Journal articles on the topic 'Paper Printing properties Testing'
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1
PARENT, FRÉDÉRIC, JEAN HAMEL, and DAVID MCDONALD. "Web lateral instability caused by nonuniform paper properties." January 2022 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj21.9.22.
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Lateral or cross-machine direction (CD) web movement in printing or converting can cause problems such as misregistration, wrinkles, breaks, and folder issues. The role of paper properties in this problem was studied by measuring lateral web positions on commercial printing presses and on a pilot-scale roll testing facility (RTF). The findings clearly showed that CD profiles of machine direction (MD) tension were a key factor in web stability. Uneven tension profiles cause the web to move towards the low-tension side. Although extremely nonuniform tension profiles are visible as bagginess, more often, tension profiles must be detected by precision devices such as the RTF. Once detected, the profiles may be analyzed to determine the cause of web offset and weaving problems. Causes of tension profiles can originate from nonuniform paper properties. For example, by means of case studies, we show that an uneven moisture profile entering the dryer section can lead to a nonuniform tension profile and lateral web movement. Time-varying changes in basis weight or stiffness may also lead to oscillations in the web’s lateral position. These problems were corrected by identifying the root cause and making appropriate changes. In addition, we developed a mathematical model of lateral stability that explains the underlying mechanisms and can be used to understand and correct causes of lateral web instability
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PELIN, Cristina-Elisabeta, Gilbert Mihaita STOICAN, Adriana STEFAN, Mihai Victor PRICOP, Sorina ILINA, and George PELIN. "Mechanical properties of 3D printed metals." INCAS BULLETIN 13, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2021.13.1.13.
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The new challenges in the aerospace field lead to the need to develop new materials with complex shapes, without major intervention in their definition. Thus, laser 3D printing technologies have been developed for both composite and metallic materials. This paper presents a study of characterization and testing of a 3D printed metal material (Maraging steel 1.2709) in three different directions (x, y and z) to observe, from a mechanical point of view, the behavior depending on the printing direction and the structural changes that intervene following the tensile stress. Mechanical tests consisted of tensile testing in accordance with current international standards, and morphostructural analyzes consisted of investigation of the failure area using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively.
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Yang, Pan Pan, Yan Fang Xu, Na Gao, and Ya Yuan Zhang. "Method for Testing and Analyzing the Printing Performance of Fluorescent Inks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 2779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.2779.
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In recent years, fluorescent ink, with a unique color performance and the advantages of green non-toxic, fast drying, thin ink, etc., is widely used in packaging printing, security printing, and other fields. What’s more, the luminescent properties and the interaction with paper of fluorescent ink are pained more and more attention. In this experiment, an ultraviolet light source is used to motivate the samples to emit, the fiber spectrophotometer is used to receive the reflected light of the samples in the vertical direction of the samples. The tone rendering curve and dot gain curve are obtained according to the radiation energy data of the sample, the printing indicators of fluorescent ink are obtained by analyzing the reproducing image tone scale and dot expansion characteristics of ink on the paper.
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Murčinková, Zuzana. "Macroscopic dynamic response of mechanical systems involving composites and effect of inner structure on damping properties." Mechanik 92, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2019.4.38.
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The paper deals with relation between inner structure of the machine and the composite material used in it and macroscopic dynamic response. It presents the experimental results of testing the relation between inner composite material structure and damping properties presented by logarithmic decrement quantity. Moreover, the paper provides the case study of application the composite material layered structure to the flexographic printing machine and results of that applications presented by printing speed.
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Baciu, Florin, Daniel Vlăsceanu, and Anton Hadăr. "The Influence of 3D Printing Parameters on Elastic and Mechanical Characteristics of Polylactide." Materials Science Forum 957 (June 2019): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.957.483.
