Relevant bibliographies by topics / Paper recycling

Academic literature on the topic 'Paper recycling'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Paper recycling"

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Koutsoyiannis, Demetris, and Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz. "Editorial—Recycling paper vs recycling papers." Hydrological Sciences Journal 54, no. 1 (February 2009): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1623/hysj.54.1.3.

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Irinatsu, Yuichi. "Waste paper recycling." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 56, no. 7 (2002): 954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.56.954.

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Wilson, B. P. "Recycling Brailled Paper." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 82, no. 9 (November 1988): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8808200906.

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Oye, Raysabro. "Recycling of Paper." Sen'i Gakkaishi 50, no. 4 (1994): P130—P136. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.50.4_p130.

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Jayaraman, K. S. "Accusations of "paper recycling"." Nature 344, no. 6263 (March 1990): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/344187b0.

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Gupta, Nawin. "Recycling and Recycled Paper." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 267, no. 24 (June 24, 1992): 3333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03480240095043.

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Gupta, N. "Recycling and recycled paper." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 267, no. 24 (June 24, 1992): 3333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.267.24.3333.

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Lorey, F. W., and W. C. Martin. "Recycling of paper products." Conservation & Recycling 9, no. 4 (January 1986): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-3658(86)90069-x.

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Ghazi,, Ahmed Hiathem, Zakaria Azhar Othman,, Heba Dawoud Dawoud,, Nada Ashqar Aloraidi,, Maha Rashid Saeed Alokka,, Ayat Salim Nazar,, Maha Rashid Al Matwi,, Nadya Abdulmonim,, and Omar Liqaa Maki. "Paper recycling at Qatar University." Qatar Foundation Annual Research Forum Proceedings, no. 2010 (December 13, 2010): EEPS3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qfarf.2010.eeps3.

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TAKAHASHI, Hiromichi. "Waste-paper Recycling by Flotation." Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society 42, no. 10 (1993): 834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos1956.42.834.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Paper recycling"

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Ansari, Rushina. "Creative Paper Recycling." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23795.

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With the intention of empowering children and guiding them towardssustainable habits at an early age, the empirical findings in the choseninternational school pointed towards a heavy use of paper. A study wascarried out to understand the various factors related to paper use.Interviews, experiments and workshops were conducted to probe furtherinto the variety of insights that were gathered.The scope of the project was to use interaction design techniques tounderstand and address the issues through creating small designinterventions using three main strategies of a) placing appropriateaffordances, b) designing for transparency and hence creating awarenessof the use of resources, and c) by attempting to instill a culture throughdirect involvement that supports eco-ethics.An effort was made to conceptualize and design an artifact that was inline with the mood and disposition of the specified section of the school. Ametaphorical concept prototype was created to test the effect of theproposed artifact. Moreover, the overall culture of the school affected thebehavioral patterns and hence a separate strategy was employed toaddress the awareness in the entire institution.
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Thomas, Christine. "Waste paper recycling : a community technology approach." Thesis, Open University, 1986. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57015/.

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This research project aims to explore the hypothesis that a Community Technology approach can be considered appropriate for reclamation and recycling activities, and to investigate the opportunities for reclaiming and recycling domestic wastes viably at a 'community' scale. A framework is first established to define a Community Technology approach, and then used to assess the compatibility of reclamation and recycling technologies to this approach. 'Community '-scale reclamation and recycling in Britain, together with some examples from the USA, is examined and the 'state of the art' for both areas of activity described. 'Community'-scale is interpreted as relating to groups of people of less than 10,000, defined as neighbourhoods (of between 100 and 1,000 people) and communities (of 1,000 to 10,000 people). Initial analysis identified only three recycling processes with potential as 'community'-scale activities; all concerned with waste paper recycling. One of these, a neighbourhood-scale technology, was chosen for a detailed feasibility study. The process involves recycling waste paper into sheets of drawing or printing paper suitable for use as 'art' paper, in particular as speciality printing paper, or as sugar paper in schools. The feasibility study was carried out using design and evaluation methods, to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of the process and to investigate what role it might play in the community, in particular in relation to promoting greater community self-reliance. The results show that this technology would not be financially or economically viable as an independent enterprise but indicated additional non-quantified social benefits and hence a possible non-economic role in the community. Some possibilities of educational and job creation roles are explored.
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Saville, Frank. "Energy and paper recycling : an investigation of repulping." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58107.

