Journal articles on the topic 'PAR Agreement'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: PAR Agreement.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'PAR Agreement.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Abuseridze, Giga. "Sources of Law in the World Trade Organisation." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, no. 2 (2015): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.02.2015.2.16-25.
Full textAbstract:
World Trade Organisation (WTO) law is, by international law standards, a wide-ranging and complex body of law. This Paper deals with the issue of sources of law in the WTO. The principal source of WTO law is the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO, concluded on April 15, 1995 and in force since January 1, 1995. The author presents various sources of WTO law, such as: 1. The Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation; 2. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994; 3. General Agreement on Trade in Services; 4. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right; 5. Other Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods. Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijas (PTO) tiesību akti atbilst starptautisko tiesību standartiem; tie ir plašs un sarežģīts tiesību aktu kopums. Rakstā apskatīti PTO tiesību avoti. Galvenais PTO tiesību avots ir Marakešas līgums par Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijas izveidošanu. Tas noslēgts 1995. gada 15. aprīlī. Publikācijas autors iepazīstina ar vairākiem PTO tiesību avotiem, piemēram, – Marakešas līgumu par Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijas izveidošanu; ar Vispārējo vienošanos par tarifiem un tirdzniecību; Vispārējo vienošanos par pakalpojumu tirdzniecību; Līgumu par ar tirdzniecību saistītām intelektuālā īpašuma tiesībām un citiem daudzpusējiem nolīgumiem par preču tirdzniecību.
2
Peh, Yew Jia, Ming Tak Chew, Hung Chew Wong, and Mimi Yow. "Validity and Reliability of Peer Assessment Rating Index Measurement Derived from Digital and Plaster Models." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 8 (September 1, 2018): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/apos.apos_39_18.
Full textAbstract:
Aims The aim of the study was to determine the validity and reliability of Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index score derived from digital and plaster models of the same patient. Subjects and Methods Thirty orthodontic plaster study models were digitalized using the 3Shape R700™ Orthodontic 3D scanner. PAR Index scoring was carried out on both the plaster and digital models by one independent examiner calibrated in the PAR Index. The measurements were repeated at a second sitting. Measurements were made on plaster models with the PAR Index ruler and on digital models with the 3Shape OrthoAnalyzer™ software. Statistical Analysis Used Bland-Altman plots were used to test for validity and intraexaminer reliability. Results For PAR Index score, overjet and overbite component scores, 28 out of 30 measurements were within 95% limits of agreement. Other components of the PAR Index score had all points within 95% limits of agreement. For intraexaminer reliability, digital models had 28 out of 30 measurements and plaster models had 27 out of 30 measurements that were within 95% limits of agreement. Conclusions Digital models are a clinically acceptable alternative to plaster models in the measurement of the PAR Index. Improvement in software design is necessary to attain greater agreement in the measurement of the overjet and overbite components of the PAR index score between plaster and digital models.
3
Kaygisiz, Emine, Fatma Deniz Uzuner, and Lale Taner. "A Comparison of Three Orthodontic Treatment Indices with Regard to Angle Classification." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 40, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-40.2.169.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: To calculate the agreement between the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON) in assessing orthodontic treatment need and to determine correlations between the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) and DAI and ICON scores according to Angle classification among patients referred for orthodontic evaluation. Study Design: This study included 457 randomly selected patients between 9 to17 years of age. Patients were divided into four groups according to Angle classification [Class I (n=154), Class II division 1(Class II/1) (n=155), Class II division 2(Class II/2) (n=52) and Class III (n=96)]. Relationships between PAR scores and ICON and DAI scores were evaluated with the Spearman correlation test. Unweighted kappa statistics were used to analyse agreement between the ICON and DAI on the need for treatment, according to Angle classification. Results: Class I malocclusions scored significantly lower than other Angle classifications in all indices. Both the ICON and DAI showed significant positive correlations with the PAR in the general study population. For Class II/2 patients, no correlation was found between PAR and DAI scores. There was significant agreement between the ICON and DAI on treatment need among Class I, Class II/1 and Class II/2 patients however, no agreement was found for Class III malocclusions. Conclusions: The ICON, DAI and PAR produce similar results and can be used interchangeably for the general orthodontic patient population. However, based on Angle classification, prominent differences exist in scoring certain occlusal features.
4
Djordjevic, Jelena, Ivana Scepan, and Branislav Glisic. "Evaluation of agreement and correlation of three occlusal indices in an assessment of orthodontic treatment need." Vojnosanitetski pregled 68, no. 2 (2011): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1102125d.
Full textAbstract:
Background/Aim. Occlusal indices are quantitative diagnostic indicators of malocclusion severity, orthodontic treatment need, complexity and outcome. The aim of this study was to determine correlations and agreement among three occlusal indices: the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), the Peer Assessment Rating Index (PAR) and the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON) in evaluating orthodontic treatment need. Methods. A total eighty study models of patients referred to the Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Belgrade, were assessed in this retrospective study. Malocclusions of various types and severity in the permanent dentition were included. Results. The Aesthetic and the Dental Health Component of IOTN determined orthodontic treatment need in 25% and 51% of the patients, respectively. PAR determined orthodontic treatment need in 59% and ICON in 53% of patients. The Aesthetic Component of IOTN and ICON had the highest correlation (Spearman's correlation coefficient 0.95, p < 0.01). Correlations between indices were 0.44 to 0.61 with statistical significance (p < 0.01). The agreement between indices, calculated using Kappa statistics, was 0.22 to 0.63. Conclusion. The most critical in malocclusion assessment was PAR. The Aesthetic Component of IOTN and ICON correlated highly (p < 0.01). Correlations between other pairs of indices were moderate (p < 0.01). The Aesthetic Component of IOTN and ICON had substantial agreement, whereas agreement between other indices was fair or moderate. ICON could replace PAR and IOTN. Application of occlusal indices enables objective evaluation of orthodontic treatment need and easier determination of the treatment priorities.
5
Morden, Michael. "Telling Stories about Conflict: Symbolic Politics and the Ipperwash Land Transfer Agreement." Canadian Journal of Political Science 46, no. 3 (September 2013): 505–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423913000668.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Direct protest actions by Indigenous peoples in Canada have rarely yielded the specific gains that were targeted. In the aftermath of conflict, Canadian governments have typically proven to be intransigent. An exception to this general tendency is the Anishinabek occupation of Ipperwash Provincial Park, which began in 1995. In 2007, the government of Ontario agreed to return the parkland to the First Nation, making it an unusually successful instance of direct action. It is argued here that this outcome can best be explained by drawing on the “symbolic politics” theory of intergroup conflict. The Ipperwash inquiry, acting as a post-conflict truth commission, generated a micro-narrative shared by both groups, which altered the political incentive structure and enabled the outlier accommodative outcome.Résumé. Les actions de protestation directe par les peuples autochtones du Canada ont rarement donné les résultats recherchés. Au lendemain d'un conflit, les gouvernements canadiens se sont généralement montrés intransigeants. L'occupation du Parc provincial d'Ipperwash par les Anishinabek, qui débuta en 1995, représente toutefois une exception à cette tendance générale. Le gouvernement ontarien a accepté, en 2007, de retourner les territoires du parc à cette première nation, ce qui en fait un des rares cas où l'action directe a porté fruit. L'article soutient que c'est en s'appuyant sur la théorie de la politique symbolique des conflits intergroupes qu'il est possible d'expliquer ce résultat. Agissant comme une commission de vérité et de réconciliation, la Commission d'enquête sur Ipperwash a généré un récit commun, partagé par les deux groupes. En changeant la structure d'incitatifs politiques, ce récit explique l'étonnant résultat d'accommodement qui en est ressorti.
6
Keine, Stefan, Trupti Nisar, and Rajesh Bhatt. "Complete and defective agreement in Kutchi." Linguistic Variation 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 243–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.14.2.02kei.
Full textAbstract:
We describe and analyze the previously undocumented verbal agreement system of Kutchi (Indo-Aryan). We argue that Kutchi instantiates a novel type of split ergativity. First, it exhibits an aspect split in that agreement in non-perfective clauses behaves on a par with agreement in intransitive perfective clauses, in stark contrast to transitive perfective clauses. A striking property of Kutchi is that these asymmetries manifest themselves in the richness of agreement. In the former configurations, the verb agrees with the subject for person, number and gender. In the latter, on the other hand, agreement is systematically defective and reliable fails to cross-references certain φ-features. In addition to this aspect split, Kutchi displays a person split: While the verb normally agrees with the subject, it surprisingly fails to do so in transitive perfective clauses with a 1st person subject. Instead, it is the object that triggers agreement in these configurations, likewise in a defective manner. We will argue that these agreement asymmetries are syntactic in nature rather than morphological. Our analysis builds on, and extends, previous work by Laka (2006) and Coon (2010).
7
Steinberg, Spencer, Vernon Hodge, and Luis Becerra-Hernandez. "Investigation of the Interaction of Gadolinium with Several Organic Ligands and Humic Acid by Ligand Competition Using 4-(2-Pyridylazo)-Resorcinol (PAR)." Environments 7, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments7090069.
Full textAbstract:
Gd3+ forms a strongly colored complex with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) in aqueous solutions. We characterized the Gd3+-PAR complex in order to use it as a probe of Gd3+ speciation in the presence of environmentally relevant ligands. The formation of the Gd3+-PAR complex was investigated from pH 5 to 8 in the presence of excess PAR. The absorbance of the Gd3+-PAR complex dramatically increased from pH 5 to 8 and application of the method of continuous variation indicates that the complex was primarily 1:2 Gd(PAR)2 at pH 8. Stability constants for Gd3+ with other ligands can be quantified by competitive displacement of the PAR ligand. To establish the viability of this approach, we measured the stability constants between Gd3+ and several organic acids and carbonate. Our measurements show reasonable agreement with the literature values. We used the competitive displacement approach to establish that humic acids can competitively displace PAR from the Gd(PAR)2 complex.
8
Miller, Philip H., Geoffrey K. Pullum, and Arnold M. Zwicky. "Le Principe D'inaccessibilité de la Phonologie par la Syntaxe." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 16, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 317–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.16.2.04mil.
