Dissertations / Theses: 'PAR Agreement'

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Pesneau, Adrien. "L'agent des sûretés dans les financements appréhendé par les droits anglais et français : approche comparée." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR1014.

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Le crédit est indispensable au bon fonctionnement de l’économie. Il existe sous différentes formes (financement participatif, émission obligataire, etc.). L’une des plus répandues reste le crédit bancaire, et lorsque ce crédit est dispensé par au moins deux établissements financiers, il s’agit d’un « crédit syndiqué » qui répond à une certaine organisation collective. C’est dans ce contexte qu’un « agent du crédit » assure l’administration du crédit. En fonction du droit applicable, il peut être un « agent » (droit anglais) ou encore un « mandataire » (droit français). De surcroît, ces financements étant généralement pourvus de sûretés et de garanties il est fréquent de constater l’intervention d’un « agent des sûretés ». Ce dernier agit comme un véritable « gardien » des sûretés et des garanties dont bénéficient les parties financières en garantie de la bonne exécution des obligations des emprunteurs au titre des documents de financement. Son rôle est donc crucial
Credit is essential for the smooth functioning of the economy. It is existing in various forms (crowdfunding, bond issuance, etc.). One of the most widespread is the bank loan, and when this credit is provided by at least two financial institutions, it is a "syndicated loan" that has to fulfil a certain collective organization. It is in this context that a "facility agent" ensures the administration of loan. Depending on the applicable law, it may be an « agent » (English law) or a « mandataire » (French law). Moreover, as these financings are generally provided with security and guarantees, it is frequent to observe the intervention of a "security agent". The latter acts as a "guardian" of the security and guarantees the financial parties are benefiting from as guarantee of the proper performance of borrowers' obligations under the finance documents. Its role is therefore crucial

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Bioules, Julien. "Le financement de l'arbitrage international par les tiers." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0399.

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Le financement de l’arbitrage international par les tiers constitue aujourd’hui une solution d’accès à cette justice privée, largement plébiscitée et privilégiée par les opérateurs économiques. Ce mécanisme offre à des acteurs variés la possibilité de transférer les coûts et les risques induits par la procédure dont ils sont partis vers un tiers. En contrepartie, ce tiers perçoit un pourcentage des sommes allouées à son client par la sentence. Cette relation, guidée par une communauté d’intérêts tournée vers le succès de l’arbitrage, se concrétise par le contrat de financement. Ce dernier, d’apparence sui generis, se caractérise par un objet spécifique, le financement d’un arbitrage international et par ses effets singuliers. Il est relatif à un procès mais se trouve, de par son objet, dépourvu d’effet relatif. Ainsi, le contrat emporte des conséquences, à la fois, sur les acteurs du procès arbitral, pour lequel le financeur n’est pas partie, et sur la procédure elle-même, son déroulement et son issue. Cette étude permet d'entrevoir une frontière poreuse séparant traditionnellement les notions de partie et de tiers à un contrat et à un arbitrage, invitant alors à réfléchir sur l’opportunité d’une réglementation de la pratique
Today third-party funding in international arbitration is definitely the number one solution for economic operators to access this private justice. This process allows various players to transfer the costs and the risks incurred by the proceedings to a third party. In return, the latter is granted a percentage of the sums allocated to their client by the arbitral award. This relationship resting on a community of interests and geared towards a successful arbitration takes on a concrete form with the litigation finance agreement. This seemingly sui generis agreement is characterized by a specific object that is the financing of international arbitration, and by its specific effects. It is relative to a lawsuit and yet deprived of privity by its very object. Therefore, the contract carries consequences on both the players of the arbitration proceedings for which the financer is not a party, and on the whole of the procedure and its outcome. The present study examines how the border that traditionally separates the concepts of party and third party becomes porous thus questioning the relevance of a regulation of the practice

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Siri, Aurélien. "Le mutuus dissensus : notion, domaine, régime." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32054.

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Le mutuus dissensus est une locution latine de droit positif français. Elle est utilisée par la doctrine civiliste depuis la fin du XIXème siècle pour désigner une notion fondamentale du droit des conventions. La notion juridique de mutuus dissensus peut être définie comme la convention par laquelle toutes les parties consentent à la révocation de la convention qu’elles ont conclue antérieurement. La notion de mutuus dissensus présente une unité. Elle repose sur la réunion de deux éléments constitutifs essentiels. Le premier est une procédure classique : une convention. La convention de mutuus dissensus est une véritable convention extinctive plutôt qu’un nouveau contrat identique en sens inverse du contrat révoqué. Le second est un effet de droit spécifique : la révocation. La révocation par mutuus dissensus est plutôt une résiliation du contrat opérant uniquement pour l’avenir qu’une prétendue résolution d’un contrat à effet rétroactif. La notion de mutuus dissensus a un domaine très large en droit positif. La révocation par mutuus dissensus est un principe général du droit des conventions fondé sur l’article 1134, alinéa 2, du Code civil, qui a vocation à s’appliquer à toutes les conventions et dans toutes les matières. La notion de mutuus dissensus détermine un régime juridique spécifique. Les parties sont libres de déterminer les effets de la révocation par mutuus dissensus. Le principe de la liberté des parties est limité par l’ordre public. La sécurité des tiers est assurée par une protection générale et des protections spéciales reposant principalement sur le mécanisme de l’inopposabilité
Mutuus dissensus is a latin expression in the French positive law. It has been used by civil doctrine since the end of the nineteenth century to designate a basic notion of Contract Law. The juridic notion of mutuus dissensus may be defined as an agreement between all the parties to rescind their precedent contract. The notion of mutuus dissensus has an unity. It stands on two essentials constituent elements. The first one is a classical procedure: an agreement. Mutuus dissensus agreement is a real subsequent agreement to end a contract, rather than a new identical contract but opposite to the rescinded contract. The second one is an effect of specific right: the rescission. Rescission by mutuus dissensus is the termination of a contract for the future rather than a supposed discharge of a contract with a retroactive effect. The notion of mutuus dissensus has a very wide field in positive law. Rescission by mutuus dissensus is a general principle of law of contracts based on section 1134, subsection 2, of the French civil code, which is to apply to every contract and in every subject. The notion of mutuus dissensus determines a specific juridical system. Parties are free to decide the effects of the rescission by mutuus dissensus. The principle of freedom of parties is limited by law and order. The protection of third parties is ensured by a general protection and special protections which limit the effects of the rescission of contract by mutuus dissensus

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Lyou, Sun-Hyung. "Étude des accords relatifs à l’investissement international conclus par les États d’Asie de l’Est – Chine, Corée, Japon –." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020072.

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Ces dernières années, les trois États d’Asie de l’Est – la Chine, la Corée et le Japon – ont élargi et renforcé leurs réseaux d’accords relatifs à l’investissement international. Ce phénomène reflète la prise de conscience de ces États concernant l’importance de la protection de leurs investisseurs. De surcroît, en 2012, la Chine, la Corée et le Japon ont conclu un accord tripartite sur l’investissement prenant en compte leurs différences et leurs similitudes, et reflète leurs particularités régionales concernant la protection de l’investissement international. La présente étude analyse et examine les dispositions substantielles ainsi que les dispositions procédurales figurant dans les accords relatifs à l’investissement international conclus par ces trois États d’Asie de l’Est
In recent years, three states in East Asia – China, Korea and Japan – have steadily extended their networks of international investment agreements. This reflects the awareness of these three states regarding the importance of the protection of their investors. In 2012, China, Korea and Japan have concluded a trilateral investment agreement which illustrates their differences and similarities, and reflects their regional characteristic concerning the protection of international investments. This study analyses and examines the substantial provisions as well as procedural provisions in the international investment agreements of these three states in East Asia

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Li, Guannan. "L'acquisition et la cession des actions des sociétés chinoises par des investisseurs étrangers." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00572547.

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L'apparition de l'acquisition et de la cession des actions étrangères en Chine s'inscrit dans la progression de développement de l'économie chinoise qui a été fortement stimulée par l'application de la politique d'ouverture. Depuis l'adhésion à l'OMC en 2001,les modes d'investissement de l'acquisition et de la cession d'actions ont graduellement commencé à remplacer celle d'investissement relative simplement à l'installation d'une entreprise étrangère en Chine. Bien que la législation chinoise ait essayé de contribuer à la protection de ces nouvelles modes d'investissement étranger, les défauts de loi ainsi que le vide juridique deviennent comme même l'obstacle principal qui empêche le développement de l'acquisition et la cession des actions étrangères en Chine. Dans ce contexte, la problématique de cette thèse est d'une part d'analyser l'ensemble des dispositions actuelles portant sur l'acquisition et la cession des actions étrangères afin de les mettre en œuvre en pratique, d'autre part de rationaliser les mécanismes juridiques chinois en recherchant la possibilité de réforme proposé.

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Damestoy, Boris. "Quelles cultures politiques pour les politiques culturelles ? : L’appropriation de la notion de culture par les élus municipaux : l'exemple du département du Rhône." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20027/document.

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Depuis plus de trente ans, l’intervention culturelle des villes n’a cessé de se développer et de se diffuser au travers du territoire national. Multiplication des structures, des projets, création régulière de délégations politiques adéquates ; la culture est un secteur qui a largement bénéficié du dynamisme impulsé par la décentralisation. Parallèlement, les modèles politiques locaux ont évolué avec la montée en puissance de « projets de territoires », englobant les différents secteurs, dont la culture, dans une politique globale. Si elle n’a pas eu de peine à trouver une place dans ces politiques, une idée aussi large et polymorphe que celle de « culture » a nécessairement vu ses contours évoluer. Dès lors plusieurs questions se posent. Quelle place les collectivités font-elles à l’héritage de la politique culturelle française « inventée » en 1959 ? Entre adhésion et opposition au modèle national, comment les politiques culturelles locales se construisent-elles ? Enfin, qu’est-ce qui « fait culture » pour des élus locaux le plus souvent éloignés des réseaux politiques ou des fédérations d’élus à la culture et qui ne peuvent compter que sur leur expérience et leur territoire pour s’approprier leur délégation ?C’est cette appropriation de la notion de culture que ce travail se propose d’explorer, au moyen d’outils issus du corpus de la sociologie des organisations. Le récit des élus à la culture sera mis en perspective avec celui des autres acteurs culturels, mais aussi du corpus de la sociologie de la culture en France, et plus largement de la notion de culture en sciences humaines. Cette confrontation aura pour objectif d’observer les processus « d’entrée en culture » par les élus locaux, la construction des convictions, des orientations politiques des objectifs et des résultats attendus, parfois éloignés des représentations les plus attendues mais nécessitant toute l’attention des acteurs culturels. Au fil des situations et à travers ces démarches, différentes facettes de la notion de culture apparaîtront, et permettront d’observer, à défaut d’une définition unique ce qui fonde la notion de culture dans les politiques locales françaises
For more than thirty years, cultural involvement by cities has developed constantly and has spread across the nation. Facilities and projects have multiplied and appropriate political delegations have been created regularly: culture is a sector that has widely benefitted from the dynamism driven by decentralization.At the same time, local political models have developed with the rise in power of “territory projects”, encompassing difference sectors including culture within an overall political framework. Although it can scarcely be found within these policies, an idea as large and polymorphic as “culture” has naturally changed form.From that moment, many questions arise. What space do collectivities make for the heritage of the French cultural policy “invented” in 1959? Between adhering to and opposing the national model, how are local cultural policies constructed? Finally, what does culture “do” for local elected official, who are usually far removed from political networks and cultural federations of elected officials and who can only rely on their experience and their territory to appropriate their delegation? This appropriation of the notion of culture is what this work will explore, using tools of the sociological corpus of the organizations.The narrative of elected officials of culture will be put into perspective along with the narrative of other cultural stakeholders, but also in the sociological corpus of culture in France, and more widely, in the notion of culture to be found in human science.This confrontation will aim at observing the process of “entering into culture” by local elected officials, the construction of convictions, political alignment of objectives and expected results, which are sometimes far from the most expected representations but which require the full attention of cultural stakeholders. Through situations and through these procedures, different facets of the notion of culture will appear and will help us, for lack of a single definition, observe what the notion of culture initiates in French local politics

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Jilinskaya, Mariya. "Approche psychométrique et différentielle de la mesure du leadership par la méthode à 360 degrés : artefact et réalité dans l’hétéro-évaluation." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100112/document.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’évaluation du leadership par une approche multi-évaluateurs (dite à 360 degrés). Tout d'abord les différents modèles du leadership, allant d'une conception unitaire, à une conception interractionniste puis à une définition en termes d'effet, sont détaillés. Puis en étudiant la question de la mesure, on met en évidence qu'avec la popularité croissante de leurs modèles, certains outils d'évaluation sont devenus des questionnaires psychométriques à part entière. Pourtant, du fait des limites de l’auto-évaluation, une nouvelle approche du leadership à vu le jour: l'évaluation à 360°. Elle évalue les qualités d'un manager en interrogeant les personnes travaillant avec lui (subordonnés, collègues, supérieurs...) et en comparant leurs évaluations avec la propre évaluation du manager. Un des points central de notre recherche a été d’étudier les apports et les limites de cette méthode. Tout d'abord on a vérifié dans quelle mesure les caractéristiques souvent utilisées pour expliquer la variabilité entre les catégories d'observateurs permettaient réellement de comprendre les écarts observés. Ces analyses ont montré que malgré des résultats significatifs, ces variables n’expliquent que très partiellement la variance existante. De par ces conclusions l’accent a été mis, non plus sur les différences inter-groupes, mais sur l'accord et le désaccord au sein des groupes d'observateurs. Enfin, la dernière partie revient aux bases méthodologiques et théoriques de la mesure en cherchant à proposer un modèle psychométriques qui conviendrait aux résultats de questionnaires à 360°, permettant de donner un cadre conceptuel au recours à des évaluateurs multiples
This thesis is centered on leadership assessment through multi-rater evaluation, commonly known as 360 degrees assessment. First, leadership models were presented, and then, we discussed the measurement aspects of leadership, wherein we observed that some tools became full fledged psychometric assessments owning to the growing popularity of their underlying theory. Nevertheless, the concerns over the inherent limitations of self-report measures continued to be a major challenge in leadership assessment. This led to a new assessment approach called 360 degrees in which the characteristics of leaders are assessed by people working with them (subordinates, colleagues, superiors...) and compared with the leaders' self-appraisals. The focal point of this thesis was to study the advantages as well as the limitations of this approach. The study started with examining how well the variables which are supposed to explain the inter-rater variability were actually helpful in understanding the observed variance among observers. Those analysis yielded significant results despite the fact that those variables could explain only a very limited amount of variance. Following these observations, the study switched its focus from inter-group differences to intra-group / inter-rater agreement and disagreement. Finally, the last part of this thesis gets back to methodological and theoretical basics of measurement theory and proposes a psychometric model that would suit the 360 degrees assessments followed by a conceptual framework for the studies using multi-rater techniques

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Kouki, Yousri. "Approche dirigée par les contrats de niveaux de service pour la gestion de l'élasticité du "nuage"." Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00919900.

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L'informatique en nuage révolutionne complètement la façon de gérer les ressources. Grâce à l'élasticité, les ressources peuvent être provisionnées en quelques minutes pour satisfaire un niveau de qualité de service (QdS) formalisé par un accord de niveau de service (SLA) entre les différents acteurs du nuage. Le principal défi des fournisseurs de services est de maintenir la satisfaction de leurs consommateurs tout en minimisant le coût de ces services. Du point de vue SaaS, ce défi peut être résolu d'une manière ad-hoc par l'allocation/-libération des ressources selon un ensemble de règles prédéfinies avec Amazon Auto Scaling par exemple. Cependant, implémenter finement ces règles d'élasticité n'est pas une tâche triviale. D'une part, la difficulté de profiler la performance d'un service compromet la précision de la planification des ressources. D'autre part, plusieurs paramètres doivent être pris en compte, tels que la multiplication des types de ressources, le temps non-négligeable d'initialisation de ressource et le modèle de facturation IaaS. Cette thèse propose une solution complète pour la gestion des contrats de service du nuage. Nous introduisons CSLA (Cloud ServiceLevel Agreement), un langage dédié à la définition de contrat de service en nuage. Il adresse finement les violations SLA via la dégradation fonctionnelle/QdS et des modèles de pénalité avancés. Nous proposons, ensuite, HybridScale un framework de dimensionnement automatique dirigé par les SLA. Il implémente l'élasticité de façon hybride : gestion réactive-proactive, dimensionnement vertical horizontalet multi-couches (application-infrastructure). Notre solution est validée expérimentalement sur Amazon EC2.

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Hartani, Nahla. "Le modèle français du contrat de franchise et sa réception par les États du Maghreb : le cas de l'Algérie." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ0018.

