Journal articles: 'Paperboard Testing'

1

Wang, Bao Zhong, and Li Jie Cao. "Different Thickness of Honeycomb Paperboard Vibration Frequency of Testing and Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 1421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.1421.

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This paper measured the vibration transmissibility of several honeycomb paperboards and the attenuation coefficient. Laboratory was used to determine the natural frequency of the thickness of 10mm, 20mm, 30mm, 40mm Honeycomb Paperboard. The test results show that the honeycomb paperboard resonance frequency decreases with increasing thickness, while the vibration transmissibility increases with increasing thickness. We have also established finite element model of honeycomb paperboard to simulate its vibration properties. The result of simulation is in good coincidence with the experimental result. In addition, some cases can use computer simulation instead of laboratory testing to obtain the natural frequencies of honeycomb paperboard.

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Hagman, Anton, and Mikael Nygårds. "Investigation of sample-size effects on in-plane tensile testing of paperboard." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2012-27-02-p295-304.

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Abstract The impact of sample size on in-plane strain behavior in paperboard was investigated, with the aim to explore the differences between local and global properties in paperboard, and try to pinpoint the mechanisms behind such differences. The local properties are of interest in converting as well as for future 3D forming of paperboard. It is important to identify differences in behavior between local and global properties since most paperboards are evaluated against the latter. The methods used for evaluation were tensile tests in controlled environment and speckle photography. The results show that there is a difference in strain behavior that is dependent of the length to width ratio of the sample, that this behavior cannot be predicted by standard tensile tests and that it depends on the board composition. The speckle analysis revealed that the behavior is a result of the activation of strain zones in the sample. These zones are relatively constant in size and therefore contribute differently to total strain in samples of different size.

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Lv, Jun. "Honeycomb Multistage Control of Hydraulic Loading Testing Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 606–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.606.

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Static and dynamic characteristics of the honeycomb paperboard with different size and structure are mechanics research priorities. Study on its mechanical characteristics of the basic way is the basic mechanical properties testing by loading testing machine. In order to get the stability of compressive strength of honeycomb paperboard, compressive strength of honeycomb paperboard models should be tested. Based on the existing equipment, new equipment has been made with new hydraulic systems and control programmes, control accuracy and method has been analyzed. Experimental testing results have shown that the device is credible, and its precision meets to the design requirements. The honeycomb paperboard testing machine not only provides a high pressure range and flexible control equipment, but provides a function of testing sample size effects.

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Tryding, Johan, Gustav Marin, Mikael Nygårds, Petri Mäkelä, and Giulio Ferrari. "Experimental and theoretical analysis of in-plane cohesive testing of paperboard." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 26, no. 6 (March 11, 2016): 895–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789516630776.

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In-plane cohesive failure of paperboard was characterized by short-span uniaxial tension tests. Six paperboards' qualities were experimentally investigated, from which cohesive stress–widening curves were extracted. A fracture energy was defined, expressed in the tensile strength and maximum slope of the cohesive stress–widening relation. Analytical cohesive relations were derived based on the tensile strength and maximum slope, utilizing the Morse potential for diatomic molecules. It was experimentally found that the maximum slope and fracture energy depend on the tensile strength. The ratio of the maximum slope to the elastic modulus (stable length) was shown to be independent of the tensile strength.

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Park, Jong-Min, Jae-Min Sim, and Hyun-Mo Jung. "Finite Element Simulation of the Flat Crush Behavior of Corrugated Packages." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 7867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177867.

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Corrugated paperboards are used for packaging because of their high strength-to-weight ratio, recyclability, and biodegradability. Corrugated paperboard consists of a liner and a corrugated medium and has an orthotropic sandwich structure with unique characteristics for each direction owing to its flute shape. In this study, finite element analysis (FEA) was performed on the flat crush behavior of the corrugated paperboard based on the flute type. The stress-strain (SS) curve and shape change of the flute were analyzed during the flat compression. In addition, it was compared with the FEA results through various experiments. The restraints and boundary conditions applied during FEA were used to properly describe the conditions during the experiment. Specifically, the horizontal translation motion of the top and bottom surfaces of the modeled test specimen was constrained during FEA to correspond to the effect of sandpaper attached to the upper and lower plates of the testing machine. This was done to prevent the specimen from sliding in one direction during the flat crush test. The change in the flute shape of the corrugated paperboard by flute type analyzed through experiments and FEA was very similar; although there was a difference in the absolute value between the two methods of the SS curve, the flute type exhibited a similar trend. Therefore, a qualitative comparative study on the flat crush behavior by flute type was possible with the FEA method, as in this study. Further studies on the material properties of the corrugated paperboard components and the modeling methods of the corrugated paperboard will enable the FEA-based simulation technique to be an alternative tool that can replace the flat crush test.

