Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Papuan language'
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Tida, Syuntaro. "A grammar of the Dom language : a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/143786.
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Reesink, Ger P. "Structures and their functions in Usan, a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea /." Amsterdam ; Philadelphia : J. Benjamins, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34939623k.
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Ingram, Andrew. "Anamuxra : a language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9823.
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de, Sousa Hilário. "The Menggwa Dla language of New Guinea." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1341.
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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)Menggwa Dla is a Papuan language spoken in Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea and Kabupaten Jayapura of Papua Province, Indonesia. Menggwa Dla is a dialect of the Dla language; together with its sister language Anggor (e.g. Litteral 1980), the two languages form the Senagi language family, one of the small Papuan language families found in North-Central New Guinea. The main text of this thesis is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the linguistic, cultural and political landscapes of the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border area where the Dla territory is located. Chapter 2 introduces the phonology of Menggwa Dla; described in this chapter are the phonemes, allophonic variations, phonotactics, morpho-phonological processes, stress assignment and intonation of the language. The inventory of phonemes in Menggwa is average for a Papuan language (15 consonants and 5 vowels). The vast majority of syllables come in the shape of V, CV or C1C2V where C2 can be /n/ /r/ /l/ /j/ or /w/. In C1C2V syllables, the sonority rises from C1 to V (§2.2.2). Nevertheless, there are a few words with word-medial consonant sequences like ft /ɸt/, lk /lk/, lf /lɸ/ or lk /lk/ where the sonority drops from the first to the second consonant; the first consonant in these sequences is analysed as the coda of the previous syllable (§2.2.3). Chapter 3 is an overview of the word classes in Menggwa Dla; the morphological, syntactic and semantic properties of the three major word classes (nouns, adjectives and verbs) and the minor word classes are compared in this chapter. Chapter 4 describes the properties of nouns and noun phrases; the person-number-gender categories, noun-phrasal syntax, nominal clitics and personal pronouns are outlined in this chapter. Menggwa Dla has a rich array of case, topic and focus markers which comes in the form of clitics (§4.5). Subject pronouns (‘citation pronouns’) only mark person (i.e. one for each of the three persons), whereas object and genitive pronouns mark person (including inclusive/exclusive first person), number, and sometimes also gender features (§4.6). Chapter 5 introduces various morphological and syntactic issues which are common to both independent and dependent clauses: verb stems, verb classes, cross-referencing, intraclausal syntax, syntactic transitivity and semantic valence. Cross-referencing in Menggwa Dla is complex: there are seven paradigms of subject cross-reference suffixes and four paradigms of object cross-references. Based on their cross-referencing patterns, verbs are classified into one of five verb classes (§5.2). There is often a mismatch between the number of cross-reference suffixes, the semantic valence, and the syntactic transitivity within a clause. There are verbs where the subject cross-reference suffix, or the object suffix, or both the subject and object suffixes are semantically empty (‘dummy cross-reference suffixes’; §5.3.2). Chapter 6 outlines the morphology of independent verbs and copulas. Verbal morphology differs greatly between the three statuses of realis, semi-realis and irrealis; a section is devoted to the morphology for each of the three statuses. Chapter 7 introduces the dependent clauses and verbal noun phrases. Different types of dependent verbs are deverbalised to various degrees: subordinate verbs are the least deverbalised, chain verbs are more deverbalised (but they mark switch-reference (SR), and sometimes also interclausal temporal relations), and non-finite chain verbs even more deverbalised. Further deverbalised than the non-finite chain verbs are the verbal nouns; verbal noun phrases in Menggwa Dla functions somewhat like complement clauses in English. In younger speakers speech, the function of the chain clause SR system has diverted from the canonical SR system used by older speakers (§7.2.2). For younger speakers, coreferential chain verb forms and disjoint-reference chain verb forms only have their coreferential and disjoint-referential meaning — respectively — when the person-number-gender features of the two subject cross-reference suffixes cannot resolve the referentiality of the two subjects. Otherwise, the coreferential chain verb forms have become the unmarked SR-neutral chain verb forms. At the end of this thesis are appendix 1, which contains four Menggwa Dla example texts, and appendix 2, which contains tables of cross-reference suffixes, pronouns, copulas and irregular verbs.
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de, Sousa Hilário. "The Menggwa Dla language of New Guinea." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1341.
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Menggwa Dla is a Papuan language spoken in Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea and Kabupaten Jayapura of Papua Province, Indonesia. Menggwa Dla is a dialect of the Dla language; together with its sister language Anggor (e.g. Litteral 1980), the two languages form the Senagi language family, one of the small Papuan language families found in North-Central New Guinea. The main text of this thesis is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the linguistic, cultural and political landscapes of the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border area where the Dla territory is located. Chapter 2 introduces the phonology of Menggwa Dla; described in this chapter are the phonemes, allophonic variations, phonotactics, morpho-phonological processes, stress assignment and intonation of the language. The inventory of phonemes in Menggwa is average for a Papuan language (15 consonants and 5 vowels). The vast majority of syllables come in the shape of V, CV or C1C2V where C2 can be /n/ /r/ /l/ /j/ or /w/. In C1C2V syllables, the sonority rises from C1 to V (§2.2.2). Nevertheless, there are a few words with word-medial consonant sequences like ft /ɸt/, lk /lk/, lf /lɸ/ or lk /lk/ where the sonority drops from the first to the second consonant; the first consonant in these sequences is analysed as the coda of the previous syllable (§2.2.3). Chapter 3 is an overview of the word classes in Menggwa Dla; the morphological, syntactic and semantic properties of the three major word classes (nouns, adjectives and verbs) and the minor word classes are compared in this chapter. Chapter 4 describes the properties of nouns and noun phrases; the person-number-gender categories, noun-phrasal syntax, nominal clitics and personal pronouns are outlined in this chapter. Menggwa Dla has a rich array of case, topic and focus markers which comes in the form of clitics (§4.5). Subject pronouns (‘citation pronouns’) only mark person (i.e. one for each of the three persons), whereas object and genitive pronouns mark person (including inclusive/exclusive first person), number, and sometimes also gender features (§4.6). Chapter 5 introduces various morphological and syntactic issues which are common to both independent and dependent clauses: verb stems, verb classes, cross-referencing, intraclausal syntax, syntactic transitivity and semantic valence. Cross-referencing in Menggwa Dla is complex: there are seven paradigms of subject cross-reference suffixes and four paradigms of object cross-references. Based on their cross-referencing patterns, verbs are classified into one of five verb classes (§5.2). There is often a mismatch between the number of cross-reference suffixes, the semantic valence, and the syntactic transitivity within a clause. There are verbs where the subject cross-reference suffix, or the object suffix, or both the subject and object suffixes are semantically empty (‘dummy cross-reference suffixes’; §5.3.2). Chapter 6 outlines the morphology of independent verbs and copulas. Verbal morphology differs greatly between the three statuses of realis, semi-realis and irrealis; a section is devoted to the morphology for each of the three statuses. Chapter 7 introduces the dependent clauses and verbal noun phrases. Different types of dependent verbs are deverbalised to various degrees: subordinate verbs are the least deverbalised, chain verbs are more deverbalised (but they mark switch-reference (SR), and sometimes also interclausal temporal relations), and non-finite chain verbs even more deverbalised. Further deverbalised than the non-finite chain verbs are the verbal nouns; verbal noun phrases in Menggwa Dla functions somewhat like complement clauses in English. In younger speakers speech, the function of the chain clause SR system has diverted from the canonical SR system used by older speakers (§7.2.2). For younger speakers, coreferential chain verb forms and disjoint-reference chain verb forms only have their coreferential and disjoint-referential meaning — respectively — when the person-number-gender features of the two subject cross-reference suffixes cannot resolve the referentiality of the two subjects. Otherwise, the coreferential chain verb forms have become the unmarked SR-neutral chain verb forms. At the end of this thesis are appendix 1, which contains four Menggwa Dla example texts, and appendix 2, which contains tables of cross-reference suffixes, pronouns, copulas and irregular verbs.
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Aiton, Grant. "A Grammar of Eibela: A language of Western Province, Papua New Guinea." Phd thesis, James Cook University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/243896.
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This thesis is a reference grammar of the Eibela language, also referred to as Aimele (Ethnologue code: AIL). Eibela has approximately 300 speakers living primarily in Lake Campbell, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. The majority of the data for this thesis was gathered in Lake Campbell, with some addition research taking place in Wawoi Falls, Western Province. In Lake Campbell, Eibela is the dominant language of the community, and is the language of day-to-day life. English and Tok Pisin are becoming more prominent as languages of commerce, and are preferred for written communication. Most members of the Lake Campbell community are also adept at speaking the languages of the surrounding communities.
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Davies, Herbert John. "Kobon syntax." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329116.
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Burung, Willem. "A grammar of Wano." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:86a8eef7-4a10-420d-b445-400a0b2b974f.