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Le contrat de franchise a fait son incursion dans l'univers contractuel algérien ces deux dernières décennies. Il incite à une nouvelle configuration de la structure de la distribution dans ce pays. La présente étude a consisté à démontrer que ce contrat était bien, en Algérie, dans la lignée des contrats modernes de la distribution. Le modèle français du contrat de franchise, ayant été importé, est soumis à certaines adaptations, argument pris de son caractère d'extranéité et des éléments essentiels qui le caractérisent.Bien que la franchise soit en train de gagner du terrain, elle demeure néanmoins confrontée à des contraintes majeures qui risquent de freiner durablement son développement.A l'analyse de certaines règles du droit algérien des contrats, on constate que le contrat de franchise, ne dispose pas des mécanismes suffisants pour assurer la protection du franchiseur et encore moins celle du franchisé. A cela s'ajoutent d'autres difficultés institutionnelles, légales et réglementaires.Un régime juridique dédié au contrat de franchise serait probablement opportun. Dès lors, nous avons convoqué à travers cette étude, l'apport du droit comparé -les règles héritées du droit français- pour peu qu'elles participent à faire rayonner le droit algérien de la franchise
Appeared these last decades, an original contractual form - the franchising contract - has modified the structure of Algerian retail distribution.The present work has consisted in providing evidence that this contract was, in Algeria, in the line with of the modern contracts of distribution. Even if the contract is submitted to some adaptations because of the extra national character of the contract, it still contains all the essential elements. It is at the same time, a contract of distribution in network, a contract of reiteration of the know-how, a contract of financing and a contract of collaboration.However, this contractual form is still confronted to major restrictions that could affect its development in the future.An innominate contract, the exam of some Algerian contract law rules or contract clauses indicates that the franchising contract does not have all the necessary tools to provide protection to the franchisor and especially the franchisee.Other factors such as institutional, legal or reglementary requirements show that the current state of the Algerian law does not cover the questions that the fran-chising contract can ask for the development of this concept.This research helps to determine the importance of introducing a specific regulation for the franchising contract in order to ensure the durability of this contractual form. In this work, the input of French law appears indispensable

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Chesneau, Laurent. "L'appréhension du fonds de commerce par le droit fiscal." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3068.

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Le fonds de commerce est un bien affecté par nature à l’activité de l’entreprise. Il se distingue, en tant qu’objet de réglementations, du concept économique d'entreprise ou de concepts fonctionnels comme l'établissement ou la branche d'activité. Le constat d'affectation à l'activité, qui découle de la pratique commerciale, se vérifie en droit fiscal, tant au niveau de la nature du fonds, une universalité, que dans sa dimension patrimoniale.Le fonds de commerce emprunte à la théorie de l’universalité de fait ses caractéristiques propres, dont la principale réside dans la dualité d’approches de ses composants, isolément ou comme un tout. Pour le droit fiscal, le fonds de commerce apparaît comme une enveloppe souple, dans laquelle sont agencés divers éléments réunis autour de la clientèle, et susceptibles de varier d’un fonds à l’autre. L’approche globale du fonds permet de caractériser l’ensemble, lorsque le droit fiscal veut opérer une imposition synthétique, que ce soit pour exonérer une transmission d'universalité en matière de TVA, pour appliquer le tarif des droits de mutation à une cession de fonds de commerce ou une convention de successeur ou pour opérer une imposition uniforme dans le cadre de dispositifs de faveur. À l’inverse, l’approche ut singuli de l’universalité permet la mise en œuvre de procédés d’imposition plus complexes et plus affinés, ayant vocation à ne s’appliquer qu’à certains éléments. Elle permet d’atteindre spécifiquement certains éléments du fonds, soumis à un régime fiscal particulier au regard de certains impôts ou d’appliquer certains mécanismes fiscaux, comme l’amortissement, qui requièrent de dissocier un élément du fonds.Le fonds de commerce résulte de l’exploitation et constitue une valeur patrimoniale dont le droit fiscal tire les conséquences, par son positionnement à l’actif du bilan de l’entreprise. L’inscription à l’actif, conjuguée à l’affectation à l’activité de l’entreprise, est le point de conflit entre les approches juridique et économique de la propriété. Si l’approche juridique correspond à la conception civile traditionnelle du droit de propriété, elle ne recouvre que partiellement et de manière contingente, l’approche économique qui fait prévaloir la notion de contrôle sur un bien ou un droit. Cette approche économique conduit à inscrire au bilan de simples droits d’usage (marques ou brevets utilisés en vertu d’une concession de licence) et introduit une confusion sur la nature des droits détenus par le propriétaire du fonds. La même coexistence des approches juridique et économique est observée dans les contentieux relatifs au fonds de commerce entre les deux ordres de juridiction
Goodwill is an asset that is naturally assigned to the activity of the enterprise. It is distinguished, as an object of regulations, from the economic concept of business or from functional concepts such as establishment or branch of activity. The assignment to the activity, which stems from commercial practice, is verified in tax law, both in terms of the nature of the business, a universality, and in terms of its patrimonial dimension.Goodwill borrows from the theory of universality de facto its own characteristics, the main one of which resides in the duality of approaches of its components, in isolation or as a whole. For tax law, goodwill appears as a flexible item, in which are arranged various elements gathered around the clientele, and may vary from one business to another. The overall approach of the business makes it possible to characterize the whole, when tax law wants to impose a synthetic taxation, whether to exempt a transfer of universality from VAT, to apply the tariff of transfer duties to a transfer of goodwill or a successor agreement, or to assess a uniform charge under concession arrangements. Conversely, the ut singuli approach to universality allows the implementation of more complex and refined taxation processes, which are intended to apply only to certain items. It allows for the specific attainment of certain items of the goodwill, which are subject to a particular tax regime with respect to certain taxes or to apply certain fiscal mechanisms, such as amortization, which require the separation of an element from the goodwill.Goodwill results from the exploitation and constitutes a patrimonial value of which tax law draws consequences, by its positioning in the assets of the balance sheet of the company. Capitalization, combined with the allocation to the business, is the point of conflict between legal and economic approaches to ownership. If the legal approach corresponds to the traditional civil law concept of the right to property, it only partially and contingently covers the economic approach which makes the notion of control over a property or a right prevail. This economic approach leads to the recording of simple rights of use (trademarks or patents used under a licensing agreement) and confuses the nature of the rights held by the owner of the business. The same coexistence of legal and economic approaches is observed in litigations relating to goodwill between both branches of tax jurisdiction of the French court system

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Touseau, Lionel. "Politique de liaison aux services intermittents dirigée par les accords de niveau de service." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENM022.

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L'informatique s'est récemment développée autour de deux axes : l'informatique ambiante d'une part avec la multiplication des objets communicants, et l'internet des services d'autre part suite à l'essor parallèle des centres de traitement de données et d'Internet. Dans ces domaines, la disponibilité fluctuante des ressources, qui entraîne une intermittence des services fournis, représente désormais une préoccupation majeure dans la conception d'applications. La programmation orientée composants appliquée aux architectures orientées service simplifie la gestion des liaisons de service via des politiques. Néanmoins les politiques de liaison existantes suivent soit une approche statique interdisant alors toute reconfiguration d'architecture en cours d'exécution, soit une approche dynamique ne garantissant pas une stabilité minimale de l'architecture dans le cas de services intermittents. Cette thèse propose un compromis entre stabilité architecturale et dynamisme en plaçant l'interruption de service au centre des préoccupations du concepteur. La politique de liaison résultante offre ainsi une tolérance aux interruptions de service jusqu'à une certaine limite au-delà de laquelle l'architecture est reconfigurée dynamiquement. Afin de situer cette limite, notre proposition se base sur l'utilisation d'accords de niveau de service, une forme enrichie des contrats de service permettant, entre autres, l'expression de contraintes sur la disponibilité des services. L'approche a été expérimentée sur la plate-forme à services OSGi en étendant les mécanismes de gestion des liaisons du modèle à composants iPOJO, puis validée dans le contexte de l'informatique ambiante ainsi que sur le serveur d'applications JOnAS
Lately, the evolution of information technologies has been following two trends. On the one hand the proliferation of communicating devices contributes to the creation of an ambient intelligence. On the other hand, the booming of Internet associated with the rapid growth of data centres capabilities results in the emergence of an internet of services. In both domains, application design is challenged by the dynamic availability of computing resources and data. The combination of component-based software engineering and service-oriented computing techniques allows service bindings to be driven by policies. However, for the time being, policies either follow a dynamic approach which does not suit the needs of architectural stability when dealing with intermittent services, or a static approach which does not allow dynamic reconfiguration. The work presented in this thesis proposes a trade-off between the two approaches by considering service disruptions as a major concern. The proposed binding policy relies on service level agreements to be disruption-tolerant, since service-level agreements allow expressing and enforcing obligations regarding availability and quantified disruptions. This approach has been implemented on the OSGi service platform and iPOJO, a service-oriented component model for OSGi. IPOJO service dependency management has been extended in order to support our policy. The latter was validated both in the context of ambient intelligence, and on open-source and OSGi-based JOnAS application server

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Chuk, Hen Shun Nomenjanahary Lalaina. "Le juge face à la convention d’arbitrage dans les pays du Sud de l’océan Indien : Madagascar, Maurice, Comores (OHADA), La Réunion et Mayotte (France)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100135.

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L’arbitrage constitue une voie alternative à la voie judiciaire. De la convention d’arbitrage découle un effet double, d’une part elle soumet le litige à la compétence de l’arbitre et, d’autre part, elle le soustrait à la compétence du juge. Cependant, l’éviction des juridictions nationales connaît des limites rendant l’office du juge étatique nécessaire ou, à tout le moins, utile.L’exercice est délicat. Le juge est invité à intervenir en marge ou au cours d’une procédure qui, par définition, se déroule ailleurs que devant lui. À travers une étude comparée des droits et pratiques de l’arbitrage dans le Sud de l’océan Indien, la thèse trace la ligne de démarcation, parfois ténue, entre intervention opportune et immixtion malvenue. Premièrement, l’étude se penche sur l’approche de l’arbitrage et, plus particulièrement, de la convention d’arbitrage par les législations des pays de la région. Elle analyse l’appréhension du devoir d’abstention et du principe compétence-compétence par les droits du Sud de l’océan Indien, permettant d’apprécier le retrait du juge face à la convention d’arbitrage.Deuxièmement, la thèse porte, d’une part, sur l’assistance du juge dans la phase de constitution du tribunal et, d’autre part, sur son soutien s’agissant de mesures provisoires ou conservatoires avant ou pendant la procédure arbitrale.Les pays de la région disposent chacun d’un droit moderne régissant les rapports du juge avec l’arbitrage. Dans la pratique, des divergences se révèlent notamment en ce qui concerne une méfiance envers l’arbitrage de la part des juges étatiques au sein de certains systèmes juridiques étudiés. Cela pourrait expliquer le retard pris par le développement de l’arbitrage dans les pays concernés
Arbitration is an alternative to judicial proceedings. The arbitration agreement has two effects, first it grants jurisdiction to the arbitral tribunal and, second, it excludes the state judge. However, this eviction of national jurisdictions has limits. Some circumstances require the intervention of the state judge.In such cases, he has a delicate balance to achieve. He intervenes beside or within a procedure that shall in essence be held elsewhere. Through a comparative study of arbitration laws and practices in the Southern Indian Ocean, the thesis draws the wavering line between helpful assistance and obstructing interference.In the first part, the study focuses on arbitration practices in the region, and more particularly on how national laws address arbitration agreement. Then, the analysis deals with the negative effect of competence-competence and the obligation of national courts to refer the parties to arbitration.In the second part, the thesis focuses, firstly, on the judge’s assistance to solve difficulties throughout the constitution phase of the arbitral tribunal and, secondly, on its support for interim measures before or during the arbitral proceedings.In this part of the world, there are modern laws governing interactions between national courts and arbitration. In practice, difficulties arise due to a mistrust that would explain why arbitration does not develop in some of the studied countries

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Papadatou, Marina. "La convention d’arbitrage dans le contrat de transport maritime de marchandises : étude comparée des droits français, hellénique et anglais." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020008/document.

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Cette étude porte sur la question de l’efficacité de la convention d’arbitrage à l’égard des opérateurs du transport maritime de marchandises. Dans un premier temps, la question qui se pose est celle de la détermination du droit applicable à l’efficacité de ladite clause. A cet égard, notre attention se concentre sur l’interprétation et l’application des principes propres à l’arbitrage international par la jurisprudence maritime. L’examen des clauses d’arbitrage insérées dans un contrat de transport maritime ne saurait échapper aux spécificités du droit de transport maritime ainsi qu’aux dispositions des conventions maritimes internationales. Par ailleurs, l’approche du sujet par la méthode comparative nous permettra de découvrir, à travers les solutions concrètes finalement retenues dans les trois systèmes juridiques en question, que l’effet juridique de la clause compromissoire est directement lié à l a position contractuelle de ces opérateurs. Parmi les personnes impliquées dans le transport maritime, le destinataire des marchandises nous intéresse plus particulièrement. Ce dernier n’étant pas présent, en effet, au moment de la formation du contrat, les conditions de son engagement par une clause compromissoire insérée, presque toujours « par référence » dans le titre de transport, font l’objet d’un vif débat doctrinal et jurisprudentiel
This study is primarily focused on the enforceability of arbitration agreements incorporated in contracts of carriage of goods by sea. First, we will cover the important issue of determining the law applicable to these arbitration agreements. Special attention will be given to how courts tend to implement general international arbitration principles to maritime disputes. An arbitration agreement incorporated in acontract of carriage of goods by sea should also be analyzed in light of the specificities of maritime transport law and applicable international shipping conventions. Moreover, the comparative methodology used herein will show that the enforceability of arbitration agreements is closely related to the qualification of the operators involved in the contract. In particular, among the commercial players involved in the carriage of the goods, we sought to examine the legal position of the consignee of the goods. Indeed, since the consignee is absent at the moment of the contract formation, the binding effect there upon of the arbitration agreement, which is generally incorporated “by reference” to the bill of lading, is highly debated by scholars and judges

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López, Nieto Sebastián. "The Non-Discrimination Clause in Double Taxation Agreements." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118516.

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This article analyzes the scope of the non-discrimination rule contained in Double Taxation Avoidance Treaties, especially those signed by Argentina. This document considers the OECD and the ILADT Models, which contain provisions designed to ensure that Contracting States do not give any preferential treatment in taxing its own residents or citizens as opposed to the treatment granted to non-residents. Additionally, it analyzes the recent jurisprudence in the Argentine Courts.
En el artículo se analiza el concepto y alcance del principio de “no discriminación” contenido en los Convenios para evitar la Doble Imposición, con especial énfasis en aquellos suscriptos por la República Argentina. Se analizan los Modelos de Convenio OCDE e ILADT, los cuales contienen provisiones diseñadas para prevenir que un Estado contratante otorgue a sus residentes o nacionales un tratamiento impositivo preferencial en relación al otorgado a los no residentes. Adicionalmente, se analiza la reciente jurisprudencia de los tribunales argentinos aplicable en la materia.

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Silva, Alisson Wilker Andrade. "Mecanismo de negociação de auditor de QoS para grades baseado em WS-Agreement." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2011. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/9824.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, 2011.
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As plataformas de alto desempenho compostas por recursos computacionais comuns, como as grades computacionais e os sistemas peer-to-peer, evoluíram bastante e assumiram um papel de destaque na última década. Porém, o seu uso de forma mais ampla ainda depende do estabelecimento de uma infraestrutura de qualidade de servi co (QoS) efetiva nesses ambientes, possibilitando a utilização comercial dessas plataformas em escala global. Por esse motivo, várias propostas de mecanismos para prover QoS em grades computacionais têm surgido recentemente, nas quais consumidor e provedor monitoram e controlam os recursos da grade a afim de garantir acordos de nível de serviço previamente estabelecidos. Contudo, devido a falta de confiança entre provedor e consumidor com relação ao monitoramento desses acordos, surge a necessidade de se introduzir a figura de um auditor de QoS como uma terceira entidade, que deve ser imparcial e de confiança tanto do provedor como do consumidor, afim de resolver con flitos de interesse. Como podem existir vários auditores de confiança do provedor e do consumidor, o auditor de QoS também precisa ser negociado e estabelecido, assim como é feito para o estabelecimento do acordo de nível de serviço armado entre as partes. A presente dissertação de mestrado propõe e analisa um mecanismo de negociação de auditores de QoS nesse contexto. Algumas das características do mecanismo proposto são a baixa intrusividade e o uso de padrões abertos, como o WS-Agreement. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
High performance platforms composed of ordinary computing resources, such as grids and peer-to-peer systems, have greatly evolved and assumed an important role in the last decade. Nevertheless, its wide use still depends on establishing an e ective quality of service (QoS) infrastructure in those environments, which may enable the commercial use of those platforms in global scale. For this reason, a variety of proposals to support QoS in grids have emerged recently, in which consumer and provider monitor and control grid resources in order to guarantee previously established service level agreements. However, due to the lack of trust between provider and consumer in relation to monitoring those agreements, it becomes necessary to introduce a QoS auditor as a third entity, which must be impartial and trusted by both provider and consumer, in order to solve con icts of interest. As there may be several auditors trusted by provider and consumer, the QoS auditor also needs to be negotiated and established, just as for the establishment of the service level agreement agreed by the parties. The present master's thesis proposes and analyzes a negotiation mechanism for QoS auditors in this context. Some of the proposed mechanism's characteristics are low intrusiveness and use of open standards, such as WSAgreement.

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Nguyen, Kim Thuat. "Lightweight security protocols for IP-based Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet of Things." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TELE0025/document.