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Gao, De, and Jun Li. "Investigation into Energy Absorption of Corrugated Paperboard with B-Flute." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.94.

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In this paper, the characteristics of B-flute corrugated paperboard is obtained by quasi-static compression experiment on a universal testing machine. The constitutive relationship is identified. Then, according to the relation, we calculate the energy absorption curve of corrugated paperboard with B-flute. At last, a bearing example of the paperboard is given to introduce its application.

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Bi, Wu, and Douglas W. Coffin. "Racking strength of paperboard based sheathing materials." BioResources 2, no. 1 (December 18, 2006): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.1.3-19.

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Small-scale racking testers were developed for use as a means to evaluate paperboard-based sheathing materials used in framed wall-construction. For the purpose of evaluating the performance of different sheathing materials, the tester provides an economic alternative to standard full-scale racking tests. In addition, results from testing provide practical insight into the racking response of framed and sheathed walls. The load-deformation responses of three commercial sheathing boards were measured, and initial racking stiffness and racking strength were proposed as parameters for characterizing the board. The racking test results showed that the initial paperboard racking stiffness correlated to elastic modulus and caliper, but the response was insensitive to paperboard orientation or test dimensions. Observations and results showed that both panel buckling and paperboard cutting at the staples affected the racking response, but the dominating factor influencing the racking response appears to be load transfer through the staples.

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Ju, Wang, Liang Jifeng, and Lv Lei. "Research on Static Compression Test of Polyurethane Foam/Honeycomb Paperboard Composite Material." Open Materials Science Journal 9, no. 1 (August 27, 2015): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874088x01509010064.

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To study the mechanical behavior and energy absorption ability of polyurethane foam/honeycomb paperboard composite material under the static compression test. The static compression tests of polyurethane foam/honeycomb paperboard composite material are conducted by electronic universal testing machine. The mechanical behavior under the condition of static compression and the factors influencing the composite materials’ static cushioning properties were analyzed. Then, a comparison was made based on the energy absorption ability between composite materials and simple materials. The yield stress, strength and other indicators of foam/honeycomb paperboard have doubled the growth after filling polyurethane. The aperture size is the main influencing factor affecting the static cushioning properties of composite material. The energy absorption amount of composite materials is about 1.85 times than the total energy of two simple materials.

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SKILLINGTON, PAULINE, J. CHRISTEL CRONJE, FRANCOIS WEWERS, and PATRICE C. HARTMANN. "Vapor-phase migration of DiBP and DBP through barrier-coated paperboard: Correlation between a permeation test method and simulated migration." April 2015 14, no. 4 (May 1, 2015): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.4.247.

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The aim of the study was to construct a correlation between a permeation test method that simulates the migration of organic vapors and the actual migration of chemical contaminants from barrier-coated paperboard packaging. A correlation of this nature would enable manufacturers of barrier-coated paperboard to estimate the barrier properties of paperboard on a quality control level. A direct correlation was not plausible because the migration mechanisms that apply to the permeation test method and the actual migration differ. However, an indirect correlation was established. The permeation test method gave an indication of film integrity, whereas the actual migration was found to be rather dependent on coating weight. The spiking method, testing temperature, and vapor pressure of the contaminants were found to be variables directly affecting the validity of the correlation between permeation and migration methods.

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Park, Jongmin, Minjung Park, Dong Soo Choi, Hyun Mo Jung, and Sung Wook Hwang. "Finite Element-Based Simulation for Edgewise Compression Behavior of Corrugated Paperboard for Packaging of Agricultural Products." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 6716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196716.