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Fibers from waste paper are recovered through repulping. Repulping is accomplished using machines called repulpers. Repulpers are large machines which use a high-speed rotor mounted in a vat to disintegrate waste paper for the recovery of fibers. Repulpers consume a significant amount of energy to recover fibers from waste paper. For the work in this thesis, a 0.25m³ laboratory repulper was built for the purpose of determining which variables affect the specific energy (energy/mass) required for repulping. Scale replicas of 3 commercial repulper rotors were constructed to test the effect of rotor geometry on repulping specific energy. It was found that the flake content as a function of specific energy follows the form dF⁄dE=-λF where F is flake content, E is specific energy, and λ is a rate constant. The rate constant λ varies with pulp type, temperature, consistency, repulper volume, and rotor design. It was found that a given material at a given temperature and consistency requires a unique quantity of energy to be repulped independent of the rate of energy addition. An analytical model for repulping linking pulp material properties, consistency, temperature, and rotor and vat geometry is provided which allows for the accurate prediction of the time and energy required for repulping in both the 0.25m³ laboratory scale repulper and a 15m³ industrial repulper. The model assumes that all work to deflake is done by the repulper rotor in the rotor swept volume by turbulence and that no deflaking occurs in the rest of the vat. CFD simulations of the flow field produced by each rotor and high-speed film of each rotor indicate that the rotors tested in this thesis all produce strong trailing vortices akin to those produced by common mixing impellers like the Rushton turbine. Uniform mixing is important for efficient repulping. Solid body motion of the suspension in the repulper makes for poor repulping energy efficiency. Repulping time and energy savings can be accomplished by increasing the suspension consistency and the rotor swept-volume/vat volume ratio by either increasing rotor size or reducing vat volume all while ensuring complete mixing and circulation in the vat.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Zimmerman, Sara Phyllis. "An Analysis of Socioeconomic Effects on Scrap Paper Recycling Participation." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5058.

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The greatest appreciation is extended to all who contributed valuable time to assist with this project. In particular, Barry Messer, from the Recycling Education Project at Portland State University, who recommended study ideas and provided integral information; Bruce Walker, from the City of Portland, who granted many interviews and was always willing to answer questions; Steve Apotheker, from Resource Recycling, who invited me to use the office library and spent time discussing current recycling issues; Deborah Adams, from Metro, who furnished me with essential data; and Wess Brenner, from the Academic Computing Center, who contributed substantial time to help in the analysis of the data. Additionally, Mara Tableman, from the Mathematical Sciences Department and Dr. Robert Fountain, from the Statistics Consulting Laboratory provided considerable advise about statistical procedures. I also deeply thank my parents, Rob Allerman, Jennifer Wheelan, and other friends and family who supported me throughout the completion of this document. Joel Freedman particularly, provided continual encouragement, unending patience and sound counsel. From the Geography department, I extend my sincere gratitude to Carolyn Perry and my committee, Joseph Porascky, Thomas Harvey and most importantly, my advisor, Dr. Teresa Bulman.
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Taylor, Henry F. (Henry Farrar) 1964. "Modeling paper material flows and recycling in the US macroeconomy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9452.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Technology, Management, and Policy Program, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 439-442).
Recycling, especially paper recycling, has become a de-facto public policy during the last three decades of the 20th Century. At the cusp of the new millennium it receives widespread support. Unfortunately, at the same time, this well-intentioned and locally rational action has also been soundly criticized based on the observed market instabilities in the industry that are the cause of poor performance by firms. This poor performance, especially in the case of paper, threatens the value and usefulness of recycling as an environmental strategy. Many current works that address recycling issues fail to recognize that the basis for the behavior, problematic or otherwise, is the linked set of markets that cause the materials, in the form of products and by-products, to flow through the entire macroeconomy. The sources of this behavior include both the internal structure of the sectors from which the markets are comprised as well as the linkages between the markets. To understand the potential problems in the paper recovery and associated markets and to assess remedies, this thesis develops and explores a new, integrated, macroeconomic model using the system dynamics method. The model is calibrated to paper material-flow-related data. It replicates problematic behaviors in the paper market, and describes their genesis, and forecasts their effects for the future. Analyses undertaken with the model also describe outcomes from several different commonly proposed interventions in terms of market stability, production, profitability, resource utilization, and overall recovery.
by Henry F. Taylor, III.
Ph.D.
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Lane, Jonathan. "An investigation into the novel application of high power ultrasound on the deinking of mixed office waste paper." Thesis, Open University, 1998. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57872/.