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L'Internet des Objets (IdO) permet à des milliards de dispositifs informatiques embarqués de se connecter les uns aux autres. Les objets concernés couvrent la plupart de nos appareils de la vie quotidienne, tels que les thermostats, les réfrigérateurs, les fours, les machines à laver et les téléviseurs. Il est facile d'imaginer l'ampleur du danger, si ces dispositifs venaient à nous espionner et révélaient nos données personnelles. La situation serait encore pire si les applications critiques IdO, par exemple, le système de contrôle des réacteurs nucléaires, le système de sécurité du véhicule ou les dispositifs médicaux, étaient compromis. Afin de garantir la sécurité et lutter contre des menaces de sécurité dans l'IdO, des solutions de sécurité robustes doivent être considérées. Cependant, les appareils pour l’IdO sont limités en mémoire, capacités de calcul et énergie, et disposent de moyens de communication peu fiables, ce qui les rend vulnérables à des attaques variées. Dans ce contexte, nous nous concentrons sur deux défis majeurs, à savoir des protocoles de sécurité légers en termes de calculs et d’infrastructure, et des mécanismes d'établissement de clés légers, les solutions existantes actuellement étant beaucoup trop coûteuses pour les dispositifs IdO. En réponse au premier défi, nous avons, d'une part, proposé ECKSS - un nouveau schéma de signcryption léger qui évite l'utilisation de PKI. Cette proposition permet de chiffrer et signer simultanément des messages en garantissant la confidentialité et la non-falsification du canal de communication. De plus, les échanges de message sont authentifiés sans recourir à des certificats. Par ailleurs, nous avons aussi proposé OEABE qui est un mécanisme de délégation pour le chiffrement à base d’attributs CP-ABE (Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption). CP-ABE est un schéma de chiffrement par attributs qui permet aux utilisateurs de préciser au moment du chiffrement qui pourra déchiffrer leurs données. Notre solution, OEABE, permet à un dispositif contraint en ressources de générer rapidement un chiffré CP-ABE tout en précisant les droits d’accès à ses données. Cette solution est d’autant plus utile que le volume de données générées par les dispositifs IdO est en augmentation exponentielle chaque année. Quant au deuxième défi, nous avons proposé tout d'abord deux modes de distribution de clés pour le protocole standard de gestion de clés MIKEY. Ils s’appuient sur notre schéma de signcryption ECKSS et héritent ainsi de la légèreté d'ECKSS à la fois en termes de calculs et de dispensent d'utilisation de PKI. Les résultats expérimentaux, obtenus à partir d’une plateforme de capteurs Openmote, ont prouvé l'efficacité de nos solutions comparativement aux autres méthodes de MIKEY. Nous avons aussi proposé un schéma d'échange de clés, appelé AKAPR qui est très adapté dans le cas où les deux parties qui participent à la négociation de clés sont très contraintes en ressources
The Internet of Things (IoT) enables billions of embedded computing devices to connect to each other. The smart things cover our everyday friendly devices, such as, thermostats, fridges, ovens, washing machines, and TV sets. It is easy to imagine how bad it would be, if these devices were spying on us and revealing our personal information. It would be even worse if critical IoT applications, for instance, the control system in nuclear reactors, the vehicle safety system or the connected medical devices in health-care, were compromised. To counteract these security threats in the IoT, robust security solutions must be considered. However, IoT devices are limited in terms of memory, computation and energy capacities, in addition to the lack of communication reliability. All these inconvenients make them vulnerable to various attacks, as they become the weakest links of our information system. In this context, we seek for effective security mechanisms in order to establish secure communications between unknown IoT devices, while taking into account the security requirements and the resource constraints of these devices. To do so, we focus on two major challenges, namely, lightweight security protocols in terms of processing and infrastructure and lightweight key establishment mechanisms, as existing solutions are too much resource consuming. To address this first challenge, we first propose ECKSS - a new lightweight signcryption scheme which does not rely on a PKI. This proposal enables to encrypt and sign messages simultaneously while ensuring the confidentiality and unforgeability of the communication channels. In addition, the message exchanges are authenticated without relying on certificates. Moreover, we also propose OEABE which is a delegation-based mechanism for the encryption of the Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE). CP-ABE is anattribute-based public key encryption scheme that gives users the flexibility to determine who can decrypt their data at runtime. Our solution enables a resource-constrained device to generate rapidly a CP-ABE ciphertext with authorization access rights to its data. This solution is particularly useful as the volume of data issued from IoT devices grows exponentially every year. To solve the second challenge, we first propose two new key distribution modes for the standard key management protocol MIKEY, based on our signcryption scheme ECKSS. These modes inherit the lightness of ECKSS and avoid the use of PKI. The experimental results, conducted in the Openmote sensor platform, have proven the efficiency of our solutions compared with other existing methods of MIKEY. Then, we propose a new key agreement scheme, named AKAPR. In case the two communicating parties are involved in the key negotiation procedure, AKAPR is very suitable in the context of IoT. As such, it can operate even if the two communicating parties are highly resource-constrained

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Valdez, Ladrón de Guevara Patricia. "The Tax Information Exchange Agreements and their Implementation in Peru." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118923.

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In this article, the author begins by giving an overview of the systems of tax information exchange. Not only describes and analyzes the nature of this figure, but also performs a comprehensive analysis of the content, the subjects involved, and the ways and means of information exchange. Finally, analyzes international agreements on exchange of information on tax matters in Peru which is part. He concludes his analysis by focusing on the implementation of FATCA (Foreingn Account Tax Compliance Act) in Peru.
En el presente artículo, la autora comienza dándonos un panorama general sobre los sistemas de intercambio de información tributaria. No solo define y analiza la naturaleza de esta figura, sino que además realiza un exhaustivo análisis del contenido y sujetos comprendidos, así como de las formas y modalidades del intercambio de información. Finalmente, analiza los acuerdos internacionales sobre intercambio de información de materia tributaria en los cuales el Perú es parte. Concluye su análisis centrándose en la implementación del FATCA (Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act) en el Perú.

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Nascimento, Tiago Reis do. "Análise ao comércio da União Europeia para o Japão no período 2012 a 2017 no âmbito do Economic Partneship Agreement." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19799.

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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
O presente trabalho irá incidir a sua análise no acordo de livre comércio entre a União Europeia ? UE - e o Japão - EU - Japan, Economic Partnership Agreement. Ambas as economias aqui analisadas enfrentam atualmente uma série de novos desafios que surgiram com a alteração do mapa geopolítico, em especial, com o surgimento de potências económicas como a China. Partindo de uma análise sobre as relações históricas, abordamos o foco económico e político de ambos os parceiros, e retiramos conclusões com a análise dos atuais fluxos de comércio da UE para o Japão e das tarifas alfandegárias e não alfandegárias impostas aos bens de países da UE que são exportados para o Japão. Em termos dos cálculos empíricos que efetuámos, recorremos a uma análise das exportações para o Japão da UE a 27 países mais Alemanha, França, Irlanda e Itália no período 2012 a 2017, através da aplicação das seguintes metodologias: (i) Constant Market Share - CMS, que permite a decomposição das exportações dos países em estudo em fatores de competitividade, produto e escala; (ii) Índices de Orientação Geográfica - IOG, e Complementaridade de Comércio - ICC, que permitem medir o potencial de comércio dos países da UE acima referidos para o Japão. Os valores do CMS e dos índices IOG e ICC serão confrontados com uma análise qualitativa das reduções de tarifas alfandegárias e não alfandegárias obtidos com o acordo UE - Japão.
This paper will focus its analysis on the European Union - Japan Free Trade Agreement - EU - Japan, Economic Partnership Agreement. Both economies analyzed here face a currently high number of challenges that have arisen with the alteration of the geopolitical map, in particular, with the emergence of economies such as China. Starting from an analysis of historical relations, economic and political relations, followed by the analysis of the current trade, customs and non-customs tariff flows imposed on EU goods exported to Japan and imposed by the last, we will draw up an overview of pre-agreement relations between parts. This study will analyze the EU (27 countries) and Germany, Italy, France, and Ireland from 2012 to 2017, applying the methodologies: Constant Market Share that allows the decomposition of exports from the study countries into factors. competitiveness, product and scale; secondly, we will use the Geographical Orientation Index and Trade Complementarity Index both to measure the trade potential of the 4 EU countries to Japan. The values of the CMS and the GOI and TCI will, ultimately, allow to compare their results with a qualitative analysis of the customs and non-customs tariff reductions achieved under the EU - Japan agreement.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Jacob, Mylène. "Le financement du procès par un tiers dans l'arbitrage international." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS454.

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Fruit de la globalisation économique et financière, la rencontre entre l’arbitrage international et la finance était inéluctable. Plusieurs facteurs expliquent ce phénomène : l’accroissement des échanges commerciaux et des investissements transnationaux, le choix des opérateurs du commerce international pour l’arbitrage lorsqu’il s’agit de régler leurs différends malgré le coût élevé des procédures d’arbitrage, enfin les nouvelles approches adoptées par les entreprises transnationales en matière de gouvernance et de gestion du risque. Le financement de procès par un tiers dans l’arbitrage international est protéiforme. Il implique différents acteurs comme les avocats, les assureurs mais ce sont les tiers-financeurs avec le concept du « Third-Party Funding », qui cristallisent notre attention pour cette étude. Le Third-Party Funding offre plusieurs options avec un schéma classique : le financement d’un procès mais aujourd’hui, nous assistons à un schéma beaucoup plus élaboré avec le financement de portefeuilles d’arbitrages « Portfolio Funding » qui a la préférence des tiers-financeurs. Aussi, dans un premier temps, il semblait essentiel d’analyser le financement de procès par un tiers dont le Third-Party Funding pour en comprendre les fondements, les mécanismes. Si le financement Third-Party Funding présente des atouts indéniables pour comme l’accès à la justice, il soulève aussi des problématiques en raison de la spécificité de l’arbitrage. Le tiers-financeur n’étant pas partie à l’arbitrage, sa participation a un réel impact sur la procédure et soulève des questions dont les principales touchent à la constitution du tribunal arbitral et au déroulement de la procédure arbitrale. Dès lors, il s’agit de savoir comment maîtriser cet impact sur la procédure d’arbitrage, comment la sécuriser, la pratique du Third-Party Funding n’étant pas réglementée. Les règles étatiques apportant des réponses laconiques, les règles informelles plus flexibles, sont plus à même à offrir un encadrement adapté à une activité résolument transnationale et globale. Certes, il existe bien une autorégulation des tiers-financeurs avec des codes de conduite mais insuffisante pour répondre aux spécificités de l’arbitrage. Les acteurs de l’arbitrage ont donc un rôle à jouer dans la proposition d’une réglementation tout comme les arbitres qui ont ainsi favorisé le développement d’une jurisprudence arbitrale principalement CIRDI. Les institutions arbitrales devraient s’inspirer des principes de base comme l’éthique et la transparence pour mettre en place de nouvelles règles intégrant le financement Third-Party Funding dans leurs Règlements d’arbitrage (comme l’ont fait le SIAC à Singapour, le Centre d’arbitrage et de médiation de la Chambre de commerce Brésil-Canada (CAM-CCB). Enfin, les règles de compliance viendraient compléter cette réglementation appropriée avec les Autorités de régulation financière. La réglementation est de toute évidence l’enjeu majeur dans les années à venir pour voir un financement Third-Party Funding éthique, transparent, efficient et concourant pleinement à l’efficacité de l’arbitrage international
Being the result of economic and financial globalization, the meeting between international arbitration and finance was inevitable. Several factors explain this phenomenon: the increase of transnational trade and investment, the choice of international trade operators in favor of arbitration, despite the high cost of arbitration procedures, when they must solve disputes and new approaches adopted by transnational corporations in governance and risk management. Third-party funding in international arbitration proceedings is multifaceted. It involves different stakeholders such as lawyers, insurers but it is the third-party funders, with the concept of “Third-Party Funding”, which will be the focus of our attention for this study. It offers several options with a classic scheme, which is the financing of a trial but nowadays we witness a much more elaborate scheme with the financing of portfolios of arbitration i.e. “Portfolio funding”, which is favored by funders. Therefore, it seemed essential to analyze the funding of trials including the Third-Party Funding to understand the foundations, the mechanisms. While Third-Party Funding has undeniable strengths such as access to justice, it also raises problems because of the specificity of arbitration. Since the third party is not a party to the arbitration, its participation has a real impact on the procedure and raises questions, the main ones being the constitution of the arbitral tribunal and the conduct of the arbitration proceedings.It is therefore a question of knowing how to control this impact on the arbitration proceedings, how to secure it, since the Third-Party Funding practice is not regulated. State rules providing laconic answers, so more flexible informal rules are better able to offer a framework adapted to a resolutely transnational and global activity. There is, of course, a self-regulation of third-party funders with codes of conduct but insufficient to meet the specificities of arbitration. The actors of the arbitral community therefore have a role to play in the proposal of a regulation just like the arbitrators, who have thus favored the development of an arbitration jurisprudence mainly ICSID. Arbitral institutions should use basic principles such as ethics and transparency to implement new rules integrating Third-Party Funding into their Arbitration Rules (as did the SIAC in Singapore, the Center for Arbitration and Mediation of the Chamber of Commerce Brazil-Canada, CAM/CCBC. Finally, the compliance rules would complement this appropriate regulation with the financial regulatory authorities. Regulation is clearly the major issue in the coming years to see ethical, transparent, efficient Third-Party Funding that fully contributes to the effectiveness of international arbitration

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Soukar, Louai. "Natural resources endowment, international trade and convergence." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0160/document.

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Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l'effet de la répartition inégale des ressources naturelles entre les pays sur trois aspects principaux. Dans le premier chapitre, nous examinons empiriquement les effets asymétriques potentiels de l'adhésion à l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) entre les membres, en nous concentrant spécifiquement sur les pays en développement. Les résultats suggèrent que l'adhésion à l'OMC a contribué à l'augmentation des exportations de tous les pays, à l'exception des pays non-émergents riches en ressources. En revanche, les pays émergents riches en ressources sont les plus grands bénéficiaires de l'accession à l'OMC. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous explorons empiriquement l'impact de la dotation en ressources naturelles sur les gains de six Accords Commerciaux Régionaux (ACR) entre les membres à travers trois axes : la complémentarité entre les pays, la diversification des pays riches en ressources ainsi que la création et le détournement des échanges. Nous concluons que la complémentarité entre les pays riches et les pays pauvres en ressources a été atteinte dans les accords de l’ECOWAS, du SADC et du CIS. Les résultats indiquent également que, dans tous les ACR, les pays riches en ressources ont accru leurs exportations hors secteurs des ressources naturelles et diversifié ainsi leurs structures d'exportation, en particulier avec les partenaires régionaux. En outre, dans la plupart des ACR, les pays pauvres ont accru leurs exportations vers leurs partenaires riches en ressources, tandis que ces derniers souffrent du détournement des échanges en termes d'importations. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous étudions l'impact de la dotation en ressources naturelles sur le processus de convergence entre les pays du PAFTA. Premièrement, les résultats démontrent que la sigma-convergence n'était observable qu'entre 1970 et 1990 dans les pays du PAFTA. De plus, l’estimation révèle que les ressources naturelles sont l'un des principaux déterminants de la convergence conditionnelle au sein du PAFTA. Par conséquent, l'asymétrie entre les pays en termes de dotation en ressources naturelles n'a pas empêché la convergence dans le PAFTA. L'analyse de la convergence des clubs a identifié trois principaux clubs parmi les pays du PAFTA. En outre, les facteurs qui ont déterminé la formation des clubs sont les ressources naturelles, la qualité des institutions et l'investissement. Par ailleurs, une abondance de ressources naturelles n'est pas suffisante pour être le meilleur club, mais doit être accompagnée d'institutions de qualité
In this thesis, we examine the effect of the unequal distribution of natural resources between countries on three main aspects. In chapter one, we empirically examine potential asymmetric effects of the accession of the World Trade Organization (WTO) across members, focusing specifically on the developing countries. The results suggest that membership in the WTO contributed to greater exports for all countries, except for non-emerging resource-rich countries. In contrast, emerging resource-rich countries are the greatest beneficiaries from the accession of the WTO. In chapter two, we empirically explore the impact of natural resource endowments on the gains of six Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) across members through three axes: complementarity between countries, diversification of resource-rich countries, and trade creation and diversion. We conclude that the complementarity between resource-rich and resource-poor countries has been achieved in the ECOWAS, SADC and CIS agreements. The results also indicate that in all RTAs, the resource-rich countries increased exports in non-natural resource sectors and thereby diversified their export structures, especially with regional partners. Moreover, in most RTAs, poor countries boosted their exports to resources-rich partners, while resource-rich countries suffer from trade diversion in terms of imports. In the last chapter, we study the impact of natural resource endowments on the process of convergence among PAFTA countries. First, the results demonstrate that sigma-convergence was only observable between 1970-1990 among PAFTA countries. The estimation reveals that natural resources are one of the main determinants of conditional convergence within PAFTA. Therefore, the asymmetry between countries in terms of natural resource endowment did not impede the convergence in PAFTA. Club convergence analysis identify three main clubs among PAFTA countries. In addition, the factors that determined clubs’ formation are natural resources, quality of institutions, and investment. Further, an abundance of natural resources is alone not enough to be the best club, but must be accompanied by high-quality institutions

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Robinson-Brocheton, María de las Mercedes. "Accords verticaux de concurrence en droit comparé franco-argentin et communautaire." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10007.

