Relevant bibliographies by topics / Paracetamolo

Academic literature on the topic 'Paracetamolo'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Paracetamolo"

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Rossi, A., D. Palombo, V. Capilupi, and M. Chiapasco. "Pancreatite acuta secondaria a somministrazione di paracetamolo e codeina dopo trattamento odontoiatrico. Analisi della letteratura e caso clinico." Dental Cadmos 84, no. 5 (May 2016): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-8524(16)30065-4.

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Hinz, Burkhard, and Kay Brune. "Paracetamol and cyclooxygenase inhibition: is there a cause for concern?" Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 71, no. 1 (October 28, 2011): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2011.200087.

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Paracetamol is recommended as first-line therapy for pain associated with osteoarthrosis and is one of the most widely used over-the-counter analgesic drugs worldwide. Despite its extensive use, its mode of action is still unclear. Although it is commonly stated that paracetamol acts centrally, recent data imply an inhibitory effect on the activity of peripheral prostaglandin-synthesising cyclooxygenase enzymes. In this context paracetamol has been suggested to inhibit both isoforms in tissues with low levels of peroxide by reducing the higher oxidation state of cyclooxygenase enzymes. Two recent studies have also demonstrated a preferential cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibition by paracetamol under different clinically relevant conditions. This review attempts to relate data on paracetamol's inhibitory action on peripheral cyclooxygenase enzymes to the published literature on its anti-inflammatory action and its hitherto underestimated side-effects elicited by cyclooxygenase inhibition. As a result, a pronounced COX-2 inhibition by paracetamol is expected to occur in the endothelium, possibly explaining its cardiovascular risk in epidemiological studies. A careful analysis of paracetamol's cardiovascular side-effects in randomised studies is therefore strongly advised. On the basis of epidemiological data showing an increased gastrointestinal risk of paracetamol at high doses or when co-administered with classic cyclooxygenase inhibitors, paracetamol's long-term gastrointestinal impact should be investigated in randomised trials. Finally, paracetamol's fast elimination and consequently short-lived COX-2 inhibition, which requires repetitive dosing, should be definitely considered to avoid overdosage leading to hepatotoxicity.
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Coman, Laurențiu, Horia Păunescu, Cristina Isabel Viorica Ghiță, Radu Ciprian Țincu, Sorina Vasile, Delia Cinteza, Ion Fulga, and Oana Andreia Coman. "Paracetamol-Induced Hypothermia in Rodents: A Review on Pharmacodynamics." Processes 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10040687.

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Paracetamol can induce hypothermia in humans and rodents. The study’s aim is to review the mechanisms of paracetamol-induced hypothermia in rodents or the results issued from in vitro studies on the same species’ tissues (in doses that do not produce hepatic impairment) using the latest developments published in scientific journals over the last 15 years. Available human studies are also analysed. An extensive search in PubMed databases exploring the hypothermic response to paracetamol was conducted. 4669 articles about paracetamol’s effects on body temperature in mice or rats were found. After applying additional filters, 20 articles were selected for review, with 9 of them presented in tabular forms. The analysis of these articles found that the hypothermic effect of paracetamol is due to the inhibition of a cyclooxygenase-1 variant, is potentiated by endothelin receptor antagonists, and can be mediated through GABAA receptors and possibly through transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 via N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine in the central nervous system. Human studies confirm the in vivo and in vitro experiments in rodents regarding the presence of a hypothermic effect after high, non-toxic doses of paracetamol. Further research is required to understand the mechanisms behind paracetamol’s hypothermic effect in humans.
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Begum, Shaheen, Poojitha Harisree G, and Rashida Anjum M S. "A Short Review on Biological Activities of Paracetamol Derivatives." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 16, no. 1 (February 13, 2023): 6309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.1.5.

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Paracetamol reduces body temperature with multiple mechanisms. Paracetamol is chemically 4-hydroxy acetanilide and has a good safety profile. Following its successful use as an over-the-counter antipyretic and analgesic medication, several attempts were made to increase the potency, mask the bitter taste, and decrease the toxicity of this drug by modifications at the phenyl ring, acetamido group, and hydroxyl group. The free hydroxyl group of paracetamols was masked to obtain prodrugs (carbonate prodrugs, ester prodrugs like alanine-prodrug, proline-prodrug, galactosylated prodrug, and mutual prodrugs with other drugs and NSAIDs). Propacetamol is a commercially available prodrug derived from paracetamol that is effective in parenteral form. Paracetamol ester prodrugs with sulfur-containing amino acids such as N-acetyl cysteine, cysteine, and methionine showed low hepatotoxicity compared to the parent drug. In addition, paracetamol derivatives including metal complexes, chalcones, Mannich bases, nucleoside analogs, hybrids with the aryl-imidazolidinyl ring, thymol, and triazole ring displayed diverse activities like antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities.
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Oestmann, Andreas, and Annika Stöppler. "Die saure Patientin." Praxis 108, no. 4 (April 2019): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a003201.

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Zusammenfassung. Wir berichten über eine 75-jährige Patientin mit einer metabolischen Azidose mit erhöhter Anionenlücke. Die Abklärung ergab eine Pyroglutamatazidose, bedingt durch eine Behandlung mit Paracetamol in therapeutischer Dosierung bei gleichzeitigem Vorliegen weiterer Risikofaktoren wie Mangelernährung, Alkoholkonsum, Niereninsuffizienz, Hepatopathie und weibliches Geschlecht. Nach Sistieren des Paracetamols und Verabreichung von Bicarbonat und N-Acetylcystein wurde eine rasche klinische und laboranalytische Besserung erreicht.
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Hamed Almurisi, Samah, Khater AL-Japairai, Farhan Alshammari, Fawaz Alheibshy, Rana M. F. Sammour, and Abd Almonem Doolaanea. "Stability of Paracetamol Instant Jelly for Reconstitution: Impact of Packaging, Temperature and Humidity." Gels 8, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8030144.