Full textAbstract:
It has been proposed that there is a universal principle of grammar denying access to phonological information by syntactic rules (in English, the Principle of Phonology-Free Syntax). This paper examines three cases in French that appear to falsify this principle: (i) the claimed relevance of syllable count in describing the placement of attributive adjectives; (ii) mention of consonantality in stating the agreement rule for adverbial TOUT; and (iii) preposition choice (e.g. EN vs. AU) with geographical proper names. We show using independent evidence that the analyses employing phonology-sensitive syntax are wrong and that the prediction of the universal principle is correct.
9
Johansson, A., M. Driessens, and P. Aspenstrom. "The mammalian homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans polarity protein PAR-6 is a binding partner for the Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1." Journal of Cell Science 113, no. 18 (September 15, 2000): 3267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.113.18.3267.
Full textAbstract:
A mammalian homologue of the PDZ domain containing Caenorhabditis elegans protein PAR-6 was found in a yeast two-hybrid system screen as binding to the Rho family member Cdc42. PAR-6 contains a PDZ domain and in C. elegans it has been shown to be crucial for the asymmetric cleavage and establishment of cell polarity during the first cell divisions in the growing embryo. Mammalian PAR-6 interacted with Cdc42 and Rac1 both in the yeast two-hybrid system and in in vitro binding assays. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments, employing transiently transfected Cos-1 cells, further confirmed that Cdc42 and Rac1 are physiological binding partners for PAR-6. We found that, in epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK), endogenous PAR-6 was present in the tight junctions, as judged from its co-localisation with the tight junction protein ZO-1, however, PAR-6 was also detected in the cell nucleus. Stimulation of MDCK cells with scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor induced a loss of PAR-6 from the areas of cell-cell contacts in conformity with their progressive breakdown. In C. elegans PAR-6 co-localises with PAR-3 and has been suggested to form a direct complex. In agreement with earlier studies, mammalian PAR-3 was found to be present in tight junctions of MDCK cells but, in contrast to PAR-6, the protein could not be detected in the nucleus. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation experiments, employing Cos-1 cells, demonstrated that mammalian PAR-6 and PAR-3 formed a direct complex. These findings, together with the reported roles of PAR-6 and PAR-3 in C. elegans, suggest that Cdc42 and Rac1 and PAR-6/PAR-3 are involved in the establishment of cell polarity in epithelial cells.
10
Oba, Marina K., Guido A. Marañón-Vásquez, Fábio L. Romano, and Christiano Oliveira-Santos. "Additional intraoral radiographs may change the judgment regarding the final position of orthodontic mini-implants." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 23, no. 2 (April 2018): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.23.2.054-061.oar.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to assess if additional vertical bitewing (VBW) and/or occlusal (OC) radiographs may change initial judgment based only on periapical radiograph (PAR) about the final position of orthodontic mini-implants (OMI). Methods: Subjective and objective analyses were performed. Radiographic images of 26 OMI were divided into four groups: PAR, PAR+VBW, PAR+OC and ALL (PAR+VBW+OC). For subjective analysis, five observers were asked to assess if the position of OMI was favorable to its success, using questionnaires with a four-point scale for responses: 1= definitely not favorable, 2= probably not favorable, 3= probably favorable, or 4= definitely favorable. Each group containing sets of images was presented to them in four different viewing sessions. Objective evaluation compared horizontal distances between OMI tip and the root nearest to the device in PAR and VBW. Results: Most of observers (3 out of 5) changed their initial judgment based on PAR about OMI position when additional radiographs were analyzed. Differences between groups (i.e. PAR vs. PAR+VBW; PAR vs. PAR+OC; and, PARvs.ALL) were statistically significant for these observers. For those that changed their judgment about OMI position, confidence level could significantly increase, decrease or even be maintained, not indicating a pattern. There was no agreement for distances between OMI tip and the root nearest to the device in PAR and VBW. Conclusion: Considering the limitations of the study, it is concluded that additional radiographic images may change the judgement about OMI final position without necessarily increasing the degree of certainty of such judgment.
11
Morgenstern, Scott, Arturo Borja Tamayo, Philippe Faucher, and Daniel Nielson. "Scope and Trade Agreements." Canadian Journal of Political Science 40, no. 1 (March 2007): 157–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423907070096.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract.With a focus on NAFTA, we offer an alternative model of trade negotiations that explains why the dominant partner is able to force concessions only on some issues. Key to our model is the concept ofscope. The environment side agreement excited wide swaths of society; thus, scope was high and international power asymmetries appear to explain the result. Power asymmetries seemed unimportant, however, when bargaining over issues that affected small portions of society, such as individual tariff levels. Finally, in issues of medium scope, such as the rules of origin for the textile industry, power asymmetries and elements of traditional bargaining models likely account for the negotiated outcomes.Résumé.Ce texte explique pourquoi, au cours de la négociation d'une entente commerciale, le pays dominant n'a pas en général intérêt à imposer ses préférences aux pays partenaires. Le concept de “ scope ” (ou de portée) sert à distinguer entre les différents enjeux d'une négociation. La négociation du traité de l'ALENA sert ici de cadre pour l'application de notre proposition. Parce que d'importants secteurs de la société jugeaient prioritaires les enjeux soulevés par l'accord parallèle sur la coopération dans le domaine de l'environnement, l'issue des discussions a été imposée au plus haut niveau par les dirigeants américains. En revanche, les taux tarifaires appliqués aux différents produits ne concernent chacun que des groupes restreints. Sur ces enjeux, les rapports de puissance ne jouent pas. Enfin, ce n'est que sur les enjeux intermédiaires, tels que les règles d'origine pour l'industrie textile, que les processus familiers de négociations internationales rendent compte de la réalité de façon satisfaisante.
12
Snipe, Arta. "Prasījuma tiesību noilgums zemes likumiskajā (piespiedu) nomā." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 1, no. 13 (2019): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.13.2019.1.076-095.
Full textAbstract:
Pēc Latvijas valsts neatkarības atjaunošanas uzsāktajā zemes reformā, atjaunojot bijušajiem īpašniekiem vai viņu mantiniekiem īpašuma tiesības uz zemi, uz kuras padomju varas gados bija uzceltas daudzdzīvokļu dzīvojamās ēkas, likumdevējs radīja pamatu tā saukto dalīto īpašumu pastāvēšanai, pieņemot lēmumu zemes un ēkas īpašnieku starpā esošās attiecības regulēt atbilstoši nomas līguma noteikumiem. Šo tiesisko attiecību nodibināšanas pamats ir likums – normas, kas iekļautas likumā “Par zemes reformu Latvijas Republikas pilsētās” un likumā “Par valsts un pašvaldību dzīvojamo māju privatizāciju”. Šā pētījuma mērķis ir izvērtēt dažādo tiesu praksi un dažādos juridiskajā periodikā paustos viedokļus, interpretējot spēkā esošās tiesību normas un judikatūras atziņas, lai identificētu prasījuma tiesību rašanās brīdi, kas ir prasījuma tiesību noilguma tecējuma sākuma brīža noteikšanas priekšnoteikums. Pētījumā ir secināts, ka jānošķir prasījuma tiesības par zemes nomas tiesisko attiecību konstatāciju vai līguma noslēgšanu un prasījuma tiesības par nomas līguma izpildi – nomas maksas samaksu. Pēdējās rodas vien pēc līguma noslēgšanas vai tiesas sprieduma spēkā stāšanās. Šajā brīdī arī sāk tecēt noilgums prasījuma tiesībām, kas izriet no noslēgtā nomas līguma. Tiesību normu interpretācijas un tiesību doktrīnas un judikatūras analīzes rezultātā pētījumā secināts, ka prasījuma tiesības par zemes nomas tiesisko attiecību konstatāciju vai nomas līguma noslēgšanu pret personu, kas veic daudzdzīvokļu ēkas pārvaldīšanu un apsaimniekošanu, zemes īpašniekam rodas no brīža, kad apsaimniekotājs ir pārņēmis konkrētās ēkas pārvaldīšanu, vai no zemes īpašuma tiesību iegūšanas brīža – atkarībā no tā, kas iestājies pēdējais, savukārt prasījuma tiesības par zemes nomas tiesisko attiecību konstatāciju un nomas maksas piedziņu pret atsevišķiem dzīvokļu īpašniekiem zemes īpašniekam ir radušās vien pēc 2015. gada 1. oktobra, kopš likums pieļauj tiešo maksājumu pieprasīšanu par ēkas uzturēšanai nepieciešamajiem pakalpojumiem. After the restoration of the independence of the Republic of Latvia, within the framework of the initiated land reform, the legislature restored property rights of former owners or their heirs to the land which apartment houses were built on during the Soviet times, thus creating the basis for the so-called divided ownership. Legislator made a decision to regulate relationships between landowners and building owners as lease agreement. Although the legal relationship of compulsory land lease is established by law – the norms included in the law “On Land Reform in the Cities of the Republic of Latvia” and the law “On Privatisation of State and Local Government Residential Houses”, there are different opinions as to whether legal relations between the parties could be classified as a legal transaction, or furthermore – as a commercial transaction, and, consequently, whether claims arising from compulsory land lease relations arise from the law or from a transaction. The aim of the research is to identify the moment when the right to claim has been established, which is a prerequisite for establishing the moment when the limitation period of the claim begins. It has been concluded in the research that it is necessary to distinguish between two claims a landowner can have: a claim to establish a legal relationship of land lease (conclude an agreement) and the claim in respect to execution of a concluded lease agreement – payment of the lease fee. The latter arises only after the conclusion of the agreement – either voluntarily or through the court; the limitation period for the claim arising from the concluded lease agreement begins at that moment. The interpretation of legal norms and analysis of legal doctrine and judicature in the research resulted in the conclusion that the claim to bring an action to conclude a land lease contract against the manager of the apartment house rises for the landowner at the moment the manager has taken over the management of the respective house, or at the moment the land property rights were acquired, whichever comes last, while the claim to conclude a land lease contract against individual apartment owners for the landowner arose only after October 1, 2015, when the law allowed to request direct payments from apartment owners for the services required for maintenance of the building.
13
Mimouni, Stéphane, Namane Mechitoua, and Mehdi Ouraou. "CFD Recombiner Modelling and Validation on the H2-Par and Kali-H2Experiments." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/574514.