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This thesis is a descriptive analysis of Wano, a Trans-New Guinea language found in West Papua which is spoken by approximately 7,000 native speakers. The thesis includes: (i) an introduction of Wano topography and demography; a brief ethnographic sketch; some sociolinguistic issues such as name taboo, counting system and kinship terms; and typological profile of the language in chapter 1; (ii) morphophonological properties in chapter 2; (iii) forms and functions of nouns in chapter 3; (iv) verbs in chapter 4; (v) deixis in chapter 5; (vi) clause elements in chapter 6; and (vii) intransitive/transitive non-verbal predication in chapter 7; (viii) clause combination is consecutively observed in terms of coordination and subordination in chapter 8; serial verb constructions in chapter 9; clause linking in chapter 10; and bridging linkage in chapter 11. Chapter 12 sums-up the overall thesis. Wano has 11 consonantal and 5 vocalic phonemes expressed through their allophonic variations, consonantal assimilation and vocalic diphthongs. The only fricative phoneme attested is bilabial fricative /Î2/. There are two open and two closed syllable patterns where all consonants are syllable-onset, while approximants can also be syllable-coda. Vowels are syllable-nucleus. Stress is syllable-final which will be penultimate in cliticization. The phonology-morphology interface provides a significant contribution to the shaping of conjugational verbs, which, in turn, plays an essential role to an understanding of Wano verbal system where distinction between roots, stems, citation forms, sequential forms and tense-aspect-mood is defined. Wano is a polysynthetic language that displays an agglutinative-fusional morphology. Although the alienable-inalienable noun distinction is essentially simple in its morphology, the sex-distinction of the possessor between kin terms allows room for semantic-pragmatic complexity in the interpretation of their various uses. Wano has four non-verbal predications, consists of experiential event, nominal, adjectival, and deictic predicates. Wano is a verb-final language that allows pronominal pro-drop and has no rigid word order for arguments. A clause may consist only of (i) a single verb, (ii) a single inalienable noun, (iii) a serial verb construction, (iv) a combination of an inalienable noun with a verb, and or (v) a combination of an inalienable noun with a serial verb construction. To maintain discourse coherency, Wano makes use of tail-head linkage construction. The thesis consists of: pre-sections (i-xxxiii), contents (1-478), bibliography (479-498), and appendices (499-594) that include verb paradigms, noun paradigms, some oral texts and dialectal wordlist.
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Haan, Johnson Welem. "The grammar of Adang : a Papuan language spoken on the Island of Alor, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia." Phd thesis, Department of Linguistics, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6413.
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Lindström, Eva. "Topics in the grammar of Kuot, a non-Austronesian language of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-19184.
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This thesis describes certain areas in the grammar of the little-known Kuot language, spoken by some 1,500 people in New Ireland Province in Papua New Guinea. Kuot is an isolate, and is the only non-Austronesian (Papuan) language of that province. The analyses presented here are based on original data from 18 months of linguistic fieldwork. The first chapter provides an overview of Kuot grammar, and gives details of earlier mentions of the language, and of data collection and the fieldwork situation. The second chapter presents information about the prehistory and history of the area, the social system, kinship system and culture of Kuot speakers, as well as dialectal variation and prognosis of survival of the language. Chapter three treats Kuot phonology, with particular emphasis on the factors that govern allophonic variation, and on the expression of word stress and the functions of intonation. Word classes and the criteria used to define them are presented in Chapter four, which also contains a discussion of types of morphemes in Kuot. The last chapter describes in some detail the class of nouns in Kuot, their declensions, non-singular formation, and the properties of grammatical gender. Appendices give the full set of person-marking forms in Kuot, a transcription of a recorded text with interlinear glossing and translation, the Swadesh 100-word list for Kuot, and diagrams of kin relations and terminologyFör att köpa boken skicka en beställning till exp@ling.su.se/ To order the book send an e-mail to exp@ling.su.se
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Svärd, Erik. "Grammatical gender in New Guinea." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119839.
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The present study investigates the gender systems of 20 languages in the New Guinea region, an often overlooked area in typological research. The languages were classified with five criteria used by Di Garbo (2014) to classify gender systems of African languages. The results showed that the gender systems were diverse, although around half of the languages have two-gendered sex-based systems with semantic assignment, more than four gender-indexing targets, and no gender marking on nouns. The gender systems of New Guinea are remarkably representative of the world, although formal assignment is much less common. However, the gender systems of New Guinea and Africa are very different. The most significant difference isthe prevalence of non-sex-based gender systems and gender marking on nouns in Africa, whereas the opposite is true in New Guinea. However, gender in Africa is also less diverse largely due to the numerous Bantu languages. Finally, four typologically rare characteristics were found in the sample: (1) size and shape as important criteria of gender assignment, with large/long being masculine and small/short feminine, (2) the presence of two separate nominal classification systems, (3) no gender distinctions in pronouns, and (4) verbs as the most common indexing target.Denna studie undersöker genussystemen hos 20 språk i Nya Guinea-regionen, vilken ofta förbises i typologisk forskning. Språken klassificerades utifrån fem kriterier som användes av Di Garbo (2014) för att klassificera genussystem i Afrika. Resultaten visade att genussystemen var varierade, men ungefär hälften av språken har könsbaserade genussystem med tvaå genus, semantisk genustilldelning, fler än fyra genusindex och ingen genusmarkering på substantiv. Genussystemen är anmärkningsvärt representativa för världen, men formell genustilldelning är mycket mindre vanlig. Jämfört med genussystemen i Afrika är dock Nya Guinea väldigt annorlunda. Den viktigaste skillnaden är den större utbredningen av icke-könsbaserade genussystem och genusmarkering på substantiv i Afrika, medan motsatsen gäller i Nya Guinea. Genus i Afrika är dock till stor del mindre varierat på grund av de talrika bantuspråken. Slutligen hittades fyra typologiskt sällsynta karaktärsdrag i urvalet: (1) storlek och form som viktiga kriterier för genustilldelning, där stort/långt är maskulint och litet/kort feminint, (2) närvaron av två separata nominalklassificeringssystem, (3) inga genusdistinktioner i pronomen och (4) verb som det vanligaste genusindexet.
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Svärd, Erik. "Selected Topics in the Grammar of Nalca." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-91132.
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The present study analyzes a selection of topics in the grammar of Nalca (Mek language; Papua), with a focus on verbs and nominals. No published grammar or dictionary is available for Nalca, but a translation of the New Testament was used as a parallel text. The results showed that Nalca is split-ergative, strongly suffixing and agglutinating, with subject-object-verb (SOV) as the dominant word order. Verbs consist of a stem and a series of suffixes expressing tense/aspect/mood, negation, number and person. The case alignment is ergative-absolutive for nouns, for which syntactic function is indicated by a series of postpositions. These postpositions agree with nouns in gender. Ergativity was not observed for pronouns; while the results were inconclusive, they appeared to show a nominative-accusative case alignment. The numeral system is an extended body-part system with the base 27. Many of the features found in Nalca are comparable with other Mek languages, with the gender system and split-ergativity being two major exceptions. Finally, the use of the New Testament as a parallel text was a success, with a basic description of the grammar of Nalca having been made, although further investigation is needed.Denna studie analyserar ett urval av områden i nalcas (mekspråk; Papua) grammatik, med fokus på verb och nominaler. Det finns ingen publicerad grammatik eller ordlista tillgänglig för nalca, men en översättning av Nya Testamentet användes som parallelltext. Resutltaten visade att nalca är split-ergativt, starkt suffigerande och agglutinerande, med subjekt-objekt-verb (SOV) som dominerande ordföljd. Verb består av en stam och en serie suffix som uttrycker tempus/aspekt/modus, negation, numerus och person. Argumentstrukturen är ergativ-absolutiv för substantiv, för vilka syntaktisk funktion indikeras av en serie postpositioner. Dessa postpositioner kongruerar med substantiven efter genus. Ergativitet observerades inte för pronomen; trots att resultaten inte var slutgiltiga, tycktes dessa istället uppvisa ett nominativ-ackusativt system. Det numeriska systemet är ett utökat kroppsdelssystem med basen 27. Många av karaktärsdragen i nalca hade motsvarigheter i de andra mekspråken, med genussystemet och split-ergativiteten som de största undantagen. Användandet av Nya Testamentet som parallelltext visade sig vara lyckat, eftersom en grundläggande beskrivning av nalcas grammatik åstadkoms, även om ytterligare forskning krävs.
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Lomas, G. C. J. (Gabriel Charles Jacques). "The Huli language of Papua New Guinea." Australia : Macquarie University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/22313.
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Thesis (PhD) -- Macquarie University, School of English and Linguistics, 1989.Bibliography: leaves 385-393.
Introduction -- Traditional Huli society -- Segmental phonology -- Prosodies -- Verbs -- Adverbials -- NominaIs -- Word complexes -- Group complexes -- Semantic patterns -- Linguistic and social change -- Texts.