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The stability of the medicinal product is a major concern in the pharmaceutical industry and health authorities, whose goal is to guarantee that drugs are delivered to patients without loss of therapeutic properties. This study aims to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions and packaging on the stability of paracetamol instant jelly sachets based on both chemical and physical stability. The paracetamol instant jelly was packaged in plastic sachets (packaging 1) and sealed aluminium bags in screw-capped amber glass bottles (packaging 2), which were stored in real-time and accelerated stability chambers for 3 months. Samples were taken out from the chambers and were characterised for appearance, moisture content, texture, viscosity, in vitro drug release, paracetamol content, and 4-aminophenol level at different time points. The real-time storage condition at a lower temperature maintained the stability of the paracetamol instant jelly, while the accelerated condition led to a significant change in the formulation properties. In addition, the proper packaging of paracetamol instant jelly maintained the paracetamol’s stability, regardless of environmental conditions, for three months. The results show that the environmental conditions and packaging play a significant role in maintaining paracetamol instant jelly stability.
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Mohamed, Ashma, Alexa Wacker, and Martin Schmidt. "Chronic Misuse of Paracetamol in OCD Without Hepatic Injury: A Case Report and Literature Review." BJPsych Open 8, S1 (June 2022): S123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.364.

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AimsParacetamol is a commonly used antipyretic and analgesic over the counter medication. In acute or chronic overuse it is associated with dose-dependent hepatic injury. There is a narrow therapeutic margin and that consistent use of as little as 7.5 g/day may be hazardous. Unintentional overdose with paracetamol is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United Kingdom Here we present an unusual case of a 60-year-old lady with a reported chronic history of self-medicating with an above daily recommended dose of paracetamol without evidence of hepatic injury.MethodsA 60-year-old Caucasian lady known to psychiatric services for 20 years with Recurrent Depressive disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Dependent Personality Disorder with Borderline personality traits. She reported consuming 32 tablets of paracetamol (16gm per day) every day for the past 11 years. She experienced obsessions of fear that if she did not take a particular number of paracetamols in a day then her friends will come to harm and her anxiety was relieved by the compulsion of consuming supratherapeutic doses of paracetamol. There was no evidence of misuse of any other medications other than paracetamol. Her blood investigations revealed liver function tests within normal limits and ultrasound of the liver was unremarkable.ResultsA literature search of “paracetamol or acetaminophen” and “no liver or hepatic” and “damage or injury” found only one case report. The case reported that studies of paracetamol metabolism were performed in a 58-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis who had consumed 15–20 g paracetamol daily for 5 years without developing liver damage and data were compared with results in seven normal volunteers. The report concluded that a combination of slow paracetamol absorption, enhanced detoxication of paracetamol (by sulphation) and reduced metabolism to potentially cytotoxic metabolites may have reduced the risk of liver damage in this patient.ConclusionIn OCD, misusing medications can be an uncommon presentation of compulsive acts to relieve anxiety. The diagnostic dilemma of factitious illness is probable, however supratherapeutic use of paracetamol without physical harm is rare but possible.
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Amirul Fauziah, Dewi rashati,. "PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI AMILUM Zea mays (L) SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGHANCUR SECARA GRANULASI BASAH TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK TABLET PARASETAMOL." JURNAL ILMIAH FARMASI AKADEMI FARMASI JEMBER 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53864/jifakfar.v2i1.15.

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This research is aims to determine the effect of variation concentration starch Zea mays (L) as disintegration agent in wet granulation to physical characteristics paracetamo. This research used eperimental method by one shot case study. Paracetamol as active ingredient, starch zea mays (L)as desintegrant agent, PVPK30 as binding agent, avicel as filler and Mg stearat as lubricants. The result of SPSS showed significant (p0,05), that means no difference in the three formulation. The first test is weight uniformity show that from column A and B qualify weight requirement range, hardness test. Showed significant (p0,05) that means nodifference in the three formulation. Friability test showed significant (p 0,05) the last is disintegration time test showed that significant (P0,05) no difference in the three formulation. The research of physic characteristic of the tablet showed that hardness test and time test not qualif. Analysis SPSS showed (p0,05) no difference in the three formulation and amilum had no effect on physical test of paracetamol tablet.Keywords: zea mays (L),paracetamol,physicial characteristic
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Rahimi, Omid, Nilufar Asadi Louie, Alireza Salehi, and Firouz Faed Maleki. "Hepatorenal Protective Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Solidago canadensis L. against Paracetamol-Induced Toxicity in Mice." Journal of Toxicology 2022 (December 17, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9091605.