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The current paper recycling processes are surveyed pointing out the major stages and the variety of chemical/mechanical treatments the fibres undergo. The reduction or replacement of chemical/mechanical treatments presents possible advantages in prolonging fibre life. The results from recycled office waste which has been treated with ultrasound show a change in the particle size distribution of toner particles - making these particles easier to remove using established flotation techniques. Particle size distributions were measured using image analysis on thin (20gsm) paper handsheets. To establish the affect of sonication on fibres, a variety of virgin fibres were obtained from UK Paper, Sittingbourne. Results from virgin fibres which have been treated using ultrasound indicate an absence of cutting compared to conventional techniques. Fibres were found to have the same average length (0.6mm) after ultrasound treatment as the control sample, refined fibres were reduced to approximately 0.3 mm in length. Freeness decreased in both virgin sonicated and refined sonicated samples. The decrease in freeness was accompanied by an increase in the strength properties of both categories of fibres. Experiments with a prepared office waste furnish showed that ultrasonic treatment could decrease the size distribution of fused toner particles. The control sample had an average size of 80.9 um, after 1 minute sonication this was decreased to 54.9) um, decreasing further to 46.8)um after 2 minutes sonication. After demonstrating that ultrasound could decrease the particle distribution of the prepared office waste a more realistic and variable furnish was used. The experiments were conducted at room temperature, 50°C and 75°C. These temperatures were chosen to study the behaviour of fused toners as it approaches and exceeds its glass transition point, essentially the melting point of an amorphous polymer. It was found that the toner is easier to remove as the glass transition temperature is approached. Ultrasound is effective in breaking up large toner particles and detaching particles smaller than 25 microns in diameter.
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Forsström, Jennie. "Fundamental aspects on the re-use of wood based fibres : porous structure of fibres and ink detachment /." Stockholm, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-84.

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Backlund, Per. "Återvinning av dryckeskartonger : En studie som syftar till att öka återvinningsgraden av Tetra Paks förpackningar i Indonesien." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-90672.

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People of the modern world consume more than they ever used to do. Because of the close correlation between consumption and the amount of waste, the waste volume is also expected to increase. The purpose of this study is to examine if some measures in the recycling process from Sweden could be implemented in Indonesia. In fact, Indonesia is one of the countries in which the waste management system is struggling. Tetra Pak, one of the world leading producer of food packaging, is studied in this report. Tetra Paks recycling rate of their beverage cartons is relatively low, 8.42 %, in Indonesia compared with their recycling rate in other countries. To answer the purpose, information was collected from scientific reports, by interviews carried out in both Sweden and Indonesia and by study visits in Indonesia. The results of the study shows that there are measures which could be made in the recycling process to increase the recycling rate in Indonesia. School projects and deposit systems could increase the collection rate and a drumscreen and a buffertank could make the recycling process more profitable for the papermills. There is also some alternative end products which could make the whole recycling process more public visible. One of the conclusions of this study is that the paper mills should adjust their drumscreens, this to increase the fibre yield which is crucial for the recycling value. Another conclusions is that Tetra Pak should consider to initiate a recycling business by their own, in order to reduce the burden on the environment.
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Bird-Ortiz, Nianti. "Paper recycling mill a sustainable education center in San Juan, Puerto Rico /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3345.

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Thesis (M. Arch.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Architecture. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Qian, Yuhui. "The Chemical Mechanism of a Brown-Rot Decay Mimtic System and its Application in Paper Recycling Processes." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2001. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/QianY2001.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Paper recycling"

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Recycling. London: H.M.S.O., 1994.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Environment Committee. Recycling. London: HMSO, 1994.

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Condon, Judith. Recycling paper. New York: F. Watts, 1990.

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Foundation, World Resource. Paper making & recycling. Tonbridge, Kent: World Resource Foundation, 1997.