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Since most goods are transported and stored in a unit-load form in today’s global supply chain, there has been a growing concern regarding the compression strength of corrugated paperboard boxes for packaging of agricultural products. The best predictor of the compression strength of corrugated boxes is the edgewise compression test (ECT) value; therefore, its efficient measurement or prediction is crucial for the design of more efficient corrugated boxes for food and agricultural and industrial products. This study investigated the edgewise compression behavior (load vs. displacement plot, ECT, and failure mechanism) of corrugated paperboard based on different types of testing standards and flute types using finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental analysis. The results of this study showed that the magnitude of the ECT values produced by the FEA was different from the values produced by the experiment. The difference in the ECT can be possibly explained by layer thickness approximations, together with glue line width assumptions between fluting and the liners in the numerical models. However, the trends of the values were the same. If the material properties of corrugated paperboard components and modeling methods of the corrugated paperboard are further studied, the FE (finite element)-based simulation technique will be a useful alternative tool that can replace the edgewise compression test.

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Hidayat RS, Taufiq, and Aprilia Ridhawati. "The Vigor and Viability Seed Testing of Three Tobacco Varieties on Various Seed Germination Media." Agrotech Journal 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/atj.v5i1.1210.

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Seed viability is one of the most important physiological quality benchmarks of seeds. The use of appropriate germination media can affect the results of seed viability testing. This study aims to determine the optimal germination media in tobacco seed viability testing. This research was conducted at the Seed Laboratory of the Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute, Malang in January - March 2019. The research method used a two-factorial randomized block design (RAK). The first factor is tobacco seed varieties consisting of Kasturi in 2007, Bojonegoro in 2012 and Kemloko in 2014. The second factor is the seed germination media consisting of straw paper, cotton, towel tissue, paperboard and newspaper. The results showed that the Kemloko variety of tobacco seeds germinated in the towel tissue had the best seed vigor and viability percentage. Seed germination media with paperboard, towel tissue and straw paper can be used to test the viability of tobacco seeds because they have a percentage of simultaneous growth, percentage of the growth speed, percentage of germination, percentage of the growth potential maximum and normal seedling dry weight which are equally well

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Hagman, Anton, and Mikael Nygårds. "Short compression testing of multi-ply paperboard, influence from shear strength." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2016-31-01-p123-134.

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SHIGA, Yoshiaki, Shigeru NAGASAWA, and Yasushi FUKUZAWA. "709 Speed effect on in-plane tensile testing of coated paperboard." Proceedings of Conference of Hokuriku-Shinetsu Branch 2011.48 (2011): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehs.2011.48.223.

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14

Tortora, Mariagrazia, Stefano Sfarra, and Cinzia Casieri. "NMR Relaxometry and IR Thermography to Study Ancient Cotton Paper Bookbinding." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 3406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163406.

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Defects related to degradation were observed in an ancient book paperboard cover through nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry and infrared thermography. Data collected with this combined method allowed identifying areas with moisture content and thermal diffusivity anomalies within the front board, corresponding to the different conservation status of the cellulose-based material. Non-destructive testing analytical procedures provide comprehensive knowledge for preserving precious library archives.

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15

Kropholler, H. W. "Handbook of physical and mechanical testing of paper and paperboard, vol. 2." Chemical Engineering Journal 33, no. 2 (October 1986): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(86)80042-9.

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16

Cavlin, Sören, IIkka Dunder, and Birger Edholm. "Creasability testing by inclined rules — a base for standardized specification of paperboard." Packaging Technology and Science 10, no. 4 (July 1997): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1522(199707)10:4<191::aid-pts402>3.0.co;2-j.

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Xu, Lebo, Jeremy Meyers, and Peter Hart. "Impact of fiber structure on edge-wicking of highly-sized paperboard." August 2018 17, no. 08 (September 1, 2018): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj17.08.437.