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Paracetamol (AKA acetaminophen) is a widely used drug and is used for mild to moderate pains, such as mild osteoarthritis, toothache, headache, and pain caused by minimally invasive surgeries. Despite being a harmless drug in lower doses, acetaminophen can be toxic to the liver and kidneys if overdosed and even results in death. In this study, the therapeutic effects of Solidago canadensis L. extract (SCE) were investigated. 48 adult male Swiss albino mice (20–30 grams) were randomly divided into six groups of 8. The control group was gavaged with normal saline every 12 hours for 6 days. The second group received paracetamol at a 500 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) dose on the sixth day. The third, fourth, and fifth groups were gavaged doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of SCE every 12 hours for six days, respectively, and on the sixth day, we received paracetamol at a dose of 500 mg/kg i.p. The sixth group only received SCE every 12 hours at a dose of 1000 mg/kg via gavaging for six days. On the seventh day (24 hours after paracetamol injection), blood samples were collected to measure the serum level of creatinine, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total and direct bilirubin, and liver and kidney tissues were also sampled for histopathological examination. It was observed that paracetamol caused a considerable increase in the ALT, AST, ALP, uric Acid, and BUN levels ( P < 0.01 ), while those in SCE-treated groups were significantly lower. In addition, various lesions in the paracetamol group were observed, while in the SCE-receiving groups, receiving prophylactic SCE inhibited the high-intense lesions such as the infiltration of inflammatory cells, hyperemia, and vacuolar degeneration, which decreased significantly in the control group in comparison with that of the paracetamol group ( P < 0.05 ). In conclusion, SCE can have substantial protective effects against paracetamol’s hepatorenal toxicity.
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Mystakidou, MD, PhD, Kyriaki, Emmanuela Katsouda, MD, PhD, Vassilios Kouloulias, MD, PhD, John Kouvaris, MD, PhD, Marinos Tsiatas, MD, and Lambros Vlahos, MD, PhD. "Comparison of transdermal fentanyl with codeine/paracetamol, in combination with radiotherapy, for the management of metastatic bone pain." Journal of Opioid Management 1, no. 4 (September 1, 2005): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2005.0044.

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Radiotherapy (R/T) is frequently used for palliative treatment of painful bone metastases; however, complete alleviation of pain is not always achieved. This study was designed to evaluate pain management outcomes and quality of life (QoL) measures in cancer patients with metastatic bone pain receiving a combination of R/T and either transdermal therapeutic fentanyl (TTS-F) patches or codeine/paracetamol.A total of 460 palliative care patients with bone metastases who received R/T were enrolled in this prospective, open-label study. The patients were randomized to initially receive a total dose of 120 mg codeine/paracetamol per day or TTS-F patches releasing 25 μg fentanyl per hour. Pain measures were assessed on the basis of selected questions from the Greek-Brief Pain Inventory. Overall treatment satisfaction (scale, 1 to 4), QoL, and European Collaborative Oncology Group status were also recorded.Among the 460 patients, 422 were eligible for evaluation. Pain measures in the TTS-F group demonstrated statistically significant improvements during the study that were superior to those in the codeine/paracetamol group (p < 0.05). Likewise, there was a significantly greater increase (p < 0.05) in the mean satisfaction score for patients in TTS-F group at every visit between baseline and month two. The vast majority (95.8 percent) of patients in the codeine/paracetamol group increased their medication dosage until the end of the study, whereas in the TTS-F group the respective percentage was only 6.1. Both treatments were generally well tolerated, with constipation as the most common side effect followed by sleep disturbances and nausea. The overall frequencies of side effects were higher in the codeine/paracetamol group.The results therefore indicate that TTS-F offers more effective pain relief than codeine/paracetamol, in combination with R/T, in patients with metastatic bone pain, obtaining complete treatment satisfaction matched by improvements in their QoL.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Paracetamolo"

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Rivalta, Arianna. "Il polimorfismo del paracetamolo: indagine mediante spettroscopia Raman e metodi computazionali." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11169/.

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Lo studio del polimorfismo gioca un ruolo fondamentale in diversi ambiti di ricerca, con applicazioni importanti nel campo dei semi conduttori organici e dei farmaci, dovuto al fatto che i diversi polimorfi di una sostanza presentano proprietà chimico-fisiche distinte. Questo lavoro di tesi si è focalizzato sullo studio del polimorfismo del paracetamolo, principio attivo (API) di diversi farmaci molto utilizzati, attraverso l’utilizzo della microscopia Raman. La microscopia Raman è una tecnica efficace per l’indagine del polimorfismo di materiali organici ed inorganici, in quanto permette di monitorare la presenza di diverse fasi solide e le loro trasformazioni su scala micrometrica. Le differenze di struttura cristallina che caratterizzano i polimorfi vengono analizzate attraverso gli spettri Raman nella regione dei modi reticolari (10-150 cm^{-1}), le cui frequenze sondano le interazioni inter-molecolari, molto sensibili anche a lievi differenze di impaccamento molecolare. Con questa tecnica abbiamo caratterizzato le forme I, II, III (quella elusiva) e diverse miscele di fase di paracetamolo su campioni ottenuti con numerose tecniche di crescita dei cristalli. Per questa tesi è stato svolto anche uno studio computazionale, attraverso metodi Density Functional Theory (DFT) per la molecola isolata e metodi di minimizzazione dell’energia e di dinamica reticolare per i sistemi cristallini. Abbiamo inoltre verificato se il modello di potenziale di letteratura scelto (Dreiding [Mayo1990]) fosse adatto per descrivere la molecola di paracetamolo, le strutture dei suoi polimorfi e i relativi spettri vibrazionali.
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Rancan, Elia <1987&gt. "Sintesi del paracetamolo e altre ammidi di interesse industriale mediante riarrangiamenti organo catalizzati da CF3COOH." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2754.

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Nel presente lavoro di tesi è stata messa a punto la sintesi del paracetamolo via riarrangiamento di Beckmann del 4-idrossiacetofenonossima organo catalizzata da TFA. Tale metodologia consente una maggiore sostenibilità rispetto all’attuale processo industriale e notevoli potenzialità sintetiche per la sintesi di altre ammidi. È stato inoltre ideato un nuovo metodo per la sintesi di paracetamolo in un unico passaggio, realizzando contemporaneamente l’ossimazione e il riarrangiamento del corrispondente chetone (4-idrossiacetofenone). Questo nuovo metodo è stato esteso per la sintesi di altre ammidi d’interesse industriale utilizzando come materiale di partenza i rispettivi chetoni. Infine, le reazioni di ossimazione-riarrangiamento in TFA sono state provate anche su composti dello zolfo (es. solfossidi) con lo scopo di verificarne le potenzialità nella sintesi in un solo passaggio di solfinammidi. Da letteratura, in campo biologico, questi composti hanno mostrato avere un’elevata capacità di trasporto del gruppo nitrosile e una potenziale attività farmacologica sia come antipertensivi che come antitumorali.
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Elijošius, Evaldas. "Kramtomųjų paracetamolio tablečių vaikams technologija." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110628_155329-47227.