This thesis describes the language of the Huli speech community of the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. The first chapter situates the speech community in its historical setting, and refers to previous, mainly non-linguistic, studies. The second chapter situates the commuity in its geographical and 'traditional' setting, recording putative migrations and dialectal variations. The third chapter describes segmental phonology at a level of detail not previously given in accounts of the language, while the fourth chapter presents a tentative exploration of prosodic features. The fifth chapter describes verbs, the sixth adverbials, and the seventh nominals: in each instance there is an emphasis on morphology and morphophonemic processes hitherto unrecorded for Huli. The eighth chapter describes word complexes, and the ninth group complexes, using a systemic-functional approach that establishes a descriptive framework that indicates useful insights into the pragmatics of the language. Chapter ten selects and explores, in varying degrees, semantic features that are typologically interesting, while chapter eleven re-focusses the thesis on sociolinguistic issues. The twelveth chapter presents a dozen texts, which it interprets and comments on in the light of linguistic and sociological descriptions presented previously. The appendices that follow give the data bases for some of the descriptions given in the thesis body. The body of the thesis is concerned with describing the language as it is being created and used by living, real, people. Hence, the language forms at each level are described and interpreted in relation to their functions in creating meaning. This has necessitated presenting in some detail phonological and morphological data that need to be described if the language is to be seen as the growing, changing expression of the living society that uses and creates it.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xviii, 452 leaves, ill
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Lomas, G. C. J. "The Huli language of Papua New Guinea." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/22313.
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Corris, Miriam. "A grammar of Barupu : a language of Papua New Guinea." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3655.
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This thesis is a descriptive grammar of Barupu, the easternmost member of the Skou family of languages. Barupu is spoken by around 3000 people on the north eoast of New Guinea; its grammar has not previously been described. Barupu is a tone language in which words belong to one of five tone classes and it exemplifies a type of pitch-accent system where for the most part tone is attracted to penultimate stressed syllables and spreads one syllable to the right. Some words, however, have tones lexically specified to one of the final two syllables ofthe word. A key feature of Barupu grammar is that there is no oblique marking on NPs - no particles, adpositions or case markers provide information about a nominal's role in the clause. Instead, Barupu is head-marking. Underived verbs show multiple exponence of subject, which can take the form of double prefixing or prefixing and infixing. There is a set ofsuffixing morphemes that function like applicatives in adding participants to the clause, but which are very atypical in appearing outside verbal inflection and showing extra agreement for subject. Barupu also has a prefixing Benefactive paradigm that replaces regular subject agreement and can be extended to mark external possession. Finally, Barupu is a polysynthetic language and, as such, makes almost no use of f9rmal subordination. Appendices to this thesis include a set of interlinearised texts and a draft of a Barupu-English dictionary with an English-Barupu finderlist.
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Corris, Miriam. "A grammar of Barupu : a language of Papua New Guinea." University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3655.
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Doctor of PhilosophyThis thesis is a descriptive grammar of Barupu, the easternmost member of the Skou family of languages. Barupu is spoken by around 3000 people on the north eoast of New Guinea; its grammar has not previously been described. Barupu is a tone language in which words belong to one of five tone classes and it exemplifies a type of pitch-accent system where for the most part tone is attracted to penultimate stressed syllables and spreads one syllable to the right. Some words, however, have tones lexically specified to one of the final two syllables ofthe word. A key feature of Barupu grammar is that there is no oblique marking on NPs - no particles, adpositions or case markers provide information about a nominal's role in the clause. Instead, Barupu is head-marking. Underived verbs show multiple exponence of subject, which can take the form of double prefixing or prefixing and infixing. There is a set ofsuffixing morphemes that function like applicatives in adding participants to the clause, but which are very atypical in appearing outside verbal inflection and showing extra agreement for subject. Barupu also has a prefixing Benefactive paradigm that replaces regular subject agreement and can be extended to mark external possession. Finally, Barupu is a polysynthetic language and, as such, makes almost no use of f9rmal subordination. Appendices to this thesis include a set of interlinearised texts and a draft of a Barupu-English dictionary with an English-Barupu finderlist.
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Harvey, Jana R. "Tok Pisin on the Internet." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1370880.
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Internet message boards are a medium by which educated Papua New Guineans who are living outside of Papua New Guinea (PNG) maintain ties to one another and to their home country. One of the languages that they use on these message boards is Tok Pisin (TP), an English-based creole spoken in PNG that has changed rapidly in theapproximately 120 years since its creation as a pidgin.Romaine (1992) suggests that decreolization by means of new changes toward English is occurring in the TP language. Smith (2002) disagrees and claims that there is no evidence for decreolization. This study shows that there is evidence in favor of decreolization, in particular a Matrix Language (ML) turnover (Myers-Scotton 2002), in the TP used on seven Internet message boards. This conclusion is also derived through the study of 139 letters to the editor in the TP weekly newspaper Wantok written during 2003 and 2006.In looking for English `late system morphemes,' whose existence in bilingual complementizer phrases that have TP as the ML would indicate the beginning of a ML turnover (Myers-Scotton 2002), this study counts deletion of the TP particle i as a late system morpheme.Results show that on Internet message boards, the particle i only marks the predicate in 33% of the locations where it would occur in Standard TP. In Wantok letters to the editor, i occurs 95% of the time. Internet users are more likely to be influenced by English and have less access to Standard TP. Although TP is still valued by highly educated Papua New Guineans in the English domain of the Internet to discuss personal topics and show solidarity with one another, it is not their first choice of language, and the loss of the particle i shows evidence for a ML turnover having begun in the language. One conclusion that may be drawn from this study is that planning for the future of TP by the leaders of PNG is essential to maintain TP as a community language.Department of English
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Wilson, Jennifer. "A Grammar of Yeri a Torricelli language of Papua New Guinea." Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10255769.
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This dissertation is a grammar of Yeri, an endangered Torricelli language spoken in Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea. The language is still spoken, to at least some degree, by approximately 100–150 speakers, most of whom live in Yapunda village. This grammar is based on primary data collected from Yeri speakers during the author’s eleven months of fieldwork, which was spread out over the course of three field trips. The primary data on which this grammar is founded can be accessed at The Language Archive. This grammar constitutes the first description of the Yeri language.
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Turegano, Mansilla Mª del Pilar. "Language and society in papua new guinea: pidginization, crelization and decreolization in tok pisin." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9780.
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As a result of colonialism, pidgins and creoles emerged around the world in order to fulfil the communicative needs of the people who came in contact in the new situation. As those needs disappeared pidgins also gradually disappeared. However, in some areas, such as Papua New Guinea, the need for a common language in such a linguistically heterogeneous society helped the impoverished pidgin evolve into an extended pidgin suitable for use in a wide range of contexts and functions.This dissertation analyzes the parallel developments of Tok Pisin and the history of its speakers, from the birth of the pidgin as a jargon in the Southwest Pacific until the present moment, when as an extended pidgin with a few thousand creole speakers, faces the challenge of adapting to the modern world. In Chapter I some basic considerations are made about the circumstances that allow pidgins and creoles to emerge and the strategies used in their formation and further development. After this introduction to the topic, attention is paid to the relevant events taking place in the southwest Pacific first and in Papua New Guinea later, namely labour trade and plantations, the declaration of a German protectorate in 1884, the changing of colonial powers, World War I and World War II and the current sociolinguistic situation in the country.In Chapter II a diachronic analysis is made of the developments taking place in the different areas of Tok Pisin. During the jargon stage Tok Pisin was used basically for communication between colonizers and natives. There is a need to communicate in a very restricted domain only, communication is very simple and the degree of individual variation is likely to be very high in all the areas of the language. During stabilization norms emerged out of the chaos of the jargon. It was during this stage that Tok Pisin started to be used for communication among natives rather than only between colonizers and natives. When indentured labourers, speakers of different languages, came together on plantations, they soon realized they needed to communicate. The urgent need for vocabulary in the new situation was fulfilled by borrowing from all sources at hand, e.g. English, German, Malay, Tolai. During expansion, Tok Pisin made use of internal resources and expanded the possibilities already present in the language. At the end of this stage, renewed contact of Tok Pisin with English in towns caused a new variety to emerge, Urban Pidgin, characterized by the massive borrowing from English.In Chapter III the focus is on different aspects of the lexicon which will show how Tok Pisin has adapted to its new uses and functions in a new social environment. Tok Pisin is not a language for restricted communication anymore, its use has greatly expanded and, as a consequence, its functions, too. On the one hand, there has been a massive increase of its inventory of lexical items necessary to adapt the language to the new circumstances of the society where it is spoken. New words which deal with new situations have been incorporated from English. On the other hand, stylistic variation is now possible, and a number of changes do not have an influence on the referential power, but rather on style. Tok Pisin has been enriched by new functions including expressive and poetic. Lexicon seems to be affected by external influences earlier than the other areas of the language. Speakers of Tok Pisin seem to be favouring borrowing over exploitation of internal resources. Also in grammar, although to a much lesser extent, these changes can be observed. What evidence shows at the present moment is that the new patterns being borrowed do no seem to be replacing the old ones, but rather both of them coexist. Thus, instability will be a feature of the language while restructuring takes place. This can show that a linguistic continuum might be consolidating and that there might be a range of possibilities within the spectrum to convey the same idea. The gap emerging in the language is a reflection of the changes taking place in society, being caused by different degrees of access to formal education and to an urban setting. As a consequence of the changes taking place in society, the use of loanwords from the substratum is also declining, because they reflect a reality that is gradually disappearing. Only those words whose referent is still present will remain. Also idioms which correspond to a certain interpretation of reality will tend to disappear as the Western culture and beliefs spread. An area where substratum influence tends to be retained longer is exclamations and interjections. However, even here English expressions are finding their way into Tok Pisin.At the present moment very few people in Papua New Guinea are in direct contact with English. And for many it is a language learnt in the formal environment of the classroom. The influence of English on Tok Pisin will not spread if Tok Pisin remains only the language of formal education. However, other factors such as the contact of a growing number of speakers with English as a consequence of expected migration to town areas, the influence of the media or the growing prestige of the urban variety can help to increase the number of English features in Tok Pisin.Throughout its history, Tok Pisin has evolved and has become enriched by its speakers. They, rather than language policies, have been the ones who have decided the direction of the development of the language by accepting or rejecting the different possibilities of expansion. It is in their hands to decide what Tok Pisin will be like, to decide if they want to favour the changes in the direction of English and the consolidation of a linguistic continuum already emerging, knowing there is a risk of losing communicative power, a factor which cannot be undervalued in such a linguistically heterogeneous society.