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Coffee edge-wicking testing was conducted on two groups of highly-sized paperboard manufactured at two mills with similar manufacturing processes, but with vastly different local fiber sources. Although the Hercules size test (HST) indicated similar internal size levels between the two types of board, the edge-wicking behavior was noticeably different. Analysis of fiber structure revealed that the board with more edge-wicking had fibers with thicker fiber walls, which kept the fiber lumen more open after pressing and drying on a paper machine. It was demonstrated that liquid penetration through voids between fibers in highly-sized paperboard was limited, because the fiber surface was well protected by the presence of sufficient sizing agent. Nevertheless, freshly exposed fiber walls and lumens at the cut edge of the sheet were not protected by sizing material, which facilitated edge-wicking. The correlation between fiber structure and edge-wicking behavior was highlighted in this work to inspire development of novel sizing strategies that protect the freshly cut edge of the sheet from edge-wicking.

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Dima, Giovanna, Antonella Verzera, and Koni Grob. "Migration of mineral oil from party plates of recycled paperboard into foods: 1. Is recycled paperboard fit for the purpose? 2. Adequate testing procedure." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 28, no. 11 (November 2011): 1619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2011.590457.

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19

Nagasawa, Shigeru, Yoshiaki Shiga, and Yasushi Fukuzawa. "Effects of Scoring Depth, Tracking Angle, Rubbering on Bending-Moment Relaxation of Creased Paperboard." Advanced Materials Research 939 (May 2014): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.939.53.

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This work deals with the time-dependent creasing characteristics of coated paperboard. The correlation between the bending strength (resistance) and time-dependent problems on the actual processing phenomenon has not been sufficiently discussed in the past. It is difficult to estimate various time-dependent responses from the initial strength of the creased part, such as the maximum bending moment and the initial gradient of bending moment. In this study, therefore, a prototype testing apparatus has been applied to investigate about the dynamic relaxation of bending moment. In order to reveal the relaxation characteristics of the bending resistance during the folding motion from an initial position up to various tracking angles, a white-coated paperboard of 0.3 mm thickness was scored with a creasing rule and a grooved counter face plate under a specified feed velocity, and then the bending test was carried out by varying the tracking angle. Through this work, the followings were obtained: (1) The relaxation of the bending moment was characterized by an exponential coefficient which was independent to the nominal shear strain and the tracking angle. (2) The relaxation depends on the rubbering condition.

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Lenske, Alexander, Tobias Müller, Nicole Ludat, Marek Hauptmann, and Jens-Peter Majschak. "A new method to evaluate the in-plane compression behavior of paperboard for the deep drawing process." BioResources 17, no. 2 (March 6, 2022): 2403–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.2.2403-2427.

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To evaluate the influence of different normal pressures and the fiber orientation on the in-plane compression behavior of paperboard during the deep drawing process, a new method was developed. In addition, the influence of the wrinkle formation on the dynamic coefficient of friction and the bending resistance was examined. To evaluate the eligibility of the in-plane compression testing method, a validation strategy was developed to compare the results from the new alternative tests with the punch force profiles from the deep drawing process within an empirical model.

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21

EINSLA, BRIAN, ETHAN GLOR, JOHN ROPER, JEFF LEITINGER, NICK NICHOLAS, and SAMANTHA WOODFIN. "The use of hollow sphere pigments as strength additives in paper and paperboard coatings—Part 2: Optimization in paperboard formulations for opacity and strength." November 2020 19, no. 11 (December 1, 2020): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj19.11.597.

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This report aims to summarize the efforts in testing the properties of coatings for paperboard utilizing hollow sphere pigments (HSPs). HSPs are known to effectively scatter light and replace titanium dioxide (TiO2) in architectural coating formulations. The effect of the particle size and void fraction was evaluated, along with many coating parameters, including level of addition, binder chemistry, and blends of two HSPs. The small HSPs that have optimized voids for scattering light showed equivalent strength to the TiO2-containing control. The strength data was surprising, particularly the improvement in strength for coatings containing large particle size HSPs. Because of this increase in strength, four parts of binder could be removed, which allowed for higher brightness while not compromising other properties, including hot melt glueability. These trends held true using different binder chemistries (styrene acrylic, vinyl acrylic, and styrene butadiene). Upon refining the formulations further, blends of two HSPs showed further benefit.

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Testing Standards Committee JAPAN T. "JIS draft “Testing Method for Diffuse Blue Reflectance Factor (ISO Brightness) of Paper and Paperboard”." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 44, no. 4 (1990): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.44.460.

