeFinancial scandals and the massive drain of tax revenue have highlighted the fight against tax havens. At a national level, France and the United States are strengthening their laws in order to eradicate tax havens. They focus on tax cooperation. But the fight has to be also at an international level. The OECD and the European Union are adopting an important series of measures about tax cooperation. The fight against tax havens is organized around two main lines: unilateralism and multilateralism
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Laumonier, Alexandre. "La coopération fiscale entre Etats dans la lutte contre la fraude et l'évasion fiscales internationales." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0762.
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Si la fraude et l'évasion fiscales sont aussi anciennes que l'impôt lui-même, la mondialisation et la numérisation de l'économie ont placé les Etats face aux limites de leur pouvoir fiscal, pouvoir qui demeure intimement lié à leur compétence territoriale. Plus récemment, c'est la crise financière de 2007-2008 qui a attiré l'attention de l'opinion publique mondiale sur l'importance du phénomène de fraude et d'évasion fiscales internationales et le rôle essentiel qu’y tiennent les paradis fiscaux. Les outils juridiques conventionnels traditionnels à la disposition des Etats ont montré toutes leurs limites, et ce tant en matière de détection des situations à risque que d’échange d’informations ou d’assistance au recouvrement. S’est ainsi faite jour la nécessité, pour certains Etats, de relancer, sur le plan international, des actions de nature coopérative d’un nouveau type pour tenter d'endiguer les pertes budgétaires massives ainsi subies ou consenties. Ces actions, participant tant de la « soft law » que de la règle de droit, menées par l'OCDE comme par l'Union européenne, se concentrent sur deux aspects fondamentaux que sont, d'une part la transparence fiscale et, d'autre part, la lutte contre les pratiques d'érosion de la base imposable et de transfert des bénéfices vers des Etats ou territoires à fiscalité faible ou nulle. L'analyse de ces tentatives de réforme de la fiscalité internationale conduit à s'interroger non seulement sur la méthode utilisée ainsi que sur le contenu des réglementations qui en découlent, mais également sur les perspectives d'avenir de la lutte contre la fraude et l'évasion fiscales internationales. Face aux carences du « nationalisme fiscal », il convient donc de s'interroger sur la pertinence d'une mondialisation de l'impôt lui-même, et ce tant au niveau de la base imposable que des taux d’impositionTax fraud and tax avoidance are as old as tax itself. Economy’s globalisation and digitalazation have however confronted States with the limitations of their tax power that remains dependant on their territorial boundaries. More recently, the 2007-2008 financial crisis has drawn the attention of the public opinion on the extent of international tax fraud and avoidance as well as on the key role tax heavens play in this frame. The traditional and conventional legal tools States can use have reached their limits in the field of detection of potential risky tax’s situations, exchange of information as well as collection assistance. Some States are willing to revive, on an worldwide level, the international tax cooperation, so as to curb massive budgetary losses they either undergo or consent to. These measures, which are based on « soft law » or on real right rules, are lead by the OECD and the European Union in order to face two main purposes. The first one deals with tax transparency whereas the second one tackles with base erosion and profit shifting towards States and territories with low or nil tax levels. The analysis of these attempts to amend international tax rules leads up to question about the used methods, the regulation’s content and their perspectives. While facing the lacks of « tax nationalism », it is necessary to wonder about the relevancy of globalising taxes themselves through both their basis and their rates
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Joshi, Jaideep. "Spatial and Coevolutionary Dynamics of Cooperation." Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4106.