Full textAbstract:
A large amount of Hydrogen gas is expected to be released within the dry containment of a pressurized water reactor (PWR), shortly after the hypothetical beginning of a severe accident leading to the melting of the core. According to local gas concentrations, the gaseous mixture of hydrogen, air and steam can reach the flammability limit, threatening the containment integrity. In order to prevent mechanical loads resulting from a possible conflagration of the gas mixture, French and German reactor containments are equipped with passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs) which preventively oxidize hydrogen for concentrations lower than that of the flammability limit. The objective of the paper is to present numerical assessments of the recombiner models implemented in CFD solvers NEPTUNE_CFD and Code_Saturne. Under the EDF/EPRI agreement, CEA has been committed to perform 42 tests of PARs. The experimental program named KALI-H2, consists checking the performance and behaviour of PAR. Unrealistic values for the gas temperature are calculated if the conjugate heat transfer and the wall steam condensation are not taken into account. The combined effects of these models give a good agreement between computational results and experimental data.
14
Leung, Chung-Yan Vanessa, Yanqi Yang, Chongshan Liao, Urban Hägg, Ricky Wing Kit Wong, Colman McGrath, and Min Gu. "Digital Models as an Alternative to Plaster Casts in Assessment of Orthodontic Treatment Outcomes." Scientific World Journal 2018 (June 12, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9819384.
Full textAbstract:
Objective. This study aimed to compare the use of digital models and plaster casts in assessing the improvement in occlusion following orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods. Digital models and plaster casts of 39 consecutive patients at pre- and posttreatment stages were obtained and assessed using the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and the Index of Complexity and Treatment Need (ICON). PAR and ICON scores were compared at individual and group levels. Categorization of improvement level was compared using Kappa (κ) statistics. Results. There was no significant difference in neither PAR scores (p > 0.05) nor ICON scores (p > 0.05) between digital and plaster cast assessments. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) values for changes in PAR and ICON scores were excellent (ICC > 0.80). Agreement of ratings of occlusal improvement level between digital and plaster model assessments was 0.83 (κ) for PAR and 0.59 (κ) for ICON, respectively. Conclusion. The study supported the use of digital models as an alternative to plaster casts when assessing changes in occlusion at the ‘individual patient’ level using ICON or PAR. However, it could not fully support digital models as an alternate to plaster casts at ‘the group level’ (as in the case of clinical audit/research).
15
Frenette, François. "De l'emphytéose au louage ordinaire par la voie mal éclairée du doute." Chronique de jurisprudence 18, no. 2-3 (April 12, 2005): 557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042175ar.
Full textAbstract:
Restrictions upon the emphyteutic holder's rights that are contrary to article 569 C.c. are sufficient justification for depriving a transaction of its emphyteutic character. However it is erroneous, upon rendering such a decision, to pretend that emphyteusis carries with it alienation of property and that a contract so qualified by parties must be considered as an ordinary lease if any doubts arise as to the real nature of the agreement.
16
Tsutsieva, Oksana Taimurazovna. "THE PROGRESS OF REGIONALISM AND THE PATTERNS OF THE APPEARANCE OF MEGA-REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 11/4, no. 131 (2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.11.04.011.
Full textAbstract:
Mega-regional trade agreements have become a new development trend in international trade, the first of which (the agreement on the Trans-Pacific Partnership) was signed back in 2016. Despite the ambiguity of MRTS, it is assumed that in the near future, they will have a significant impact on the system of regulation of international trade on a par with the World Trade Organization (WTO). Since international trade is undergoing significant changes in the 21st century, the system of its regulation (GATT / WTO) formed several decades ago requires significant changes. The most modern instrument for regulating international trade relations is the MRTS, whose rules are more effective than the existing WTO rules, or there are no such rules in the WTO so far.
17
Gera, Arwa, Shadi Gera, Michel Dalstra, Paolo M. Cattaneo, and Marie A. Cornelis. "Validity and Reproducibility of the Peer Assessment Rating Index Scored on Digital Models Using a Software Compared with Traditional Manual Scoring." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081646.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reproducibility of digital scoring of the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and its components using a software, compared with conventional manual scoring on printed model equivalents. The PAR index was scored on 15 cases at pre- and post-treatment stages by two operators using two methods: first, digitally, on direct digital models using Ortho Analyzer software; and second, manually, on printed model equivalents using a digital caliper. All measurements were repeated at a one-week interval. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare PAR scores and its components between both methods and raters. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to compute intra- and inter-rater reproducibility. The error of the method was calculated. The agreement between both methods was analyzed using Bland-Altman plots. There were no significant differences in the mean PAR scores between both methods and both raters. ICC for intra- and inter-rater reproducibility was excellent (≥0.95). All error-of-the-method values were smaller than the associated minimum standard deviation. Bland-Altman plots confirmed the validity of the measurements. PAR scoring on digital models showed excellent validity and reproducibility compared with manual scoring on printed model equivalents by means of a digital caliper.
18
Bai, Jianhui. "O3 Concentration and Its Relation with BVOC Emissions in a Subtropical Plantation." Atmosphere 12, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060711.
Full textAbstract:
An empirical model of O3 is developed using the measurements of emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), O3 concentration, global solar radiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and meteorological variables in a subtropical Pinus plantation, China, during 2013–2016. In view of the different structures of isoprene and monoterpenes, two empirical models of O3 concentration are developed, considering PAR absorption and scattering due to gases, liquids and particles (GLPs), as well as PAR attenuation caused by O3 and BVOCs. The estimated O3 is in agreement with the observations, and validation of the O3 empirical model is conducted. O3 concentrations are more sensitive to changes in PAR and water vapor than S/Q (horizontal diffuse to global solar radiation) and BVOC emissions. O3 is positive to changes in isoprene emission at low light and high GLPs, or negative at high light and low GLPs; O3 is negative to changes in monoterpene emissions. O3 are positive with the changes of PAR, water vapor and S/Q. It is suggested to control human-induced high BVOC emissions, regulate plant cutting, and reduce NOx and SO2 emissions more strictly than ever before. There are inverted U-shape interactions between O3 and its driving factors, and S/Q controls their turning points.
19
Janjai, S., A. Sripradit, R. Wattan, S. Buntoung, S. Pattarapanitchai, and I. Masiri. "A Simple Semi-Empirical Model for the Estimation of Photosynthetically Active Radiation from Satellite Data in the Tropics." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/857072.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a simple semi-empirical model for estimating global photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under all sky conditions. The model expresses PAR as a function of cloud index, aerosol optical depth, total ozone column, solar zenith angle, and air mass. The formulation of the model was based on a four-year period (2008–2011) of PAR data obtained from the measurements at four solar monitoring stations in a tropical environment of Thailand. These are Chiang Mai (18.78°N, 98.98°E), Ubon Ratchathani (15.25°N, 104.87°E), Nakhon Pathom (13.82°N, 100.04°E), and Songkhla (7.20°N, 100.60°E). The cloud index was derived from MTSAT-1R satellite, whereas the aerosol optical depth was obtained from MODIS/Terra satellite. For the total ozone column, it was retrieved from OMI/Aura satellite. The model was validated against independent data set from the four stations. It was found that hourly PAR estimated from the proposed model and that obtained from the measurements were in reasonable agreement, with the root mean square difference (RMSD) and mean bias difference (MBD) of 14.3% and −5.8%, respectively. In addition, for the case of monthly average hourly PAR, RMSD and MBD were reduced to 11.1% and −5.1%, respectively.
20
Hage, Robert. "Dispute Settlement under the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 28 (1991): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800004161.
Full textAbstract:
SommaireL'adoption de dispositions sur le règlement des différends commerciaux binationaux était un objectif fondamental du Canada lors des négociations de l'Accord de libre-échange avec les États-Unis. Les articles inclus au chapitre 18 de l'Accord à la suite des négociations constituent un compromis qui a recours à un processus de prévention initiale des différends et qui s'appuie ensuite sur la constitution de Groupes spéciaux présentant des recommandations au niveau politique, en l'occurrence, la Commission mixte du commerce canado-américain. Les deux premières affaires étudiées par des Groups spéciaux portant sur des allégations de restrictions commerciales à l'exportation du saumon et du hareng canadiens de la côte du Pacifique et à l'importation du homard canadien vers les États-Unis ont fourni une première occasion de vérifier le fonctionnement du processus de règlement des différends. Dans cette note de recherche, l'auteur examine comment une affaire est mise en état et présentée selon les procédures convenues, à partir de l'entente sur le mandat du Groupe spécial jusqu'à la présentation de son rapport à la Commission. L'auteur décrit certaines des difficultés rencontrées, particulièrement dans le cas de différends commerciaux qui ont eu beaucoup d'impact et il propose des mesures pour atténuer ces difficultés. Il conclut que même si l'on commence seulement à utiliser ce processus, il est manifeste que la diversité des mécanismes auxquels le Canada peut recourir pour régler ses différends commerciaux avec les États-Unis répond aux objectifs canadiens.
21
Peyster, Eliot G., Sara Arabyarmohammadi, Andrew Janowczyk, Sepideh Azarianpour-Esfahani, Miroslav Sekulic, Clarissa Cassol, Luke Blower, et al. "An automated computational image analysis pipeline for histological grading of cardiac allograft rejection." European Heart Journal 42, no. 24 (May 13, 2021): 2356–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab241.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Aim Allograft rejection is a serious concern in heart transplant medicine. Though endomyocardial biopsy with histological grading is the diagnostic standard for rejection, poor inter-pathologist agreement creates significant clinical uncertainty. The aim of this investigation is to demonstrate that cellular rejection grades generated via computational histological analysis are on-par with those provided by expert pathologists Methods and results The study cohort consisted of 2472 endomyocardial biopsy slides originating from three major US transplant centres. The ‘Computer-Assisted Cardiac Histologic Evaluation (CACHE)-Grader’ pipeline was trained using an interpretable, biologically inspired, ‘hand-crafted’ feature extraction approach. From a menu of 154 quantitative histological features relating the density and orientation of lymphocytes, myocytes, and stroma, a model was developed to reproduce the 4-grade clinical standard for cellular rejection diagnosis. CACHE-grader interpretations were compared with independent pathologists and the ‘grade of record’, testing for non-inferiority (δ = 6%). Study pathologists achieved a 60.7% agreement [95% confidence interval (CI): 55.2–66.0%] with the grade of record, and pair-wise agreement among all human graders was 61.5% (95% CI: 57.0–65.8%). The CACHE-Grader met the threshold for non-inferiority, achieving a 65.9% agreement (95% CI: 63.4–68.3%) with the grade of record and a 62.6% agreement (95% CI: 60.3–64.8%) with all human graders. The CACHE-Grader demonstrated nearly identical performance in internal and external validation sets (66.1% vs. 65.8%), resilience to inter-centre variations in tissue processing/digitization, and superior sensitivity for high-grade rejection (74.4% vs. 39.5%, P < 0.001). Conclusion These results show that the CACHE-grader pipeline, derived using intuitive morphological features, can provide expert-quality rejection grading, performing within the range of inter-grader variability seen among human pathologists.