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Les accords verticaux correspondent pour l'essentiel au monomarquisme, à la distribution exclusive, à l'achat exclusif, à la distribution sélective, à la franchise et à la concession. Bien que leur diversité soit grande, ils constituent la plupart du temps des accords "de" concurrence car ils développent la concurrence intermarques. L'objectif principal de cette étude est de rechercher et d'analyser les critères d'appréciation des accords verticaux de distribution en droit de la concurrence français, communautaire et argentin. En droit de la concurrence communautaire, les accords de distribution font l'objet d'une importante réglementation et d'une riche jurisprudence. Les règles relatives aux accords verticaux ont subi une réforme qui a abouti à l'adoption d'un nouveau règlement d'exemption par catégorie (Règlement n° 330/2010) accompagné de nouvelles Lignes directrices sur les restrictions verticales. De nombreux accords verticaux bénéficient ainsi d'une exemption catégorielle leur conférant une présomption de légalité et en l'absence que ces accords bénéficient d'un règlement d'exemption par catégorie, ils demeurent tout de même exemptables, à condition que soit établi un bilan économique positif, notamment en raison de gains d'efficience. À la différence du droit communautaire de la concurrence, le droit argentin de la concurrence relatif aux accords verticaux n'a pas adopté de règlements d'exemption par catégorie et les autorités de concurrence argentines procèdent à une analyse au cas par cas des accords au travers de la règle de raison ainsi qu'à une analyse de leur incidence sur l'intérêt économique général
Vertical agreements mostly correspond to single branding, exclusive distribution, exclusive purchase, selective distribution, franchising and concession. Although their variety is large, most of the time they constitute competition agreements because they increase inter-brand competition. The main aim of this study is to look for and to analyse the assessment criteria of distribution vertical agreements in French, European and Argentine Competition Laws. In European Competition Law, an important set of regulations and a rich case-law exist concerning distribution agreements. The rules concerning vertical agreements have been reformed ; as a consequence of this reform, a new Block Exemption Regulation (Regulation No 330/2010) has been adopted and accompanied by new Guidelines on Vertical Restraints. Lots of vertical agreements also benefit from Block Exemption which confers them a presumption of legality and in case these agreements do not benefit from the Block Exemption Regulation, they still can be exempted on the condition that a positive economic balance should be established, notably in view of efficiency gains. Unlike European Competition Law, the Argentine Competition Law concerning vertical agreements has not adopted Block Exemption Regulation and the Argentine competition authorities analyse each agreement in the light of the Rule of Reason and analyse their impact on the general economic interest

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Battaglia, Arthur Fernando Arnold. "Proposta de modelo para continuidade da qualidade de serviço percebida pelo usuário final através de handover vertical." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-16072013-111348/.

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O segmento das comunicações, já há alguns anos, vem passando por significativas transformações exigindo a interação entre ambientes tecnológicos convergentes heterogêneos, com qualidade na continuidade de serviços, para se manter competitivo, pois é este mercado que exige, constantemente, que mais recursos tecnológicos lhe sejam colocados à disposição. O ineditismo da proposta desenvolvida neste trabalho é a elaboração de um modelo para assegurar a continuidade da qualidade de serviço percebida pelo usuário final através de handover (ou handoff) vertical, o que caracteriza-se como uma necessidade de solução global, isto é, o modelo é genérico e independente da tecnologia, o que permite sua adoção em qualquer ambiente de rede existente aproveitando a capilaridade já disponível das redes legadas. É analisada também a situação na qual um usuário final esteja acessando simultaneamente serviços gerenciados por Provedores de Serviço distintos, o que conduz a duas situações possíveis: a) o usuário está acessando serviços distintos contratados a Provedores de Serviço diferentes; b) o usuário está acessando o mesmo serviço contratado a Provedores de Serviço distintos. Nesta última situação pode surgir a necessidade de disparar um processo de handover exigindo a decisão de qual dos Provedores o executará, de acordo com o SPHDA Service Providers Handover Decision Agreement. A metodologia adotada para o desenvolvido do modelo foi a RM-ODP - Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing, por abranger todos os aspectos técnicos e comerciais necessários à sua construção.
The sector of communications, for some years, has undergone significant changes requiring interaction between converging heterogeneous technology environments, with quality and continuity of services to stay competitive, because this market is that requires constantly more technological resources available. The novelty of the proposal developed in this work is the development of a model to ensure the continued quality of service perceived by end users via vertical handover (or handoff), which characterizes itself as a need for a global solution, i.e., the model is generic and technology independent, allowing its adoption in any network environment taking advantage of the capillary already available from legacy networks. It is also analyzed the situation in which an end user is simultaneously accessing services managed by different Service Providers, which leads to two possible situations: a) the user is accessing different services contracted to different Service Providers; b) the user is accessing the same service contracted to different Service Providers. In this last situation may be necessary to trigger a handover process requiring the decision of which the Providers shall execute it in accordance with the SPHDA - Service Providers Handover Decision Agreement. The methodology adopted for the model development was the RM-ODP - Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing, as it includes all technical and commercial aspects necessary for its construction.

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Miranda, Wânia. "A concordância verbal nas comunidades quilombolas de Alcântara (MA): uma contribuição para a discussão sobre o contato linguístico no português brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-06022018-124834/.

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A presente tese realiza uma descrição e análise da marcação de terceira pessoa de plural nas comunidades quilombolas de Mamuna e Itamatatiua, localizadas em Alcântara (MA). Esta marcação está no centro dos debates sobre a formação do português brasileiro, ora sendo tomada para explicar a deriva (Naro & Scherre, 2007), ora para explicar o contato linguístico (Lucchesi et al., 2009; Silva, 2005, entre outros). Esta pesquisa parte do princípio de que o contato ocorrido na época colonial entre o português trazido para o Brasil àquela época, as diferentes línguas africanas trazidas para cá, especialmente as línguas bantas (LBs), e as diferentes línguas indígenas existentes neste território, é o responsável pelas particularidades do português falado no Brasil. Nesse sentido, as especificidades da marcação de terceira pessoa das comunidades alcantarenses podem ser explicadas a partir do contato linguístico estabelecido na formação dessas comunidades. O plural de terceira pessoa em Mamuna e Itamatatiua traz um terceiro tipo de marcação, que emerge a partir do processo fonológico de redução dos ditongos nasais pós-tônicos finais. Esta marcação revela-se como a mais produtiva não só em termos quantitativos, mas também por aparecer em contextos distintos aos de outras comunidades, como verbos no presente do indicativo, verbos de segunda conjugação e verbos irregulares. Os processos fonológicos para evitar encontros vocálicos das LBs e o contexto final átono poderia explicar essa redução, apontada por diferentes autores como característica da fala de pretos (Mendonça, 1933; Raimundo, 1933, entre outros). Adicionalmente, a ecologia externa de formação das comunidades alcantarenses poderia ter ajudado não apenas na manutenção desse final reduzido, mas na sua reinterpretação como morfema plural de terceira pessoa, bem como na sua expansão para contextos nos quais uma redução fonológica para uma vogal posterior não seria prevista no português brasileiro.
This thesis presents a linguistic description and analysis of the third person plural mark in the Quilombola communities of Mamuna and Itamatatiua located in Alcântara (MA). This mark is in centering of debates about formation of Brazilian Portuguese and may be used to explain linguistic drift and language contact (Naro & Scherre, 2007), (Lucchesi et al., 2009; Silva, 2005, among others). This research assumes that linguistic contact between the Portuguese brought to Brazil in the colonial era, different African languages, especially Bantu languages (LBs), and different Native Brazilian languages spoken in the territory, is responsible for peculiarities of the Portuguese spoken in Brazil. In this sense, specificities of the third person plural of Alcântara communities can be explained by linguistic contact established in formation of these communities. These third person plural in Mamuna and Itamatatiua have a third type of plural that emerges from the phonological process of reduction of nasal diphthongs in a final post-tonic position which proves to be the most productive in quantitative terms that appear in different contexts, i.e. verbs in present indicative, verbs of second conjugation and irregular verbs. The phonological processes to avoid vowel encounters of LBs and final unaccented context could explain the reduction that characterize black speech or fala de pretos, as pointed out by different authors (Mendonça, 1933; Raimundo, 1933 among others). In addition, the external ecology of Alcântara communitiess formation could have helped not only maintain the final reduced mark but in its reinterpretation as plural morpheme of third person, as well as its expansion into contexts in which phonological reduction for posterior vowel would not be anticipated in Brazilian Portuguese.

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Hübner, Daniel Braga. "Um turismo de base comunitária para o Parque Nacional do Itatiaia: estudo sobre conflito socioambiental em unidade de conservação." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5967.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, fundado em 1937, é o primeiro Parque Nacional do Brasil e apresenta dois planos distintos em seus espaços Parte Alta e Parte Baixa compreendendo municípios dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. O estudo do conflito socioambiental existente no Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI) foi realizado, nesta tese, a partir do processo de ampliação territorial ocorrido nesta Unidade de Conservação, em 1982, que incorporou pequenas propriedades particulares ao território da Parte Alta do PNI sem que o Estado efetivasse as indenizações e as desapropriações territoriais preconizadas pela legislação ambiental brasileira para unidades de conservação de proteção integral (SNUC Lei Federal n. 9.985/2000). A caracterização do PNI foi feita levando-se em consideração as correntes ambientalistas que fundamentaram a criação de áreas protegidas desde o surgimento da primeira unidade de conservação nos Estados Unidos da América, no séc. XIX. As assimetrias identificadas nas relações de poder estabelecidas pelos atores sociais envolvidos na questão fundiária do PNI foram destacadas com base nas contribuições do campo da ecologia política. Nessa perspectiva, o estudo caracterizou a relação das comunidades tradicionais com o meio ambiente e as práticas socioambientais dela decorrentes e identificou alternativas de sustentabilidade socioambiental para enfrentamento dos conflitos fundiários existentes no PNI. A possibilidade de desenvolvimento de práticas produtivas alternativas à agropecuária, como o turismo de base comunitária, por exemplo, que permite a inclusão das famílias residentes no território do PNI até que se conclua o processo de regularização fundiária e a sua consolidação territorial, foi ressaltada com vistas a apontar a construção de um arranjo institucional como estratégia de compatibilização de dois direitos fundamentais garantidos pela Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF/88): o direito ao meio ambiente equilibrado e o direito cultural. Nesse parque, a atividade turística manifesta-se como uma das alternativas viáveis para o enfrentamento dos conflitos sobre a ocupação fundiária, tendo em vista que políticas públicas de turismo têm concebido ações de geração de trabalho e renda, de inclusão social e de sustentabilidade econômica e ambiental. A adoção da metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa, com base na técnica de observação participante, permitiu a imersão do pesquisador na problemática vivenciada por comunidades tradicionais que vivem em UCs e possibilitou a obtenção de dados singulares que auxiliaram na interpretação dos resultados. A partir das análises empreendidas com base no trabalho de campo e nas entrevistas, esta tese reforça a importância da celebração de um arranjo institucional entre o Estado brasileiro, por meio do órgão ambiental, e as famílias residentes nas comunidades da Serra Negra e da Vargem Grande, dentro dos limites territoriais do PNI, como forma de se criar uma alternativa sustentável aos impasses vivenciados pelo Estado brasileiro frente às reivindicações de grupos sociais envolvidos em conflitos socioambientais, não só no PNI, mas em diversas Unidades de Conservação do Brasil.
The Itatiaia National Park, founded in 1937, is the first Brazilian park, and features two distinct plans within its premises the High Part and the Low Part including municipalities from the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. In this thesis, the study of the social-environmental conflict existing in the Itatiaia National Park (PNI) was based on the process of territorial enlargement occurred in that Conservation Unit in 1982. Such an expansion incorporated small private properties to the park High Part without the necessary indemnifications and expropriations advocated by the Brazilian environmental law for Full-protection Conservation Units (SNUC Federal law no. 9985/2000). The PNI classification was done according to environmental trends that led to the creation of protected areas since the first conservation unit was created in the United States of America in the nineteenth century. The asymmetries identified in the power relationships established by the social players involved in the PNI agrarian subject were highlighted as to the contributions of political ecology. Under this perspective, the study characterised the relation between the traditional communities and the environment, and the socialenvironmental practices arising from it, and identified social-environmental sustainment alternatives to face the agrarian conflicts occurring in the PNI. The possibility of development of alternative production practices to agriculture and cattleraising, as well as community base tourism, for instance, which allows the inclusion of families residing in the PNI territory until the agrarian regulatory process and its territorial consolidation comes to an end, was pointed out so as to suggest the making of an institutional agreement as a compatibility strategy of two rights entitled by 1988 Federal Constitution: the right to the balanced environment and the cultural right. In this park, the tourism activity manifests itself as one of the feasible alternatives to face land occupation conflicts, bearing in mind that tourism public policies have conceived actions in order to generate work, income, social inclusion and environmental and economical sustainment. The adoption of a qualitative research methodology focused on an active observation technique allowed the researcher to immerge into the problems experienced by traditional communities that live in Conservation Units, and also permitted the obtainment of relevant data that has aided in the evaluation of results. From such analyses based on field work and interviews, this thesis reinforces the importance of making an institutional agreement between the Brazilian state, by means of its environmental agencies, and the families dwelling in the Serra Negra and Vargem Grande communities within the territorial borders of the Itatiaia Park, as a way to create a sustainable alternative to deadlocks experienced by the Brazilian state regarding the claims proposed by social groups involved in social-environmental conflicts, not only in the PNI, but also in several Conservation Units throughout Brazil.

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Serra, Ana Paula Gonçalves. "Método para identificação de parâmetros de qualidade de serviços aplicados a serviços móveis e interativos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-26072007-175442/.

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Atualmente, os usuários desejam obter, fornecer, compartilhar e interagir com informações e serviços com conteúdo multimídia em qualquer lugar, a qualquer momento e com qualquer dispositivo. Para que isso seja possível, um dos grandes desafios é assegurar a QoS (Quality of Service) fim a fim (entre o usuário final e a organização provedora de serviço) para a disponibilização de serviços móveis e interativos com conteúdo multimídia para os usuários finais. Em geral esse tipo de serviço têm maior exigência de QoS, pois além dos parâmetros de redes, possuem parâmetros específicos para áudio, imagem e vídeo, além de exigirem sincronização de áudio e vídeo, e a QoS fim a fim deve considerar parâmetros de QoS sob a percepção do usuário final. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor um método para o levantamento de parâmetros de QoS para o estabelecimento de USLAs (User Service Level Agreements - Acordo do Nível de Serviço do Usuário) entre a organização provedora de serviço e o usuário final para serviços móveis e interativos com conteúdo multimídia em um ambiente de convergência tecnológica. O método consiste em quatro passos: 1. identificação do serviço a ser oferecido ao usuário final e elaboração de um grafo em árvore, que tem como objetivo identificar outros serviços que podem compor o serviço a ser oferecido ao usuário final; 2. mapeamento dos parâmetros de QoS em um metamodelo; 3. validação do metamodelo, para que se possa extrair do metamodelo os parâmetros de QoS; 4. elaboração do USLA. Este trabalho propõe um primeiro passo para solucionar a falta de métodos padronizados para o estabelecimento de USLA para serviços móveis e interativos com conteúdo multimídia sob a percepção do usuário final. Além de facilitar a identificação e composição de serviços e parâmetros, por meio de um metamodelo que proporciona a integração de classes de serviços que podem ser facilmente reutilizadas e customizadas, de acordo, com o tipo de serviço oferecido pela organização provedora de serviço e pela necessidade do usuário final.
In these days the final users wish to obtain, to furnish and to interact using interactive services with multimedia content anywhere, anytime and with any kind of user device. One of the biggest challenges is to assure the End-to End Quality of Service (E2E QoS) in the delivering of the interactive and multimedia services for moving users. In general, this kind of users have more strict requirements needs, because, besides of the computer network parameters, they need specify specific parameters like sound, image and video and their synchronization, on the users\' point of the view - perceived QoS. The main objective of this thesis is to present the application of a method for eliciting the E2E QoS parameters aiming the establishment of the User Service Level Agreement - USLA between the service provider and the final user applied to interactive and mobile services with multimedia content, inserted on a technological convergence environment. The method is a four steps method that consists of (1) an identification of the service to be offered to the final user and the elaboration of a tree graph aiming the identification of the composition of the service by other services (2) mapping the QoS parameters in a metamodel (3) validation of the metamodel, and extraction of the E2E QoS parameters (4) elaboration the USLA. This thesis proposes a first step to solve the lack of standardized methods for the establishment of the USLA for interactive and mobile services with multimedia content under the users\' perception. Besides of facilitating the identification and the composition of services and parameters, using a metamodel, that provides the integration of classes of services, that can be easily reused and customized, according, with the type of service offered for the service provider to the final user.