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Cooperation is ubiquitous across taxa in the animal kingdom. For example, microbes cooperate in producing antibiotic-resistant biofilms, mammals and birds collectively mob predators, and humans cooperate in utilization of common resources. Sometimes, cooperation is costly. Such behaviours lead to a paradox: why does natural selection favour a costly behaviour? In a well-mixed population, cooperators are susceptible to be invaded by defectors. The evolution and maintenance of cooperators requires structured populations. One of the key mechanisms that can promote cooperation is a spatial structure with local clustering of cooperators (and defectors). This exposes defectors to the consequences of their own selfish behaviour, keeping them in check. However, a vast fraction of cooperative species is mobile. Movement allows defectors to escape their fate, destroying spatial structure and hindering cooperation. Therefore, cooperation is typically thought to be di cult to evolve in mobile organisms. In this thesis, we question this assumption, and using simulation and analytical studies, show that coevolutionary dynamics can promote cooperation in mobile populations.
Species across taxa, ranging from cells and microbes to fish, birds and ungulates, live in highly mobile groups that frequently merge and split, called fission-fusion groups. Fission-fusion dynamics typically causes mixing of the population. Therefore, cooperation is not considered viable in such groups. The macroscopic dynamics of these groups is governed by local cohesive interactions between individuals. In Chapter 2, using explicit spatial agent-based evolutionary simulations, we explore the coevolution of cooperation and local cohesive tendencies as a possible route to cooperation in such populations. Studies on collective behaviour have previously shown that individuals can self-sort based on traits such as speed or cohesion. However, these insights have not been applied to study cooperation. We use the ideas of assortment (where cooperators interact more frequently with other cooperators) and multilevel selection (where selec-tion for cooperation between groups outweighs selection against them within groups) to understand the coevolutionary dynamics. We discover an interplay among cooperation and grouping, where self-assorted groups favour cooperation, and cooperative interactions in turn favour such groups. As a result of these dynamics, we nd an oscillatory pattern of cooperation and defection caused by an arms race for the costly cohesive trait. This maintains cooperation even in the absence of well known mechanisms such as kin interactions, reciprocity, local dispersal or conditional strategies that require information on others' strategies or payofis. Our results reveal the possibility of cooperative aggregations in dynamic fission-fusion populations. Our study reveals simple conditions under which greenbeard cooperation can evolve via an arms race for the costly greenbeard trait.
In Chapter 3, we generalize our coevolutionary model to any generic greenbeard cooperation, by considering a coevolving phenotypic trait (the greenbeard) that mediates cooperative interactions. Greenbeard cooperation is viable only if the cooperative gene is linked to the greenbeard gene. It is typically thought to be unstable over time, be-cause defectors who evolve the greenbeard can invade cooperators. In Chapter 3, we explore whether coevolutionary dynamics can help stabilize greenbeard cooperation. Evolution happens via two key processes: selection and drift. Unlike typical models of evolution that often employ only one of these, we develop an analytical model that combines both. Our model employs techniques from statistical physics to derive coupled Chemical Langevin Equations for a finite population of organisms. By accounting for the costs of the greenbeard, we demonstrate that a combination of selection, mutations and demographic noise in a structured population can lead to spontaneous emergence of linkage between the cooperative and greenbeard genes. We find a cyclical dynamics with a decay and re-emergence of the greenbeard. On average, we find significant levels of both cooperation and the greenbeard, including fixation of both traits under some conditions.
Positive assortment of cooperators is the general condition for cooperation to evolve. However, assormtent is theoretically zero in infinite well-mixed populations. Real populations may deviate from this theoretical ideal due to finite population size, and due to presence of smaller interacting subgroups within the population. Variation in the group sizes and compositions may occasionally lead to assortment, just by chance. Furthermore, the presence of solitary individuls critically affects assortment. Yet, in our knowledge, no studies have quantitatively characterized assortment in group-structured finite populations. In Chapter 4, we characterize assortment arising from such a random group structure in finite populations. We find that the variance in assortment is inversely proportional to population size and interacting group size. We also show that if grouping is random, assortment decreases linearly with the proportion of solitary individuals. Our result may be helpful in establishing a null model for assortment in empirical studies on spatial structure. Furthermore, our results reveal that stochasticity in assortment effectively leads to an increase in drift, which could maintain higher levels of cooperation than in well populations.