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Crafty recycling. Minneapolis, MN: Tassel Press, 1993.

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Papermaking: From recycling to art. Port Melbourne, Vic: Lothian Pub. Co., 1992.

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Jenkins, Bill. Recycling paper and things. Scottsdale, AZ (15233 N 62nd Place, Scottsdale): B. Jenkins, 1992.

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McKinney, R. W. J., ed. Technology of Paper Recycling. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1328-1.

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Richardson, Maureen. Plant papers: Preparing pulp by recycling paper. 7th ed. Brilley: M. Richardson, 1991.

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Thomson, Neil, 1948 August 8-, ed. Paper. London: Franklin Watts, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Paper recycling"

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Byström, Stig, and Lars Lönnstedt. "Paper Recycling." In Global Concerns for Forest Resource Utilization, 311–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6397-4_25.

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McKinney, R. W. J. "Environmental impacts of paper recycling." In Technology of Paper Recycling, 371–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1328-1_13.

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Turvey, R. W. "Chemical use in recycling." In Technology of Paper Recycling, 130–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1328-1_4.

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Thoyer, B. "Printing trends — impact on paper recycling." In Technology of Paper Recycling, 351–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1328-1_12.

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Christensen, Thomas H., and Anders Damgaard. "Recycling of Paper and Cardboard." In Solid Waste Technology & Management, 201–10. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470666883.ch15.

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Hall, F. Keith. "Paper Recycling and the Environment." In ACS Symposium Series, 286–95. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1995-0609.ch024.

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Guest, D. "Recycling surface treated paper products." In Surface Application of Paper Chemicals, 229–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1457-5_13.

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Jönson, G. "Paper packaging designed for recycling." In Product Innovation and Eco-efficiency, 273–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8945-1_28.

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McKinney, R. W. J. "Wastepaper recovery and collection." In Technology of Paper Recycling, 1–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1328-1_1.

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McKinney, R. W. J. "The manufacture of tissue using recycled fibres." In Technology of Paper Recycling, 311–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1328-1_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Paper recycling"

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Shum, Kenneth W., and Chi Wan Sung. "Transmitter cooperation by recycling dirty paper." In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory - ISIT. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2008.4595092.

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Mushiri, Tawanda, Panashe Mombeyarara, and Tauyanashe Chikuku. "Design of a manually operated paper recycling machine." In EAI International Conference for Research, Innovation and Development for Africa. EAI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.20-6-2017.2270754.

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Naeem, Usama J., and Safaa A. S. Almtori. "Recycling the waste of paper into usable board." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS ENGINEERING & SCIENCE (IConMEAS 2019). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0000205.

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Kitamura, Takanori, Qianjin Zhang, Kanta Ito, Suguru Teramura, Zhiyuan Zhang, Yuqiu Yang, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Mechanical Properties of Paper Thermosetting Resin Composites by Various Paper Materials." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37798.

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Recycling and reusing is a noticeable method for environment protecting. Recycled paper is one of the most successful cases as it contributes to energy saving, low cost, low wood consumption and environmental protection. During paper recycling process, many different kinds of raw materials can be used. Paperboards made of different raw materials showed different properties. In this study, three kinds of raw materials were selected to fabricate paperboards respectively combining with thermosetting resin, paperboards reinforced plastic composite was laminated by hand layup method. Detailed observation were carried out to analysis the molding stations including the tensile property which was investigated on both unnotched and notched specimens, besides, to investigate the anisotropy, tensile test was conducted on the specimens both in machine rolling direction and transverse direction. SEM was also employed to observe the materials and fracture area respectively.
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Cabalova, Iveta. "RECYCLING OF PAPER - CHANGES OF MECHANICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES." In SGEM2011 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2011/s21.112.

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Suda, Mitsunori, Wei Wang, Takanori Kitamura, Kanta Ito, Kenji Wada, Zhiyuan Zhang, Yuqiu Yang, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Delamination Behavior of Laminated Paper." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38099.