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Šiuo metu Lietuvoje pramoniniu būdu gaminamų farmacinių formų vaikams kiekis yra ribotas (2009/2010m. Lietuvos Respublikos Vaistinių preparatų registro duomenimis). Atlikus eilę studijų, buvo nutarta sukurti kramtomųjų paracetamolio tablečių vaikams gamybos technologiją. Surinkome ir susisteminome duomenis apie galimus technologinius tablečių gamybos variantus. Ištyrėme paracetamolio ir pasirinktų pagalbinių medžiagų technologines savybes. Išanalizavome mokslinius duomenis apie granuliacijos metodus bei technologinius tabletavimo būdus. Nustatytos reikiamos miltelių technologinės savybės, parinktos pagalbinės medžiagos ir jų kiekiai, leidžiantys pagaminti tabletes naudojant drėgnąjį miltelių granuliavimą. Tabletės presuotos ekscentrine tabletavimo mašina „Diaf“. Pagamintos 330 mg vidutinės masės tabletės; jos taisyklingos formos, lygiais kraštais, turi švelnų vienalytį paviršių, 9 mm diametro, 3 mm aukščio. Ištyrėme tablečių kokybei keliamus Europos Farmakopėjos reikalavimus: tablečių tvirtumą nusitrynimui, tvirtumą spaudimui, vidutinę tablečių masę, tablečių suirimą ir tirpimą. Įvertintas pagamintų tablečių stabilumas laikant. Atlikti tyrimai parodė, kad panaudota technologija įgalina pagaminti kramtomąsias paracetamolio tabletes vaikams, kurios atitinka Europos Farmakopėjos tabletėms keliamus reikalavimus.
On this time in Lithuania we don‘t have enough medicinal drug forms for children, which are made by industrial methods (we collated all registred drug forms for children, which are in Lithuania‘s drugs registration list). After long science studies, we decided to create the chewabe tablets for children manufacturing technology. First of all we collected information about all possible tablets manufacturing technology variants, collected information about paracetamol and supplementary materials. We have learned about granulation methods and tablet manufacturing variants. Was established powder tachnological characteristics. Selected supplementary materials and it‘s count, that would let us to create tablets by wet granuliating. Tablets was pressed by eccentric tablet machine „Diaf“. Was made 330 mg average mass, regular form, with flat edges tablets. Its have soft smooth surface, 9 mm diameter, 3 mm height. Data set about tablets quality by European Pharmacopoeia requirements: tablets strength for abrasion, strength for pressure, average tablets mass, tablets disintegration and tablets dissolution. We accomplished tablets stability tests. Accomplished studies have shown, that we could make chewable paracetamol tablets for children by selected technology. Those tablets passes through all European Pharmacopoeia requirements.
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Ciegis, Paulius. "Alprazolamo, kodeino ir paracetamolio mišinio kokybinė analizė plonasluoksnės ir efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos metodais." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140618_233534-96441.

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Darbo tikslas: Optimizuoti plonasluoksnės chromatografijos ir efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos metodikas, tinkamas alprazolamo, kodeino ir paracetamolio kokybiniam įvertinimui. Tyrimo objektas ir metodai: Optimizuojant PC metodiką, analizuoti etaloniniai 0,2 mg/ml koncentracijos alprazolamo, kodeino, paracetamolio trichlormetaniniai tirpalai ir jų mišinys. Tirpiklių sistemoms buvo naudoti etanolis, trichlormetanas, eteris, 25% amonio hidroksidas, acetonas, izobutanolis. Dėmių ryškinimui naudota UV šviesos (254nm; 365nm) lempa arba Dragendorfo reagentas (modifikuotas pagal Munjė). Optimizuotos metodikos pritaikytos tiriant trichlormetaninius darbinius tirpalus, pagamintus iš vaistinių preparatų „Xanax“, „Paracetamolis Sanitas“ ir „Ultracod“. Siekiant pritaikyti ESC metodiką tiriamųjų junginių analizei, buvo tirti etaloniniai 0,1 mg/ml koncentracijos alprazolamo, kodeino ir paracetamolio metanoliniai tirpalai bei jų mišinys. Medžiagų atskyrimui ir identifikavimui naudotas chromatografas Waters 2695 su fotodiodų matricos detektoriumi Waters 996 (210 – 400 nm bangų ilgio diapazonas). Chromatografavimui naudoti metanolis, 3% acto rūgšties vandeninis tirpalas. Optimizuota ESC metodika pritaikyta tiriant metanolinius darbinius tirpalus, pagamintus iš vaistinių preparatų „Xanax“, „Ultracod“ ir „Solpadeine“. Rezultatai ir išvados: Tinkamiausios tirpiklių sistemos alprazolamo, kodeino ir paracetamolio mišinio kokybiniam vertinimui PC metodu – TS-D (trichlormetanas: acetonas:... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Aim: To optimize thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography methods for alprazolam, codeine, paracetamol and their mixture qualitative analysis. Object and methods: For TLC method optimization alprazolam, codeine, paracetamol and their mixture stock solutions (0,2 mg/ml) in trichlormetan were analysed. For mobile phase were used: ethanol, trichlormetan, ether, 25% ammonia hydroxide, acetone, isobutanol. For spots development were used UV light lamp (254nm; 365nm) or Dragendorff reagent (modified by Munje). Optimized methods were tried with pharmaceutical products “Xanax”, “Paracetamolis Sanitas” and “Ultracod” solutions. For HPLC method optimization alprazolam, codeine, paracetamol and their mixture stock solutions (0,1 mg/ml) in methanol were analysed. Chromatograph Waters 2695 with photo diode array detector Waters 996 (210-400 nm wave length) were used for qualitative determination. Analysis was made by using methanol and 3% acetic acid aqueous solution. Optimized method was applied in analysis of pharmaceutical products “Xanax”, “Ultracod” and “Solpadeine” solutions. Results: The best mobile phases for alprazolam, codeine and paracetamol mixture qualitative analysis using TLC is TS-D (trichlormetan: acetone: concentrated ammonia hydroxide (55:40:5)) and TS-F (trichlormetan: ether: isobutanol: concentrated ammonia hydroxide (50:30:15:5)). TS-D and TS-F mobile phases are suitable for examined substances qualitative analysis in mixture and... [to full text]
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Mohd, Zaki Hamizah. "Spectroscopy surface analysis of paracetamol and paracetamol and excipient systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/spectroscopy-surface-analysis-of-paracetamol-and-paracetamol-and-excipient-systems(2f50af69-fb35-487b-8065-46aa3c86f96c).html.