In Chapter 5, we allow mobility itself to coevolve with cooperation, in a human context. Humans cooperate in the utilization of spatial ecological public goods, such as forest produce, sheries, and grazing lands. However, humans evolve their strategies via social learning, by imitating more successful individuals. Here, apart from mobility, space introduces the possibility of incomplete information availability. Further, dynamics of the renewable resource may evoke eco-evolutionary feedbacks. Very few studies on cooperation have explored the coevolution of cooperation and costly dispersal, and fewer still explicitly account for a renewable resource. No study to our knowledge has considered the effects of spatial information access. Here, we integrate
all three features into a minimal, agent-based, evolutionary model to study human harvesting and dispersal strategies. We show that, as resource utility increases and dispersal becomes cheaper, societies progress from a sedentary, subsistence-oriented lifestyle, through a nomadic phase characterized by efficient and equitable resource harvest, to eventual social stratification and overexploitation of the resource. Further, impatience and myopia among consumers tend to promote cheater strategies, leading to unequal and inefficient harvest. Our model provides insights into the harvesting and dispersal strategies of hunter-gatherers, nomadic pastoralists and shifting cultivators across the world, throughout human history.
In conclusion, we investigated coevolutionary dynamics across a spectrum of mobility, from highly mobile to almost sedentary populations. We found that when the second trait (cohesion, greenbeard, or dispersal) is costly, coevolutionary dynamics can facilitate the evolution of cooperation in cases where it was previously not considered viable. In fact, cooperation does not sustain if the other trait is not costly. In the process, we also obtained insights into the role of other factors, such as demographic stochasticity, rapid evolution, incomplete information and eco-evolutionary feedbacks, on spatial evolutionary dynamics.DST, TIFAC, Society for Study of Evolution (SSE) and International Society for Behavioural Ecology (ISBE)
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Rout, Satyasish. "Hazard and Operability Study in New Coal Chemical Department RSP & Indian Farmers Fertilisers Cooperative Limited, Paradip." Thesis, 2016. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/9242/1/2016_MT_SRout.pdf.
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Hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is a technique to identify hazards and risks in a process industry and to bring it to a limitable level. In the presented paper Hazop study was applied on Coal Chemical Plant of Rourkela Steel Plant. In Coal Chemical Plant the gas which is sent to different equipment for separating unwanted chemicals from COG. Thus, gas which is obtained is being used as a useful resource for the production of other chemicals. Hazard and operability study is being applied to three nodes i.e. coke oven gas to primary gas cooler, electrostatic tar precipitator and exhauster. With the help of certain guide words, different deviations were obtained for which suitable safeguards were taken. Hazop is a time taking process but helps in improving process safety and eliminations of risk to a tolerable level. Thus, it is necessary to identify hazards and risk associated with it using certain guide words and with best efforts it can be decreased to a limiting level.
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De, Ravel d'Esclapon Anne. "La lutte contre les paradis fiscaux à l'aune des exemples français et américain." Thesis, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA013/document.
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Les scandales financiers survenus ces dernières années et l'hémorragie des recettes fiscales ont remis sur le devant de la scène la lutte contre les paradis fiscaux. Au niveau national, la France et les États-Unis ont mis en place tout un arsenal de dispositifs afin de mettre un terme à l'utilisation des paradis fiscaux. Ils ont renforcé leur législation, qui met l'accent sur la coopération en matière fiscale. L'efficacité de la lutte contre les paradis fiscaux nécessite également une intervention au niveau international. L'Organisation de Coopération et de Développement économiques en est le chef de file et met en œuvre une série de mesures en faveur de la coopération en matière fiscale, tout comme l'Union européenne. C'est donc autour de deux axes que se constitue la lutte contre les paradis fiscaux : l'unilatéralisme et le multilatéralismeFinancial scandals and the massive drain of tax revenue have highlighted the fight against tax havens. At a national level, France and the United States are strengthening their laws in order to eradicate tax havens. They focus on tax cooperation. But the fight has to be also at an international level. The OECD and the European Union are adopting an important series of measures about tax cooperation. The fight against tax havens is organized around two main lines: unilateralism and multilateralism
Books on the topic "Paradox of Cooperation"
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The paradox of EU-Indian relations: Missed opportunities in politics, economics, development cooperation, and culture. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010.