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Nepo, Linares Edgardo, and Aníbal Velásquez. "El Acuerdo Nacional como espacio de consenso para la definición de los objetivos de la reforma de salud y establecer políticas de salud en el Perú." Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/620621.

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Simposio: Hacia un cambio del Sistema de Salud Peruano: experiencias y perspectivas.
After several months of arduous deliberations, the National Agreement, a policy coordination forum highest level in Peru, approved a document entitled “The objectives of health care reform.” In this article it review the work done and the product reached by consensus, which includes as priorities, among others, strengthening of SIS like public insurance, implementation of a policy of multi-year investment, strengthening the protection of health rights outlined, strengthening the primary health care and improving access to safe and effective medicines. The effect is an agreement that gives significance to a process that has the character of state policy and defines the framework within which they must develop health policies in the following years.

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Guedes, Gonçalo Miguel Carvalho. "Classificação das locações na McDonald´s Portugal : transição para a norma ASC 842, mudanças e impacto no relato financeiro." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19731.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
A partir de 1 de janeiro de 2019, as novas normas contabilísticas relativas aos contratos de locação do IASB (IFRS 16) e do FASB (ASC 842) exigiram que praticamente todas as locações fossem reconhecidas no balanço, como ativo (direito de uso) e passivo (dever de pagamento), sendo previamente testados e classificados como operacionais ou financeiros. A Sistemas McDonald's Portugal, Lda., reporta com base em dois normativos: o local (SNC) e o americano (US GAAP). Como tal, foi obrigada a alterar a forma de contabilização dos seus contratos de locação neste último normativo. Este projeto teve como objetivo entender quais as principais alterações ao nível contabilístico e de processos, como consequência da adoção da norma ASC 842, bem como analisar o impacto da mesma nas demonstrações financeiras da empresa no primeiro semestre de 2019. A empresa teve a necessidade de ajustar os processos existentes para corresponder às exigências da nova norma. A aplicação desta norma teve um grande impacto quer no balanço, onde ocorreu um grande incremento do ativo e do passivo, quer na demonstração de resultados onde a empresa registou um gasto superior com as locações, ao contrário do que aconteceria se se regesse pelo normativo anterior. Também os rácios de Autonomia Financeira e Rentabilidade Operacional dos Ativos foram afetados negativamente.
Since January 1st 2019, the new accounting standards for lease agreements from IASB (IFRS 16) and FASB (ASC 842) required all leases to be recognized in the balance sheet as assets (right of use) and liabilities (payment obligation), being previously tested and classified as operational or financial. Sistemas McDonald's Portugal reports based on two accounting standards: local (SNC) and US (US GAAP). As such, it was required to change the way its lease agreements were accounted for in US book (US GAAP). This project aimed to understand the main accounting and process changes, as a result of the adoption of ASC 842, as well as to analyze its impact on the company's financial statements in the first half of 2019. The company had to adjust existing processes to meet the requirements of the new standard. This application had a great impact both on the balance sheet, where there was a large increase in assets and liabilities, and in the income statement where the company recorded a higher expense with leases than in the old standard. Also the Financial Autonomy and Operating Return on Assets ratios were negatively affected.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Antúnez, de Mayolo Corzo Agustín Bernardo, Quispe Machaca Angela Estela, and Falcón De Gomez María Isabel Pacheco. "“Plan de Negocio para la introducción del producto Crédito por Convenio en las pequeñas y medianas empresas de Lima”." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653730.

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El presente plan tiene como objetivo: Proponer un Plan de Negocios para introducir el Producto Crédito-Convenio en las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) de Lima a través de una Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito, y con la finalidad de incrementar el número de socios, reforzar la marca y brindar un mejor servicio de acuerdo al mercado. En tal sentido el trabajo inicia con el análisis del entorno externo e interno de la empresa, encontrando oportunidades ligadas al crecimiento de la demanda, uso de nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación, la actual legislación que contribuye al crecimiento de las cooperativas. Así mismo las amenazas relacionadas con el ingreso de nuevos competidores (Banca Múltiple) en el segmento micro financiero, el alto nivel de informalidad en las Pymes y la inestabilidad política del país. Con relación al mercado se encontró la oportunidad de introducir el producto (Crédito- Convenio) en 1,079 empresas (Pymes) que tienen entre 50 y 100 trabajadores, que por su tamaño no resultan atractivas para las Cooperativas que ofrecen el mismo servicio tales como: Cooperativas de Nivel 1, Nivel 2, CMAC y CRAC. Al desarrollar el trabajo de campo (Empleador y trabajador) se obtuvo como resultado tres principales variables que influyen en la decisión de compra: 1- Menor tiempo de atención de la solicitud de crédito. 2- Realización de los trámites por vía digital. 3- Abono electrónico del préstamo en la cuenta del cliente, siempre que se mantenga una tasa de promedio de mercado. Adicionalmente se tomaron 400 encuestas a trabajadores que laboran en las empresas del segmento objetivo, determinándose que un 49% acepta el concepto del Crédito – Convenio (Descuento por planilla). Dentro del 49% grupo que prefiere el descuento por planilla, un 68% acepta las ventajas propuestas: servicio rápido (24 horas), trámite digital y una tasa de mercado promedio del 21%, de tal forma que nuestro mercado objetivo es de 34%. Finalmente, con la aplicación del Plan de Negocios propuesto el flujo de caja a cinco años da como resultado un VAN de S/ 468,508 con una TIR de 42%, valores que permiten aceptar el proyecto.
This plan aims to: Propose a Business Plan to introduce the Credit-Agreement Product in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Lima through a Savings and Credit Cooperative, and with the aim of increasing the number of partners, reinforce the brand and provide a better service according to the market In this sense, the work begins with the analysis of the external and internal environment of the company, finding opportunities linked to the growth of demand, the use of new information and communication technologies, the current legislation that contributes to the growth of cooperatives. Likewise, threats related to the entry of new competitors (Multiple Banking) in the micro-financial segment, the high level of informality in SMEs and the political instability of the country Regarding the market, the opportunity was found to introduce the product (Credit-Agreement) in 1,079 companies (SMEs) that have between 50 and 100 workers, which due to their size are not attractive for Cooperatives that offer the same service, such as: Cooperatives Level 1, Level 2, CMAC and CRAC. When developing the fieldwork (Employer and worker), three main variables that influence the purchase decision were obtained: 1- Shorter time of attention of the credit application. 2- Completion of the procedures digitally. 3- Electronic payment of the loan in the client's account, as long as an average market rate is maintained. Additionally, 400 surveys were taken of workers who work in the target segment companies, determining that 49% accept the concept of Credit - Agreement (Discount per payroll) Within the 49% group that prefers the payroll discount, 68% accept the proposed advantages: fast service (24 hours), digital processing and an average market rate of 21%, in such a way that our target market is 34%. Finally, with the application of the proposed Business Plan, the five-year cash flow results in a NPV of S / 468,508 with an IRR of 42%, values that allow the project to be accepted.
Tesis

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Antúnez, de Mayolo Corzo Agustín Bernardo, Falcón María Isabel Pacheco, and Quispe Machaca Angela Estela. "“Plan de Negocio para la introducción del producto Crédito por Convenio en las pequeñas y medianas empresas de Lima”." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653730.

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El presente plan tiene como objetivo: Proponer un Plan de Negocios para introducir el Producto Crédito-Convenio en las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) de Lima a través de una Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito, y con la finalidad de incrementar el número de socios, reforzar la marca y brindar un mejor servicio de acuerdo al mercado. En tal sentido el trabajo inicia con el análisis del entorno externo e interno de la empresa, encontrando oportunidades ligadas al crecimiento de la demanda, uso de nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación, la actual legislación que contribuye al crecimiento de las cooperativas. Así mismo las amenazas relacionadas con el ingreso de nuevos competidores (Banca Múltiple) en el segmento micro financiero, el alto nivel de informalidad en las Pymes y la inestabilidad política del país. Con relación al mercado se encontró la oportunidad de introducir el producto (Crédito- Convenio) en 1,079 empresas (Pymes) que tienen entre 50 y 100 trabajadores, que por su tamaño no resultan atractivas para las Cooperativas que ofrecen el mismo servicio tales como: Cooperativas de Nivel 1, Nivel 2, CMAC y CRAC. Al desarrollar el trabajo de campo (Empleador y trabajador) se obtuvo como resultado tres principales variables que influyen en la decisión de compra: 1- Menor tiempo de atención de la solicitud de crédito. 2- Realización de los trámites por vía digital. 3- Abono electrónico del préstamo en la cuenta del cliente, siempre que se mantenga una tasa de promedio de mercado. Adicionalmente se tomaron 400 encuestas a trabajadores que laboran en las empresas del segmento objetivo, determinándose que un 49% acepta el concepto del Crédito – Convenio (Descuento por planilla). Dentro del 49% grupo que prefiere el descuento por planilla, un 68% acepta las ventajas propuestas: servicio rápido (24 horas), trámite digital y una tasa de mercado promedio del 21%, de tal forma que nuestro mercado objetivo es de 34%. Finalmente, con la aplicación del Plan de Negocios propuesto el flujo de caja a cinco años da como resultado un VAN de S/ 468,508 con una TIR de 42%, valores que permiten aceptar el proyecto.
This plan aims to: Propose a Business Plan to introduce the Credit-Agreement Product in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Lima through a Savings and Credit Cooperative, and with the aim of increasing the number of partners, reinforce the brand and provide a better service according to the market In this sense, the work begins with the analysis of the external and internal environment of the company, finding opportunities linked to the growth of demand, the use of new information and communication technologies, the current legislation that contributes to the growth of cooperatives. Likewise, threats related to the entry of new competitors (Multiple Banking) in the micro-financial segment, the high level of informality in SMEs and the political instability of the country Regarding the market, the opportunity was found to introduce the product (Credit-Agreement) in 1,079 companies (SMEs) that have between 50 and 100 workers, which due to their size are not attractive for Cooperatives that offer the same service, such as: Cooperatives Level 1, Level 2, CMAC and CRAC. When developing the fieldwork (Employer and worker), three main variables that influence the purchase decision were obtained: 1- Shorter time of attention of the credit application. 2- Completion of the procedures digitally. 3- Electronic payment of the loan in the client's account, as long as an average market rate is maintained. Additionally, 400 surveys were taken of workers who work in the target segment companies, determining that 49% accept the concept of Credit - Agreement (Discount per payroll) Within the 49% group that prefers the payroll discount, 68% accept the proposed advantages: fast service (24 hours), digital processing and an average market rate of 21%, in such a way that our target market is 34%. Finally, with the application of the proposed Business Plan, the five-year cash flow results in a NPV of S / 468,508 with an IRR of 42%, values that allow the project to be accepted.
Tesis

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Ferreira, Carlos Augusto Ribeiro. "A política de acordos na Justiça do Trabalho e suas consequências para a classe trabalhadora." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2376.

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This paper analyzes the conciliations and agreements homologated in the Labor Court, in the first instance, in the forty lower labor courts of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. It was taken into consideration the historical and political aspects of the aforesaid conciliations and agreements in order to ascertain whether they provide effective justice to the parties involved in the process. The study discusses the ques-tion of the law in the capitalist society and of the State as an instrument for imple-menting this law, seeking to reconcile the contending classes. It was also discussed the parameters of the waiver and of the transaction in the labor sphere and whether these procedures are used to achieve an agreement in the labor field faced with the economic coercion suffered by a worker at the end of the employment relationship. It was concluded that, in most cases, the agreement is more favorable to capital. At last, it was noted that, although paradoxically, the Labor Court may still be an im-portant tool for protecting the workers rights, as long as there is advance of the work-ing class driven by the collective intervention of the labor unions movement, even in the context of the capitalist State and of the legal ideology inherent to it
Este trabalho analisa as conciliações e acordos homologados na Justiça do Trabalho, em primeira instância, nas quarenta varas do trabalho de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Levou-se em consideração o aspecto histórico e político das referidas conciliações e acordos com o propósito de averiguar se eles proporcionam efetiva justiça às partes envolvidas no processo. O estudo discute a questão do direito na sociedade capitalista e do Estado como instrumento de aplicação desse direito, buscando a conciliação das classes em luta. Discutiram-se, também, os parâmetros da renúncia e da transação na esfera trabalhista e se esses procedimentos são utilizados para a concretização de acordos no campo trabalhista diante da coerção econômica sofrida pelo trabalhador ao final da relação de emprego. Concluiu-se que, na maioria dos casos, o acordo é mais favorável ao capital. Finalmente, constatou-se que, apesar de paradoxal, a Justiça do Trabalho ainda pode ser importante instrumento de defesa dos direitos dos trabalhadores, desde que haja avanço da classe trabalhadora impulsionado pela intervenção coletiva do movimento sindical, mesmo no contexto do Estado capitalista e da ideologia jurídica a ele inerente

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CERQUEIRA, Wanilza Marques de Almeida. "Patentes farmacêuticas no período pós-trips: uma análise do Tratado Transpacífico no contexto da mudança na governança em relação ao comércio internacional e da implementação da Agenda 2030 para o desenvolvimento sustentável." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2017. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/25397.

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A tese tem como objetivo estudar os efeitos dos mega-acordos comerciais, especificamente do Tratado Transpacífico (TPP) em relação às patentes farmacêuticas e, consequentemente, no acesso a medicamentos. O estudo foi realizado através de pesquisa bibliográfica e legislativa e culmina com a comparação entre TPP e TRIPS. O estudo será focado no período pós-TRIPS, no qual a governança do comércio internacional passa por grandes transformações e a regulamentação da propriedade intelectual fora do âmbito da OMC cresce, cada vez mais, com a formulação de regras consideradas TRIPS-plus e TRIPS-extra. Esta realidade do período pós-TRIPS pode afetar a função social da propriedade intelectual e torná-la um óbice para o desenvolvimento econômico. A implementação da agenda 2030 para o desenvolvimento sustentável exige solidariedade global através da cooperação internacional, envolve o debate multilateral do comércio internacional centrado na OMC e a facilitação da transferência de tecnologia. O debate multilateral e mais democrático sobre temas atinentes ao comércio internacional, propiciado pela OMC, está ameaçado.
The thesis aims to study the effects of trade mega-agreements, specifically the Transpacific Treaty (TPP) on pharmaceutical patents and, consequently, on access to medicines. The study was carried out through bibliographical and legislative research and culminates in the comparison between TPP and TRIPS. The study will focus on the post-TRIPS period in which international trade governance undergoes major transformations and the regulation of intellectual property outside the WTO is increasingly being developed by the formulation of TRIPS-plus and TRIPS- extra. This reality of the post-TRIPS period can affect the social function of intellectual property and make it an obstacle to economic development. Implementing the 2030 agenda for sustainable development requires global solidarity through international cooperation, involves the multilateral debate on international trade centered on the WTO and facilitating technology transfer. The multilateral and more democratic debate on issues related to international trade, provided by the WTO, is threatened.

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Fiori, Diogo Del. "Uma avaliação de efeitos potenciais de acordos regionais entre Brasil e União Européia para as exportações de produtos agrícolas brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-03022016-162255/.

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As relações entre a União Europeia (UE) e os seus parceiros comerciais incluem Acordos Preferenciais de Comércio (APCs) com países em desenvolvimento para produtos agrícolas e industriais, destacando-se países da África, Caraíbas e Pacífico. A política de caráter cooperativo no setor agrícola da APC-UE, possui por objetivo a preservação do ambiente, segurança alimentar, crescimento econômico e desenvolvimento sustentável. Excetuando-se esses Acordos Preferenciais, a União Europeia possui no setor agrícola um dos segmentos de maior proteção comercial. Trata-se do principal mercado para os produtos agrícolas brasileiros. No entanto, esse setor, no Brasil, poderia obter melhor desempenho caso a UE não praticasse tarifas de importação elevadas aos seus produtos. Assim sendo, aplica-se no presente trabalho o modelo gravitacional para mensurar o efeito de criação ou desvio de comércio, resultado da aplicação de tarifas pela União Europeia com relação aos seus 48 parceiros comerciais selecionados, incluindo-se o Brasil, e também o impacto de um possível Acordo Preferencial de Comércio entre Brasil e União Europeia. A análise enfoca os efeitos para um grupo selecionado de produtos agrícolas, que recebem a incidência de picos tarifários, incluindo-se carne bovina congelada, carne bovina fresca, carne de frango, carne suína, açúcar bruto e suco de fruta. O período considerado para a análise compreende os anos de 1996 a 2013, ou seja, desde o alargamento da União Europeia no ano de 1995. O modelo gravitacional é estimado por meio do modelo de efeitos fixos e os resultados mostram a existência de desvio de comércio com relação às importações europeias de carne bovina fresca (SH 0202) e carne suína (SH 0203) e impacto positivo da concretização de um Acordo Preferencial de Comércio para carne bovina fresca (SH 0201), carne bovina congelada (SH 0202) e carne de frango (SH 0207). Tais resultados confirmam as hipóteses levantadas na literatura com relação à consolidação do referido acordo. Ou seja, os resultados indicam que o Brasil pode aumentar suas exportações de produtos agrícolas para a União Europeia caso ocorra um acordo preferencial que elimine as barreiras tarifárias impostas pelo bloco da UE.
Trade relations between the European Union (EU) and its trading partners have feature for the granting of tariff reduction or exemption for developing countries, through preferential agreements. With regard to preferential trade agreements (PTA) put in place by the European Union, stands out those performed with the group of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries for agricultural and industrial products. The cooperative nature of politics in the ACP-EU agricultural sector has the objective of preserving the environment, food security, economic growth and sustainable development. Except for some preferred sealed agreements with some countries, the European Union has in the agricultural sector, one of the segments most subject to trade protection. With regard to Brazil, the European Union is the main market for its agricultural products. Even so, the Brazilian agricultural sector could have a better performance if the EU did not ascribe excessively high import tariffs to their products. Therefore, a gravity model is used in this analysis to measure the effect of trade creation or trade diversion as a result of the tariff applied by the European Union in relation for 48 selected trading partners, including Brazil and also the impact of a possible Preferential Trade Agreement between Brazil and the European Union. The analysis focuses on the effects for a selected group of agricultural products receiving the incidence of tariff peaks, including frozen beef, fresh beef, chicken, pork, raw sugar and fruit juice The period considered for the analysis covers the years from 1996 to 2013, which incorporates the enlargement of the European Union starting at 1995. The gravity model is estimated using the fixed effects model and the results show the existence of trade diversion with respect to European imports of fresh beef (HS 0202) and pork (HS 0203) and positive impact of the implementation of a Preferential Trade Agreement for fresh beef (HS 0201), frozen beef (HS 0202) and chicken (HS 0207). These results confirm the hypotheses rose in the literature with regard to the consolidation of the Agreement. That is, the results indicate that Brazil could increase its exports of agricultural products to the EU in the event of a preferential agreement eliminating tariff barriers imposed by the EU bloc.