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23

Considine, J. M., and D. E. Gunderson. "A METHOD FOR MECHANICAL PROPERTY TESTING OF PAPERBOARD DURING COMPRESSIVE CREEP IN A CYCLIC HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT." Experimental Techniques 11, no. 9 (September 1987): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1987.tb00256.x.

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Fadiji, Tobi, Tarl M. Berry, Corne J. Coetzee, and Umezuruike Linus Opara. "Mechanical design and performance testing of corrugated paperboard packaging for the postharvest handling of horticultural produce." Biosystems Engineering 171 (July 2018): 220–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2018.05.004.

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Ovaska, Sami-Seppo, and Kaj Backfolk. "The versatility of the Bristow absorption tester – a review." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33, no. 2 (July 26, 2018): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-3040.

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Abstract This paper reviews the use of the Bristow Absorption Tester (known also as the Bristow wheel) in the characterization of fiber-based substrates. The Bristow wheel is a laboratory-scale instrument that has been designed for studying substrate wettability and dynamic liquid absorption properties in short time intervals, which are important in many converting and printing processes of paper and paperboard. The tester also gives information about substrate roughness. The Bristow wheel has shown great usefulness in predicting print quality especially in inkjet applications, in which a good correlation between print quality (letter area) and ink penetration rate has been found by several researchers. The apparatus is particularly useful in dynamic wetting studies, but it has also been successfully used in numerous other research purposes such as the determination of the degree of sizing, evaluation of material glueability, and various coatability studies. Modifications of both the testing principle and the tester structure have also been reported. These include e. g. equipping the apparatus with a corona unit that makes it possible to mimic a printing process on a relevant time-scale. This review summarizes the reported applications of Bristow wheel with a special focus on tester performance and versatility.

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Tanninen, Panu, Ville Leminen, Sami Matthews, Mahdi Merabtene, and Juha Varis. "Evaluation of the Patternability of Fibre-Based Materials with Converting Experiments." Key Engineering Materials 926 (July 22, 2022): 1284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2nq60u.

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Paperboard based packaging products are renewable alternatives for packages made traditionally from oil-based polymer materials and can be used for packaging of various products [1]. Embossing is used in packaging solutions to increase the functionality and appearance of the products. It can also be used to increase product safety by improving distinctiveness and identifiability of packages [2]. The aim of the study was to evaluate the patternability of various fibre-based materials. It was desired that the accuracy and details of the embossed pattern would be the same in all samples, regardless of their different material properties. The realization of this was evaluated by several analyses related to the performance of the materials in the embossing process. Eleven different sample materials were collected for the experiments so that the patternability could be studied extensively. The common denominator of the materials selected for testing was that they were all fibre-based paper and paperboard materials used in the packaging industry. Set of embossing tools were developed, and precision machined from brass, for the experiments. A laboratory scale mechanical embossing device was utilized in modification of sample surfaces to study patternability of selected fibre-based sample materials. The main variables in the forming experiments were pressing force and tool temperature. The samples were observed primarily visually - with the naked eye, with a scanning electron microscope and a 3D-profilometer which was used in the topography analysis of the achieved patterns. The results of the embossing test series confirmed that the height of the pattern increased as a function of pressing force and plate temperature and spring back occurred in all materials after the tool plates opened. It was deduced that the pattern dimensions of the embossing plate somewhat determined the achievable pattern height in the fibre-based sample materials, but the amount of springback did not change as a function of material thickness. Despite this finding, it was consistent that the amount of spring back was regularly reduced with higher tool temperatures. The optimization study of the magnitude of the forming force showed that excessive use of force is not required, which is beneficial in reducing the risk of material damage during processing and adjustment of embossing devices. All samples differing significantly from each other were found to be suitable for embossing, indicating that patterns such as those tested could be added to a variety of packaging applications.

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BURTON, DUSTIN, DON VENTRESCA, and GREGORY WELSCH. "Novel test method for measuring defects in barrier coatings." November 2022 21, no. 11 (December 1, 2022): 625–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj21.11.625.