22
Cornelissen, Ivo, Erica De Candia, Daniel Palmer, and Shaun R. Coughlin. "Inhibition of the ADP/P2Y12 Pathway Confers Additional Protection against Arterial Thrombosis in PAR-4 Deficient Mice." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 3933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3933.3933.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Clopidogrel, a potent anti-thrombotic drug widely used for the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, inhibits the ADP/P2Y12 pathway by inducing irreversible alteration of the platelet receptor P2Y12, ultimately uncoupling ADP from adenylyl cyclase inhibition. Clinical trials have demonstrated additional benefits of dual antiplatelet therapy, such as combined treatment with clopidogrel and aspirin, in the prevention of ischemic cardiovascular disease. We previously established that protease-activated receptor (PAR) signaling is necessary for platelet activation by thrombin and plays an important role in mouse models of hemostasis and thrombosis. Indeed a PAR antagonist is currently being used as an anti-thrombotic agent in clinical trials. In order to evaluate the possible interaction between the thrombin/PAR and ADP/P2Y12 pathways, we orally administered clopidogrel (30mg/kg) or vehicle to PAR-4 null, heterozygous and wild type littermates, and evaluated arterial thrombus formation and bleeding during surgical challenge. In a FeCl3-induced carotid thrombosis model, PAR-4 deficient mice treated with clopidogrel were completely protected from thrombosis compared to their wild type treated littermates. Interestingly, clopidogrel treated PAR-4 heterozygotes showed an intermediate level of protection compared to treated wild type and null mice that was similar to vehicle-treated PAR-4 deficient mice. Additionally, we scored bleeding during the surgical procedure while blinded to genotype and treatment. The bleeding score was increased in clopidogrel treated mice compared to vehicle treated mice and was exacerbated with increasing haplotype deficiency of Par-4. To better define the relationship between these two activation pathways, we generated mice lacking both PAR-4 and P2Y12. All genetic combinations were born at the expected Mendelian distribution. Females lacking both receptors carried offspring to term, but signs of bleeding were observed during parturition. Preliminary data from PAR-4/P2Y12 double null mice, in both the tail bleeding assay and in a FeCl3-induced carotid thrombosis model, is in agreement with the results obtained in clopidogrel treated PAR-4 deficient mice. This study provides useful information to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dual antiplatelet therapy inhibiting the thrombin/PAR and ADP/P2Y12 pathways and explores the relationship between these two critical pro-thrombotic pathways in an in vivo setting.
23
Daniyal, Wan Mohd Ebtisyam Mustaqim Mohd, Yap Wing Fen, Silvan Saleviter, Narong Chanlek, Hideki Nakajima, Jaafar Abdullah, and Nor Azah Yusof. "X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis of Chitosan–Graphene Oxide-Based Composite Thin Films for Potential Optical Sensing Applications." Polymers 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030478.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study chitosan–graphene oxide (chitosan–GO) incorporated with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) and cadmium sulfide quantum dot (CdS QD) composite thin films for the potential optical sensing of cobalt ions (Co2+). From the XPS results, it was confirmed that carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen elements existed on the PAR–chitosan–GO thin film, while for CdS QD–chitosan–GO, the existence of carbon, oxygen, cadmium, nitrogen, and sulfur were confirmed. Further deconvolution of each element using the Gaussian–Lorentzian curve fitting program revealed the sub-peak component of each element and hence the corresponding functional group was identified. Next, investigation using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) optical sensor proved that both chitosan–GO-based thin films were able to detect Co2+ as low as 0.01 ppm for both composite thin films, while the PAR had the higher binding affinity. The interaction of the Co2+ with the thin films was characterized again using XPS to confirm the functional group involved during the reaction. The XPS results proved that primary amino in the PAR–chitosan–GO thin film contributed more important role for the reaction with Co2+, as in agreement with the SPR results.
24
Turbill, Elizabeth A., Stephen Richmond, and Mary Andrews. "A Preliminary Comparison of the DPB's Grading of Completed Orthodontic Cases with the PAR Index." British Journal of Orthodontics 21, no. 3 (August 1994): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.21.3.279.
Full textAbstract:
The PAR (Peer Assessment Rating) Index was compared to the grading system currently in use for completed orthodontic cases at the Dental Practice Board of England and Wales. Forty completed cases were graded by the two systems, which were compared for their intra- and inter-examiner reliability, as well as for their agreement and disparity in judging outcomes of cases. The implications of the results on the monitoring of standards in the General Dental Services are discussed.
25
Roemmich, James N., Pamela A. Clark, Kim Walter, James Patrie, Arthur Weltman, and A. D. Rogol. "Pubertal alterations in growth and body composition. V. Energy expenditure, adiposity, and fat distribution." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 279, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): E1426—E1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.6.e1426.
Full textAbstract:
We determined whether activity energy expenditure (AEE, from doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry) or physical activity [7-day physical activity recall (PAR)] was more related to adiposity and the validity of PAR estimated total energy expenditure (TEEPAR) in prepubertal and pubertal boys ( n = 14 and 15) and girls ( n = 13 and 18). AEE, but not physical activity hours, was inversely related to fat mass (FM) after accounting for the fat-free mass, maturation, and age (partial r = −0.35, P ≤ 0.01). From forward stepwise regression, pubertal maturation, AEE, and gender predicted FM ( r 2 = 0.36). Abdominal visceral fat and subcutaneous fat were not related to AEE or activity hours after partial correlation with FM, maturation, and age. When assuming one metabolic equivalent (MET) equals 1 kcal · kg body wt−1 · h−1, TEEPARunderestimated TEE from doubly labeled water (TEE bias) by 555 kcal/day ± 2 SD limits of agreement of 913 kcal/day. The measured basal metabolic rate (BMR) was >1 kcal · kg body wt−1 · h−1 and remained so until 16 yr of age. TEE bias was reduced when setting 1 MET equal to the measured (bias = 60 ± 51 kcal/day) or predicted (bias = 53 ± 50 kcal/day) BMR but was not consistent for an individual child (± 2 SD limits of agreement of 784 and 764 kcal/day, respectively) or across all maturation groups. After BMR was corrected, TEE bias remained greatest in the prepubertal girls. In conclusion, in children and adolescents, FM is more strongly related to AEE than activity time, and AEE, pubertal maturation, and gender explain 36% of the variance in FM. PAR should not be used to determine TEE of individual children and adolescents in a research setting but may have utility in large population-based pediatric studies, if an appropriate MET value is used to convert physical activity data to TEE data.
26
White, J. L., L. Dong, P. Han, and H. M. Laun. "Rheological properties and associated structural characteristics of some aromatic polycondensates including liquid-crystalline polyesters and cellulose derivatives (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 76, no. 11 (January 1, 2004): 2027–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200476112027.
Full textAbstract:
A comparative experimental study of shear-flow rheological properties of thermotropic polymer liquid crystals by eight different laboratories is described. The materials involved four different liquid-crystalline polyesters (LCPs), a glass- fiber-filled liquid-crystalline polyester,hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), and two non-liquid-crystalline high-temperature polymers, a poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), and a polyarylate (PAR). Studies were made in both steady shear-flow and dynamic oscillatory experiments. The data from the various laboratories involved were compared. The level of agreement in the data was much less for most liquid-crystalline polymers than for similar isotropic melts. The Cox –Merz rule is valid for PEEK and PAR, but not for the LCPs and HPC. The occurrence of low levels of extrudate swell and high levels of uniaxial orientation in extrudates of the LCPs and HPC is described.
27
Baah-Acheamfour, Mark, Charles P. A. Bourque, Fan-Rui Meng, and D. Edwin Swift. "Classifying forestland from model-generated tree species habitat suitability in the Western Ecoregion of Nova Scotia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 6 (June 2013): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0476.
Full textAbstract:
Forestland classification is central to the sustainable management of forests. In this paper, we explore the possibility of classifying forestland from species–habitat–suitability indices and a hybrid classification of modeled data. Raster-based calculations of species–habitat–suitability were derived as a function of landscape-level descriptions of incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil water content (SWC), and growing degree-days (GDD) for southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada. PAR and SWC were both generated with the LanDSET model and GDD from thermal data captured with the space-borne MODIS sensor. We compared the distribution of predicted forestland types with the natural range of target species as found in the provincial permanent sample plots (PSPs). Reasonable agreement (≥50% accuracy) existed between some forestland types (e.g., red maple – white birch – red oak and balsam fir – red maple) and PSP-based assessments of species presence–absence. Agreement was noticeably lower for other forestland types, such as sugar maple – beech – yellow birch (<50% accuracy). This discrepancy is attributed to forest-forming factors not directly addressed by the model, e.g., forest succession, stand interventions, and disturbance. Their addition in the model could change the dynamics of tree-species preference in southwest Nova Scotia and is worth examining. True model inaccuracies accounted for about 0.3%–15.0% of the total reported error.