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A detailed, fundamental understanding of the surface properties of molecular crystals and their interaction with adsorbing molecules (e.g. excipients) is important for tailoring the stability of formulations and the bioavailability of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIs). Few fundamental experimental studies with surface sensitive probes have been carried out for organic molecular crystals. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is an established surface analysis method in the fields of adsorption, catalysis and surface chemistry of inorganic crystals. It has high surface sensitivity, probing approximately the top 1-3 nm of a crystal, and allows surface elemental analysis combined with the determination of the chemical state of the elements. To explore the possibilities and limitations of XPS for the surface characterisation of molecular crystal systems, investigation has been made on a range of paracetamol systems, three different poloxamers and blends of paracetamol with poloxamer 188. It was found by investigations of a range of polycrystalline paracetamol forms that the C1s, N1s and O1s core level emissions from the amide group of paracetamol allow to quantify, for the first time, the influence of surface contamination and adsorbed species on the paracetamol XPS data. Results of quantitative XPS analyses must be critically evaluated taking the material and energy-specific escape depth of the photoelectron signals into account. Analysis of the polycrystalline powder samples, including two different polymorphs and various partially amorphous forms of paracetamol, indicated that the core-level shifts associated with varying intermolecular interactions do not perturb the local electronic structure variations in paracetamol enough to become detectable through chemical shifts in the core level photoemission spectra. Subsequently, large, high quality single crystals of the monoclinic form I (with facet diameters between ~5 and ~10 mm) were obtained from different solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone) to examine the influence of the crystallisation medium on the surface properties. Small spot XPS analysis was performed in several areas across facets to examine the possible influence of roughness and other lateral inhomogeneities. Careful curve-fitting of all results reveals only minor variations in the XPS data as a function of facet orientation, crystallisation medium or degree of crystallinity. Moreover, results indicate that any variations seen in XPS data very likely stem from low-level surface contamination, which is very difficult to avoid, even in a clean-room laboratory environment. In fact, the results indicate that the level of surface contamination depends significantly on the crystallisation apparatus cleanliness. Even minute concentrations of surface active components in the solutions, i.e. below the detection level of techniques for routine analytical methods, are likely to cause significant surface concentrations on crystal facets emersed from the solutions. The study thus highlights the paramount importance of microscopic surface cleanliness when assessing macroscopic facet-specific phenomena such as contact angles. Finally, XPS was employed to analyse milled and physical mixtures of paracetamol with poloxamer 188 at different percent. At minimum mass percentages poloxamer 188 adsorbs on the paracetamol surfaces; in the presence of poloxamer 188 excess the conformation of adsorbed poloxamer on the paracetamol surface changes. Studies of radiation damage on the poloxamer samples were performed both for several pure polxamers as well as for milled mixtures with paracetamol. They allowed the proposal of radiation-induced degradation mechanisms.
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Castro, Pedro Luís Pereira de. "Farmacocinética do paracetamol." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4415.