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Paper recycling is an effective way in reducing deforestation and energy consumption. Therefore recycling paper and paper products has been widely applied in many areas, such as packaging industry, furniture decoration, temporary structures in building and so on. Paper products are made from plant fibers and they are laminated materials. So it is of possible to generate interlaminar fracture in the use of paper products, especially in the construction made of paper such as paper tubes which have been used widely. In order to improve the interlaminar performance of paper products and then improve the construction performance of paper products, delamination behavior of laminated paper has been studied in this paper. By a series of peel tests, comparative analysis about different paperboard were carried out. The cause of delamination behavior of laminated paper was analysis based on the detailed observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
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Pohrebennyk, Vitalii. "COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF WASTE PROCESSING METHODS IN PAPER RECYCLING." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/51/s20.030.

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Jones, S. "Machine vision techniques for ink particle analysis within the paper recycling process." In Fifth International Conference on Image Processing and its Applications. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19950746.

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Suda, Mitsunori, Takanori Kitamura, Ratchaneekorn Wongpajan, and Zhiyuan Zhang. "Effect of Paper Property on Mechanical Property of Paper Tube." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51392.

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Paper recycling is an effective way in reducing deforestation and energy consumption. Therefore recycling paper and paper products has been widely applied in many areas, such as packaging industry, film rolls, adhesive-tape industry, furniture decoration and temporary structures in building. They can be produced into various structure according to different requirement, such as paper tube, corrugated paperboard and normal paperboard. Paper-tubes gain more and more applications as a traditional structure due to their excellent mechanical property and environmentally friendly property. In order to meet various needs of paper-tube and produce high performance paper-tubes, designing for paper-tubes fabrication is needed. It is necessary to research the lateral compression strength of paper tube because various paper-tubes are used as packages, cores, poles and structure materials. To establish a relation of mechanical property between paperboards and paper-tubes is an important aspect. The current study is to investigate this relation. Paperboards are built from cellulose fibers jointed by hydrogen bonds and some additional elements like talc. The fibers are distributed randomly on the paperboards. However due to the tension action during fabrication process, more fibers are distributed in machine rolling direction which is defined as machine direction (MD, TD for transverse direction). The material expresses obvious anisotropic property. On the other hand, due to the laminated structure of paper materials, it is possible to generate interlaminar fracture in the usage process, especially in the construction made of paper such as paper tubes. The mechanical property of three kinds of paperboards used for paper-tubes fabrication was investigated included tension, compression and peeling combining with anisotropic property. These three kinds of paperboards have different mechanical properties but same dimension for paper-tubes fabrications. By this method, the effects of different properties including tension, compression and peeling on mechanical property of paper-tube could be evaluated. A series of paper-tubes with different layers was fabricated and the lateral compression test was carried out and evaluated. The fracture form of paper-tubes and fracture position on paper-tube were discussed together with paperboards. The cause of delamination behavior of laminated paper was analysis based on the detailed observation. The optical observation were employed to evaluate the fracture properties of paper-tubes after lateral compression test. It was found that the initial fracture of paper-tubes occurred inside the paperboards rather than between layers and the peeling property of paperboard has a signification effects on lateral compression property of paper-tubes.
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Poikkimaki, Sanna. "Effects of technological developments in paper manufacturing and recycling: a case study of the Finnish pulp and paper industry." In Intelligent Systems and Smart Manufacturing, edited by Surendra M. Gupta. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.417278.

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Reports on the topic "Paper recycling"

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Ince, P. J., and D. B. McKeever. Recovery of paper and wood for recycling : actual and potential. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-88.

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Ince, Peter J. Recycling of wood and paper products in the United States. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-89.

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Zimmerman, Sara. An Analysis of Socioeconomic Effects on Scrap Paper Recycling Participation. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6934.

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Venditti, R. A., and M. K. Ramasubramanian. Mechatronic Design and Control of a Waste Paper Sorting System for Efficient Recycling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/919471.

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Aked, Jody. Supply Chains, the Informal Economy, and the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.006.

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As a cohort of people, ‘children in work’ have become critical to the everyday functioning of diverse supply chain systems. This Working Paper considers diverse commodity chains (leather, waste, recycling and sex) to explore the business realities that generate child labour in its worst forms. A review of the literature finds that occurrence of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) in supply chain systems is contingent on the organising logics and strategies adopted by actors in both the formal and informal economies. Piecing together the available evidence, the paper hypothesises that a supply chain system is sensitive to the use of WFCL when downward pressure to take on business risk cannot be matched by the economic resilience to absorb that risk. Emergencies and persistent stressors may increase risk and reduce resilience, shifting norms and behaviour. There is a need for further work to learn from business owners and workers in the informal economy.
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Melanie, Haupt, and Hellweg Stefanie. Synthesis of the NRP 70 joint project “Waste management to support the energy turnaround (wastEturn)”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.2.en.