28
Mansur, Muhammad, Junaidi Junaidi, Masyhuri Machfudz, and Nahdhiyatul Kamilah. "DAMPAK STIMULAN DANA PINJAMAN BERGULIR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI PADA PELAKU EKONOMI KREATIF (USAHA MIKRO KECIL DAN MENENGAH, UMKM)." IQTISHODUNA 14, no. 2 (October 26, 2018): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/iq.v14i2.5624.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to provide assistance to creative finance economic actors (MSMEs) and intervention of snacks production management by paying attention to halalan-thoyibah with all the attributes. The research method is participatory action research (PAR). The results of the study showed that (i) stimulant funds given to the target group took place 3 times. The application of the qordhu hasan model transaction formed appropriate technology named QH-9Kj, namely qordhu hasan on seven agreements : the number of group members, the number of loans, the number of returns, the number of groups, the amount of return time (for example per week), the amount of savings based on profit obtained, the amount of withdrawal of savings, the number of loans for the next round and the agreement on the amount of money filling voluntarily without being determined and (ii) the intervention of halal production and good by conducting counseling; the result is 89% satisfaction and carry out with a halal and thoyib production.
29
Vargas, Ingrid, Pamela Eguiguren, Amparo-Susana Mogollón-Pérez, Fernando Bertolotto, Isabella Samico, Julieta López, Pierre De Paepe, and María-Luisa Vázquez. "Understanding the factors influencing the implementation of participatory interventions to improve care coordination. An analytical framework based on an evaluation in Latin America." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 962–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa066.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Healthcare coordination is considered key to improving care quality. Although participatory action research (PAR) has been used effectively to bridge the gap between evidence and practice in other areas, little is known about the key success factors of its use in healthcare organizations. This article analyses the factors influencing the implementation of PAR interventions to improve clinical coordination from the perspective of actors in public healthcare networks of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay. A qualitative, descriptive-interpretative study was conducted in each country’s healthcare network. Focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews were conducted to a criterion sample of: local steering committee (LSC) (29), professional platform (PP) (28), health professionals (49) and managers (28). Thematic content analysis was conducted, segmented by country and themes. The PAR process led by the LSC covered the return of baseline results, selection of problems and interventions and design, implementation and adjustment of the intervention, with PP. Interventions were implemented to improve communication and clinical agreement between primary and secondary care. Results reveal that contextual factors, the PAR process and the intervention’s content influenced their implementation, interacting across time. First, institutional support providing necessary resources, and professionals’ and managers’ willingness to participate, emerge as contextual pivotal factors, influenced by other factors related to: the system (alignment with policy and political cycle), networks (lack of time due to work overload and inadequate working conditions) and individuals (not knowing each other and mutual mistrust). Second, different characteristics of the PAR process have a bearing, in turn, on institutional support and professionals’ motivation: participation, flexibility, consensual decision-making, the LSC’s leadership and the facilitating role of researchers. Evidence is provided that implementation through an adequate PAR process can become a factor of motivation and cohesion that is crucial to the adoption of care coordination interventions, leading to better results when certain contextual factors converge.
30
Valentino, Daniela. "Software Assistance and Maintenance Contracts." European Business Law Review 27, Issue 4 (August 1, 2016): 535–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2016024.
Full textAbstract:
The paper analyzes the legal issues related to software assistance and maintenance agreements. Contracts generally provide for highly diverse performances and are aimed at providing a global service. Since the assistance and maintenance agreement generally entails a long-term relationship, the regulations for long-term supply contract’s apply. Nevertheless, in specific circumstances, even the rules for service contracts may be applied. In Italy, like in other EU jurisdictions, the applicable regulatory framework depends on the content of the contract. The provider company naturally tends to restrict its liability in proportion to effectively commissioned activity. Exclusion clauses including intentional damage or gross negligence are void, while par. 2 of Article 1229 of the Italian Civil Code permits limitation of liability in cases of minor negligence. The impossibility of changing contractual terms disadvantages the weaker contracting party and the procedure imposed by par 2 of Art. 1341 c.c. has proved inadequate to protect the customer. Art. 9, of Law n 192 of 18 June 1998 (“Disciplina della subfornitura nelle attivita produttive”), which is now considered to be general principle allows exclusion clauses providing for minor negligence to be deemed void, if they oversimplify the debtor position, by defining the requirements of minor negligence. In addition, clauses regarding exclusion or limitation of liability towards third parties, beyond the limit set by Art. 1229, require an assessment based on the nature of the interest which is concretely protected.
31
Hulk, Aafke. "L’acquisition des pronoms clitiques français par un enfant bilingue français-néerlandais." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 45, no. 1-2 (June 2000): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310001762x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn this article, the acquisition of French subject and object pronouns by Anouk, a French-Dutch bilingual girl is studied and compared with the acquisition by monolingual French children. At first sight there are no major differences between Anouk and the children discussed in the literature. There are however some indications that the status of the pronouns in Anouk’s data is not the same as that in the monolingual data. In Anouk’s data, there are no utterances where a quantified nominal subject is doubled by a subject clitic. Consequently, it is impossible to argue that her subject pronouns have the status of agreement markers which they are claimed to have in the case of monolingual children. Moreover, Anouk acquires both subject and object pronouns at roughly the same moment—to what is found for the monolinguals. Finally, Anouk makes position errors with object pronouns which are similar to those found in French L2 acquisition data. It is proposed that this may be due to the (indirect) influence of Dutch, her other language.
32
Sturrock, Marc, and Adriana T. Dawes. "Protein abundance may regulate sensitivity to external cues in polarized cells." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 106 (May 2015): 20150150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0150.
Full textAbstract:
Cell polarization is a ubiquitous process which results in cellular constituents being organized into discrete intracellular spatial domains. It occurs in a variety of cell types, including epithelial cells, immune system cells and neurons. A key player in this process is the Par protein family whose asymmetric localization to anterior and posterior parts of the cell is crucial for proper division and cell fate specification. In this paper, we explore a stochastic analogue of the temporal model of Par protein interactions first developed in Dawes & Munro (Dawes and Munro 2011 Biophys. J. 101, 1412–1422. ( doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2011.07.030 )). We focus on how protein abundance influences the behaviour of both the deterministic and stochastic versions of the model. In Dawes & Munro (2011), it was found that bistable behaviour in the temporal model of Par protein led to the existence of complementary domains in the corresponding spatio-temporal model. Here, we find that the corresponding temporal stochastic model permits switching behaviour (the model solution ‘jumps’ between steady states) for lower protein abundances, whereas for higher protein abundances the stochastic and deterministic models are in good agreement (the model solution evolves to one of two steady states). This led us to the testable hypothesis that cells with lower abundances of Par protein may be more sensitive to external cues, whereas cells with higher abundances of Par protein may be less sensitive to external cues. In order to gain more control over the precise abundance of Par protein, we proposed and explored a second model (again, examining both deterministic and stochastic versions) in which the total number of Par molecules is conserved. We found that this model required an additional dimerization reaction in the cytoplasm in order for bistable and switching behaviour to be found. Once this additional reaction was included, we found that both the first and second models gave qualitatively similar results but in different regions of the parameter space, suggesting a further regulatory mechanism that cells could potentially use to modulate their response to external signals.
33
van Baarda, Th A. "The Involvement of the Security Council in Maintaining International Humanitarian Law." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 12, no. 2 (June 1994): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419401200203.
Full textAbstract:
In this article the author discusses the growing involvement of the Security Council in humanitarian protection and assistance in armed conflict. Given the fact that the Security Council is apolitical body par excellence, its involvement in the humanitarian relief effort may prejudice the neutrality and independence of the latter. He finds himself in agreement with the ICRC, which has proposed that the UN should make a clear distinction between encouraging respect for humanitarian law on the one hand, and the effort to maintain international peace and security on the other.
34
Babaskin, Anatoliy. "Legal nature of the payment account agreement in the civil legislation of Ukraine." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 33 (September 2022): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/1563-3349-2022-33-385-395.
Full textAbstract:
Since the Law of Ukraine «On Payment Services» introduced in 2022, the Law of Ukraine «On Payment Services» is being introduced to the legislation of Ukraine, the state of low normative legal acts of the EU, in the wake of the provisions of the Directive (EU) 2015/2366 in 2015 internal market, that about the introduction of changes to Directives 2002/65 / С, 2009/110 / ЄС and 2013/36 / ЄС and Regulation (ЄС) No. 1093/2010, which skasovy Directive 2007/64 / ЄС. that the pre-emptive provisions of the Law, Chapter 72 of the Central Committee of Ukraine will be supplemented by par. 3 «Payment rakhunok» (Articles 1076.9, 1076.10). I’ll look at the introduction of the meaning of the advancement of civil legislation, as it will be introduced at once from the introduction into the Law. The aim of the article. On the basis of the analysis of Ukrainian legislation, EU legislation, scientifi c advances in the sphere of civil law and banking legislation, to the standards of Ukrainian legislation, how to regulate the payment agreement. To achieve the goal of setting up the contract: 1. Conduct an analysis of the legal nature of the payment agreement. 2. Viznachiti sp_vvvіdnoshennya agreement of payment rakhunku іf agreement of bank rakhunku. 3. Viznachiti norms according to the agreement of the bank account, as it is subsidized to be fi xed up to the agreement of the payment order. Results. SOCA those scho power law regulyuvannya klієntskih bankіvskih rahunkіv prisvyachena-valued Quantity NAUKOVO publіkatsіy of Ukrainian іnozemnih avtorіv that, in the same hour okremih doslіdzhen legal regulyuvannya contract platіzhnogo rahunku in ukraїnskіy tsivіlіstichnіy nautsі not conducted through vіdsutnіst in tsivіlnomu zakonodavstvі Ukraine konstruktsії this contract. Appointed, due to the implementation of the legislation of Ukraine, the norms of Directive 2015/2366, will increase the need for such scientifi c advances. Conclusions. Agreement of a payment rakhunka є by the type of a bank rakhunka agreement, which type of rakhunka shall be accepted as a type of such rid. Instruction of the contract is an agreement on the provision of payment services, which is characterized as follows: wine is consensual, bilateral, can be paid or free of charge. Oskilki, arranging the agreements of the bank’s rakhunka, the parties and passing through the meta (the state of the non-cash transactions, cash transactions too), the agreements of the payment rakhunku should be brought up to the causal rights. As a matter of fact, the agreement can be either stringless or stringless. Uninvolved on those scho h. 1 tbsp. 65 The law will establish depriving the right of non-bank payment of payment services for the approval of payment services, by virtue of Part 3 of Art. 1076.9 of the Central Committee of Ukraine, that part 2 of Art. 1067 of the Central Committee of Ukraine the agreement of a payment rakhunka is close to a public agreement, but in practice we can keep up with the model of the agreement. On the basis of the agreement of the bank rakhunku, the instructions of the agreements, according to the Law, are characterized by the following: a) a special sub-warehouse. With a non-bank charge of payment services for a payment agreement, you can install (including small payments), the operator of the mail order, install the electronic pennies, accredited by the Ukrainian branch of the Ukrainian payment, the last payment , overridden in clauses 1 – 3 h. 1 tbsp. 5 of the Law included by the National Bank of Ukraine to the Registry of Payment Infrastructure. We can corroborate both physical and legal individuals (resident and non-resident), albeit on the view of the bank’s agreement on the basis of the agreement of a bank rakhunku, such a clerk cannot be a legal person –a non-resident; b) the hour of the knowledge of costs for the payment rakhunka of the koristuvach, the law is deprived of the hour necessary for a specifi c payment operation; c) the increase of interest on the surplus of cash on the payment rakhunka of the koristuvach is imperatively fenced off by law; d) don’t compromise on the status of the deposit and do not miss the guarantees established by the Law of Ukraine «On the system of guaranteeing deposits of physical assets». On vіdmіnu od tsogo Act nadaє nebankіvskim nadavacham platіzhnih poslug lishe right zabezpechuvati zberezhennya koshtіv koristuvachіv Shlyakhov strahuvannya vlasnoї vіdpovіdalnostі on vipadok nemozhlivostі vikonannya fіnansovih zobov’yazan before koristuvachami, abo zabezpechuvati takі Costa bankіvskoyu garantієyu in the minds scho give zmogu koristuvacham otrimati od strahovoї kompanії abo bank -Guarantee of vidshkoduvannya in size, equivalent to the sum of financial crops’yazan. Key words: payment account, payment account agreement, bank account agreement, payment institution, fi nancial institution, bank, non-bank fi nancial institution, monetary obligations, interest.