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Levy, Catherine M. B. R. "A tentative description of Awar phonology and morphology: lower Ramu family, Papua-New Guinea." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211386.
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Mathieu-Reeves, Danielle Gilberte 1984. "Reanalysis of Serial Verb Constructions in Yimas, a Sepik-Ramu Language of Papua New Guinea." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9836.
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viii, 70 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Yimas, a Nor-Pondo language of the Lower Sepik-Ramu in Papua New Guinea, has two causative constructions and one attemptive construction that appear to have developed historically from a particular kind of serial verb construction. Although Yimas has many complex verbal constructions, including three kinds of serial verb constructions, all three novel constructions, it is argued, were reanalyzed from juxtaposition serial verb constructions (JSC). The construction specific semantics, as well as the specific verbal semantics of tal 'hold', tmi 'say' and tay 'see' contributed to reanalysis. It is notable that three new constructions have developed from a single source construction. I argue that the iconic closeness of the JSC helped motivate this reanalysis. It also appears possible that other derivational morphology in Yimas has developed through this route. I argue that the development of derivational morphology in Yimas is different than the development of inflectional morphology. The tight, and iconically close, relationship of juxtaposition appears to be a possible motivating factor.
Committee in Charge: Prof. Spike Gildea, Chair; Prof. Doris L. Payne
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Stanton, Lee. "Topics in Ura Phonology and Morphophonology, with Lexicographic Application." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Linguistics, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/940.
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Ura, a minority language spoken in Papua New Guinea, appears to be a candidate for eventual extinction, with an estimated 1,900 speakers, very few (if any) of them monolinguals. Any language is a unique vantage point from which to see humanity and our world in its various facets, and preserving endangered languages seems at least as worthy a pursuit as the many efforts globally at saving endangered species of flora and fauna. Also of great importance is the revitalisation (or first-time facilitation) of identity, esteem and dignity for speakers with regard to their language (and, inseparably, culture). This thesis gives an overview of the sociolinguistic context of Ura, followed by a description and analysis of the phonology of Ura, and then addresses of some of the morphophonology. Features explored include vowel centring and harmony, phonologically and morphophonologically conditioned epenthesis, and diachronic and synchronic alternations. The final chapter provides practical application of the issues discussed as they would relate to an Ura dictionary, and includes samples of the suggested wording and format of introductory notes and entries. It is hoped that what is currently in progress or completed in the Ura language in terms of records, translation, literacy and linguistic analysis (of which this thesis is a part) will facilitate and support progress towards strength and vitality that will not perish.
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Landweer, Martha Lynn. "A Melanesian perspective on mechanisms of language maintenance and shift : case studies from Papua New Guinea." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429294.
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Renck, Günther. "Contextualization of Christianity and Christianization of language : a case study from the Highlands of Papua New Guinea /." Erlangen : Verl. der Evang.-Luth. Mission, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36657762f.
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Kulick, Don. "Having head and showing knowledge : language shift, christianity, and notions of self in a Papua New Guinean village /." Stockholm : Department of social anthropology, Stockholm university, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb357208613.
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Hynum, Barbara J. "Indigenously authored and illustrated literature: An answer to esoteric notions of literacy among the Numanggang adults of Papua New Guinea." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1719.
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Young, Kathryn, and edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au wildol@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "AN ONGOING COLONIAL LEGACY: CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION BELIEFS AND PRACTICES IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA." Deakin University. School of Education / School of Social & Cultural Studies, 2000. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20040726.102645.
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In the late 1980¡¦s, a realisation that the western education system bequeathed to Papua New Guinea at the time of Independence had functioned to devalue and marginalise many of the traditional beliefs, knowledge and skills students brought with them to education, led to a period of significant education reform. The Reform was premised on the report of a Ministerial Review Committee called A Philosophy of Education. This report made recommendations about how education in Papua New Guinea could respond to the issues and challenges this nation faced as it sought to chart a course to serve the needs of its citizens on its own terms.
The issues associated with managing and implementing institutionalised educational change premised on importing western values and practices are a central theme of this thesis. The impact of importing foreign curriculum and associated curriculum officers and consultants to assist with curriculum change and development in the former Language and Literacy unit of the Curriculum Development Division, is considered in three related sections of this report:
P a critical review of the imported educational system and related practices
and related issues since Independence
P narrative report of the experience of two colleagues in western education
P evidential research based on curriculum Reform in the Language and
Literacy Unit.
How Papua New Guinea has sought to come to terms with the issues and challenges that arose in response to a practice of importing western curriculum both at the time of Independence and currently through the Reform, are explored throughout the thesis. The findings issues reveal much about the capacity of individuals and institutions to respond to a post-colonial world particularly associated with an ongoing colonial legacy in the principle researcher¡¦s work context.
The thesis argues that the challenges Papua New Guinea curriculum officers face today, as they manage and implement changes associated with another imported curriculum are caught up in existing power relations. These power relations function to stifle creative thinking at a time when it is most needed. Further, these power relations are not well understood by the curriculum officers and remained hidden and unquestioned throughout the research project.
The thesis also argues that in the researcher¡¦s work context, techniques of surveillance were brought to bear and functioned to curtail critical thinking about how the reformed curriculum could be sensitive and respectful of those beliefs and traditions that had sustained life in Papua New Guinea for thousands of years. Consequently, many outmoded beliefs and practices associated with an uncritical and ongoing acceptance of the superiority of western imports have been retained, thereby effectively denying the collective voices of Paua New Guineans in the current curriculum Reform.
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Suter, Edgar [Verfasser], Nikolaus P. [Gutachter] Himmelmann, and Eugen [Gutachter] Hill. "Comparative morphology of the Huon Peninsula languages (Papua New Guinea) / Edgar Suter ; Gutachter: Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, Eugen Hill." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1191895742/34.
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Barkelind, Malin. ""Ok /pappa" : Vuxnas språk i personliga meddelanden på Facebook." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-167470.
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Undersökningens syfte är att beskriva och förstå hur medelålders personer kommunicerar på Facebook. Jag undersöker hur de anpassar sig till mediet, vilka mål har de med sin kommunikation och hur deras språk ser ut. Mitt material är konversationer på Facebook från tre informanter under tre veckor, samt från tre yngre jämförelseinformanter. Jag använder en induktiv metod för att analysera materialet. Huvudinformanterna använder mer formella hälsningar än de yngre, och riktar ibland meddelanden till fler än en person, vilket inte ungdomar gör. Personer i båda åldersgupperna skriver snabbt och använder sig av kreativ interpunktion, smilisar och uttalsnära stavning, men de yngre gör det i högre grad. I båda grupperna är det vanligast att skriva till vänner, och ungdomarna gör det oftast genom chatt medan de äldre håller sig mest till meddelanden. Variationen inom grupperna är stor både språklig och användningsmässigt.
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Folkesson, Magdalena. "Mamma, pappa, barn...eller? : En ideologikritisk analys av fem läromedels familjepresentationer." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387833.