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In the last several years, activity to develop water-based barrier coatings (WBBCs) that meet challenging packaging performance requirements has increased dramatically. Cellulose-based packaging solutions can provide a more sustainable packaging option for replacing single-use plastic-based options like extrusion-based and laminated materials. An advantage of WBBCs is the opportunity to reduce the coating thickness applied, as long as the barrier requirements can be met. A challenge that must be overcome is the ability to maintain a defect and pin-hole-free coating layer after coating and drying to retain the barrier performance. Many formulation and coating parameters can affect the barrier coating layer quality; however, methods for detecting more subtle differences in these types of studies are not widely available. Work was carried out to develop a quantitative technique for detecting and measuring the quantity and size of defects in the barrier coating layer. A test method has been developed using a combination of dyed oil and image analysis to be able to characterize the imperfections in the coating surface. The use of dyed oil serves two purposes. First, it better simulates the types of materials, in this case, oils and grease, for which the barrier coating is expected to hold out. Second, it also provides contrast between the coating and failure points for testing. An image analysis technique is employed to characterize the number and size of the imperfections. For the former, it reduces the testing time required if a quality control or laboratory technician counts the dots. For the latter, it assists with judgment on the source of the root cause of the imperfection, such as base sheet defects, coating dispersion issues, or perhaps micro-blisters in the coating, as some examples. To show the benefit of this technique, several pilot coating studies were designed to see if the new technique could be utilized to detect differences in WBBC performance. Both process and chemical variables were evaluated. With refinement, it is believed this technique can be utilized in development work, as well as for a potential quality control technique for manufacturing of coated paper and paperboard products

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KATOU, Tetsuo, Yasushi FUKUZAWA, and Shigeru NAGASAWA. "1119 Evaluation of mechanical characteristic of coating layer on paperboards with scratch testing." Proceedings of Conference of Hokuriku-Shinetsu Branch 2010.47 (2010): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehs.2010.47.425.

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Jensen, Finn. "Introduction to component testing, Anthony K. Stevens, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Reading, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1986. No. of pages: 158. Price: $28.95 (paperbound)." Quality and Reliability Engineering International 3, no. 1 (January 1987): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qre.4680030120.

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Kuehni, Rolf G. "ASTM Standards on Color and Appearance Measurement, 2nd ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1987, 341 pp., paperbound. Price: $39.00." Color Research & Application 13, no. 4 (August 1988): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.5080130413.

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Billmeyer, Fred W. "ASTM Standards on Color and Appearance Measurement, compiled for ASTM Committee E-12 on Appearance of Materials by Richard S. Hunter, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1984, 244 pp., paperbound. Price, $39.00; to ASTM members, $31.20." Color Research & Application 10, no. 2 (1985): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.5080100213.

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Véronis, Jean. "Polysemy: Theoretical and Computational Approaches Yael Ravin and Claudia Leacock (editors) (IBM T. J. Watson Research Center and Educational Testing Services) New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, xi+227 pp; hardbound, ISBN 0-19-823842-8, $74.00, £45.00; paperbound, ISBN 0-19-925086-3, $21.95, £14.99." Computational Linguistics 28, no. 1 (March 2002): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.2000.28.1.90.

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Wirén, Mats. "Language and Computers Markus Dickinson*, Chris Brew‡, and Detmar Meurers¶ (*Indiana University, ‡Educational Testing Service, and ¶University of Tɒbingen) Wiley-Blackwell, 2013, xviii+232 pp; paperbound, ISBN 978-1-4051-8305-5, $34.95; hardbound, ISBN 978-4051-8306-2, $87.95; e-book, ISBN 978-1-1183-2316-8, $22.99." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 3 (September 2013): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_r_00165.

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Pulman, Stephen. "Automated Grammatical Error Detection for Language Learners Claudia Leacock, Martin Chodorow, Michael Gamon, and Joel Tetreault (Butler Hill Group, Hunter College, Microsoft Research, Educational Testing Service) Morgan & Claypool (Synthesis lectures on human language technologies, edited by Graeme Hirst, volume 9), 2010, ix+122 pp; paperbound, ISBN 978-1-60845-470-9, $40; ebook, ISBN 978-1-60845-471-6, $30 or by subscription." Computational Linguistics 37, no. 3 (September 2011): 617–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_r_00062.