35
Kuntri Selvilia Lidya Sari and Tutiek Retnowati. "Default Settlement on Unsecured Loans." YURISDIKSI : Jurnal Wacana Hukum dan Sains 18, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.55173/yurisdiksi.v18i1.126.
Full textAbstract:
Economic development is the most important part of national development goals, such as the 1945 Constitution (after amendments) in the fourth paragraph, namely: Protecting the entire nation to promote general welfare, educating the nation's life and participating in carrying out world order. The aim is to find out and analyze the legal consequences arising from Default from a credit agreement without collateral and to know and analyze so that the settlement of default from an unsecured credit agreement is carried out by the debtor. The research method used is normative law (normative juridical) and analysis of laws and regulations, jurisprudence, contracts and legal literature. The result of the research is the position of guarantee in providing credit by the Bank as the creditor to the debtor, which is an absolute requirement with the aim of having legal certainty which has been expressly regulated in the credit agreement. Legal remedies that arise if credit is given without any guarantee from the customer (debtor) is that the bank is in its position as a concurrent creditor on a par with other creditors in terms of paying off credit debts, so that they have to compete with other creditors in paying off credit debts. Because it does not
36
Nzuki Bakwaye, Flavien, Céline Termote, A. O. Kibungu Kembelo, and Patrick Van Damme. "Identification et importance locale des plantes médicinales utilisées dans la région de Mbanza-Ngungu, République démocratique du Congo." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 316, no. 316 (June 1, 2013): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2013.316.a20531.
Full textAbstract:
Une enquête ethnobotanique a été menée sur les plantes médicinales dans la région de Mbanza-Ngungu, province du Bas- Congo, en République démocratique du Congo. Des interviews semi-structurées et des observations participatives ont été effectuées entre février 2009 et mai 2012 auprès de 51 tradipraticiens échantillonnés par la méthode " boule de neige ". Un herbier de référence a été constitué et les échantillons ont été identifiés à l'herbarium du Jardin botanique de Kisantu et de l'Université de Kinshasa. Le but était d'identifier les plantes médicinales populaires en médecine traditionnelle, de documenter leur importance relative et de comparer l'usage alimentaire et non alimentaire de ces plantes. Pendant l'interview, 195 plantes médicinales ont été enregistrées, dont 165 espèces botaniques identifiées appartenant à 138 genres et 56 familles. Les feuilles et les racines constituent les parties de plantes les plus utilisées (63 % des citations) et la décoction représente le mode de préparation le plus fréquent (46 %). L'administration des remèdes se fait le plus souvent par voie orale (71 %). L'importance locale des plantes médicinales et le degré de consensus des informateurs ont respectivement été déterminés sur la base des paramètres medicinal Use Value (med.UVs) et Informant Agreement Ratio (med.IARs). Elaeis guineensis (0,71), Brillantaisia patula (0,39), Zingiber officinale (0,35) et Mondia whitei (0,35) présentent les med.UVs les plus élevés. Par ailleurs, Catharanthus roseus, Lannea antiscorbutica, Palisota ambigua, Raphia gentiliana, Sansevieria trifasciata se distinguent par un med.IARs maximal de 1. Parmi les les plantes médicinales aux med.UVs les plus élevés, M. whitei et Dorstenia laurentii sont présentement très menacées dans le milieu d'étude. Quant aux études plus approfondies, Senna occidentalis serait prioritaire. Il faudrait lui associer les plantes médicinales avec un med.IARs de 1.
37
Snipe, Arta. "Tiesisks darījums un tā noslēgšanas brīdis zemes likumiskās (piespiedu) nomas tiesisko attiecību gadījumā." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 3, no. 12 (2018): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.12.2018.3.61-75.
Full textAbstract:
Arta Snipe savā rakstā analizē tiesiskos darījumus un to noslēgšanas praksi zemes likumiskās (piespiedu) nomas tiesisko attiecību gadījumā. Problēmjautājumi veidojas tādēļ, ka, pieņemot lēmumu zemes un ēkas īpašnieku savstarpējās tiesiskās attiecības regulēt atbilstoši nomas līguma noteikumiem, likumdevējs radīja pamatu t. s. dalīto īpašumu pastāvēšanai. Šo piespiedu nomas tiesisko attiecību nodibināšanas pamats ir likums – normas, kas iekļautas likumā “Par zemes reformu Latvijas Republikas pilsētās” un likumā “Par valsts un pašvaldību dzīvojamo māju privatizāciju”. Autore, interpretējot spēkā esošās tiesību normas un judikatūras atziņas, aplūko daudzveidīgo tiesu praksi un dažādos juridiskajā periodikā paustos viedokļus. Pētījuma mērķis ir izvērtēt, vai zemes piespiedu noma ir atzīstama par darījumu un vai tā ir komercdarījums gadījumos, ja vismaz viena no darījuma pusēm ir komersants, un konstatēt šī darījuma noslēgšanas brīdi un prasījuma tiesību rašanās brīdi. Autore secina, ka zemes piespiedu noma nav atzīstama par tiesisku darījumu Civillikuma izpratnē, tādēļ to nevar atzīt par komercdarījumu Komerclikuma izpratnē. In her article Arta Snipe analyses legal transactions and the practice of creating a legal (compulsory) lease of land. The problems arise due to having decided upon regulating legal relations between land and building owners in accordance with the terms of lease agreement, the lawmakers created the grounds for existence of shared property. The basis for the establishment of such a compulsory lease relationship is the law – norms included in the Law “On Land Reform in the Cities of the Republic of Latvia” and in the Law “On Privatization of State and Municipal Residential Buildings”. The author, interpreting the existing legal norms and case-laws, addresses the multifaceted court practice and the viewpoints expressed in various periodicals dealing with legal issues. The study aims at assessing whether compulsory lease of land can be admitted transaction or commercial transaction if one of the sides is a merchant and stating the time of the transaction and time of the claim. The author has concluded that compulsory lease of land cannot be considered as a legal transaction, according to the Civil Law, therefore it cannot be claimed as commercial transaction according to the Commercial Law.
38
Gault, Nathalie, Jean-Luc Poncy, and Jean-Louis Lefaix. "Apoptose radio-induite: une nouvelle approche par microspectroscopie infrarouge." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y03-126.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: to characterize radiation-induced apoptosis in human cells using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FT-IRM) as a new analytical tool. Material and methods: Normal human circulating lymphocytes were given a γ ray dose of 6 Gy, or treated with t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOH). HaCaT keratinocytes were given a dose of 20 Gy. Cells were deposited on ZnS windows for infrared spectral acquisition 2 days and 2 h after irradiation and 2 h after t-BuOH treatment. Apoptosis was simultaneously assessed by flow cytometry analysis of cells displaying annexin-V-positive staining. Results. The flow cytometry study showed that about 90% of sham and irradiated cells were annexin-V negative 2 h after irradiation. Two days after irradiation, 68% of lymphocytes and 76% of HaCaT cells were apoptotic, as well as 43% of lymphocytes treated with t-BuOH. In infrared spectra of these apoptotic cells, qualitative and quantitative changes were observed. In the 960–1245 and 1690–1720 cm–1 ranges, mainly attributed to nucleic acids, changes corresponding to conformational changes in DNA were associated with a decrease in the amount of detectable DNA. Conformational changes were also observed in secondary protein structure, in particular an increase in the amount of β structures. These DNA and protein changes were associated with an increase in the detectable amount of lipids in apoptotic HaCaT cells only. Two hours after irradiation, depending on the dose and (or) the cell type, qualitative and quantitative changes were observed in the IR spectra in the amide I and amide II bands, mainly attributed to proteins. These changes were associated with a significant decrease in the 1700–1750 cm–1 range, mainly attributed to the –C=O ester groups of DNA and phospholipids, in the irradiated HaCaT cells only. Conclusion: Our results are in agreement with biochemical published data on radiation-induced apoptosis, and show that DNA is the first cellular target of radiation-induced apoptosis, which, however, also requires conformational changes and synthesis of cell proteins. They also demonstrate that FT-IRM may be useful for assessing the early radiation damage at the molecular level in human cells.Key words: apoptosis, Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, γ irradiation, human lymphocytes, HaCaT keratinocytes.