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I den här uppsatsen avser jag att undersöka fem sfi-läromedels sätt att presentera samhällskonstruktionen familj. Med tanke på att de texter som står i läromedlen kan vara den enda text en elev läser om Sverige kan läromedlet ha stor påverkan på elevens bild av Sverige. Att Sverige har en hög tolerans för t.ex. samkönade äktenskap, samboskap och skilsmässor gör det intressant att studera vad som skildras i läromedlen. Kan man se att läromedlen förändras över tid i takt med att samhället har förändrats? Mina undersökta läromedel sträcker sig från en period från 1989 till 2016 och visar upp stor skillnad i skildringen av familjen. I det äldsta läromedlet från 1989 är beskrivningen mycket mer traditionell. Läromedlet från 1991 har istället valt att presentera familjen med många litterära texter som utspelar sig i olika länder. De övriga läromedlen skildrar däremot många olika sätt som människor lever på idag.
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Brax, Emelie. "Pappa ICA har något att berätta för sin ICA-familj : En språkvetenskaplig undersökning om hur ICA-Stig genom intimisering, intertextualitet och retoriska övertalningsmedel övertygar oss att handla på ICA." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-39115.
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The aim with this essay is to map down how the language plays a part in the persuasion carried out by ICA-Stig – one of the most beloved characters from ICA’s commercial soap opera. Through a discourse analysis with a linguistic focus this study can provide one explanation to why the audience trust ICA-Stig and how he persuades them to do their grocery shopping at ICA. The study takes off from the rhetorical means of persuasion, ethos, logos and pathos, along with how ICA-Stig commits a linguistic intimisation and exploits intertextual strategies in order to approach the audience and their reality. The result shows that Stig uses personal pronouns in a way that enables him to commence intimisation in the sense of addressing his co-workers and the audience in a family-like manner. Regarding intertextuality, Stig uses a composition of different discourses in favour of his character since he is able to reach a large audience whilst nourishing the personal touch, combined with proving himself credible. Through his language, ICA-Stig reduces the gap between non-fiction and fiction, and in his transcendent role he becomes a factive character – neither real nor fictive. This role allows him to become self-aware, which gives him an outside perspective on commercials in general. From a rhetorical perspective, the intimisation and intertextuality function as to have ICA-Stig relate to the reality, habits, and experiences of the audience. This creates the situation that Daddy-ICA has something to say to his ICA-family, which becomes the premise on which the commercial is founded. The intimisation enhances ICA-Stig’s ethos since he can prove to be a caring father and a knowledgeable shop manager. The appeals to pathos lie within his caring language. Appeals to logos can be found in the product placement of the groceries in an environment very much reminiscent of reality and everyday-life. Finally, the essay problematises the role commercial has and plays in today’s society due to the fact that this discourse is approaching the discourse of private life and communication, which, in turn, paves the way for new ways of persuading the costumers.Syftet med detta arbete är att genom en diskursanalys kartlägga hur språkbruket fungerar i övertalningen hos ICA-Stig ‒ en av de mest folkkära karaktärerna från ICA:s reklamsåpa. Med språket som utgångspunkt kan denna analys bidra till förklaringen varför tv-tittarna litar på ICA-Stig och hur han får dem att vilja handla på just ICA. Studien tar avstamp i tre utgångspunkter där retorikens medel för övertalning, ethos, logos och pathos, tas i beaktande jämte hur ICA-Stig begår en språklig intimisering med tittarna, samt utnyttjar intertextuella strategier för att närma sig deras verklighet. Resultatet visar att ICA-Stig tillämpar intimisering genom att bruka pronomen på ett sådant sätt att såväl tittare som medarbetare tilltalas familjärt. Intertextuellt kan ICA-Stig sägas utnyttja olika diskursmöten till sin fördel för att samtidigt nå en bred kundkrets och värna det intima, samt visa på sin trovärdighet. Genom språket tänjer han på gränserna mellan fiktion och fakta, och kan i sin diegesöverskridande roll sägas vara en faktiv karaktär ‒ varken overklig eller verklig. Faktionen gör det möjligt för ICA-Stig att visa självmedvetenhet, vilket ger distans till reklambranschen. Retoriskt sett, har intimiseringen och intertextualiteten funktionen av att låta Stig anknyta till publikens verklighet, vanor och erfarenheter. Det skapar förutsättningar så att reklamen grundas på premissen att Pappa ICA-Stig har något att berätta för sin ICA-familj. Intimiseringen ger ICA-Stig ethos eftersom han bevisar att han är en trygg och vårdande fadersgestalt, såväl som kunnig butikschef. Anspelningar till pathos finns i hans vårdande språkbruk. Logosargumenten ligger i varornas produktplacering i en verklighetsnära vardagsmiljö. Avslutningsvis problematiserar uppsatsen reklamens plats och funktion i samhället utifrån det faktum att reklamens diskurs närmar sig privatlivets diskurs och på så sätt dels kan påverka konsumenterna på helt andra sätt, dels bli en än större del i samhället och dess vardag.
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Koch, Sabine. "Die Künstlerproblematik im Naturalismus dargestellt an Papa Hamlet von Arno Holz und Johannes Schlaf." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22010.
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Bibliography: pages 226-230.The problem of artistic endeavour and recognition of creative imaginative writing at a time of revolutionary scientific and industrial activity, brings into focus the re-evaluation of the artist during intense economic development. The intellectual crisis of the artist in Germany, 1870-1895, is strongly influenced by the emphasis on financial success and scientific observation. This emphasis is linked to the new aesthetic and artistic expectations, which are influenced by the political and social reality of the industrial age. Naturalism is characterised by an abundance of theoretical literature; Arno Holz is regarded as the greatest of the theorists and his work Papa Hamlet, written together with Johannes Schlaf, is an attempt to combine theoretical consideratiohs with the "new" art. This thesis critically examines Papa Hamlet against the background of social, political and economic change. The investigation into four major areas includes firstly the intellectual crisis in relation to the "Grunderzeit"; the sentimental art of this period is strongly rejected as it in no way reflects the reality of the industrial age. It is vitally important for the artists to be seen as modern, reflecting the truth of the age in which they write. This truth requires the work of art to be as close a reproduction of nature, of real life, as possible. Attention to detail becomes vital and leads Arno Holz to the "Sekundenstil." Secondly, this thesis confronts Papa Hamlet with theoretical background as defined by Arno Holz. Thirdly the attempt made by Holz and Schlaf not to interfere as authors between the piece of prose and the reader, leads to the question of prose versus drama. The investigation leads also into the problem of the lower middle class artist who is confronted by economic difficulties and finds himself threatened by the working class. Thienwiebel's perseverance as "Hamlet", symbolic of an art no longer acceptable, brings a discussion on the traditional German "Bildungsroman". Finally, Arno Holz maintains that Art can only be revolutionised if language is revolutionised; these claims are examined in Papa Hamlet. It is my contention that the artist's claim of being democratic is strongly to be questioned as Papa Hamlet can only be really appreciated by readers who have studied Hamlet by Shakespeare. The greatest achievement by the Naturalists lies in questioning existing values; scientific observation and creative spirit. The Art of Arno Holz, in particular the "Sekundenstil", may be seen to be the· forerunner of Expressionism, Surrealism and Dadaism.
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Hughes, Linda E. "Something more than a collection of villages: an analysis of the construction of nationalism in English language community school textbooks in Papua New Guinea 1950-1990." Adelaide, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EDM/09edmh893.pdf.
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Muke, Charly. "The role of local languages in teaching mathematics in the bridging class (grade 3) within South Wahgi area of Jiwaka Province, Papua New Guinea." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2012. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/2e7dccf657ccff8e221a3948ddce717f5bca2a5bb4d0129ffd53b28163ce9070/3336693/Muke_2012_The_role_of_local_languages_in.pdf.
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Knowledge can be perceived to be constructed personally without external physical or social influence (Von Glasserfield, 1995). To think this way does not do justice to the potential of human knowledge, which could also be shared through communication in situations such as schooling and thus become a group possession (Mercer, 1995). In schools, communication is the vital link between teaching and learning. If learning is achieved only as a result of personal cognition, it would deny the important roles of teaching, a communication process that aims at guiding learning (Vygotsky, 1986). Teachers use language as the primary medium for achieving this task. As Mercer (1995) indicates, teachers’ language-use in the teaching process guides knowledge-construction that often results in effective learning. However, most classrooms in the world are multilingual (Clarkson, 2006), and how communication occurs within these classrooms becomes even more complex. According to bilingual theory, balanced bilinguals or multilinguals (able to speak all languages fluently) have the advantage of enhanced cognitive processes, compared to other students (Cummins, 1985). The students that were part of this study were in grade 3, the first grade of the bottom-up primary schooling in the Wahgi area of Jiwaka province, Papua New Guinea. They were in an additive stage of their language development: learning English as an additional language to other fluently spoken languages: Wahgi and Pidgin. The government of Papua New Guinea, which had been using an English-only policy for teaching, recognized this challenge tolearning. In 1992, the policy changed, and the new language policy recommended a ‘bridging process’ at the lower primary sector. This meant that a fluently spoken local language should be used as a resource to help these unbalanced-language multilingual students learn effectively. In this study the learning they engaged with was mathematics. This study aimed to assess this policy by specifically studying the educational role of the local languages when alternated purposefully as a resource through code-switching during the teaching process. The study observed eight teachers in ‘bottom-up’ primary schools within South-Wahgi speaking areas of Jiwaka province, Papua New Guinea. These teachers all used the local languages and English in their teaching. The study found the purpose of code-switching and alternating the local language was mainly to enhance the teaching process, increasing the potential for effectively guiding unbalanced multilingual students in mathematics lessons. The teachers believed and showed through their teaching processes that, in order to guide unbalanced multilingual grade 3 students in learning mathematical English and mathematical content successfully, they needed the use of their local languages and cultural knowledge. However, the data shows that the crucial endpoint in the teachers’ minds always remained the learning of mathematics in English. This result confirmed that the new language policy for the lower primary education in Papua New Guinea, which recommended the use of the local language as a teaching and learning resource, was enhancing the teaching process. This study did not target learning through such a teaching process, but it appeared there was a greater potential for the unbalanced students to be guided effectively if teachers purposefully code-switched and used the local language as a resource when introducing mathematical knowledge expressed in English.