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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of 3D printing parameters (i.e. print speed, infill density, infill patterns) on the elastic and mechanical properties (i.e. Young modulus, yield limit, ultimate tensile strength). These properties have been determined experimentally on different specimens subjected to tensile loading using a universal testing machine INSTRON 8872. For these experimental investigations, the test specimens were manufactured in accordance to ASTM standards, modifying the following printing parameters: print speed, infill density, infill patterns. The influence of printing parameters on elastic and mechanical properties is necessary for a better understanding of the material behavior necessary in modelling and design of some type of structures manufactured using 3D printing method.
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Zhao, Victoria Xin Ting, Ten It Wong, and Xiaodong Zhou. "3D Printing of Biosamples: A Concise Review." Journal of Molecular and Engineering Materials 05, no. 02 (June 2017): 1740002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251237317400020.
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This paper reviews the recent development of 3D printing of biosamples, in terms of the 3D structure design, suitable printing technology, and available materials. Successfully printed 3D biosamples should possess the properties of high cell viability, vascularization and good biocompatibility. These goals are attained by printing the materials of hydrogels, polymers and cells, with a carefully selected 3D printer from the categories of inkjet printing, extrusion printing and laser printing, based on the uniqueness, advantages and disadvantages of these technologies. For recent developments, we introduce the 3D applications of creating scaffolds, printing cells for self-assembly and testing platforms. We foresee more bio-applications of 3D printing will be developed, with the advancements on materials and 3D printing machines.
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Li, Zhanzhao, Maryam Hojati, Zhengyu Wu, Jonathon Piasente, Negar Ashrafi, José P. Duarte, Shadi Nazarian, Sven G. Bilén, Ali M. Memari, and Aleksandra Radlińska. "Fresh and Hardened Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Cementitious Materials: A Review." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 5628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145628.
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3D-printing of cementitious materials is an innovative construction approach with which building elements can be constructed without the use of formwork. Despite potential benefits in the construction industry, it introduces various engineering challenges from the material point of view. This paper reviews the properties of extrusion-based 3D-printed cementitious materials in both fresh and hardened states. Four main properties of fresh-state printing materials are addressed: flowability, extrudability, buildability, and open time, along with hardened properties, including density, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile bond strength, shrinkage, and cracking. Experimental testing and effective factors of each property are covered, and a mix design procedure is proposed. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent development in 3D-printing of cementitious materials and to identify the research gaps that need further investigation.
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Tyurin, E. T., A. A. Zuikov, A. I. Bondarev, L. P. Gulyanz, L. A. Fadeeva, S. A. Konstantinova, A. A. Novikov, B. M. Anikuchin, and V. A. Vinokurov. "Testing of experimental samples of nanofibrillar cellulose in the production of lightweight coated paper." FORESTRY BULLETIN 25, no. 2 (April 2021): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2021-2-90-98.
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The influence of nanofibrillar cellulose samples on the coating compositions water retention is considered. It was shown that gels of nanofibrillar cellulose and coating compositions based on them are distinguished by a high water-retention capacity during centrifugation (50.8% and 31.0% versus 17.7% with NaCMC). A preliminary assessment of the printing and technical properties of light weight coated paper (LWC) using nanofibrillar cellulose in the coating composition has been carried out. The technical characteristics of nanofibrillar cellulose have been determined, formulations of lightweight paper coatings have been developed for high-speed modern equipment.
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Yoo, Woo Sik, Jung Gon Kim, and Eun-Ju Ahn. "An Experimental Reproduction Study on Characteristics of Woodblock Printing on Traditional Korean Paper (Hanji)." Journal of Conservation Science 37, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 590–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/jcs.2021.37.5.16.