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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas
O paracetamol é um dos analgésicos e antipiréticos mais utilizados em crianças e adultos por possuir uma janela terapêutica larga com poucos efeitos adversos. No entanto, por ser um medicamento não sujeito a receita médica, é por vezes utilizado em sobredosagem, podendo provocar hepatotoxicidade decorrente do esgotamento dos níveis de glutationa hepática e do excesso de produção de N-acetil-p-benzoquinonaimina (NAPQI), um metabolito alquilado, que se liga aos grupos sulfidrilo das proteínas hepáticas originando necrose dos hepatócitos. Com vista a descrever o comportamento deste fármaco num organismo e determinar a influência de fatores como o síndrome de Gilbert, o jejum, o alcoolismo e a administração de doses supraterapêuticas na sua ação terapêutica e possível toxicidade têm sido sugeridos diversos modelos farmacocinéticos compartimentais e fisiológicos. Nesta dissertação é apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica, organizada cronologicamente, dos modelos que, em virtude da informação cinética e dinâmica que fornecem, são considerados mais relevantes. Um dos modelos mais completos e importantes foi o proposto em 2013 por Pery e colaboradores. Trata-se de um modelo de base fisiológica que permitiu estudar a distribuição e caraterizar a hepatotoxicidade de uma dose supraterapêutica de paracetamol. Dada a sua relevância e atualidade, este modelo foi analisado em maior detalhe tendo sido simulado em Microsoft Excel®. Os resultados obtidos mostram que após administração de uma dose supraterapêutica de paracetamol pode ocorrer saturação das reações de fase II no fígado (sulfatação e de glucuronidação), verificando-se a presença de elevadas concentrações de paracetamol inalterado no organismo, podendo-se associar a este factor, a formação de quantidades elevadas de NAPQI. Pery et al., a partir dos resultados obtidos numa simulação idêntica, juntamente com extrapolações realizadas com softwares especializados, previram que a dose para qual seria de esperar efeitos significativos na viabilidade celular no Homem, seria de 155 mg/kg. Paracetamol is one of the most widely used analgesics and antipyretics in children and adults by having a wide therapeutic window with few adverse effects. However because it is an over-the-counter (OTC) drug, is sometimes used in overdose and may cause hepatotoxicity resulting from the depletion of hepatic glutathione levels and excessive production of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI), an alkylated metabolite which binds to sulfhydryl groups of hepatic proteins leading to necrosis of the hepatocytes. Many compartimental and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models have been suggested to describe the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol and to determine how fators such as the Gilbert syndrome, fasting, alcoholism and supratherapeutic dosages influence the therapeutic action and toxicity of the molecule. This thesis presents a literature review of how the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol has been studied. References were selected and organized chronologically and according to the dynamic or kinetic information they provide, in order to expose the different pharmacokinetic models that have been proposed, clarify their application and limitations. One of the most complete and important models was the one proposed by Pery et al. in 2013. It is a physiologically based model which enabled to study the distribution and characterize the hepatotoxicity of a supratherapeutic dosage of paracetamol. Given its relevance and topicality, this model was analyzed in further detail being simulated in Microsoft Excel®. The results obtained indicate that, when a supratherapeutic paracetamol is administered, there can be a saturation of phase II reactions in liver (sulfonation and glucoronidation) and high concentrations of unchanged paracetamol in several organs that may be associated with the formation of high concentrations of NAPQI. From the results of a similar simulation, together with extrapolations perfomed with specialized softwares, Pery et al. predicted that the dosage which could lead to significant effects on cell viability in humans would be 155 mg/kg.
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Robinson, D. "Factors influencing paracetamol overdose." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403484.

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Flodell, Amanda. "Risker vid användning av paracetamol under graviditet : Risker vid användning av paracetamol under graviditet." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-102007.

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Cabral, Flavia Helena Costa. "Alterações morfologicas testiculares provocadas pelo cadmio, paracetamol e cadmio associado ao paracetamol, em ratos." [s.n.], 1996. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317850.

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Orientador: Mary Anne Heidi Dolder
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-21T09:40:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cabral_FlaviaHelenaCosta_M.pdf: 7932022 bytes, checksum: 5df8caed27891d2ed2c74e69d6748a6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996
Resumo: O cádmio é um elemento químico, reconhecido atualmente como perigoso devido sua alta toxicidade e os efeitos deletérios que provoca nos seres vivos. Recentemente também tem sido investigadas com maior interesse e atenção, algumas drogas vendidas sem prescrições médicas como por ex. o paracetamol, cujos efeitos tóxicos são pouco informados aos usuários. O presente trabalho tem por objetivos analisar e avaliar os efeitos do cádmio (sob forma de CdCI2.H20), do paracetamol (na forma de Tylenol @ - gotas) e destas substâncias administradas simultaneamente, sobre os testículos de ratos. Neste estudo foram utilizados 44 ratos, do sexo masculino (adultos-jovens) da linhagem Wistar. Realizaram-se estudos histológicos qualitativos e quantitativos à microscopia de luz. Os animais foram submetidos à diferentes dosagens do cádmio (2,5; 7,5; 10 e 15 IJmols I kg), do paracetamol (4,4 e 8,8 mmols I kg) e do cádmio associado ao paracetamol (2,5 IJmols I kg + 4,4 mmols I kg; 7,5 IJmols I kg + 8,8 mmols I kg; 15 IJmols I kg + 8,8 mmols I kg). As observações histológicas revelaram, para os animais submetidos ao cádmio nas doses de. 10 IJmols I kg (com duração de 83 dias) ou 15 IJmols I kg (duração de 06 dias), alterações morfológicas graves em todo o parênquima testicular. Estas alterações são caracterizadas por necrose coagulativa do epitélio seminífero, espessamento da túnica albugínea e degeneração do tecido intersticial. Para os animais tratados com 15 IJmols I kg, houve perda de peso corporal e os resultados quantitativos demonstram valores significativos pela redução dos diâmetros de túbulos seminíferos. Para. os animais tratados com 10 Jjmols I kg, os resultados qualitativos revelaram uma diminuição dos pesos testiculares. Nas doses do cádmio com 2,5 e 7,5 Jjmols I kg e do paracetamol com 4,4 e 8,8 mmols I kg respectivamente, não se observou efeitos lesivos graves nos testículos dos animais investigados. Entretanto quando estas duas substâncias foram administradas simultaneamente, observou-se o efeito aditivo que provocou alterações testiculàres, detectadas à microscopia de luz. A administração do cádmio (7,5 e 15 Jjmols I kg) com o paracetamol (8,8 mmols I kg), leva a uma potencialização dos efeitos deletérios, sendo evidenciada pela redução altamente significativa dos diâmetros dos túbulos seminíferos
Abstract: Cadmium is a chemical element recognized today as dangerous due to its high toxicity and harmful effects toward life. Also recently, drugs sold freely without prescription, such as paracetamol, are being investigated for their toxic effects, of which the public is frequently not aware. This study was undertaken to analyse and evaluate the effects on rat testicles of cadmuim (CdCI2.H20), of paracetamol (in the form of Tylenol @ ­drops) and of these two substances administered simultaneously. For this work, 44 male rats (young adults) of the Wistar lineage were used. Quantitative and qualitativ.e evaluations were made with light microscopy. The animais received various dosages of cadmium (2.5, 7.5,10 and 15 I-Imols I kg), of paracetamol (4.4 and 8.8 mmols I kg) and of cadmium associated with paracetamol (2.5 I-Imols I kg + 4.4 mmols I kg; 7.5 I-Imols I kg + 8.8 mmols I kg; 15 I-Imols I kg + 8.8 mmols I kg). Histological observations showed severe alterations of the testicles for animais that received cadmium in the dose of 10 I-Imols I kg (followed for a 83 day period) or 15 I-Imols I kg (for 06 days). These alterations were classified as coagulative necrosis of the seminal epithelium, tunica albuginea thickening and degeneration of the interstitial tissue. Animais treated with 15 I-Imols I kg lost body weight and the reduction in diameter of the seminal tubules was highly significant. Animais which received 10 I-Imols I kg had a reduction in weight of their testicles. In the cadmium doses of 2.5 and 7.5 I-Imols I kg and of paracetamol in doses of 4.4 and 8.8 mmols I kg no serious lesions were encountered in the animais studied. However, when these substances were administered simultaneously, an additive effect was shown to cause slight. testicular alterations, observed with the light microscope. Higher cadmium doses (7.5 and 15 I-Imols I kg) and the larger paracetamol dose (8.8 mmols I kg) resulted in a potentiation of the harmful effects, measured by the highly significant reduction _n diameter of the seminal tubules
Mestrado
Biologia Celular
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
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Chiew, Angela. "Changing paradigms of paracetamol poisoning." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23382.