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Amri, Lala Hucadinota Ainul, Efnyta Muchtar, and Inez Zahra Pradipta. "ACCORDANCE OF THE QUALITY OF 250 GRAM IVORY CARTON PACKING BASED ON INDONESIAN NATIONAL STANDARD (SNI) DUPLEX CARTON." KREATOR 2, no. 1 (July 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46961/kreator.v3i2.295.

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Ivory paperboard is a type of cardboard consisting of 2 or more layers and is commonly used for primary packaging. The formulation of the research problem is how the process of testing the properties of 250-gram ivory paperboard and the results of testing the properties of ivory paperboard based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for duplex cardboard. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of the physical properties, opacities, and chemical properties of 250-gram ivory paperboard and to determine the suitability of the paperboard that was tested with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for duplex cardboard. The research method used in this research is the quantitative method and testing method based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 0123: 2008 Duplex Carton. Based on test data obtained by ivory paperboard 250 grams, gramatur 247,573 gr / m2, mass density 766,479 kg / m3, pull resistance (picking) in good condition, oil penetration 7,852, water absorption 29.54 gr / m2, properties folds on MD (not broken), CD (broken), degree of whiteness (brightness) 82.52%, sheet composition on the top layer (chemical layer), the water content of 5.22%. So from the income, 250-gram ivory paperboard is in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 0123: 2008 Duplex cardboard.Keywords— Ivory paperboard, Print quality properties, Indonesian National Standard 0123:2008 Duplex Carton.

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Johansson, S., J. Engqvist, J. Tryding, and S. A. Hall. "3D Strain Field Evolution and Failure Mechanisms in Anisotropic Paperboard." Experimental Mechanics, January 7, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-020-00681-7.

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Abstract Background Experimental analyses of the 3D strain field evolution during loading allows for better understanding of deformation and failure mechanisms at the meso- and microscale in different materials. In order to understand the auxetic behaviour and delamination process in paperboard materials during tensile deformation, it is essential to study the out-of-plane component of the strain tensor that is, in contrast to previous 2D studies, only achievable in 3D. Objective The main objective of this study is to obtain a better understanding of the influence of different out-of-plane structures and in-plane material directions on the deformation and failure mechanisms at the meso- and microscale in paperboard samples. Methods X-ray tomography imaging during in-situ uniaxial tensile testing and Digital Volume Correlation analysis was performed to investigate the 3D strain field evolution and microscale mechanical behaviour in two different types of commercial paperboards and in two material directions. The evolution of sample properties such as the spatial variation in sample thickness, solid fraction and fibre orientation distribution were also obtained from the images. A comprehensive analysis of the full strain tensor in paperboards is lacking in previous research, and the influence of material directions and out-of-plane structures on 3D strain field patterns as well as the spatial and temporal quantification of the auxetic behaviour in paperboard are novel contributions. Results The results show that volumetric and deviatoric strain, dominated by the out-of-plane normal strain component of the strain tensor, localize in the out-of-plane centre already in the initial linear stress-strain regime. In-plane strain field patterns differ between samples loaded in the Machine Direction (MD) and Cross Direction (CD); in MD, strain localizes in a more well-defined zone close to the notches and the failure occurs abruptly at peak load, resulting in angular fracture paths extending through the stiffer surface planes of the samples. In CD, strain localizes in more horizontal and continuous bands between the notches and at peak load, fractures are not clearly visible at the surfaces of CD-tested samples that appear to fail internally through more well-distributed delamination. Conclusions In-plane strain localization preceded a local increase of sample thickness, i.e. the initiation of the delamination process, and at peak load, a dramatic increase in average sample thickening occurred. Different in-plane material directions affected the angles and continuity of the in-plane strain patterns as well as the sample and fracture properties at failure, while the out-of-plane structure affected how the strain fields distributed within the samples.

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Yang, Li. "Mechanical response of paperboard to rapid compression." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, November 4, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2022-0064.