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The history of printing technology in Korea is studied by investigating existing ancient documents and records and comparing accumulated data and knowledge. Cultural property research requires non-destructive testing and observation with the naked eye or aided by a microscope. Researchers’ experience and knowledge are required even though they cannot guarantee the outcome. For ancient documents and records that are presumed to consist of woodblock printing, wood type printing, metal type printing, or their combinations, each researcher draws various opinions and conclusions. This often causes confusion and divides the opinions of ordinary citizens and field specialists. Among them, the criteria for judging ancient documents or books printed using woodblock and metal movable material are ambiguous. Academic research on the development history of printing technology in ancient Korea has been stagnant, and conflicts among researchers have also erupted. Involvement of national investigative agencies not specialized in cultural properties has exacerbated the situation. In this study, we investigated printing characteristics that are likely to serve as more objective judgment criteria by quantitatively analyzing the experiments of retrieving several sheets of Korean paper (Hanji) using a replicated Hunminjeongeum (訓民正音) woodblock and quantitatively analyzing the images of the printed papers. In addition, the validity and questions for the typical phenomena presented as a method for distinguishing between woodblock and metal print are reviewed. We investigated the possibility of developing new objective judgement criteria through quantitative analysis using image analysis and investigating the printing characteristics of Korean paper through a reproduction experiment of woodblock printing.
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Si, Zhan Jun, and Yu Li. "Study on the Color Rendering Effect of High Glossy Color Inkjet Paper." Applied Mechanics and Materials 469 (November 2013): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.469.286.
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The material for ink-jet printing is very extensive, but now paper media is the most commonly used one, because the image of glossy ink jet paper printed clear and bright, shiny, light fastness and excellent color fastness in the aspects of indoor display packaging. Therefore, this paper combined the traditional test method and modern computer image analysis technology together, to formation the evaluation system of color rendering performance on a suitable color ink jet paper, in order to qualitative and quantitative evaluate to paper printing color rendering.This paper mainly used six kinds of different brands glossy inkjet paper as the pattern and carries on the experiment measurement and objective visual subjective evaluation. Subjective evaluation aspect, choose a certain number standard observer to do subjective quality evaluation. Objective evaluation aspect, using the experiment testing paper properties, through test the paper print image macro and micro color reference which on the different brand color ink-jet printing paper, and add the analyze the effects of combined with the basic properties of different paper color rendering of ink-jet paper, to ensure comprehensive and objective reflect the effect of color rendering.Through the above methods, qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate of the different paper pattern of the color rendering performance, it would be provide reference and evaluation method for glossy inkjet paper in the research of color rendering effect.
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Liu, Zhuang, Lin Zhu, and Zhi Hui Sun. "Modifications of Paper Surfaces with Composite SiOx/Polymer Coatings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 731 (January 2015): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.731.437.
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The composite SiOx/polymer films are deposited as a top-coatings onto the paper substrates by radio frequency (RF) reactive magnetron co-sputtered two targets, silica and dicyclopentadiene dioxide cured with maleic anhydride (DCPD/MA).The samples prepared by changing PSiO2/PDCPD/MA, the ratio of RF powers density delivered to the individual target from 0.1 to 10 so as to prepare different SiOxcontent coatings. The wettability, mechanical properties, color reproduction printability, chemical characterization of the coatings are discussed in this paper, using contact angle measurements, electronic tensile testing machine, off-set printing test and FTIR. The static contact angle of water ranges from 129.7 to 90.7 o and tensile performance has improved significantly as the ratio of RF powers density change from 0.1 to 10. The ink density and depth of color during off-set printing are visually improved by using papers with hydrophobic surfaces coated composite films.
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Jacquet, Yohan, Vincent Picandet, Damien Rangeard, and Arnaud Perrot. "Gravity induced flow to characterize rheological properties of printable cement-based materials." RILEM Technical Letters 5 (December 29, 2020): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2020.128.
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This paper presents testing methods based on the deformation and fracture of fresh cementitious materials only subjected to their own weight. These new methods are dedicated to the study of cementitious materials designed for 3D printing of concrete in order to verify rheological requirements related to the process. The first testing methods consists in measuring the tip deflection of a fresh cementitious materials, horizontally extruded, and allows for the determination of apparent elastic modulus of the material, while the second test consists in measuring the tensile strength of material filament leaving the nozzle of a vertical downward extruder. Both methods are based on the video capture of the deformation of the materials loaded by gravity, and provide results that are in agreement with tests performed with conventional testing machines (tensile and unconfined compression tests). This work shows the potential of the video capture of the gravity induced deformation of cementitious materials to describe behavior of cementitious materials at fresh state or for the in-line control of the 3D concrete printing process.