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The overall objective of this thesis was to identify and examine areas for improvement in the management of paracetamol poisoning. Paracetamol is one of the commonest drugs taken in overdose in Australia and a common cause of acute liver injury in Western countries. Management of paracetamol poisoning includes assessment for the need of antidote (acetylcysteine) administration and decontamination in patients at risk of toxicity. Management in most follows standard guidelines and in those receiving early acetylcysteine are at very low risk of developing acute liver injury. However, circumstances were arising when some patients were developing acute liver injury despite early acetylcysteine. In this thesis we firstly review the evidence for the current assessment and treatment of paracetamol poisoning and identified risk factors associated with treatment failure. This allowed us to identify and examine those patient groups that were at higher risk of acute liver injury with standard treatment protocols such as massive and modified-release paracetamol overdose. However, these cases were uncommon so a means to recruit these patients from many centres was required. The Australian Toxicology Monitoring study (ATOM) is a prospective observational study that recruits patients from calls to two poisons information centres and five clinical toxicology units. An arm of ATOM the Australian Paracetamol Project (APP) recruited an enriched dataset of problematic paracetamol poisoning. From APP three studies form a part of this thesis. ATOM-2 investigated massive immediate-release paracetamol ingestion and found increased acetylcysteine dose and early decontamination decreases the risk of liver injury. ATOM-3 investigated modified-release paracetamol ingestion and found many required prolonged treatment and some developed liver injury despite early acetylcysteine treatment. The results of these studies subsequently resulted in change to the national guidelines for the management of these patients. ATOM-5 examined a new biomarker paracetamol-protein adducts and showed that it can be used to stratify patients at low and high risk of acute liver injury. This thesis shows that recruitment of patients from many centres can be performed to examine uncommon and problematic overdoses.
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Books on the topic "Paracetamolo"

1

J, Meredith T., World Health Organization, Commission of the European Communities., and International Program on Chemical Safety., eds. Antidotes for poisoning by paracetamol. Cambridge: Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the World Health Organization and of the European Commission, 1995.

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Paracetamol (acetaminophen): A critical bibliographic review. 2nd ed. London: Taylor & Francis, 2001.

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Paracetamol (acetaminophen): A critical bibliographic review. London, UK: Taylor & Francis, 1996.

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N, Gregg, and Great Britain. Health and Safety Executive., eds. Paracetamol: Criteria document for an occupational exposure limit. London: HSE Books, 1994.

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En Prozac is mijn paracetamol: Zestien en depressief. [Schiedam]: Scriptum, 2010.

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Ricardo, Royder Yáñez, and Cruz Catata Teodora, eds. Mentisán, paracetamol o wira wira?: Jóvenes, salud e interculturalidad en los barrios mineros de Potosí. La Paz: PIEB, Programa de Investigación Estratégica en Bolivia, 2006.

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National Register of Foreign Collaborations (India) and India. Dept. of Scientific & Industrial Research., eds. Technology in Indian paracetamol industry: A status report prepared under the National Register of Foreign Collaborations. New Delhi: Govt. of India, Dept. of Scientific & Industrial Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, 1994.

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Paracetamol. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.

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Joe, Smith. Paracetamol. Independently Published, 2018.

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executive, Health and safety. Paracetamol. Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Paracetamolo"

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McAllister-Williams, R. Hamish, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S. Hurst, Linda P. Spear, Tim C. Kirkham, Thomas Steckler, et al. "Paracetamol." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 952. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_7004.

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Beyer, Karl-Heinz. "Paracetamol." In Biotransformation der Arzneimittel, 419–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74386-3_242.

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Vidal, C., and W. R. Külpmann. "Paracetamol." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_2343-1.

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Vidal, C., and W. R. Külpmann. "Paracetamol." In Springer Reference Medizin, 1820–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_2343.

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Schneider, Achim, Günther Schlunck, and Viola Sieber. "Paracetamol." In Geburtshilfefibel, 284–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97317-8_66.