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Moraes, Paula de Camargo. "Variação entre observadores na aplicação dos critérios morfológicos e cinéticos propostos pelo BI-RADS® (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) para ressonância magnética das mamas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5151/tde-25062008-151029/.

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OBJETIVO. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a variação entre observadores, com diferentes graus de treinamento em RM das mamas, na aplicação dos critérios morfológicos e cinéticos propostos pelo BI-RADS® para descrever os realces na RM. Também, buscou-se avaliar a importância desta variação sobre a categorização final e a conduta sugerida, antes e após o conhecimento dos dados clínicos e dos demais exames de imagem pertinentes a cada caso. MÉTODOS. 109 realces, sendo 36 malignos, em 96 mulheres, foram interpretados por quatro radiologistas, divididos em duas duplas de acordo com a experiência em RM das mamas. Cada realce foi descrito seguindo os critérios de interpretação propostos pelo BI-RADS® para RM, sendo posteriormente informada a categoria final e a recomendação sugerida para cada caso. Tanto a categoria final quanto a conduta sugerida foram informadas duas vezes por cada observador, uma vez antes do conhecimento dos dados clínicos e dos demais exames de imagem e outra vez após o conhecimento dos mesmos. A concordância entre os membros de cada uma das duplas quanto à aplicação dos critérios de descrição morfológicos e dinâmicos utilizados na caracterização dos realces foi medida, seguida pela mensuração da concordância quanto à classificação final e a conduta recomendada, tanto antes quanto após o conhecimento dos dados clínicos. O teste kappa foi usado para estimar a concordância entre os observadores além daquela esperada pelo acaso. Visando determinar se as taxas de concordância de uma dupla de observadores eram superiores a da outra dupla, tanto para os critérios de descrição quanto para as categorias finais e condutas sugeridas, o teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado. RESULTADOS. A concordância entre observadores experientes foi substancial (0,64) para categoria final após o conhecimento dos dados clínicos, moderada para forma dos nódulos (0,44), realce interno dos nódulos (0,41) e recomendação sugerida após o conhecimento dos dados clínicos (0,52). Concordância razoável foi obtida para todos os critérios entre os observadores não experientes, assim como para os demais critérios para os observadores experientes. Os observadores com maior experiência apresentaram maiores taxas de concordância entre si na aplicação dos critérios de descrição morfológicos e dinâmicos propostos pelo BI-RADS®, assim como para categoria final e conduta sugerida. CONCLUSÃO. Experiência prévia em RM das mamas aumenta a concordância entre observadores na aplicação dos critérios propostos pelo BI-RADS® para RM. Conhecimento dos dados clínicos e dos demais exames de imagem também aumenta a concordância para a categoria final e recomendação sugerida, especialmente entre os observadores experientes.
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess the variability among observers with different degree of breast MR expertise in the use of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS®) standardized MR lexicon and to evaluate if the variability in lesion description has any implication over lesion final category and management recommendation before and after the knowledge of clinical and other imaging modalities information. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In 96 women, 109 enhancements, including 36 malignant, were interpreted independently by four radiologists divided in pairs according to their experience in breast MR. Each lesion was described using morphologic and dynamic features from the MR BI-RADS® lexicon. A final category and an overall impression were suggested in two occasions, one before and the other after the information about other breast imaging modalities and clinical examination. The agreement between the two members of each pair was measured concerning the description of the enhancement and both final category and recommendation. Kappa statistics were calculated as measures of agreement beyond chance. In order to determine if the rates of agreement in a group were superior then in the other group, the Wilcoxon statistics were used. RESULTS. The experienced interobserver agreement was substantial (0.64) for BI-RADS® final category after the knowledge of clinical information, moderate for mass shape (0.44), mass enhancement (0.41) and management recommendation after clinical knowledge (0.52). Fair agreement was observed for all descriptors among the observer with less experience and for the other descriptors among the experienced ones. The observers with more experience agreed more between themselves for image descriptors and final assessment and recommendation than did the observers with less experience in breast MR. CONCLUSION. Prior experience in breast MRI decreases variability between observers in the application of the criteria proposed by the BI-RADS for MR. Knowledge of relevant information about clinical and other imaging modalities also increased agreement for final category and management recommendation, especially among the experienced radiologists.

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Moreira, Mauro Sérgio de Souza. "O direito dos convênios de ICMS: uma contribuição para o estudo do federalismo fiscal." Universidade Católica de Brasília, 2017. https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/handle/tede/2424.

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This study discusses, first, the possibilities and limits of the Fiscal Federalism and situational analysis of the problem affect the fiscal war; subsequently sets up basic concepts, elements as to the legal nature and form of incorporation of ICMS agreements in the legal and tax frameworks sites, highlight the proposal of the impact on the direction of state activities; and finally, check how the ICMS Agreements and amendments (proposed) laws can mitigate or not the effects of Tax War.
O presente estudo aborda, primeiramente, as possibilidades e limites do Federalismo Fiscal e a análise conjuntural do problema afeto à Guerra Fiscal; posteriormente, estabelece-se conceitos básicos, elementos quanto à natureza jurídica e forma de incorporação dos convênios de ICMS nos ordenamentos jurídico-tributários locais, a evidenciar as repercussões da proposta no direcionamento das atividades estatais; e, por fim, verificar de que forma os Convênios de ICMS e as alterações (propostas) legislativas podem mitigar ou não os efeitos da Guerra Fiscal. Faz-se necessário, assim, o estudo detido do Federalismo Fiscal, notadamente nos seus aspectos constitucionais, a partir de interpretação história, sistemática e teleológica. Além disso, compreender o problema da Guerra Fiscal, a partir de análise da Regra-Matriz de Incidência Tributária do ICMS. Nesse contexto, analisa-se a natureza jurídica dos Convênios de ICMS e forma de incorporação aos ordenamentos jurídicos locais. Por conseguinte, verificar de que forma os Convênios de ICMS e as alterações (propostas) legislativas podem mitigar os efeitos da Guerra Fiscal. Como o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, a hipótese se confirma, sendo certo que os Convênios de ICMS têm relevante papel na conformação do ordenamento jurídico tributário, sendo melhor conceituado como veículo introdutor de norma de harmonização do ordenamento jurídico-tributário e mitigação dos efeitos da “Guerra Fiscal”, considerando a estrutura e formas de incorporação dos Convênios, construiu-se arcabouço teórico sobre o tema a fim de concluir no sentido da existência de um Direito dos Convênios.

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Pantoja, Geandro Guerreiro. "Acordo de Pesca: instrumento para a co-gestão do uso dos recursos pesqueiros no município de Parintins-AM." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2010. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2573.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
The intensification of the fishing activity in the Amazonian basin can be attributed the technological changes set off in the sector and to an assembly of political, social and economic factors, emerged the enviromental movement of riverin communities, known as riverin movement of preservation of lakes . This movement developed itself into the several riverin communities, sustaineds by Catholic Church, through Land s Comission, in the process of social and political structuration, organization and mobilization, aiming, as according to every case, to introduce, to fortify or to adapt local initiatives of management of the fishing resources. In the town of Parintins, Amazonas, Brazil, this type of initiative assumed consistence, objectivity, and lawfulness with the creation of the Environmental Group Alive Nature Granav and with the insertion or adaptation of the agreements of fishing in conformity with the proposal of co-management of the fishing resourses. Before this scenery and yours implications, this study search understand, show up and explain contexts, motivations and means of this initiatives, through an interdisciplinary approach, on the basis of a case study about: the proposal of adaptation of the communal agreement of fishing articulated by the Granav (Paraná of Parintins, Valéria, Laguinho, Murituba and Jauari) to the normative instruction 29/2002; and the process of construction of the Macuricanã s intercommunitary agreement of fishing, that corresponds to the first right and fact initiative of the co-management in the referred town.
Com a intensificação da atividade pesqueira na bacia Amazônica, deflagrada por mudanças tecnológicas no setor e por um conjunto de fatores políticos e socioeconômicos, eclodiu o movimento ambientalista de comunidades caboclas ribeirinhas, conhecido como movimento ribeirinho de preservação dos lagos . Este movimento desenvolveu-se em várias comunidades caboclas-ribeirinhas, principalmente com o apoio da Igreja Católica, por meio da Comissão Pastoral da Terra CPT, num processo de estruturação, organização e mobilização sociopolítica, visando, conforme cada caso, implementar, adaptar ou fortalecer instituições locais de gestão do uso dos recursos pesqueiros. No município de Parintins-Am, iniciativas dessa natureza adquiriram consistência, objetividade e legitimidade com a criação do Grupo Ambiental Natureza Viva Granav (1992) e com a implementação/adaptação de acordos de pesca em conformidade com a proposta de co-gestão do uso dos recursos pesqueiros. Diante deste cenário e de suas implicações, este estudo procura compreender, evidenciar e explicar contextos, motivações, meios e resultados concernentes a estas iniciativas, através de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, com base num estudo de caso sobre: a proposta de adequação à instrução normativa 29/2002 dos acordos de pesca comunitários articulados e coordenados pelo Granav (Paraná de Parintins, Valéria, Laguinho, Murituba e Jauari); e o processo de construção do acordo de pesca intercomunitário do Macuricanã, o qual corresponde à primeira iniciativa de fato e de direito da co-gestão no referido município.

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Rojas, Marco Antonio Torrez. "Gerenciamento de acordo de nível de serviço de segurança para computação em nuvem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-26012017-112414/.

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O paradigma de computação em nuvem, por meio de seus modelos de serviço e implantação, apresenta para os provedores de serviço e consumidores benefícios e desafios. Um dos principais desafios apontados pela área de computação em nuvem é com relação à segurança da informação, especificamente a questão de conformidade com relação a contratos firmados entre o provedor e o consumidor. O acordo de nível de serviço (SLA) é um destes contratos, no qual são estabelecidos requisitos para a entrega e operação do serviço contratado pelo consumidor, bem como penalidades em caso de não atendimento a requisitos estabelecidos no contrato. Comumente, em um SLA definido entre provedor de serviço e consumidor as necessidades de disponibilidade e desempenho com relação ao serviço contratado são especificados, o que não ocorre com relação às necessidades de segurança. A necessidade de especificação de requisitos de segurança em um SLA, em especial confidencialidade e integridade, para o contexto de computação em nuvem, bem como arquiteturas de computação que tratem de requisitos de segurança em um SLA e efetuem o gerenciamento destes requisitos durante o ciclo de vida do SLA, encontram-se em evolução, se comparado aos requisitos de disponibilidade. Considerando a demanda crescente de incorporação de SLA de Segurança nos contratos de serviços de computação em nuvem, este trabalho tem como objetivo propor e avaliar um arcabouço de gerenciamento de serviços de computação em nuvem para o modelo de infraestrutura como serviço (IaaS), tendo como base requisitos de segurança especificados em um SLA, em especial os requisitos de confidencialidade e integridade. O gerenciamento proposto pelo arcabouço contempla as etapas do ciclo de vida de um SLA, que compreende as fases de: i) definir e especificar o SLA; ii) gerenciar e implantar o SLA; iii) executar e gerenciar o SLA e iv) finalizar o SLA. A validação do arcabouço proposto é realizada por meio da sua aplicação em um cenário de uso, onde será verificado o atendimento aos requisitos de segurança definidos e especificados no SLA. Para assegurar que o arcabouço proposto é seguro, bem como a sua integração com o ambiente de computação em nuvem é realizada análise de ameaças do arcabouço, e ações de mitigação apresentadas. Ao final, mostra-se que o arcabouço de gerenciamento proposto cumpre com os objetivos e requisitos propostos.
The cloud computing paradigm given its service and deployment models presents several benefits and challenges. One of the main challenges is related to information security, in particular, the compliance contracts between consumers and service provider. Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are contracts in which requirements about service operation and delivery as well as penalties in case of non-compliance of these requirements are defined. A SLA is usually defined in terms of availability and performance requirements, and data security requirements are normally not specified in details as these requirements. The need for security requirements specified in an SLA, especially confidentiality and integrity to the cloud computing paradigm, as well computing architectures to deal with SLA security requirements and management of cloud services based on SLA security requirements in an automated manner during its entire lifecycle are still in evolution, compared to availability requirements. In order to deal with these ineeds, this work aims to propose and evaluate a framework to orchestrate the management of cloud services for the infrastructure as a service (IaaS) based on SLA security requirements, specifically the confidentiality and integrity requirements. The management proposed by the framework comprehend the steps of the SLA lifecycle: i) SLA specification and definition; ii) SLA deployment and management; iii) SLA execute and monitoring; and iv) SLA termination. The validation of proposed framework is performed by its application in a usage scenario, checking the compliance with defined security requirements and specified in the SLA. To ensure the security of proposed framework and its cloud computing environment integration, a threat modeling is performed and mitigation actions are presented. At last, it is shown that the proposed management framework meets the specified framework requirements.

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Teixeira, Joana Nunes. "A economia social como solução para o pós-alta hospitalar da pessoa que recorre ao SNS ao abrigo do acordo de cooperação bilateral para a saúde com os PALOP: proposta de trajectória." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5952.

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Trabalho de Projecto para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Administração Pública
A evacuação de doentes ao abrigo dos acordos bilaterais para saúde, entre Portugal e os PALOP, conduz, em grande parte dos casos, a situações de carência após a alta hospitalar. Este estudo pretende alertar para a disparidade do que é acordado entre as partes e a realidade vivida pelos sujeitos. Propõe-se a sua inclusão num projecto de economia social, que surja na base na potenciação dos recursos locais e fomente, acima de tudo, a redefinição do projecto de vida dos indivíduos, permitindo-lhes a saída da situação de carência, que aqui se apresenta com a dicotomia económica/relacional. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi a história de vida, permitindo enquadrar os testemunhos do sujeito individual no sujeito social. As entrevistas mostraram as dificuldades sentidas por estas pessoas, e pela sua família, ao nível económico e o isolamento social de que padecem em Portugal. Apesar das situações de carência vividas, muitas não pensam regressar ao país de origem, e é nas redes de apoio informal que encontram o suporte económico, cultural e anímico necessário ao dia-a-dia.
The patients evacuation under the bilateral agreements, between Portugal and the PALOP countries, often drives to impoverishment situations after hospital discharge. This work aims to aware for the disparity of the deal between intervenient and the day life experienced by the individuals. A social economy project is suggested, where the subjects can participate, based on the potentiation of the local resources and, above all, gives a new perspective of the life project, allowing to exit from the in needing situation, presented here as the dichotomy economic/relational. The research method is the life history, allowing the self-testimonials to be framed in the social-self. The conducted interviews revealed the difficulty situations experienced by subjects and their families, in terms of, among others, finances and isolation, while leaving in Portugal. Despite those situations, many of them don´t consider the return to their native country, even being the informal social help networks where they found the support, of economic and cultural nature, needed for day life.

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Mello, Ana Maria de Araujo. "O auxílio-creche da USP e suas implicações para a educação e o cuidado infantil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59137/tde-14042011-142917/.