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Marchand, Karell. "Essai de typologie des stratégies de subordination à travers différentes langues australiennes et papoues." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE4079/document.
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Cette thèse propose une étude des différentes stratégies mises en place pour former des propositions subordonnées dans les langues australiennes et papoues. Ces deux groupes de langues, rarement présents dans les études typologiques sur le sujet, présentent certaines constructions morphosyntaxiques peu fréquentes dans les langues du monde. Cette étude se base sur une dizaine de langues : quatre langues australiennes (le nyangumarta, le martuthunira, le wambaya et le kayardild) et six langues papoues (le maybrat, le yimas, le manambu, le mian, l'amele et le hua). Après une brève présentation grammaticale de ces langues, la thèse analyse six types de stratégies de subordination pour en déterminer les fonctions et les types d'emploi : la subordination sans marque, avec une conjonction, avec le marquage casuel, avec une forme verbale spécifique, avec un système de "switch-reference" et par la relativisation. Un dernier chapitre s'intéresse au cas particulier de la complémentation des verbes de perception. Cette thèse a pour but d'illustrer le fonctionnement de ces langues dans le domaine de la subordination, mais également, dans une dimension typologique, de montrer comment ces langues peuvent aider à repenser les théories linguistiques généralesThis thesis propose a study of different strategies to construct subordinate clauses in Australian and Papuan languages. These two language groups, rarely found in typological studies on the subject, show some unusual morphosyntactic constructions. This study is based on ten languages: four Australian languages (Nyangumarta, Martuthunira, Wambaya and Kayardild), and six Papuan languages (Maybrat, Yimas, Manambu, Mian, Amele and Hua). Following a brief grammatical overview of these languages, the thesis examine six types of subordinate clause strategies to identify their functions and uses: subordinate clauses without segmental marking, with a conjunction, with case marking, with a specific verbal form, with a switch-reference system and with the relativization strategy. The last chapter is focused on the specific situation of complementation strategies with perception verbs. This thesis aims to illustrate how subordinate clauses function in those languages, but it also aims to show how these languages may help to re-examine general linguistic theories
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Svedberg, Matilda. "”Jag gör oftast läxan med mormor eller morfar för att de är hemma hos oss mer än vad mamma och pappa är.”." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för utbildningsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-36971.
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Barret, Isabelle. "Mamma, pappa & barn : En kritisk diskursanalytisk studie av Försäkringskassans broschyrer 2000–2018." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Svenska, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-40844.
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Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka normer och diskurser som konstrueras kring föräldrar i Försäkringskassans broschyrer om föräldraförsäkring. Uppsatsens fokus är att undersöka hur föräldrar framställs i utvalda delar av broschyrerna och hur detta har förändrats mellan år 2000, 2010 och 2018. Uppsatsen utgår från ett kritiskt diskursanalytiskt perspektiv med fokus på tilltal, personreferenter samt presuppositioner och hur dessa medverkar i konstruerandet av normer och diskurser.Resultatet av uppsatsens analyser visar på språkliga förändringar inom broschyrerna över tid där en kärnfamilj och parnorm framstår som den vanligaste formen av föräldraskap år 2000. Detta förändras sedan i de senare broschyrerna som visar på en större mångfald där flera former av föräldraskap synliggörs och där det individuella tilltalet är i fokus. Resultaten ligger även i linje med den tidigare forskningen kring föräldranormer och hur dessa framställs i myndighetstexter.
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Sundberg, Daniel, and Johan Nilsson. "Papa Revisited : A Corpus-Stylistic Perspective on the Style and Gender Representation of Ernest Hemingway’s Fiction." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-69966.
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This essay revisits some of the more well-cited works of close to a century of scholarly and biographical efforts on the author Ernest Hemingway. It aims to re-evaluate and test the general assumptions, descriptions and specifications of his textual style and depiction of women through modern corpus stylistic methods. Through parallels between contextual material and periods of publication this project will explore the degree to which the common assumptions and descriptions of Hemingway’s fiction hold true, and to which degree they can legitimately be treated as general descriptors of a literary style in development throughout a career of publication spanning a large part of the 1900’s, both in terms of generalizations and definitions of changes taking place at specific times during the author’s career. This essay will also define unresolved conflicts in the long history of Hemingway criticism and contribute towards finding an answer for the question of whether the descriptions could be considered generally correct, or defining the period of a description’s relevance in regards to the author’s published material. In the end, this essay intends to provide a further understanding of Hemingway’s style, providing basis for new and more specific academic work on his authorship in the future.
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Maxson, Brian. "Claiming Byzantium: Papal Diplomacy, Biondo Flavio, and the Fourth Crusade." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6176.
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The humanist Biondo wrote three different narratives of the Fourth Crusade aimed at establishing the legitimacy of western claims to lands in the east. Biondo had played an integral part in the ephemeral reunification of the Greek and Latin Churches at the Council of Florence in July 1439. Biondo blamed the Greeks for the failure and thus did not mourn the loss of their empire to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. However, Biondo did urge several states in the Italian Peninsula to set out en mass to fight the Turks. He viewed the fall of Constantinople as an opportunity for the Latin West to reestablish its rightful empire in the east. He explicated this opinion in at least two different treatises dedicated to rulers shortly after the fall of the ancient city. To Alfonso of Aragon, Biondo argued that the King could establish a peaceful and prosperous extension of his maritime holdings to include a fallen empire with no legal ruler. To the Venetians, he presented the Fourth Crusade as a glorious victory that established their legal claim to rule the now-lost remnants of the Byzantine Empire. Biondo shaped his source material of the Fourth Crusade into an historical narrative that made this primary argument and urged powerful rulers in the Italian peninsula to take back what was rightfully theirs.
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Leanos, Jaime. "El Papa y la Princesa: Eneas Silvio Piccolomini e Isabel La Catolica en la evolucion de la literatura sentimental espanola durante el siglo XV." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280193.
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La intencion de esta disertacion titulada, "El Papa y la Princesa: Eneas Silvio Piccolomini e Isabel La Catolica en la evolucion de la literatura sentimental espanola durante el siglo XV," es ofrecer una nueva interpretacion en cuanto al genesis del genero sentimental. Varios eruditos han tratado de redefinir el genero pero han fallado en poner enfasis en la importancia que tuvo la obra de Piccolomini, Historia de duobus amantibus (1444), para el desarrollo del novel genero en Espana que comienza con la obra de Juan Rodriguez del Padron, Siervo libre de amor, composicion que segun mis investigaciones fue compuesta hacia 1444, es decir, posterior a la obra de Piccolomini. Dado que Piccolomini es de suma importancia para el desarrollo del genero sentimental, he reservado el primer capitulo de mi disertacion para un estudio biografico de este hombre renacentista. En el transcurso de esta exploracion de su vida, puntualizo en el capitulo segundo las importantes huellas clasicas que se encuentran en su Historia de duobus amantibus. El tercer capitulo esta consagrado al estudio de diez premisas paralelas que encontramos en la Historia de duobus amantibus y las siguientes siete obras sentimentales: (1) Siervo libre de amor, (2) Triste deleytacion , (3) Arnalte y Lucenda, (4) Carcel de amor, (5) Grisel y Mirabella, (6) Grimalte y Gradisa, (7) Coronacion de la senora Gracisla. El cuarto y ultimo capitulo, abarca los acontecimientos historicos durante el siglo XV que ocasionan la aparicion del genero sentimental: (1) el debil reinado de Juan II (1406-1454); (2) el surgimiento de una nueva clase docta con una percepcion mas benigna de la mujer; (3) tres reinas que abogaron por los derechos de las mujeres, Maria de Aragon (1419-1445), Isabel de Portugal (1447-1454), e Isabel de Castilla (1474-1504); (4) la publicacion del Corvacho (1438) por el Arcipreste de Talavera, provocando la ira de la reina Maria y una decisiva reaccion literaria de parte de sus defensores; (5) la enorme popularidad de la Historia de duobus amantibus, obra que serviria de modelo para la primera novela sentimental espanola.