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Bateman, D. Nicholas. "Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)." In Critical Care Toxicology, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_108-1.

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Bateman, D. Nicholas. "Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)." In Critical Care Toxicology, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_108-2.

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Wilson, John Fawcett. "Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)." In The Immunoassay Kit Directory, 1572–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0679-5_38.

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Bateman, D. Nicholas. "Acetaminophen/Paracetamol." In Critical Care Toxicology, 1145–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17900-1_108.

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Ginat, Daniel Thomas. "Acetominophen (Tylenol, Paracetamol)." In Neuroimaging Pharmacopoeia, 341–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12715-6_49.

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Conference papers on the topic "Paracetamolo"

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Malia, R. G., H. J. Kennedy, D. R. Triger, and F. E. Preston. "PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF VITAMIN K AGAINST ACETAMINOPHEN (PARACETAMOL) TOXICITY IN THE HAMSTER." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644341.

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We have previously reported that paracetamol may interfere with the metabolism of vitamin K via the vitamin K 2, 3-epoxide cycle. (Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 54,205,1985). In this study we have examined the effects of large doses of vitamin K on experimentally induced paracetamol hepatic necrosis in a hamster model. Paracetamol (1.2g/Kg) when given by gavage to 24 hamsters (Group I) resulted in 10 deaths (42%) at 24 hours. Simultaneous administration of lmg vitamin K intraperitoneally (Group II) reduced mortality to 3/24 (12%); mortality was 2/24 (8%) if vitamin K was given 4 hours after the paracetamol (Group III). In a further series of experiments (N=18) the prothrombin time in Group I was prolonged by 28 seconds compared with 14 seconds in Group II and 10 seconds in Group III. In samples taken for biochemical and histological analysis there was evidence of severe hepatic necrosis in all groups. When the dose of paracetamol was reduced to 1.0g/Kg (N=18) there was substantially less histological damage in Group II compared with other groups and the prothrombin times were only prolonged by 2 seconds (Group I); 1.5 seconds (Group II) and 3-5 seconds (Group III) respectively. In the final experiment (N=18) when Group II animals were divided into 3 sub-groups and the dose of vitamin K given was altered to 1.0, 0.5 and O.lmg following the paracetamol (1.2g/Kg) the prothrombin times were prolonged by 8 seconds, (1-0mg vitamin K), 21 seconds (0.5mg vitamin K) and 35 seconds (0.1mg vitamin K) respectively, indicating a dose dependant effect. The hypothesis that paracetamol induced hepatic necrosis occurs solely as a consequence of failure of glutathione to conjugate the reactive metabolites of paracetamol is not consistent with the protective effects of vitamin K observed here and the known mode of action of the vitamin. Other mechanisms such as free radical scavenging deserve to be studied.
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Hidayati, Ika Ratna, Elys Oktaviana, Irma Nurtiana Syafitri, and Liza Pristianty. "Knowledge Levels and Paracetamol Self-Medication." In Health Science International Conference (HSIC 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/hsic-17.2017.42.

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Meng, Cui, Ruijuan Qu, Jinyan Liang, Xi Yang, Fangming Jin, Qi Zhou, and Bing Wu. "Photodegradation of Paracetamol in Nitrate Solution." In 2nd International Symposium on Aqua Science, Water Resource and Low Carbon Energy. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3529338.

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Manzotti de Souza, Fernando, Gabriela Nascimento Silva, Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira, and Onélia Aparecida Andreo dos Santos. "Adsorção de Paracetamol em Argilas Bentoníticas Organomodificadas." In Simpósio de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia. Londrina - PR, Brazil: Galoa, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/simbbtec-2017-80793.

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Crook, J., H. Yorke, and R. Cooper. "G107(P) Reducing paracetamol medication errors in children." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference–Online, 25 September 2020–13 November 2020. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-rcpch.84.

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Magnus, Maria Christine, Øystein Karlstad, Siri Eldevik Håberg, Per Nafstad, George Davey Smith, and Wenche Nystad. "Prenatal and infant paracetamol exposure and development of asthma." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.oa4766.

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Cheng, E. M., M. Fareq, F. S. Abdullah, F. H. Wee, S. F. Khor, Y. S. Lee, M. Afendi, et al. "Dielectric spectroscopy of pharmaceutical drug (Paracetamol) dosage in water." In 2013 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rfm.2013.6757295.

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Meguya, Ryu, Soon Hock Ng, Jitraporn Vongsvivut, Mark J. Tobin, Junko Morikawa, and Saulius Juodkazis. "Orientation information added to IR hyperspectral imaging: silk and paracetamol." In Biophotonics Australasia 2019, edited by Ewa M. Goldys and Brant C. Gibson. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2551712.

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Afifi, N. A., M. Atef, K. Abo-El-Sooud, and N. El-Mokadem. "Effect of Paracetamol on the Pharmacokinetics of Cephalexin in Dogs." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Antimicrobial Research (ICAR2010). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814354868_0072.

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Forbes, Clarissa, Thai T. H. Nguyen, Richard L. O’Leary, and Chris J. Price. "Elucidating the mechanism of paracetamol sonocrystallization for product purity enhancement." In 174th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Acoustical Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/2.0000739.

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Reports on the topic "Paracetamolo"

1

Paracetamol may be ineffective in treating lower back pain. National Institute for Health Research, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000102.

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Paracetamol is a weak painkiller for regular tension headaches. National Institute for Health Research, September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000299.

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Diclofenac or etoricoxib, but not paracetamol, is effective for treating osteoarthritis. National Institute for Health Research, May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000245.

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Paracetamol and alcohol are the most common substances taken by young people and rates of poisoning are increasing. National Institute for Health Research, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000694.

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