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Babakhanova, Kh A., Z. K. Galimova, M. M. Аbdunazarov, and I. I. Ismailov. "Paper trapping research after adding Mulberry tree branches bark cellulose pulp." Forestry Bulletin 25 (October 2021): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2021-5-97-105.
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The paper presents the study results of paper trapping during inkjet printing which contains cellulose pulp from the inner bark layer of mulberry branches. The connection between the print density and the paper surface structure, in particular, water absorption and raggedness, is established. The study of the stepwise gradation transition and color rendition, the graphic accuracy of reproduction of the slur element of the image is carried out. Densitometric and microscopic analysis of the impressions printed on an inkjet printer was performed. It was revealed that the pigments of water ink, depending on the microgeometry of the paper surface, penetrated deeper in different ways. It was found that the maximum thickness of the paint layer, expressed using the optical density values for the primary colors of the subtractive synthesis, and the best color reproduction were provided by the surface of the paper sample with 100 % addition of cellulose pulp from the inner layer of the bark of mulberry tree branches, which has the least roughness, according to the scanning probe microscope Solver HV. Recommendations are given for testing paper data on inkjet printers that use pigment inks and are less demanding on the surface properties of paper, or by printing methods that do not use low-viscosity printing inks.
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Beniak, Juraj, Peter Križan, Miloš Matúš, and Michal Šajgalík. "Experimental testing of PLA biodegradable thermoplastic in the frame of 3D printing FDM technology." MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815706001.
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In the present time there are many different plastic materials and composite materials suitable for 3D printing by deposition of semi-melted material. The proper selection of correct material with suitable material properties is dependent on the situation how the produced 3D model should be used. If we need to take into account just the visual look of used material or also the mechanical properties as strength is important for loaded models for final use. The aim of this paper is to publish outputs of experimental testing for 3D models from selected materials with regards to mechanical properties of produced testing parts. Produced 3D models are from PLA biodegradable thermoplastic. Models are prepared on Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D printer. Testing is based on prepared full factors experiment with four factors on its two levels. Measured values are Tensile strength of PLA testing 3D models. In the same time there are gathered information regarding the 3D printing process and compared to measured tensile strength values for each sent of testing parts. All the measured data are statistically evaluated also by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA method).
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Zhou, Wen Hua, Bei Hai He, Chun Xiu Zhang, and Yue Han. "Analysis on Ink Layer Rub Resistance for Coated Paper Prints." Advanced Materials Research 380 (November 2011): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.380.173.
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Having been coated, the surface unevenness and pores on paper were covered by a coating layer composed of fine particles and binders, which can absorb ink well, thereby a good uniformity and smoothness of paper could be obtained, consequently, the reproducing capability for printing dot and good whiteness, gloss and opacity can be improved. In theory, the ink rub resistance for coated paper print is mainly affected by the ink absorbance property of paper, printing conditions, ink components, rub medium and so on. In this study, seven different kinds of coated papers, the viscosities of the inks were adjusted with a viscosity adjusting agent, and then the prints were prepared by proofing with the ink with different viscosities. After drying, the prints were used for rub testing. The impact of the basic properties of coated paper and the content of reducer in inks on rub resistance were discussed on the basis of a comparative analysis of the experimental data. Printing color density loss rate and print color difference were exploited in this paper to characterize the ink rub resistance for coated paper prints. In this study, it was found that ink rub resistance was mainly influenced by ink absorbency and smoothness of the paper. Under the similar conditions, the color density of coated paper print decreases with the rub strength increasing, color difference increased gradually, but not linearly. With the increase of ink viscosity reducer content, printing density loss rates as well as color difference changed, but not be linearly.