39
Tessier, Marc. "Le conflit Canada-Brésil sur l'exportation d'aéronefs de transport régional : analyse des récentes décisions de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)." Les Cahiers de droit 42, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 3–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043629ar.
Full textAbstract:
Avec la signature de l'Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) (GATT) en 1948, nombreux sont ceux qui y voyaient enfin une véritable ouverture des marchés puisqu'il s'agissait d'un accord historique ayant précisément pour objet l'élimination des barrières tarifaires et non tarifaires à caractère discriminatoire. Cette ouverture des marchés s'est toutefois avérée plus théorique que pratique à plusieurs égards. En effet, nombre de pays, bien conscients des répercussions de cette ouverture tous azimuts de leurs marchés, ont réagi en mettant au point ce qui allait devenir la nouvelle forme de protectionnisme économique : les subventions à l'exportation. Dans le domaine aéronautique, les compagnies Bombardier et Embraer se disputent, depuis plusieurs années déjà, le contrôle du marché des aéronefs de transport régional. Toutefois, cette concurrence a pris l'allure d'une véritable guerre commerciale lorsque le Canada et le Brésil se sont mutuellement accusés de soutenir leur entreprise nationale au moyen de subventions à l'exportation prohibées par l'Accord sur les subventions et les mesures compensatoires. Puisque le conflit canado-brésilien constitue la première affaire soumise devant l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant précisément des subventions à l'exportation d'aéronefs civils accordées par des pays membres, nous nous proposons de faire le point sur la notion de subvention à l'exportation par l'entremise de l'examen des programmes de subventions contestés. Puis, nous aborderons quelques pistes de solution qui pourraient permettre d'éviter que d'actuels ou d'éventuels programmes de subventions canadiens soient contestés avec succès.
40
Turbill, Elizabeth A., Stephen Richmond, and Jean L. Wright. "Assessment of General Dental Services Orthodontic Standards: The Dental Practice Board's Gradings Compared to PAR and IOTN." British Journal of Orthodontics 23, no. 3 (August 1996): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.23.3.211.
Full textAbstract:
The subjective grading of cases at the Dental Practice Board of England and Wales was compared to the Peer Assessment Rating Index (PAR) and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) in assessing 1505 cases sampled at the Board between Late 1990 and mid-1991. Whilst some criteria are common to both systems, case by case there is only limited agreement; sources of disagreement are evaluated. The indices are essentially epidemiological tools; whilst they have shortcomings in assessing individual cases, they are related to peer opinion, and show good reliability when used on samples of cases. They can be readily updated, as findings of research or future peer opinion may dictate. Use of PAR and IOTN at the Board, instead of subjective gradings, would require a departure from decisions on withholding payment on a case by case basis. If, however, they were used onsamples of practitioners' caseloads to assess reduction of malocclusion, and residual malocclusion and need for treatment, practitioners fees could be up- or down-graded periodically according to their overall performance, to encourage more to adopt higher standards. Allowances could be made, however, for ‘limited objective treatments’ and cases where poor co-operation had impaired the result.
41
Ruth, Paul Niklas, Regine Herbst-Irmer, and Dietmar Stalke. "Hirshfeld atom refinement based on projector augmented wave densities with periodic boundary conditions." IUCrJ 9, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 286–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252522001385.
Full textAbstract:
Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR) is an X-ray diffraction refinement method that, in numerous publications, has been shown to give H-atom bond lengths in close agreement with neutron diffraction derived values. Presented here is a first evaluation of an approach using densities derived from projector augmented wave (PAW) densities with three-dimensional periodic boundary conditions for HAR. The results show an improvement over refinements that neglect the crystal environment or treat it classically, while being on a par with non-periodic approximations for treating the solid-state environment quantum mechanically. A suite of functionals were evaluated for this purpose, showing that the SCAN and revSCAN functionals are most suited to these types of calculation.
42
Parent, Geneviève. "L'industrie laitière canadienne devant les contraintes de la réglementation internationale de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce." Les Cahiers de droit 41, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 513–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043614ar.
Full textAbstract:
L'industrie laitière canadienne a traditionnellement été l'un des secteurs d'activité agricole les plus florissants au Canada. Depuis les années 70, sa prospérité est assurée par un système de gestion des approvisionnements en lait. Ce système est le résultat d'une profonde mutation que l'industrie laitière canadienne a entreprise à la fin des années 50 et terminée dans les années 70, afin de s'adapter à l'environnement commercial d'après-guerre. Il a pour objet de contrôler la production de lait en vue d'assurer l’autosuffisance canadienne en fait de produits laitiers tout en évitant la surproduction. Un tel système a pu être maintenu en place par le Canada malgré l'entrée en vigueur du GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ou Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce) en 1948 puisque le commerce agricole et agroalimentaire bénéficiait d'un statut particulier en étant maintenu à l'écart des discussions sur la libéralisation des échanges mondiaux. Or, depuis la clôture des dernières négociations multilatérales, en 1994, le commerce agricole et agroalimentaire est finalement soumis à la réglementation internationale de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) par l'entremise de l’Accord sur l'agriculture. Le protectionnisme nécessaire au maintien du système de gestion des approvisionnements en lait est donc appelé à disparaître. L'industrie laitière canadienne se trouve dès lors à la croisée des chemins. La réglementation internationale et les attaques répétées des Membres de l'OMC contre l'industrie laitière canadienne pressent de plus en plus l'ouverture du marché canadien de produits laitiers. La décision rendue le 13 octobre 1999 par l'Organe d'appel de l'OMC force le Canada à repenser son mécanisme d'approvisionnement en lait voué à l'exportation. Cette affaire offre donc l'occasion à l'industrie laitière canadienne de se repositionner par rapport au système de gestion des approvisionnements en lait et de s'engager, dès à présent, dans un véritable processus d'adaptation aux nouveaux paramètres du commerce international. Une anticipation des effets de la réglementation internationale et une adaptation de la politique laitière à ces paramètres seront garantes de la prospérité de l'industrie laitière canadienne dans un marché favorisant la libre concurrence. Le résultat des négociations actuelles entre les producteurs et les transformateurs quant aux modalités de la mise en oeuvre de la décision de l'OMC sera d'une importance majeure pour l'industrie laitière canadienne.
43
Gombay, Nicole. "Wildlife Management in Nunavik: Structures, Operations, and Perceptions Following the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement." ARCTIC 72, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic68287.
Full textAbstract:
Des lignes directrices et des pratiques exemplaires visant à faire participer les peuples autochtones des régions arctiques à la recherche biophysique sont publiées depuis les années 1990. Malgré ces lignes directrices, les scientifiques généraux ont toujours de la difficulté à créer des relations de travail efficaces avec les peuples autochtones et à les faire participer à leurs recherches. Nous avons fait face à cet enjeu quand nous avons visité trois collectivités de la côte ouest de l’Alaska pour étudier les événements climatiques percutants et la formation de « bermes de bouillie de glace » susceptibles de protéger les localités des ondes de tempête. Quand nous avons essayé de nouer des liens avec les résidents des diverses localités, nous avons constaté que les lignes directrices actuelles sont souvent utiles pour nous indiquer quoi faire (par exemple, elles mettent l’accent sur l’importance des communications face à face), mais les chercheurs doivent aussi penser à comment le faire (les compétences) et à comment se présenter (attributs personnels). Pour prouver aux Autochtones qu’ils valorisent et respectent leur culture, les chercheurs pourraient apprendre à employer du vocabulaire qui est compréhensible et qui tient compte d’une démarche de collaboration au lieu d’une démarche hiérarchique du sommet à la base. Il faudrait que nous soyons prêts à adapter nos emplois du temps et à aider la collectivité que nous visitons au lieu de nous concentrer seulement sur nos propres besoins. Il faudrait aussi considérer les avantages pour la collectivité et nous assurer que les résidents comprennent la recherche que nous faisons et soient satisfaits. Parmi les attributs nécessaires pour ces travaux de recherche, notons la curiosité, l’honnêteté, la sensibilisation aux besoins d’autrui, l’empathie, la flexibilité et l’ouverture d’esprit. Même si les compétences et les attributs dont il est question ici aident à combler l’écart entre les cultures, nous tenons à souligner qu’aucune formule particulière ne garantit le succès.
44
Madronich, Sasha, Simone Tilmes, Ben Kravitz, Douglas MacMartin, and Jadwiga Richter. "Response of Surface Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation to Stratospheric SO2 Injections." Atmosphere 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110432.
Full textAbstract:
Climate modification by stratospheric SO2 injections, to form sulfate aerosols, may alter the spectral and angular distributions of the solar ultraviolet and visible radiation that reach the Earth’s surface, with potential consequences to environmental photobiology and photochemistry. We used modeling results from the CESM1(WACCM) stratospheric aerosol geoengineering large ensemble (GLENS) project, following the RCP8.5 emission scenario, and one geoengineering experiment with SO2 injections in the stratosphere, designed to keep surface temperatures at 2020 levels. Zonally and monthly averaged vertical profiles of O3, SO2, and sulfate aerosols, at 30 N and 70 N, served as input into a radiative transfer model, to compute biologically active irradiances for DNA damage (iDNA), UV index (UVI), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and two key tropospheric photodissociation coefficients (jO1D for O3 + hν (λ < 330 nm) → O(1D) + O2; and jNO2 for NO2 + hν (λ < 420 nm) → O(3P) + NO). We show that the geoengineering scenario is accompanied by substantial reductions in UV radiation. For example, comparing March 2080 to March 2020, iDNA decreased by 25% to 29% in the subtropics (30 N) and by 26% to 33% in the polar regions (70 N); UVI decreased by 19% to 20% at 30 N and 23% to 26% at 70 N; and jO1D decreased by 22% to 24% at 30 N and 35% to 40% at 70 N, with comparable contributions from sulfate scattering and stratospheric O3 recovery. Different responses were found for processes that depend on longer UV and visible wavelengths, as these are minimally affected by ozone; PAR and jNO2 were only slightly lower (9–12%) at 30 N, but much lower at 70 N (35–40%). Similar reductions were estimated for other months (June, September, and December). Large increases in the PAR diffuse-direct ratio occurred in agreement with previous studies. Absorption by SO2 gas had a small (~1%) effect on jO1D, iDNA, and UVI, and no effect on jNO2 and PAR.