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Ao longo da história, a escola da elite não é a mesma que a do trabalhador. Nos últimos anos, desenvolveram-se inúmeros arranjos familiares e formas de organizar o dia a dia da criança pequena. Diferentes formas e arranjos educacionais retratam e exprimem essa diferença, que reproduz a desigualdade entre as classes. Assim, apesar da grande ampliação do atendimento a partir dos anos 1980, persistiu a oferta de padrões distintos conforme o perfil social dos usuários. O auxílio-creche é um benefício pecuniário conquistado pelos servidores com filhos de menos de sete anos e que não frequentam as creches da USP. Essa pesquisa objetiva investigar o impacto desse auxílio sobre o tipo de atendimento educacional e de cuidado recebido pelas crianças das famílias beneficiárias. Optou-se por uma metodologia qualitativa, na modalidade estudo de caso. Coletou-se e se analisou um conjunto documental que regulamenta o auxílio-creche, bem como os documentos que detalham a relação candidato/vaga/matrícula da Creche Carochinha de Ribeirão Preto, por categoria de usuários, para analisar eventual mudança no perfil da demanda e dos usuários. Aplicou-se um questionário junto a 64 servidores da classe Básico, beneficiários do auxílio, no campus da USP de Ribeirão Preto. Foram entrevistados um dirigente sindical que havia acompanhado as negociações que resultaram na implantação e ampliação do auxílio, a diretora da Divisão de Creches Coseas e a diretora da Creche Carochinha. Foram também entrevistados cinco funcionários beneficiados com o auxílio-creche e um cônjuge. Reconhecendo-se a relevância histórica das conquistas para a educação infantil, procurou-se compreender as negociações de acordos trabalhistas sobre o auxílio-creche da USP. Os resultados apontam para o risco de que o auxílio-creche determine que sejam oferecidas diferentes qualidades de cuidado infantil. A conseqüência é a ampliação de modelos alternativos de educação e de cuidado infantil, que, nesta pesquisa, foram considerados modelos incompletos para a infância. Afirmou-se a ideia de que programas como o auxílio-creche para a infância desresponsabilizam o Estado e acentuam as diferenças sociais, pois promovem a expansão do atendimento das crianças de camadas pobres sem a qualidade preconizada pela legislação, pelas pesquisas referentes à infância pequena e pelos princípios e critérios de qualidade defendidos pelos movimentos sociais. Palavras-chave: educação infantil, creche, auxílio-creche, reembolso-creche, bolsa creche, benefícios.
Throughout history, the school of the elite differs from that of the worker. In recent times, different forms of family organization and of the day-by-day services for small child have appeared. The various educational formats and schemes of organization in use reflect this difference, which reproduces the general class inequality. Accordingly, despite the marked development of the day care since the 80ies, distinct patterns of quality have persisted, according to the social status, a situation which is highlighted in the present study of the day-care family funding provided by the University of S. Paulo (USP). This is a financial supplement obtained by the public servants with children below seven years of age which do not attend the university day-care unit. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the impact of this funding upon the type of educational and health care provided to the children involved. A qualitative approach was used, in the case study variant. Specific documents on the day-care funding as well as others which analyze the relationship between postulants/vacancies/enrollments at the so-called Creche Carochinha of the campus of the USP at the city of Ribeirão Preto were collected and analyzed, to determine the possible changes in the profile of the postulants and users. A questionnaire was applied to 64 servants of the Basic class, which receive the day-care funding in the campus of Ribeirão Preto. An union leader which had been involved in the negociations concerning the funding, as well as the Director of the Day-care Division of the Coseas (Coordenaria de Assistência) and the Director of the Day-care unit Carochinha have been interviewed. Five servants which received the funding and a spouse were also interviewed. The negociations which led to the implantation of the day-care funding system at the USP were analyzed, with the recognition of the historical importance of the institutional advance for early child education. The results point out the risk that the day-care funding should induce an increased number of alternative models of education and care, with large variations in its quality, which were considered in this study as an incomplete model for childhood. The hypothesis was confirmed that programs such as the day-care funding reduce the responsability of the State and accentuate class differences, by promoting the expansion of the care for children from low income families, without the quality required by the Law, by the researches on infancy and by the quality determinants put forward by the social and labor movements. Key words: childhood education, day-care center, day-care funding, education / infancy / child, agreements.

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Sá, André Teixeira. "Negociação em fusões e aquisições : relações de influência para o alcance de acordos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/117415.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar influências do Fit Estratégico para o alcance de acordos em negociações de Fusões e Aquisições (F&A). A metodologia envolveu pesquisa qualitativa com suporte quantitativo para desenvolver estrutura analítica que integrasse elementos de F&A e Negociação, permitindo identificar e avaliar 115 variáveis em 20 casos reais de negociações de F&As, 10 com Acordo Alcançado e 10 com Acordo Não Alcançado. Embora com limitações, o estudo alcançou os objetivos propostos identificando quatro Macrorrelações de Influência (MRI) principais: Existência de Fit Estratégico influencia positivamente a chance de acordo, através das Sinergias, assim como sua ausência influencia negativamente; Riscos e Impedimentos integram a Equação de Valor para o Comprador, quando eles ameaçam a captura de valor, podem inviabilizar a chance de acordo; Pressões Indutoras influenciam positivamente a chance de acordos em operações de F&As; e, Interesses Críticos Convergentes são condição precedente para o alcance de acordos em operações de F&As. Esta dissertação contribui para o desenvolvimento de uma visão integrada entre F&A e Negociação, permitindo uma conduta mais consciente, consistente e estratégica para alcançar acordos. Atenção particular é dada à MRI que envolve Fit Estratégico. Além de demonstrar ser forte fator de influência (82% dos casos com Fit atingiram acordo), a estrutura analítica quantitativa utilizada se revelou robusta (os resultados observados nos 20 casos confirmam estudo anterior com 218 casos de Shelton, 1988), apresentando aptidão para ser convertida em ferramenta de suporte à decisão, já que permite avaliar potencial sinérgico entre empresas e nichos de mercado.
The objective of this work is to analyze the influences of Strategic Fit in order to reach agreements in Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) negotiations. The method involved a qualitative research with quantitative support to develop an analytical framework that integrates elements of M&A and Negotiation, allowing to identify and evaluate 115 variables in 20 actual cases of M&A negotiations of Which 10 Reached a Deal, and 10 Did Not Reach a Deal. Although with limitations, the study achieved its proposed objectives identifying four macro-relations of influence (MRI): Strategic Fit presence positively influences the chance of an agreement, through Synergies and its absence has a negatively influence; Risks and Impediments are part of the Value Equation to the Buyer, when threatening the capture of value they can prevent the chance of agreement; Inducing Pressures positively influences the chance of agreements in M&A transactions; and Critical Converging Interests is a pre-condition to reach agreements in M&A operations. This dissertation contributes to the development of an integrated view between M&A and Negotiation, enabling a more cognizant, consistent and strategic behavior in order to reach agreements. Particular attention is given to the MRI that involves Strategic Fit, as it proved a strong influencing factor (82% of cases with Strategic Fit reached an agreement). As well, the quantitative analytical framework used showed to be robust (results in the 20 cases studied in here confirmed a previous study by Shelton in 1988 of 218 cases) indicating potential to become a decision-supporting tool, since it allows the synergy potential evaluation between companies and market niches.

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VASQUES, LUCIANA G. "Audiência pública para o licenciamento ambiental de instalações nucleares: uma visão crítica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26804.

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O uso intensivo da tecnologia nuclear contribuiu para o aumento das preocupações com as questões ambientais e sua segurança, acabando por despertar o interesse em toda sociedade. No Brasil, as atividades nucleares são regulamentadas pelo Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). A primeira resolução CONAMA, no 001/1986, estabeleceu que as atividades nucleares deveriam ser licenciadas pela agência ambiental brasileira, ou seja, pelo Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Renováveis (IBAMA), independentemente da obrigatoriedade do licenciamento pela Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN). No licenciamento é preciso elaborar o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), um conjunto de estudos realizados por especialistas de diversas áreas, com dados técnicos detalhados, e o Relatório de Impacto Ambiental (RIMA), que deve apresentar as conclusões do EIA de forma objetiva e adequado à sua compreensão. O principal mecanismo de participação direta da população na proteção da qualidade ambiental é a audiência pública. Ela tem como finalidade expor ao público as características do projeto e o conteúdo do EIA/RIMA. Durante a audiência pública os participantes podem fazer perguntas sobre o empreendimento e tirar dúvidas sobre como se dará o licenciamento. As audiências públicas são organizadas pelos empreendedores, consoante diretrizes emitidas pelo IBAMA. Sendo a audiência pública a etapa do licenciamento mais propícia a subjetividades, este trabalho é uma contribuição para a área a partir da avaliação crítica do modelo de audiência pública, atualmente adotado, para o licenciamento ambiental de instalações nucleares.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Marchi, Renato. "Escala cl?nica para prever a ades?o ao tratamento: transtorno bipolar do humor." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2008. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/397.

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Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with ps ychosocial and family relationships disturbing, mortality and economic burden high rates . The treatment aims the acute episodes and prevents new episodes. There are high rates of non-adherence in BD. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a clinical rating scale capable to predict the patient compliance to treatment in BD in both gend ers. The procedure involved the search in pertinent scientific literature for reports of factors of non-adherence of bipolar patients, analysis of patients during pilot studies and contact with professionals who deal with those patients in order to develop a comprehensive list of possible symptoms. This procedure was followed by items' selection and testing of the preliminary form of the clinical rating scale. The scale was analyzed statistically. Reliability study showed a high level of internal consistency. Factor analysis revealed five factors related to the clinical treatment: behaviors and beliefs of the patient, therapeutic alliance, therapeutic procedures, association of psychotherapy interventions and adverse effects of drug therapy. Predictive validation showed that items' factors were able to measure the non - adherence to treatment. It was concluded that the Clinical Rating Scale to Predict the Compliance to Treatment in Bipolar Disorder can be considered a valid instrument to predict the patient compliance to medical treatment .
O Transtorno Bipolar do Humor (TBH) est? associado a altas taxas de desajustes psicossociais e familiares, mortalidade e preju?zos econ?micos. O tratamento visa o controle de epis?dios agudos e preven??o de novos epis?dios. As taxas de n?o - ades?o ao tratamento s?o altas em TBH. Este trabalho teve por objetivo elaborar e validar uma escala de avalia??o clinica , capaz de indicar a probabilidade de ades?o ao tratamento medico clinico dos pacientes bipolares de ambos os g?neros. O procedimento foi constitu?do de levantamento dos fatores ligados a n?o-ades?o ao tratamento em TBH na literatura pertinente, analise de pacientes bipolares durante estudo piloto, analise por juizes, sele??o dos itens e aplica??o da escala em sua fase inicial, para subseq?ente an?lise psicom?trica. A analise de precis?o do instrumento evidenciou n?vel satisfat?rio de consist?ncia interna. Extra?ram-se cinco fatores de acordo com a analise fatorial explorat?ria, ligados ao tratamento medico clinico: atitudes e cren?as do paciente, alian?a terap?utica, procedimentos terap?uticos, associa??o de interven??es psicoter?picas e efeitos adversos dos psicof?rmacos. A valida??o preditiva revelou que os itens referentes a tais fatores medem a n?o-ades?o ao tratamento. Conclui -se que a ECPAT-TBH pode ser considerada um instrumento v?lido para prever a ades?o ao tratamento m?dico.

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Hernández, Patiño Cecilia, and David de la Torre. "Mesa Redonda: «¿Un Impuso Efectivo a la Economía?: Alcances del último paquete de normas tributarias para promover la inversión en el Perú»." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119018.

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In the last months, we have lived an environment of economic slowdown, which has led the Executive to legislate on various topics in order to boost the economy. Thus, this event will aim to generate debate about the latest package of tax regulations to promote investment in Peru with emphasis on the suspension of Rule XVI of the Tax Code and tax stability agreements.
En los últimos meses se ha vivido un ambiente de desaceleración económica, lo cual ha llevado al Poder Ejecutivo a legislar acerca de diversos temas con la finalidad de impulsar la economía. Así, el presente evento busca generar un debate acerca del último paquete de normas tributarias para promover la inversión en el Perú con énfasis en la suspensión de la Norma XVI del Código Tributario y los convenios de estabilidad tributaria.

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Oliveira, Elisângela Aparecida de. "Métodos para análise de concordância: estudo de simulação e aplicação a dados de evapotranspiração." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-29042016-104435/.

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O estudo de concordância ou coincidência entre os resultados obtidos por dois métodos ou modelos é amplo e abrange diversos índices e abordagens distintas, havendo divergências nas escolhas das técnicas usadas na estimativa da evapotranspiração. Dentre os índices usados para esta finalidade destacam-se: o coeficiente de correlação linear, o coeficiente de determinação, os índices de concordância de Willmott (WILLMOTT, 1981; WILLMOTT et al., 2012) e os índices de desempenho (CAMARGO & SENTELHAS, 1997; ALVARES et al., 2013). Também são utilizados o método de Bland-Altman (BLAND & ALTMAN, 1986) e testes sobre os coeficientes de regressão linear simples, com ou sem intercepto. O Irrigâmetro é um aparelho evapopluviométrico utilizado no manejo da irrigação, visando a otimizar o uso da água na agricultura irrigada e que pode ser usado para estimar a evapotranspiração de referência (ET0). Este aparelho apresenta grande potencial de uso na agricultura, pois além de ser um equipamento simples, de fácil manuseio e economicamente viável, fornece informações de quando e quanto irrigar, sem que o irrigante tenha conhecimentos técnicos especializados sobre irrigação (OLIVEIRA et al., 2008b) ou acesso a inúmeros dados meteorológicos. Neste contexto é interessante saber se a evapotranspiração de referência obtida com o uso do Irrigâmetro (ETI) concorda com a Evapotranspiração de referência obtida pelo método padrão de Penman Monteith FAO 56 (ET0). Diante do exposto os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) apresentar e avaliar diferentes técnicas utilizadas no estudo de concordância entre dois métodos para a obtenção da ET0 por meio de um estudo com dados simulados; (ii) implementar computacionalmente os cálculos no software computacional R e (iii) aplicar as técnicas aos dados de Evapotranspiração de referência obtidos com o uso do Irrigâmetro (ETI), em um experimento conduzido no Campus Universitário de Gurupi da Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT). Os resultados das simulações indicaram que nenhum índice ou técnica conseguiu sozinho identificar a real concordância entre os dados simulados. Dentre os índices estudados, o índice de Willmott refinado foi o mais eficiente para avaliar a concordância entre dois métodos usados na obtenção da ET. O teste para os parâmetros da reta de regressão e o método de Bland-Altman devem ser utilizados em conjunto com outros índices de concordância. A aplicação dos métodos de concordância aos dados do estudo com o Irrigâmetro indicou que a altura de água no evaporatório, que melhor estima a ET0 foi de 3 cm. O índice de Willmott indicou uma concordância boa (d = 0; 74), mas o índice refinado de Willmott indicou uma concordância fraca (dr = 0; 34) entre ETI e ET0. Em trabalhos futuros com o Irrigâmetro, além do nível de água no interior do evaporatório, outras medidas deverão ser consideradas, como a área de água exposta na superfície e, consequentemente, o volume de água no evaporatório, a espessura e o tipo de material do evaporatório.
The agreement or coincidence between the results obtained by two methods or models is extensive and comprises several indexes and different approaches, with differences in the choices of the techniques used to estimate evapotranspiration. Among the indices used for this purpose are: correlation coefficient, determination coefficient, Willmott\'s concordance indexes (WILLMOTT, 1981; WILLMOTT et al., 2012) and performance indices (CAMARGO & SENTELHAS, 1997; ALVARES et al., 2013). The Bland-Altman method and tests on the coefficients of simple linear regression, with or without the intercept term, are also used in this kind of study. The Irrigameter is an evapo-pluviometric apparatus to be used in irrigation water management, aiming to optimize the use of water in irrigated agriculture and that can be used to estimate the reference evapotranspiration (ET0). This apparatus has great potential for use in agriculture, because besides being simple apparatus, easy handling and economically feasible, gives information of when and how much to irrigate, without the irrigator has technical expertise on irrigation (OLIVEIRA et al., 2008b) or access to numerous meteorological data. In this context it is interesting to know whether the reference evapotranspiration obtained with the use of Irrigameter (ETI) agrees with the reference evapotranspiration obtained by the standard method of Penman Monteith FAO 56 (ET0). Given the above the objectives of this study were: (i) present and evaluate the different techniques used in the study of agreement between two methods for obtaining the ET0 through an analysis of simulated data, (ii) implement the calculations in the computer software R and (iii) apply the techniques to the evapotranspiration (ET0) data obtained with the use of an Irrigameter (ETI) in an experiment conducted at the Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi-TO/Brazil. The simulation study concluded that none of the discussed methodologies can be used, isolated, to conclude on the agreement between two models or methods. Among the studied indices, the Willmott\'s refined index was the most efficient to evaluate the agreement between the two methods used in obtaining the ET. The test for the regression line parameters and the Bland-Altman\'s chart should be used together with other concordance indices. The application of the methods of agreement to study data with the Irrigameter indicated that the water level in the evaporatory that better estimated ET0 was 3 cm. The index of Willmott indicated a good agreement (d = 0:74), but the refined Willmott\'s index indicated a weak agreement (dr = 0:34) between (ETI e ET0). In future studies, beyond the water level inside the evaporatory other measures could be considered, such as the exposed area of water on the surface and, consequently, the water volume in the evaporatory, the thickness and type of the evaporatory\'s material.