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Travieso-Rodriguez, J. Antonio, Ramon Jerez-Mesa, Jordi Llumà, Oriol Traver-Ramos, Giovanni Gomez-Gras, and Joan Josep Roa Rovira. "Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printing Polylactic Acid Parts subjected to Bending Stress and Fatigue Testing." Materials 12, no. 23 (November 22, 2019): 3859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233859.
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This paper aims to analyse the mechanical properties response of polylactic acid (PLA) parts manufactured through fused filament fabrication. The influence of six manufacturing factors (layer height, filament width, fill density, layer orientation, printing velocity, and infill pattern) on the flexural resistance of PLA specimens is studied through an L27 Taguchi experimental array. Different geometries were tested on a four-point bending machine and on a rotating bending machine. From the first experimental phase, an optimal set of parameters deriving in the highest flexural resistance was determined. The results show that layer orientation is the most influential parameter, followed by layer height, filament width, and printing velocity, whereas the fill density and infill pattern show no significant influence. Finally, the fatigue fracture behaviour is evaluated and compared with that of previous studies’ results, in order to present a comprehensive study of the mechanical properties of the material under different kind of solicitations.
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Renteria, Anabel, Victor H. Balcorta, Cory Marquez, Aaron A. Rodriguez, Ivan Renteria-Marquez, Jaime Regis, Bethany Wilburn, et al. "Direct ink write multi-material printing of PDMS-BTO composites with MWCNT electrodes for flexible force sensors." Flexible and Printed Electronics 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 015001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ac442e.
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Abstract With recent advances of additive manufacturing technology, direct ink write (DIW) printing has allowed to incorporate multi-material printing of various materials with freedom of design and complex geometric shapes to complete functional sensors in a one-step fabrication. This paper introduces the use of DIW 3D printing of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with barium titanate (BTO) filler as stretchable composites with tunable piezoelectric properties that can be used for force sensors applications. To improve the bonding between stretchable piezoelectric composites and electrodes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes was included in the fabrication of electrodes at a fixed ratio of 11 wt. %. The alignment of the BTO dipoles was achieved through corona poling method, which applies an electric charge on the surface layer of the functional material, aligning the dipoles in the desired direction and thus gaining the piezoelectricity. Different BTO mixing ratios (10–50 wt. %) were evaluated in order to obtain tunable piezoelectric properties and compare the sensitivity with respect their elastic properties. Tensile testing and piezoelectric testing were carried out to characterize mechanical and piezoelectric properties. Results showed that fabricated PDMS with 50 wt. % BTO gave the highest piezoelectric coefficient (d 33) of 11.5 pC N−1 and with an output voltage of 385 mV under compression loading of >200 lbF. This demonstrates feasibility of using multi-material DIW printing to fabricate piezoelectric force sensors with integrated electrodes in one-step without compromising the flexibility of the material.
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Sedunin, Vyacheslav, Yuri Marchenko, and Ilya Kalinin. "PROTOTYPING OF CENTRIFUGAL MICROCOMPRESSORS USING ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGIES." Perm National Research Polytechnic University Aerospace Engineering Bulletin, no. 67 (2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2224-9982/2021.67.03.
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In the fast-developing market of customer products, a development lead time becomes more and more critical. However, these technologies have limits. Also, the application of so-called additive manufacturing technologies, particularly FDM 3D printing, is limited by the materials used and the part’s quality. The significant advantage of additive manufacturing is building components without the use of molds or tools. The paper presents an experience of fast prototyping a centrifugal compressor using 3D printing with polymer plastics. 3D printing of parts has the main goal in this study to develop a structural and functional prototype for variation centrifugal compressors testing. Additive manufacturing technologies can fabricate centrifugal compressors with less labor and any configuration. Attention is paid to the choice of 3D printing technology, materials, and the influence of printing parameters on the product's mechanical properties. In conclusion, experimental results are presented for the prototype together with recommendations for serial manufacturing. Also, a laboratory bench is described where variant tests will be carried out. All this will allow the reader to interpret those solutions more reasonably and take into account the specifics in more detail when developing a technical requirement for centrifugal compressors testing.