45
Aboubacari, Abdoulaye, Rayan Wolf, Ian Michael Trotter, and Leonardo Bornacki de Mattos. "Impact d’une possible libéralisation commerciale entre le Brésil, les États-Unis, l'Union Européenne et la Chine sur l'économie brésilienne : Une analyse d'équilibre général calculable." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 9, no. 2 (September 7, 2020): 254–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2020.v9n2.p254-271.
Full textAbstract:
La présente étude a évalué les effets de la formation d'un éventuel accord de libéralisation commerciale entre le Brésil, les États-Unis, l'Union Européenne et la Chine sur le PIB, sur le bien-être et sur les échanges commerciaux des pays membres. Pour atteindre l’objectif de ce travail, l’équilibre général calculable a été utilisé comme base, modélisé par le Projet d’Analyse de l’Équilibre Général (PAEG) pour les régions brésiliennes désagrégées. Les résultats indiquent une croissance du PIB, une amélioration du bien-être, ainsi qu'une amélioration d’échanges commerciaux brésiliens, représenté par les importations et les exportations.
Abstract: The present study evaluated the effects of the formation of a possible free trade agreement between Brazil, the United States, the European Union and China in the GDP, welfare and trade of the member countries. In order to achieve the objective of this work, the computable general equilibrium was used as a basis, being modeled by General Equilibrium Analysis Project (GEAP) for the disaggregated Brazilian regions. The results show GDP growth, improved welfare, and improved Brazilian trade represented by imports and exports.
Keywords: USA, European Union, China, PAEG.
Recebido em: novembro/2019.
Aprovado em: agosto/2020.
46
Orszulik, Magdalena, Adam Fic, and Tomasz Bury. "CFD modeling of passive autocatalytic recombiners." Nukleonika 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2015-0050.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study deals with numerical modeling of passive autocatalytic hydrogen recombiners (PARs). Such devices are installed within containments of many nuclear reactors in order to remove hydrogen and convert it to steam. The main purpose of this work is to develop a numerical model of passive autocatalytic recombiner (PAR) using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS-FLUENT and tuning the model using experimental results. The REKO 3 experiment was used for this purpose. Experiment was made in the Institute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology in Julich (Germany). It has been performed for different hydrogen concentrations, different flow rates, the presence of steam, and different initial temperatures of the inlet mixture. The model of this experimental recombiner was elaborated within the framework of this work. The influence of mesh, gas thermal conductivity coefficient, mass diffusivity coefficients, and turbulence model was investigated. The best results with a good agreement with REKO 3 data were received for k-ɛ model of turbulence, gas thermal conductivity dependent on the temperature and mass diffusivity coefficients taken from CHEMKIN program. The validated model of the PAR was next implemented into simple two-dimensional simulations of hydrogen behavior within a subcompartment of a containment building.
47
Yushmanova, A. V., D. N. Deryagin, and D. I. Glukhovets. "CONSIDERING OF BIOOPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS STRATIFICATION FOR LIGHT FIELDS CALCULATION IN TYPE I WATERS." Journal of Oceanological Research 50, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2022.50(1).4.
Full textAbstract:
A method for calculating the vertical profiles of the spectral absorption coefficient of suspended particles is presented, taking into account the stratification of the seawater extinction coefficient the surface layer. The method was developed on the basis of data obtained in 84-th cruise of the R/V “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” in the Arctic Ocean (“European Arctic 2021”, July 24 – August 26, 2021). The calculated profiles were used to estimate the vertical distribution of the concentration of chlorophyll a and further numerical simulation of the downwelling flux of photosynthetically active radiation. Comparison of the calculated light fields parameters with the results of in situ determinations showed good agreement (the root-mean-square error between the measured and calculated PAR values is 8 %).
48
Alcaide, Benito, Carmen L. Mardomingo, Rafael Pérez-Ossorio, Joaquin Plumet, Roger Phan-Tan-Luu, and Michelle Sargent. "Stéréochimie de la réduction des α-iminocétones. Étude de l'effet des substituants par une approche quantitative des facteurs gouvernant la stéréosélectivité." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 2241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-369.
Full textAbstract:
Using the isomeric ratio of RR,SS to RS,SR of a series of 2-aminoethanols obtained by the LiAlH4 reduction of 24 α-iminoketones we propose a mathematical model with 7 coefficients for the effect of substituent on the stereochemical course of the reaction. The values of these coefficients obtained by multilinear regression analysis are in agreement with the previously proposed mechanism for reduction but allow for some additional conclusions. The use of modern methods for the construction of experimental matrices allows us to choose 10 from a total of 24 experiments and shows that information of the same quality can be obtained from this subset.
49
Fournier, Mathieu, and Dominic Roux. "Les relations de travail dans la Ligue nationale de hockey : un modèle de négociation collective transnationale ?" Les Cahiers de droit 49, no. 3 (April 7, 2009): 481–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/029660ar.
Full textAbstract:
Le régime de relations de travail institué au sein de la Ligue nationale de hockey présente un modèle original de représentation syndicale et de négociation collective transnationales. De source privée et de nature strictement contractuelle, ce régime est fondé primordialement sur un volontarisme mutuel. Il s’inscrit assurément dans une logique d’« autonomie collective » et constitue un exemple éloquent de « pluralisme juridique ». La négociation des conditions de travail est centralisée, puisqu’elle a lieu entre les dirigeants de la Ligue, les propriétaires des équipes et tous les joueurs de hockey employés par l’une ou l’autre de ces équipes. La Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) conclue en 2005 est le résultat net de ce processus de négociation collective multipatronale : régissant les conditions de travail de tous les joueurs de la Ligue, la CBA s’impose contractuellement à une pluralité d’employeurs — les 30 équipes de la Ligue — à l’oeuvre dans une industrie particulière — une ligue de sport professionnel — qui exerce ses activités à l’échelle nord-américaine. En outre, la CBA comporte un mécanisme inédit de détermination de la rémunération pouvant être versée aux joueurs par leur équipe respective : un « plafond salarial ». La force obligatoire et exécutoire de la CBA est également assurée par un mécanisme d’arbitrage liant les parties. Enfin, si la CBA encadre de manière significative la négociation du contrat individuel de travail entre le joueur et son équipe, celle-ci demeure une négociation décentralisée, se déroulant essentiellement entre l’équipe et le joueur. Le texte qui suit présente, à grands traits, les caractéristiques principales de ce régime qui offre des perspectives de réflexion intéressantes pour la théorie du droit du travail, en cette ère de mondialisation et d’internationalisation des échanges.
50
Muslimin, Afif Ikhwanul. "Pemberdayaan masyarakat untuk merintis kampung Inggris di Desa Kalipakem Kecamatan Donomulyo Kabupaten Malang." Transformasi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 16, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/transformasi.v16i1.2144.
Full textAbstract:
[Bahasa]: Pertumbuhan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, dan ekonomi dunia yang cukup pesat, menyebabkan mobilisasi manusia semakin tinggi. Bergulirnya AFTA (Asia Free Trade Agreement) dan bergaungnya era revolusi industri 4.0 membuat masayarakat Indonesia harus memiiki daya saing Internasional. Sehingga, tujuan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah meningkatkan kompetensi bahasa asing komunitas berbasis Desa dengan pembentukan kampung Inggris untuk meningkatkan daya saing masyarakat. Pengabdian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Kalipakem, Kecamatan Donomulyo, kabutapen Malang dengan metode PAR (Participatory Action Research). PAR adalah metode penelitian aksi partisipatoris, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui masalah yang dihadapi subyek penelitian dan menjadikanya sebagai target untuk dipecahkan sesuai kebutuhan subjek yang diteliti. Pengabdian ini melibatkan tokoh penggerak masyarakat Desa Kalipakem dan masyarakat desa yang meliputi remaja dan ibu-ibu jamaah kemasyarakatan. Metode ini dilakukan untuk memahamkan masyarakat Donomulyo terhadap: a) kelemahan-kelamahan yang dialami dan dimilikinya, b) keinginan-keinginan masyarakat untuk mengatasi kekuranganya, c) menyusun strategi dan metode untuk memecahkan masalahnya dan d) membantu masyarakat mengatasi, memecahkan, dan menemukan jalan keluarnya. Berdasarkan implementasi pengabdian, diketahui bahwa 1) masyarakat Desa Kalipakem memberikan dukungan maksimal melalui antusiasme partisipasi dan pemfasilitasan kegiatan pengabdian, 2) materi pelatihan pengabdian yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat mendorong antusiasme pelatihan bahasa Inggris, dan 3) optimisme keterwujudan kampung Inggris di Desa Kalipakem sangatlah tinggi yang ditunjukkan dengan keseriusan setiap pihak dalam mengikuti proses pengabdian.
Kata Kunci: kampung Inggris, Participatory Action Research, komunitas, desa
[English]: The rapid growth of science, technology, and the world economy has caused human mobilization to increase. The implementation of the AFTA (Asia Free Trade Agreement) and the reverberation of the industrial revolution 4.0 require Indonesian people to boost international competitiveness. Thus, the aim of the present community service was to increase the international language competence in village-based communities by establishing English villages to increase community competitiveness. This program was carried out in the village of Kalipakem, Donomulyo sub-district, Malang using the PAR (Participatory Action Research). PAR is a participatory action research method which aims at finding out the problems faced by research subjects and making them targets to be solved according to the needs of the subjects being studied. It involved community leaders in Kalipakem Village and village communities, including teenagers and community worshipers. This method was utilized to make the community: a) understand experienced and possessed weaknesses, b) understand desires of the community to overcome weaknesses, c) develop strategies and methods to solve the problem, and d) help the community to overcome, to solve, and to find a way out. Based on community service implementation, it was found that 1) Kalipakem villagers provided maximum supports through the enthusiasm of participations and facilitating the community service activities, 2) dedicated training materials that fitted the needs of the community encouraged enthusiasm for English language training, and 3) optimism for the realization of the British kampung in the village of Kalipakem is very high shown by the seriousness of each party in following the activities.
Keywords: English village, Participatory Action Research, community, village