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A great deal of energy can be sourced both directly and indirectly from waste. For example, municipal waste with an energy content of around 60 petajoules is incinerated in Switzerland every year. The energy recovered directly from this waste covers around 4 % of the Swiss energy demand. However, the greatest potential offered by waste management lies in the recovery of secondary raw materials during the recycling process, thus indirectly avoiding the energy-intensive production of primary raw materials. In order to optimise the contribution to the energy turnaround made by waste management, as a first step, improvements need to be made with respect to the transparent documentation of material and cash flows, in particular. On the basis of this, prioritisation according to the energy efficiency of various recycling and disposal channels is required. Paper and cardboard as well as plastic have been identified as the waste fractions with the greatest potential for improvement. In the case of paper and cardboard, the large quantities involved result in considerable impact. With the exception of PET drinks bottles, plastic waste is often not separately collected and therefore offers substantial improvement potential. Significant optimisation potential has also been identified with regard to the energy efficiency of incineration plants. To allow municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants to use the heat they generate more effectively, however, consumers of the recovered steam and heat need to be located close by. A decisive success factor when transitioning towards an energy-efficient waste management system will be the cooperation between the many stakeholders of the federally organised sector. On the one hand, the sector needs to be increasingly organised along the value chains. On the other hand, however, there is also a need to utilise the freedom that comes with federal diversity in order to test different solutions.
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Melanie, Haupt, and Hellweg Stefanie. Synthese des NFP-70-Verbundprojekts «Abfallmanagement als Beitrag zur Energiewende (wastEturn)». Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publikation_nfp70_nfp71.2020.2.de.

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Im Abfall steckt sowohl direkt wie auch indirekt viel Energie. So werden in der Schweiz pro Jahr Siedlungsabfälle mit einem Energiegehalt von rund 60 Petajoule verbrannt. Die daraus direkt zurückgewonnene Energie deckt etwa 4 Prozent des Endenergiebedarfs. Das grösste Potenzial der Abfallwirtschaft liegt aber meist darin, beim Recycling sekundäre Rohstoffe zu gewinnen und so indirekt die energieintensive Produktion von primären Rohstoffen zu verhindern. Um den Beitrag der Abfallwirtschaft zur Energiewende zu optimieren, braucht es in einem ersten Schritt vor allem Verbesserungen hinsichtlich einer transparenten Dokumentation der Material- und Geldflüsse und darauf aufbauend eine energetische Priorisierung der verschiedenen Verwertungs- und Entsorgungswege. Als diejenigen Abfallfraktionen mit dem grössten Verbesserungspotenzial wurden Papier und Karton sowie Plastik identifiziert. Bei Papier und Karton lassen sich aufgrund der sehr grossen Mengen bedeutende Effekte erzielen. Gebrauchte Kunststoffe werden mit Ausnahme der PET-Getränkeflaschen bisher erst wenig getrennt gesammelt. Ein grosses Optimierungspotenzial wurde auch bei der Energieeffizienz der Verbrennungsanlagen identifiziert. Damit KVAs die entstehende Wärme wirkungsvoller nutzen können, müssen aber Abnehmer für Dampf und Wärmeenergie in ihrer Nähe angesiedelt sein. Ein entscheidender Erfolgsfaktor für einen Wandel hin zu einer energieeffizienten Abfallwirtschaft ist die Zusammenarbeit zwischen den vielen Akteuren der föderalistisch organisierten Branche. Diese muss sich zum einen vermehrt entlang der Wertschöpfungsketten organisieren. Zum anderen gilt es dabei aber auch, die Freiräume der föderalen Vielfalt zu nutzen, um unterschiedliche Lösungswege zu testen.
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Massachusetts laborer crushed in baler at paper recycling facility. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface00ma035.

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Cleaning company laborer crushed by toppled paper bales while working at Massachusetts recycling plant. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, April 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface93ma004.

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