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Ramakrishnan, Robert, Benjamin Griebel, Wolfram Volk, Daniel Günther, and Johannes Günther. "3D Printing of Inorganic Sand Moulds for Casting Applications." Advanced Materials Research 1018 (September 2014): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1018.441.
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The paper at hand introduces a 3D printing (3DP) process for additive manufacturing of inorganically bound sand moulds. The fundamental differences to 3DP with organic binders (which is state of the art) are explained and the quality relevant process parameters of the inorganic process are introduced. Since the inorganic binder system is thermally activated during the printing process the main focus lies on the heating procedure. The properties of printed specimens are measured by the quality features fluid migration and strength for which novel methods of moulding sand testing are used. Results show that the identified process parameters have a significant influence on specimen properties. The interaction of the attributes fluid migration and strength are also shown. By understanding the relationship between process parameters and quality features the properties of printed inorganic sand moulds can be tailored to fit casting specific requirements.
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Aydemir, Cem. "A study on the printability properties of alkali-sized recycled papers." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 23, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2013-0266.
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AbstractRecycled handsheets were prepared from old newspapers and old office papers with internal sizing applications of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) emulsion at 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% addition levels as received basis. Handsheets made at 80 g/m2 were air dried and oven dried as placed in drying rings followed by conditioning prior to testing. The contact angle, surface energy and drop volume changes of handsheets were carefully measured as well as used some offset printing applications. Freeness levels of pulp from newspapers and office papers were measured to be 65 and 45 SR°, respectively. It was confirmed that AKD sizing improved paper resistance against water and printing ink, and this was further improved with oven drying. Contact angle values obtained from oven-dried office papers and newspapers were in the range of 105°–95° and 85°–75°, respectively. Without drying, lowest contact angles from newspapers and office papers were recorded to be around 72° and 37°, respectively. Results were in agreement with surface energy values of samples which were around 60 mJ/m2 for air-dried samples and over 30 mJ/m2 for oven-dried handsheets. It was concluded that sizing actually improves print quality but may also increase colour change differences over time as represented by ΔE.
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BOŠNJAKOVIĆ, GORDANA, NEMANJA KAŠIKOVIĆ, GOJKO VLADIĆ, BOJAN BANJANIN, SAŠA PETROVIĆ, and DRAGOLJUB NOVAKOVIĆ. "Tactile and mechanical investigation of screen printed specimens with puff effect." Industria Textila 73, no. 04 (August 31, 2022): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.073.04.1758.
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The subject of this paper was the investigation of the tactile and mechanical characteristics of printed specimens achieved using the manual technique of screen printing. The specimens are printed using ink enriched with a puff base. The puff base gives the print a three-dimensional shape and surface characteristics. This paper aims to investigate whether such prints can be used to improve the ergonomic characteristics of a product that undergoes in-hand manipulation. To determine the possibility of using a screen printing technique with a puff effect for ergonomic purposes, two experiments were performed. The first experiment involved subjective investigation of the tactile properties of the prints which are important since the end-users are people. The second experiment involved laboratory testing of the resistance of prints to mechanical rubbing (colour rendering) which is important since the prints should be able to endure a lot of in-hand manipulation. The specimens were printed using the manual screen printing technique on four different textile substrates. Apart from the substrate, the amount of added puff substance in ink and the screen printing mesh count varied. After testing the mechanical resistance to rubbing, colour differences were calculated. Based on the results obtained, resistance to mechanical effect was confirmed, and it was determined which prints have the best resistance and tactile features. Further investigations will be focused on investigating the same type of printing on different materials, and discovering how can prints with puff effect contribute to in-hand object manipulation.
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Amza, Catalin Gheorghe, Aurelian Zapciu, George Constantin, Florin Baciu, and Mihai Ion Vasile. "Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Polymer 3D Printed Parts." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040562.