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Smoke and mirrors: The paradox of the drug wars. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.
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Nye, Joseph S. The paradox of American power: Why the world's only superpower can't go it alone. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
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Le partenariat en coopération internationale: Paradoxe ou compromis? Québec: Presses de l'Université du Québec, 2009.
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Navarro-Flores, Olga. Le partenariat en coopération internationale: Paradoxe ou compromis? Québec: Presses de l'Université du Québec, 2009.
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Navarro-Flores, Olga. Le partenariat en coopération internationale: Paradoxe ou compromis? Québec: Presses de l'Université du Québec, 2009.
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Gurol, Julia. EU-China Security Paradox: Cooperation Against All Odds? Bristol University Press, 2022.
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Gurol, Julia. EU-China Security Paradox: Cooperation Against All Odds? Bristol University Press, 2022.
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Rubin, Paul H. Capitalism Paradox: How Cooperation Enables Free Market Competition. Permuted Press, 2019.
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EU-China Security Paradox: Cooperation Against All Odds? Bristol University Press, 2022.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Paradox of Cooperation"
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Guala, Francesco. "Solving the Hi-lo Paradox: Equilibria, Beliefs, and Coordination." In Minimal Cooperation and Shared Agency, 149–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29783-1_9.
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Waters-Lynch, Julian, and Cameron Duff. "Coworking’s Cooperation Paradox: On the Role of Stigmergic Curation." In Human Resource Management, 133–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62167-4_8.
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Duranti, Alessandro. "Interactional Glitches, Cooperation, and the Paradox of Public Joint Activities." In Re-Creating Anthropology, 71–92. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003273615-8.
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Mueller, Sean. "The Paradox of Cooperation: Intergovernmental Relations and Identity Conflict in Switzerland." In Intergovernmental Relations in Divided Societies, 1–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88785-8_1.
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de Wit, Hans. "The Bologna Process and the Wider World of Higher Education: The Cooperation Competition Paradox in a Period of Increased Nationalism." In European Higher Education Area: The Impact of Past and Future Policies, 15–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77407-7_2.
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Felicidades-García, J., and F. J. Pazos-García. "CLLD, Urban Agenda and Borderland. Governance and Innovation for the Sustainable Development of the Eurocity of Guadiana (Portugal-Spain)." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 222–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34211-0_11.
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AbstractGovernance, innovation and spatial planning are recognised as dimensions of the territorial development process in the European Regional Policy. This paper explores the joint possibilities of Community-led Local Development (CLLD), as an approach that encourages the participation of local actors in sustainable urban development, and the EU Urban Agenda, as a strategic spatial planning instrument, applied in the cross-border area of the Eurocity of Guadiana. It draws on existing literature and the empirical development of the INTERREG EuroGuadiana 2020 project to define the objectives of the process and the key components of the territorial governance scheme. It shows that the urban governance formula for cross-border cities, based on the combination of European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC), CLLD and Urban Agenda, represents an opportunity both to strengthen the organisational capacities of partnerships and to implement inclusive and participatory action plans. It is concluded that the Eurocity of Guadiana must overcome limiting factors such as community resistance to change, as well as the paradox of planning across borders and the demands of cross-border governance.
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Lindenfors, Patrik. "Humanity—The Paragon of Cooperation?" In For Whose Benefit?, 89–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50874-0_7.
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Clarke, Matthew, John Schostak, and Linda Hammersley-Fletcher. "From competition to collaboration to cooperation?" In Paradoxes of Democracy, Leadership and Education, 97–105. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |Includes bibliographical references and index. |Summary: Provided by publisher.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351029186-7.