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Rönnqvist, Kulla Sofia. "Att ha ett hål i hjärtat och en pappa i fickan : En undersökning av barns sorg i barnlittertur." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-68955.
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As a teacher, I will come in contact with different students with different prior knowledge and experience. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate how the grief after losing a parent is made out in four children's books, and to compare how or when these depictions correspond to the research on child grief management and processing. This to see how it can be used in my future profession. The theoretical starting points were Vygotsky's theories of learning as well as previous research in the topics of grief management in children and children's literature on the subject of death. The method used for this study was a qualitative study of documents, more particularly a text analysis on four separate children's books. In the result the importance of reading with the children is discovered, but also the importance of talking with them about difficult subjects for them to grow up and being able to handle future difficulties.Då jag ska arbeta som lärare kommer jag komma i kontakt med olika elever med olika förkunskaper och erfarenheter. Syftet med den här studien var därför att undersöka hur sorgen efter att ha förlorat en förälder framställs i fyra barnböcker samt att jämföra hur eller om dessa skildringar motsvarar forskningen om barns sorghantering och bearbetning. Detta för att se hur det kan användas i mitt framtida yrke. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna var Vygotskijs teorier om lärande samt tidigare forskning i ämnena sorghantering hos barn och barnlitteratur med tema döden. Metoden som användes till denna studie är en kvalitativ dokumentstudie, närmare bestämt en textanalys på fyra skilda barnböcker och i resultatet uppdagas vikten av att läsa med barnen men även vikten av att samtala med dem om svåra ämnen för att de ska kunna växa upp och kunna hantera svårigheter i framtiden.
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Maxson, Brian. "Review of Reviving the Eternal City: Rome and the Papal Court, 1420-1447 by Elizabeth McCahill." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6191.
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Dixon, Leena-Maaretta. "“Han Skulle Vara En Kille Som Pappa Inte Kunde Klaga På” : Subversive And Imaginative Masculinity In Lygia Bojunga’s Work." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Litteraturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-35804.
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This thesis centers on three children’s novel, “Sex gånger Lucas”, “Min Vän målaren”, and “Den gula väskan”, written by the very appreciated and much awarded Brazilian Author Lygia Bojunga. All three of these novels discuss masculinity in young boys and men. In “Sex gånger Lucas”, the centerpiece of this thesis, the essential conflict in the novel is played out in the interchange between Lucas and his authoritarian father. The father, throughout the text, showcases toxic masculinity and its concurrent traits, such as verbal abuse and serial infidelity. This tyrannical parenting attempts to mold Lucas’ personality to what is deemed in the culture as acceptable masculine behavior. Lucas narrative journey finds him firstly internalizing this belief system, but, as the novel progresses, Lucas learns to accept himself, in all his gendered guises, and reject the father's binary opinions. “Min vän målaren” follows the tale of the sensitive young boy, Claudio, who struggles against an environment that doesn’t support him, in his many and varied attempts towards personhood. In “Den gula väskan” the protagonist Rakel confronts an open and oppressive sexism in society, community and the many dismissals of the family. “Den gula väskan” utilizes, at many junctures of the narrative, a fable structure as a means to discuss political oppression as well as the oppressive binary masculine norms. This Fable sub-tale focuses on the character Alfonso, a talking rooster. Alfonso rejects the expectations put on him as a rooster, but his cousin Skräcken is not as fortunate. The cousin, who it is heavily implied is the victim of masculine brainwashing, is unable to stop himself from fighting, even when it ends up killing him. Throughout these three novels lies an illustration of the downfalls of an oppressive and toxic masculinity (that men must be stoic, aggressive and in control) as well as highlighting the freedom for a more fluid gender expression. Lucas, Claudio and Alfonso give subversive, alternative depictions of masculinity, where it is acceptable to feel, be vulnerable, reject violence, and have healthy relationships built on companionship. This thesis explores how Bojunga's novels, through her characters struggles and triumphs, give the young male identified readers alternative ways to be a man. In other words, these novels liberate the male gender from a binary performance.Denna avhandling bygger på tre barnromaner, "Sex Times Lucas", "Min Vän målaren" och "Den gula väskan", skriven av den uppskattade och prisbelönta brasilianska författaren Lygia Bojunga. Alla tre av dessa romaner diskuterar maskulinitet I relation till unga pojkar och män. I "Sex Times Lucas", den centrala verket i denna avhandling, är konflikten mellan Lucas och hans auktoritära far det centrala handlingen. Faderns beteende genom hela romanen skildrar en obehaglig uppfatning av maskulinitet, med att psykisk misshandla Lucas and vara ständigt otrogen mot modern. Genom hans tyranniska föräldraskap försöker han att forma Lucas’ personlighet till vad han anser acceptabelt maskulint beteende. Lucas först internaliserar dessa normer, men sen genom romanens växling lär Lucas att acceptera sig själv som han är och avvisar faderns översträngda idéer om manlighet. "Min vän målaren" visar en känslig ung pojke, Claudio, som kämpar mot en miljö som inte stöder honom. Trots detta motstånd försöker han inte förändra sig själv. I "Den gula väskan" diskuterar Rakel öppet sexismen som hon möter. Boken använder också fabel som ett medel för att diskutera politisk förtryck samt strängda genus normer genom Alfonso, en talande tupp. Alfonso går emot vad man förväntar av honom som tupp, men hans kusin Skräcken däremot går med på förväntningarna. Kusinen, som det är starkt underförstått, är offer för hjärntvätt, kan inte stoppa sig från att slåss, och tillslut dör på frund av det. I alla dessa tre romaner ligger en gestaltning av en kritik mot manlighetsnormer (att män får inte visa känslor, vara aggressiva och dominanta) samt framhävda friheten för ett mer flytande könsuttryck. Lucas, Claudio och Alfonso ger subversiva, alternativa skildringar av maskulinitet, där det är acceptabelt att känna, vara sårbar, avvisa sig från våld och ha jämställda relationer byggt på vänskap. Denna avhandling forskar i hur romanen, genom att skildra dessa karaktärer och deras kamp och seger, ger de unga pojk-identifieranda läsare alternativa sätt att vara en man. Med andra ord befriar dessa romaner det manliga könet från en binära normer.
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Oliveira, Andrà Silva. "Modalidade volitiva em lÃngua espanhola nos discursos do Papa Francisco em viagem apostÃlica." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2017. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=20152.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorO objetivo desta pesquisa à analisar e descrever a manifestaÃÃo da modalidade volitiva em lÃngua espanhola nos discursos do Papa Francisco em viagem apostÃlica, tendo em vista a relaÃÃo entre a FormulaÃÃo (NÃvel Interpessoal e NÃvel Representacional), a CodificaÃÃo (NÃvel MorfossintÃtico) e o Componente Contextual. Conforme a GramÃtica Discursivo-Funcional (GDF) e partindo do pressuposto de que a modalidade volitiva està relacionada ao que à (in)desejÃvel (HENGEVELD e MACKENZIE, 2008), postulamos que o NÃvel MorfossintÃtico codifica diferentemente a modalidade volitiva, tendo em vista os elementos do NÃvel Interpessoal, do NÃvel Representacional e do Componente Contextual. Para isso, constituÃmos um corpus com 13 discursos proferidos pelo Papa Francisco em quatro viagens apostÃlicas realizadas entre os anos de 2015 e 2016 aos Estados Unidos, a Cuba, à AmÃrica do Sul (Equador, BolÃvia e Paraguai) e ao MÃxico. A anÃlise quantitativo-qualitativa dos dados obtidos com o auxÃlio do SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) em relaÃÃo à modalidade volitiva revelou-nos que o Papa Francisco prefere modalizar, volitivamente, para o Ouvinte 1 (chefes de estados, altas autoridades e sociedade civil) em ambientes polÃticos e, em ambientes religiosos, para o Ouvinte 2 (bispos, sacerdotes e fiÃis catÃlicos). Verificamos que o Sumo PontÃfice costuma construir-se como fonte de tipo Enunciador nos seus discursos, preferindo ilocuÃÃes declarativas e optativas para a instauraÃÃo dos valores semÃnticos de desideraÃÃo, optaÃÃo e intenÃÃo, majoritariamente, sobre o alvo de tipo DomÃnio Comum; utilizando-se de auxiliares modais, verbos plenos e construÃÃes volitivas e empregando, preferencialmente, o presente do indicativo. Constatamos ainda que as categorias de anÃlise relativas ao NÃvel MorfossintÃtico se relacionavam tanto com as categorias de anÃlise referentes ao NÃvel Representacional, como Ãs do NÃvel Interpessoal e do Componente Contextual, atestando, dessa forma, a nossa hipÃtese primÃria. Por fim, apresentamos as nossas dificuldades na anÃlise e descriÃÃo da modalidade volitiva, haja vista que ela pode se apresentar de forma âatÃpicaâ (sem o emprego de modalizadores) por meio do contexto ou de oraÃÃes finais; alÃm de dissertamos sobre as marcas de polidez e cortesia empregadas por meio de verbos volitivos, mas sem que configurassem como expressÃo da voliÃÃo, bem como os casos de aspectualidade do verbo pleno querer.