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Abstract ZD-tester is a measurement technique for rapid compression in Z-direction. The strain rate of compression of this device is far beyond the ordinary mechanical testing methods applied in papermaking industries. Thus, it provides insights to the material responses which are relevant to industrial applications, e. g. calendaring, printing, etc where the strain rate ranges from hundreds to thousands per second. A physics model that describes the dynamic process of the probe has been developed, where a linear Maxwell model is used to account for the viscoelasticity of paperboard. The simulation has successfully reproduced both the general features and quantitative details of the experiment. The model reveals that the ratio of the elastic modulus to the viscosity modulus of the material governs the amplitude attenuation while the angular frequency of the striking-rebounding cycle depends mainly on the elastic modulus. The dropping height determines the initial striking velocity but has no direct impact on either attenuation or angular frequency. The model and simulation provided interpretations of both experimental observations and dynamic behaviours of the material. With help of simulation, the impacts of the individual parameters, e. g. the Young’s modulus, E, the viscosity modulus, η, and the drop height, H, were also explored.

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"Book Reviews : Handbook of Physical and Mechanical Testing of Paper and Paperboard, Volume 2. Richard E. Mark, Editor. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 1984. 508 pages. $79.95." Textile Research Journal 55, no. 8 (August 1985): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758505500810.

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Nugraha, Mawan, Ponadi ., and Nazula Nurul Zahra. "ANALYSIS OF DUPLEX CARTONS QUALITY AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET." KREATOR 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46961/kreator.v4i2.312.

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350-gram duplex cartons is a popular packaging material used by entrepreneurs because it is affordable, recyclable, and harmless to humans. The two main manufacturers that provide these packaged products are found in the market. In order to assist the government in providing quality assurance for consumers, the packaging materials are physically tested in accordance with SNI 10123: 2008. The quality testings include the grammature of cardboard, thickness, brightness, water absorption, oil absorption, pulling power of paper/cardboard, water content, paperboard folds, and mass density of paper/cardboard, by means of tests that have been provided by the National Standar Nasional. Indonesia (SNI). The results showed that one of the manufacturers did not meet the requirements for the brightness, while the other manufacturer did not meet the standards for the water absorption.Keywords—Resistance, Paper, Mattpaper

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Gouzi, Fares, Christophe Hédon, Léo Blervaque, Emilie Passerieux, Nils Kuster, Thierry Pujol, Jacques Mercier, and Maurice Hayot. "Interactive whiteboard use in clinical reasoning sessions to teach diagnostic test ordering and interpretation to undergraduate medical students." BMC Medical Education 19, no. 1 (November 15, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1834-1.

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Abstract Background Over-testing of patients is a significant problem in clinical medicine that can be tackled by education. Clinical reasoning learning (CRL) is a potentially relevant method for teaching test ordering and interpretation. The feasibility might be improved by using an interactive whiteboard (IWB) during the CRL sessions to enhance student perceptions and behaviours around diagnostic tests. Overall, IWB/CRL could improve their skills. Methods Third-year undergraduate medical students enrolled in a vertically integrated curriculum were randomized into two groups before clinical placement in either a respiratory disease or respiratory physiology unit: IWB-based CRL plus clinical mentoring (IWB/CRL + CM: n = 40) or clinical mentoring only (CM-only: n = 40). Feasibility and learning outcomes were assessed. In addition, feedback via questionnaire of the IWB students and their classmates (n = 233) was compared. Results Analyses of the IWB/CRL sessions (n = 40, 27 paperboards) revealed that they met validated learning objectives. Students perceived IWB as useful and easy to use. After the IWB/CRL + CM sessions, students mentioned more hypothesis-based indications in a test ordering file (p < 0.001) and looked for more nonclinical signs directly on raw data tests (p < 0.01) compared with students in the CM-only group. Last, among students who attended pre- and post-assessments (n = 23), the number of diagnostic tests ordered did not change in the IWB/CRL + CM group (+ 7%; p = N.S), whereas it increased among CM-only students (+ 30%; p < 0.001). Test interpretability increased significantly in the IWB/CRL + CM group (from 4.7 to 37.2%; p < 0.01) but not significantly in the CM-only group (from 2.4 to 9.8%; p = 0.36). Conclusions Integrating IWB into CRL sessions is feasible to teach test ordering and interpretation to undergraduate students. Moreover, student feedback and prospective assessment suggested a positive impact of IWB/CRL sessions on students’ learning.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Paperboard Testing'

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