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van den Broek, Harm. "Tax Risk Management and the Paradox of Cooperative Compliance." In The Future of Risk Management, Volume I, 305–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14548-4_13.
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Passacantando, Mauro, Giorgio Gnecco, Yuval Hadas, and Marcello Sanguineti. "On Braess’ Paradox and Average Quality of Service in Transportation Network Cooperative Games." In AIRO Springer Series, 27–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86841-3_3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Paradox of Cooperation"
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Chang, Chia-Hsun. "The Exploration of Paradox and Chance of International Cooperation under Global Environmental Governance." In Annual International Conference on Political Science, Sociology and International Relations. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-2403_pssir14.41.
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Brindisi, Angela, Salvatore Ameduri, Barbara Tiseo, and Antonio Concilio. "Optimisation of an SMA-Based Morphing Architecture." In ASME 2010 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2010-3783.
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Aircraft morphing architectures are currently worldwide investigated to explore the possibility of attaining better performance while reducing weights, volumes and costs of the whole wing system. It is well-known that a 3-flap wing, for instance, shall pay a penalty up to 100% due to the insertion of mechanical devices in its body. Moreover, the insertion of nacelles, aimed at covering the mechanical devices, disturb the wing aerodynamics itself. Also, flapped wings are noisy. The introduction of deformable instead of the classical slotted and flapped wings may lead to significant enhancement also in this field. In the frame of the Joint European Initiative on Green Regional Aircraft, inside a cooperation with the University of Naples, Department of Aerospace Engineering, the authors with their colleagues came to the definition of novel architectures, aimed at those aims. These structures are characterized by load-bearing actuators, a concept that allows overcoming the classical paradox of smart structure systems: capability of bearing loads while attaining (very) large deformations.
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Geri, Nitza. "Overcoming the Challenge of Cooperating with Competitors: Critical Success Factors of Interorganizational Systems Implementation." In InSITE 2009: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3330.
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The growing phenomenon of competitors that use a common interorganizational system (IOS) raises challenging strategic and organizational issues. Sometimes organizations join IOS initiatives although it seems to weaken their competitive position. This paper analyzes, in retrospect, the fully automated Tel-Aviv Continuous Trading system (TACT) implemented by the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE) and its members, about a decade after its inauguration. It examines TACT's organizational feasibility and its critical success factors, using the Theory of Constraints (TOC) as a theoretical basis. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of one system, including the point of view of both the initiator (TASE) and the participants (TASE members). TACT's implementation complexity was further escalated since all users had to convert to it simultaneously. Therefore, intensive cooperation was required, especially between Israel's five largest banks, which had seemingly faced a value paradox of IOS, since TACT was supposed to undermine their competitive position by reducing customer lock-in. This study contributes to the informing science transdiscipline by extending its applicability to interorganizational contexts, and by introducing the Theory of Constraints as an effective analysis tool that can be integrated within the informing science framework. It emphasizes the importance of a neutral managing intermediary, provides guidelines for successful IOS implementation, and suggests that the main critical success factor is information systems management skills.
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Cucić, Dragoljub, Angelos Angelopoulos, and Takis Fildisis. "Paradoxes of Thermodynamics." In ORGANIZED BY THE HELLENIC PHYSICAL SOCIETY WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE PHYSICS DEPARTMENTS OF GREEK UNIVERSITIES: 7th International Conference of the Balkan Physical Union. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3322352.
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Chapman, Kirsten, Melanie Klimes, Braden Wellman, Garrett Smith, Mainack Mondal, Staci Smith, Yunan Chen, Haijing Hao, and Xinru Page. "A Privacy Paradox? Impact of Privacy Concerns on Willingness to Disclose COVID-19 Health Status in the United States." In CSCW '22: Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3500868.3559471.
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