Academic literature on the topic 'Pappenheim family'

Set in Pappenheim, Germany, in 1947, the chapter continues the theme of nature vs. nurture by introducing John Shalikashvili’s great aunt, Countess Julie Pappenheim. As European aristocracy, the countess symbolizes the rights and responsibilities of power and nobility (noblesse oblige) as well as the question of identity and commitment—all key themes for an officer, particularly one of foreign birth, rising through the US armed forces. It also touches upon John Shalikashvili’s troubled youth, outlines the continued struggles faced by the family as war refugees in post-World War II Germany, and introduces Dimitri Shalikashvili, John Shalikashvili’s father.

The chapter is set in a hospital room in Pappenheim, Germany, in November 1952, with the Shalikashvili family, set to leave for America, saying final goodbyes to John Shalikashvili’s grandmother, or Oma, Countess Marie Rudiger-Bielaieff. Told from the perspective of Oma, who is on her deathbed, the chapter continues the theme of nature vs. nurture by describing her European aristocratic breeding, overviews the “riches to rags” fall from privilege of her family line, and shows how she instilled the best of aristocratic family values in her child and grandchildren. It also describes the unusual circumstances of how the Shalikashvili family came to be emigrating to the New World—which raises theme of love/commitment and foreshadows Dimitri Shalikashvili’s betrayal of son John.

Abstract Diphtheria toxin is the primary virulence factor of toxigenic C. diphtheriae the etiologic agent of clinical diphtheria (Pappenheimer 1977). The structural gene for diphtheria toxin, tox, is carried by a closely related family of corynebacteriophages of which the β-phage has been the best studied (Buck et al. 1985; Bishai and Murphy 1988). The regulation of tox gene expression is controlled by the C. diphtheriae determined iron-activated repressor DtxR (Tao et al. 1994). Diphtheria toxin is produced in maximal yield only during the decline phase of the bacterial growth cycle when iron becomes the growth rate limiting substrate. The toxin is synthesized in precursor form and is co-translationally secreted into the growth medium (Smith et al. 1980). As shown in Fig. 1, diphtheria toxin is a three domain protein and is composed of the catalytic (C), transmembrane (T), and receptor binding (R) domains. The R domain has been shown to specially bind to a heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like precursor on the surface of sensitive eukaryotic cells (Naglich et al. 1992).