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Lucena, Caio Cardoso, Felippe Nogueira Monteiro, Murilo Lemos de Lemos, and Philipe Vaver. "Proposta de acordo de resultados para capacitação de servidores públicos do estado de São Paulo: nova visão sobre a relação FUNDAP e Secretaria de Gestão Pública." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8766.

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This paper annalyses the contractual result in performance indicators applied to the civil servants of Sao Paulo training and development policy. The Public Management Office is the main body responsible for the human resource management process in the State Government of Sao Paulo. As so, its executive branch for training and development is the Government and Public Administration School under the Administration Development Foundation – Fundap. The definition of clear relationship rules between Fundap and the Public Management Office is key to the success on the civil servants training and development programs. It is suggested that theses parameters, goals, procedures and indicators embedding in a performance agreement between the two organizations.
Este trabalho analisa a aplicação do conceito de contratualização de resultados para a política de capacitação e desenvolvimento dos servidores públicos do Estado de São Paulo. Como principal órgão responsável pela área de recursos humanos, a Secretaria de Estado de Gestão Pública tem como seu braço executivo, para o treinamento da força de trabalho, a Escola de Governo e Administração Pública da Fundação do Desenvolvimento Administrativo – Fundap.O estabelecimento de regras claras na relação entre a Secretaria e a Fundap é fundamental para o êxito dos programas de formação e aprimoramento dos servidores públicos do Estado de São Paulo. Esses parâmetros, metas, indicadores e procedimentos são sugeridos no âmbito de um acordo de resultados entre as organizações.

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45

Tan, Heng Chuan. "Vers des communications de confiance et sécurisées dans un environnement véhiculaire." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENST0063/document.

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Le routage et la gestion des clés sont les plus grands défis dans les réseaux de véhicules. Un comportement de routage inapproprié peut affecter l’efficacité des communications et affecter la livraison des applications liées à la sécurité. D’autre part, la gestion des clés, en particulier en raison de l’utilisation de la gestion des certificats PKI, peut entraîner une latence élevée, ce qui peut ne pas convenir à de nombreuses applications critiques. Pour cette raison, nous proposons deux modèles de confiance pour aider le protocole de routage à sélectionner un chemin de bout en bout sécurisé pour le transfert. Le premier modèle se concentre sur la détection de noeuds égoïstes, y compris les attaques basées sur la réputation, conçues pour compromettre la «vraie» réputation d’un noeud. Le second modèle est destiné à détecter les redirecteurs qui modifient le contenu d’un paquet avant la retransmission. Dans la gestion des clés, nous avons développé un système de gestion des clés d’authentification et de sécurité (SA-KMP) qui utilise une cryptographie symétrique pour protéger la communication, y compris l’élimination des certificats pendant la communication pour réduire les retards liés à l’infrastructure PKI
Routing and key management are the biggest challenges in vehicular networks. Inappropriate routing behaviour may affect the effectiveness of communications and affect the delivery of safety-related applications. On the other hand, key management, especially due to the use of PKI certificate management, can lead to high latency, which may not be suitable for many time-critical applications. For this reason, we propose two trust models to assist the routing protocol in selecting a secure end-to-end path for forwarding. The first model focusses on detecting selfish nodes, including reputation-based attacks, designed to compromise the “true” reputation of a node. The second model is intended to detect forwarders that modify the contents of a packet before retransmission. In key management, we have developed a Secure and Authentication Key Management Protocol (SA-KMP) scheme that uses symmetric cryptography to protect communication, including eliminating certificates during communication to reduce PKI-related delays

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Roberto, Luiz Fernando. "Um novo enfoque teórico para os convênios com entidades privadas." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6218.

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This paper aims to describe the normative framework that regulates agreements with private entities and their recent movements. From the construction of a critical view on the matter, the estudy discusses the core ideas that base traditional forms of selection of the private partner and the restrictions to internal management of entities. Pointing lack of objectivity and excessive cost in the existing system, the paper proposes a new theoretical approach to the matter, in which planning and administrative simplification can be used as tools for a more effective control over public resources transferred by the Estate
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever a estrutura normativa que regula os convênios com entidades privadas e seus recentes movimentos. A partir da construção de uma visão crítica sobre a matéria, o trabalho questiona as ideais centrais que servem de base para as formas tradicionais de seleção do parceiro privado e para as normas dirigidas a restringir a gestão interna das entidades. Apontando falta de objetividade e custo excessivo no sistema existente, o trabalho propõe um novo enfoque teórico para a matéria, no qual o planejamento e a simplificação administrativa sirvam de instrumentos para um controle mais eficaz sobre os recursos públicos repassados pelo Estado

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Mendes, Adriana Sofia Ribeiro. "A transição de Basileia II para Basileia III : qual o enfoque que é dado aos riscos nos Acordos de Basileia?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6502.

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Mestrado em Finanças
Este trabalho procura analisar o tratamento dado aos riscos ao longo dos “Acordos de Basileia” emitidos pelo Comité de Basileia (BSBC – Basel Committee on Banking Supervision), nomeadamente da evolução de Basileia II para Basileia III. Aborda a forma como tem sido abordado a problemática do risco de crédito, do risco de mercado, do risco operacional e finalmente do risco de liquidez. Para cada um deles é feita uma abordagem que permite explicar e justificar a sua evolução das abordagens de que foram alvo em Basileia I, Basileia II e Basileia III. Defende-se que a evolução que se tem verificado no tratamento dos riscos, está mais ligada a soluções para situações de crise do sistema financeiro, do que para se transformar num sistema de prevenção de situações de risco. Defende-se igualmente que qualquer sistema que possa contribuir para situações de prevenção de risco, devia passar pela separação da banca comercial, da banca de investimentos, com abordagens diferentes em termos de adequação de capital.
This paper seeks to analyze the treatment given to the risks over the "Basel Accords" issued by the Basel Committee (BSBC – Basel Committee on Banking Supervision), in particular the development of Basel II to Basel III. Discusses how the issue of credit risk, market risk, operational risk and finally the liquidity risk has been addressed. For each one of them, we make an approach that allows explaining and justifying their evolving approaches in Basel I, Basel II and Basel III. Argues that the evolution that has occurred in the treatment of risks, is more linked to solutions to situations of crisis in the financial system, than to become a system of prevention of situations of risk. It also advocates that any system that can contribute to situations of risk prevention should pass through the separation of commercial banking, investment banking, with different approaches in terms of the capital adequacy.

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Camargo, Gelza Maria Iavarone. "Fatores de qualidade dos acordos de níveis de serviços para provedores de serviços de aplicativos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-02012018-170058/.

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A alta competitividade e os avanços tecnológicos propiciaram o surgimento de um novo modelo de terceirização de Tecnologia de Informação (TI), os Provedores de Serviços de Aplicativos (ASP - Application Service Providers). A proposta do modelo ASP é a comercialização de aplicativos de software como serviço. A satisfação dos clientes está diretamente relacionada à qualidade do serviço prestado. Para garantir que sejam fornecidos serviços com qualidade, é fundamental a adoção dos Acordos dos Níveis de Serviços (SLA - Service Levei Agreements) como mecanismo de controle. No entanto, são escassas as informações formalizadas que venham a contribuir com a especificação desses acordos. Propondo-se a contribuir com a compreensão de SLA para ASP, apresenta-se uma pesquisa exploratória do conceito de SLA para ASP, de modelos de qualidade e dos fatores de qualidade a serem considerados nos SLA para garantir a qualidade dos serviços prestados.
lhe current competitiveness of the global market and the continuous technological evolution pushed the risen of a new model of Information Technogy Outsourcing, the Application Service Providers (ASP). The ASP modelproposes the remote delivery of software as a service. Therefore, customers\' satisfaction is strictelly related to the quality of ser\\>ice delivered. It is highly recommended the adoption of Service Levei Agreement (SLA) as a control mechanism to assure such quality of service. However, there is a lack of formalized statements regarding the specification of these agreements. As a matter of contribution for the compreension of the SLA for ASP, this work introduces an exploratory research of the concep of SLA for ASP, and of the quality models and quality metrics to be considered by the SLA to assure the quality of the services provided.

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Heredia, Luis Patricio Estrada. "O intercâmbio compensado: um estudo de caso brasileiro e latino-americano para aplicar no Equador." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-13062018-170937/.

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Esta tese versa sobre uma das formas mais engenhosas de comércio internacional, embora seja egressa de antigas práticas do comércio em todo o mundo. Trata-se do intercâmbio compensado, um sistema muito utilizado, no século passado, nos países Cortina de Ferro, e que mais recentemente renasce nos países do Terceiro Mundo, onde socorrem países com escassez de divisas, substituindo moedas por countertrade. O objetivo principal desse trabalho é o de verificar as possibilidades da aplicação desse sistema de trocas compensadas no mercado da América Latina, como ênfase no mercado brasileiro e equatoriano. O levantamento bibliográfico apontou a existência de formas mais recentes de utilização de operações desse tipo no sofisticado mundo do comércio exterior atual. Os conceitos e as formas do intercâmbio compensado evoluíram fortemente nesses últimos anos e requereu o estudo de operações cometidas em várias partes do mundo, envolvendo desde empresas estatais a empresas de variados portes, inclusive de grandes multinacionais com operação ao redor de todo o mundo. Parece não haver impedimentos de qualquer natureza para países ou empresas privadas e públicas. Esse levantamento motivou o autor a desenvolver pesquisa qualitativa em amostra intencional, para conhecer o uso real e concreto dessas operações no Brasil e no Equador, com o objetivo de identificar barreiras e outras dificuldades à adoção dessas operações. O Brasil foi escolhido por apresentar uma economia multisetorial capaz de produzir uma oferta diversificada para os países Latino-Americanos e, de outro, o Equador país que necessita de altos volumes de importações, nos próximos anos, para conseguir imputar maior dinamismo a sua vida econômica. Foram realizadas 55 entrevistas com empresários brasileiros, localizados no Estado de São Paulo e o Brasil e 155 com empresários equatorianos, todos envolvidos com comércio internacional, sejam eles, industriais ou comerciantes. A análise dos resultados apontou para um desconhecimento quase completo desse sistema de trocas nos dois países, evidenciando ser esse o maior problema para a adoção das trocas compensadas. Por outro lado, as informações apresentadas sobre esse tema evidenciaram um entusiasmo inicial pelas perspectivas que oferecem para novos negócios com países da região, e revelam um interesse forte dos empresários em conhecer os procedimentos para realização dessas operações. Parece muito pertinente, portanto, que os dois governos locais precisem levar ao empresariado informações e disponibilizassem alguma forma de apoio a esse sistema de comércio que dispensa o uso de divisas, sejam elas quais forem.
This doctoral thesis deals is about one the most recent forms of international trade, although it comes from the oldest commercial philosophy. It is the compensated exchange, a system well-known in the Iron Curtain countries, but lately in the countries of the Third World where they are replacing the money by the countertrade. Its main objective was to verify if it is possible to be applied it in the Brazilian market, in the Ecuadorian market and in general in the Latin American market. As a first step, a bibliographical survey was made looking to understand, from its origin, the concepts of the new forms of exchange offset to its application from the experiences of multinational companies and countries that have used this new form of foreign trade. What was sought was to prove its effectiveness, the next step was to develop a quantitative research that takes us to the real, practical and concrete thinking about the use of the countertrade. Based on a questionnaire designed for this purpose, a pilot was carried out together with a population of 150 foreign trade entrepreneurs, traders and industrial entrepreneurs from Ecuador. As well as qualitative research with a population of 50 foreign trade entrepreneurs, traders and industrial entrepreneurs from Brazil, mostly from the State of São Paulo. After analyzing the results, we have been able to understand two important things. The first: that most entrepreneurs do not know the countertrade, therefore, it is important to start both in Brazil and Ecuador begin to disseminate this new form of international trade. And the second: surprisingly, the entrepreneurs who knew how the countretrade operates were very open to this new form of commerce

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SILVA, Deise de Avila. "Avaliação de parâmetros para identificação do potencial de transformação contido em lesões orais potencialmente malignas." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2012. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2272.

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This study aims to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of antibodie MAGE-(Y18) in potentially malignant oral lesions and malignant lesions in patients with or without factor risk, and also to check the interexaminers variability on histological classification of oral epithelial dysplasia. Paraffin-embedded samples of 20 cases of severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ and 20 cases of intraoral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were used in the study, and in both groups the samples had been distributed between patients with and without other risk factors associated with the occurrence of injury (tobacco and alcohol). The positive immunohistochemical expression of MAGE(Y-18) was defined by a cytoplasmic staining pattern, and it was used a scoring system considering the homogeneity of the reaction. In order to verify the interexaminer variability when performing a histological classification of oral epithelial dysplasia, 75 cases of potentially malignant oral lesions were selected from a referral service in oral disease. Slides were read independently and blindly by three pathologists in two stages. In the first stage it was made available to examiners the slides stained with H & E along with the clinical information of each case, and pathologists had to classify the lesions: no dysplasia, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ.In the second stage, it was not given access to clinical information to the examiners, and they had to classify slides into two categories: low risk (non-dysplastic lesions / mild dysplasia) and high risk (moderate or severe dysplasia / carcinoma in situ). . The results were positive in 4/20 PML and 17/20 SCC. Through the Kruskal-Wallis test, it was observed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between groups of CPB and the group of potentially malignant lesions (PML) without the risk factor. The Mann-Whitney test found a statistically significant difference between carcinomas and potentially malignant lesions (p<0.001). The Fisher Exact test showed no statistically significant difference between the lesions that had the same histological diagnosis when compared in subgroups of associated risk factor (p=1). Detection of MAGE antigen may be useful in identifying LPM that has a higher risk of progression to invasive SCC, but it seems to be unrelated to exposure to popular risk factors The agreement between the examiners and the gold standard ranged from low to moderate, regardless of the classification system that was used. In the first stage, the intraclass correlation coefficient showed a moderate agreement between examiners 1 and 3 (r = 0.479 and r = 0.544) and, a low agreement of the examiner 2 (r = 0.384). In the second phase, it was observed a moderate agreement between examiners 2 and 3 and the gold standard (k = 0.433 k = 0.422) and, a low concordance between the examiner 1 and the gold standard (k = 0.186).Taking into account that grading dysplasia is a subjective process and still there is no test that outperforms the histological observation on diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia, it is understood that the process of grading made by two or more examiners should be encouraged, in order to assist in defining more precisely the diagnostics
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a expressão imuno-histoquímica do MAGE (Y-18) em LPM e malignas de pacientes com e sem fator de risco associado, bem como verificar a variabilidade interexaminadores na classificação histológica das displasias epiteliais orais. Foram utilizadas amostras incluídas em parafina de 20 casos de displasia severa/carcinoma in situ e 20 casos de CEC intraoral, sendo que em cada grupo as amostras estavam distribuídas entre pacientes com e sem fator de risco associado à ocorrência da lesão (tabaco e álcool). A expressão imuno-histoquímica positiva de MAGE (Y-18) foi definida por um padrão de coloração citoplasmático, sendo utilizado um sistema de pontuação considerando a homogeneidade da reação. Para classificar as displasias epiteliais orais, 75 casos de lesões orais potencialmente malignas foram selecionados de um serviço de referência em patologia bucal. Três patologistas analisaram as lâminas de forma independente e cega em dois momentos.Na primeira etapa foram disponibilizadas aos examinadores as lâminas coradas em H&E juntamente com as informações clínicas de cada caso e os patologistas classificaram as lesões em sem displasia, displasia leve, moderada, severa ou carcinoma in situ. Na segunda etapa, os avaliadores não tiveram acesso às informações clínicas e classificaram as lâminas em duas categorias: baixo risco (lesão não displásica/displasia leve) e alto risco (displasia moderada/severa/carcinoma in situ). A análise das reações imuno-histoquímicas demonstrou positividade em 4/20 LPM e 17/20 CEC. Pelo teste de Kruskall-Wallis observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre os grupos de CEC e o grupo das lesões potencialmente malignas sem fator de risco. O teste de Mann-Whitney verificou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os carcinomas e as lesões potencialmente malignas (p<0.001). O teste Exato de Fischer não demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as lesões de mesmo diagnóstico histológico quando comparadas nos subgrupos de fator de risco associado (p=1). Nossos resultados sugerem que a detecção do antígeno MAGE pode ser útil na identificação de LPM com maior risco de progressão para o CEC invasivo, mas parece não ter relação com a exposição aos fatores de risco mais conhecidos. Quando na classificação das displasias, independente do sistema de classificação utilizado, a concordância entre os avaliadores e o padrão ouro variou de fraca a moderada.Na primeira etapa, o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse demonstrou uma concordância moderada entre os avaliadores 1 e 3 (r=0,479 e r=0,544) e uma concordância baixa do avaliador 2 (r=0,384). No segundo momento observou-se uma concordância moderada entre os examinadores 2 e 3 e o padrão ouro (k=0,433 e k=0,422) e uma baixa concordância entre o avaliador 1 e o padrão ouro (k=0,186). Tendo em vista que a graduação da displasia é um processo subjetivo, e que ainda não dispomos de nenhum exame que supere a observação histológica no diagnóstico das displasias epiteliais orais, entendemos que o processo de graduação entre dois ou mais observadores deve ser incentivado, a fim de auxiliar na definição mais precisa do diagnóstico

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