The main goal of this research is to analyze and describe the manifestation of the volitive modality in Spanish language in the discourses of Pope Francis on apostolic journey, considering the relationship between Formulation (Interpersonal Level and Representational Level), Codification (Morphosyntactic Level) and the contextual component. According to the Discursive-Functional Grammar (FDG) and assuming that the volitive modality is related to what is (in)desirable (HENGEVELD and MACKENZIE, 2008), we postulate that the Morphosyntactic Level encodes the volitive modality differently, considering the elements of the Interpersonal Level, the Representational Level and the Contextual Component. To this end, we have constituted a corpus of 13 speeches given by Pope Francis in four apostolic journeys between the years 2015 and 2016 to the United States, Cuba, South America (Ecuador, Bolivia and Paraguay) and Mexico. The quantitative-qualitative analysis of the data obtained with the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) in relation to the volitive modality revealed to us that Pope Francis prefers to modify, volitively, to Listener 1 (heads of states, high authorities and society civilian) in political settings and in religious settings for Listener 2 (bishops, priests and Catholic people). We find that the Supreme Pontiff usually builds himself as an Enunciator type source in his discourses, preferring declarative and optional illocutions for the establishment of semantic values of desideration, willness and intention, mostly on the Common Domain type target; using modal auxiliaries, full verbs, and volitive constructions, and preferably employing the present indicative. We also found that the categories of analysis related to the Morphosyntactic Level were related both to the categories of analysis related to the Representational Level, as well as to the Interpersonal Level and the Contextual Component, thus attesting to our primary hypothesis. Finally, we present our difficulties on the analysis and description of the volitive modality, since it can present itself in an "atypical" way (without the use of modalizers) through the context or final clauses; in addition to discussing the marks of politeness and courtesy employed by means of volitive verbs, but without configuring them as an expression of volition, as well as the cases of aspectuality of the full verb will
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Bereznay, Albert Alexander II. "The Imprisonment of Knowledge and Creation of Heresy through Monastic Libraries and the Papal Authorities as Manifested in the Writings of Umberto Eco and John Lydgate." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1365528839.
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Martí, Sadurní. "La traducció catalana medieval del Commentarium in septem psalmos poenitentiales d'Innocenci III: edició i estudi." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673522.
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Una práctica unanimitat considera Innocenci III Lotario dei Segni com el papa més influent de l’Edat mitjana. Nascut a Gavignagno, cap a 1160, en una familia del patriciat romà va rebre les primeres lletres al monestir de Sant’Andrea in Coelio sota el mestratge de l’Abat Pere Ismael. De seguida van excel·lir les seves dots perqué aviat accedirà a una canongia al mateix capítol romà de Sant Pere. Aquest ascens li va permetre d’accedir als privilegis escolars de l’èlit i va viatjar a París i Bolonya que en aquell moment eren els centres més importants en l’estudi de la teología i el dret canònic.
La seva obra literaria començà ben aviat, cap a 1195, amb l’obra que el farà més cèlebre, el "De miseria humanae conditionis", de la qual s’han conservat prop de dos milers de manuscrits i es considera una de les obres més divulgades i amb més influència de l’Edat mitjana.
És elegit pontífex el 8 de gener de 1198 i de seguida impulsà un intens programa de reforma religiosa, que va mantenir fins al final de la seva vida, i que el converteix en un personatge importantíssim en la història de l'Esglèsia amb diverses actuacions com ara l'aprovació de noves formes de vida religiosa o la celebració del Concili Laterà IV, on pogué demostrar la seva visió del dret canònic i l'organització general de l'Esglèsia catòlica.
El moment el Concili és també el moment en qué es comença a formar el "Commentarium in septem psalmos poenitentiales", que, degué acabar-se el 1216, el mateix any de la mort d’Innocenci. El Commentarium és, conjuntament amb les resolucions del Concili, el recull de les darreres idees del pontífex, i en certa manera el seu testament teològic i doctrinal.
La present Tesi Doctoral realitza un estudi acurat de la traducció catalana, que ens ha pervingut mercès a un únic manuscrit, custodiat actualment a la Biblioteca Universitaria de Barcelona (ms. 70).
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Bradshaw, Robert L. "A grammar of Doromu-Koki: a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea." Thesis, 2022. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/75450/7/JCU_75450_Bradshaw_2022_thesis.pdf.
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Robert Bradshaw conducted research on the Doromu-Koki language of Papua New Guinea. He produced a grammatical analysis of this Papuan (Southeast Manubaran) language, spoken by 2,000 speakers. His research encompasses aspects of the language and promotes preservation of an endangered language for the benefit of speakers and linguistic scholarship.
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Schapper, Antoinette. "Bunaq : a Papuan language of central Timor." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150147.
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Farr, Cynthia. "The interface between syntax and discourse in Korafe : a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea." Phd thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145373.
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Sarvasy, Hannah Sacha. "A grammar of Nungon: a Papuan language of the Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea." Thesis, 2014. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/40832/1/40832-sarvasy-2014-thesis.pdf.
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This thesis is a reference grammar of Nungon, a Papuan (non-Austronesian) language spoken by about 1,000 people in the southern Uruwa River valley, Kabwum District, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Nungon forms the southern, higher-elevation, end of an elliptical dialect continuum with the Uruwa River at its center. This grammar focuses on the dialect of Towet village.
Nungon is an agglutinating language with some fusion. Nouns, adjectives, and verbs are open classes. There are relatively few inflecting verbs, however; loans are incorporated with auxiliary verbs. Clauses are verb-final, and morphology is predominantly suffixing. Grammatical relations are marked with enclitics. Nungon is a clause-chaining language. Medial clauses have verbal predicates that are unmarked for tense or mood, while final clauses have verbal predicates that are fully-inflected for tense or mood. Medial clauses are marked for switch-reference.
Two different number systems operate in different areas of Nungon grammar. The maximal number system is a tripartite one, with singular, dual and plural number values distinguished. This system features in subject argument indexation on final and medial verbs, number marking on nouns with prototypically-human referents, and the emphatic (reflexive/contrastive) personal pronouns. The second number system is a bipartite one, with singular and non-singular (more than one) number values distinguished. This system features in object argument indexation on verbs and basic personal pronouns. Nungon has no grammatical gender. Animacy and humanness play roles in the grammar: only nouns with prototypically human referents may be marked for number, while some verbal categories, such as the Perfect aspect, only occur when the verb's subject argument has animate reference.
Nungon has 14 consonant phonemes in regular use, two additional rare consonants, and six vowels. It has more phonemic distinctions among back vowels than among front vowels. Phonological word boundaries may be distinguished on several grounds, including restrictions on phonological word-final consonant phonemes, spirantization of stops intervocalically within phonological words, and prohibition on prenasalization of phonological word-initial voiced obstruents.
Verbal morphology is complex. A closed subset of transitive verbs obligatorily bear prefixes indexing the verb's object argument. Five tenses are distinguished through verbal inflection; two of the distinctions among tenses are neutralized under negation. The Near Future tense also functions in conditionals and statements of general truths. Additional inflectional categories of final verbs are: Immediate and Delayed Imperatives, Probable, Irrealis, Counterfactual, and Inferred Imperfective aspect. Habitual, Continuous, and Continuous Habitual apects are marked through auxiliary constructions. The Inferred Imperfective aspect combines non-direct evidentiality and imperfective aspect. Non-final verb forms mark additional aspectual distinctions.
The grammar contains 13 chapters. Chapter 1 gives the linguistic, cultural, and geographical context for the Nungon language. Chapter 2 presents phonology, including intonation. Chapter 3 describes word classes. Chapter 4 explains nominal morphology and characteristics of the Noun Phrase. Chapter 5 outlines final verbal morphology. Chapter 6 discusses non-final verbal morphology, including the Nungon switch-reference system, aspect marking, and Causative constructions. Chapter 7 introduces Nungon personal pronouns and demonstratives. Chapter 8 examines the five grammatical relation-marking enclitics and one related suffix. Chapter 9 reports on representation of possession in Nungon, with explanation of kin terminology as it pertains to possessive marking. Chapter 10 is an exposition of Nungon clause types, including both verbless clauses and clauses with verbal predicates. Chapter 11 analyzes two major types of complex predicates: light verb constructions, and tight multiverb constructions. Chapter 12 is an account of clause combining in Nungon, including coordination of final clauses, relative constructions, complementation strategies, subordinate clauses, and speech reports. Finally, Chapter 13 includes descriptions of grammatical morphemes that function at the clause level, as well as documentation of Nungon narrative information structure, discourse organizationi, and the pragmatics of communication.
The appendix includes four texts: two dialogues and two monologual narratives.