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Parts made from thermoplastic polymers fabricated through 3D printing have reduced mechanical properties compared to those fabricated through injection molding. This paper analyzes a post-processing heat treatment aimed at enhancing mechanical properties of 3D printed parts, in order to reduce the difference mentioned above and thus increase their applicability in functional applications. Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) polymer is used to 3D print test parts with 100% infill. After printing, samples are packed in sodium chloride powder and then heat treated at a temperature of 220 °C for 5 to 15 min. During heat treatment, the powder acts as support, preventing deformation of the parts. Results of destructive testing experiments show a significant increase in tensile and compressive strength following heat treatment. Treated parts 3D printed in vertical orientation, usually the weakest, display 143% higher tensile strength compared to a control group, surpassing the tensile strength of untreated parts printed in horizontal orientation—usually the strongest. Furthermore, compressive strength increases by 50% following heat treatment compared to control group. SEM analysis reveals improved internal structure after heat treatment. These results show that the investigated heat treatment increases mechanical characteristics of 3D printed PETG parts, without the downside of severe part deformation, thus reducing the performance gap between 3D printing and injection molding when using common polymers.
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Benwood, Claire, Josie Chrenek, Rebecca L. Kirsch, Nadia Z. Masri, Hannah Richards, Kyra Teetzen, and Stephanie M. Willerth. "Natural Biomaterials and Their Use as Bioinks for Printing Tissues." Bioengineering 8, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8020027.
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The most prevalent form of bioprinting—extrusion bioprinting—can generate structures from a diverse range of materials and viscosities. It can create personalized tissues that aid in drug testing and cancer research when used in combination with natural bioinks. This paper reviews natural bioinks and their properties and functions in hard and soft tissue engineering applications. It discusses agarose, alginate, cellulose, chitosan, collagen, decellularized extracellular matrix, dextran, fibrin, gelatin, gellan gum, hyaluronic acid, Matrigel, and silk. Multi-component bioinks are considered as a way to address the shortfalls of individual biomaterials. The mechanical, rheological, and cross-linking properties along with the cytocompatibility, cell viability, and printability of the bioinks are detailed as well. Future avenues for research into natural bioinks are then presented.
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Babafemi, Adewumi John, John Temitope Kolawole, Md Jihad Miah, Suvash Chandra Paul, and Biranchi Panda. "A Concise Review on Interlayer Bond Strength in 3D Concrete Printing." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 7137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137137.
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Interlayer bond strength is one of the key aspects of 3D concrete printing. It is a well-established fact that, similar to other 3D printing process material designs, process parameters and printing environment can significantly affect the bond strength between layers of 3D printed concrete. The first section of this review paper highlights the importance of bond strength, which can affect the mechanical and durability properties of 3D printed structures. The next section summarizes all the testing and bond strength measurement methods adopted in the literature, including mechanical and microstructure characterization. Finally, the last two sections focus on the influence of critical parameters on bond strength and different strategies employed in the literature for improving the strength via strengthening mechanical interlocking in the layers and tailoring surface as well as interface reactions. This concise review work will provide a holistic perspective on the current state of the art of interlayer bond strength in 3D concrete printing process.
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Starešinič, Marica, Bojana Boh Podgornik, Dejana Javoršek, Mirjam Leskovšek, and Klemen Možina. "Fibers Obtained from Invasive Alien Plant Species as a Base Material for Paper Production." Forests 12, no. 5 (April 24, 2021): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050527.
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Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) are one of the biggest challenges in European ecosystems, displacing local vegetation, destroying agricultural land, and causing billions of dollars of damage to the European economy every year. Many of them are removed daily and mainly burned. In this work, we investigated the possibilities of using plants as feedstock for paper production. Papers made from three invasive alien plants, i.e., Knotweed, Goldenrod, and Black locust, were studied and compared with commercial office paper. The study included testing of: (1) structural properties—basic physical properties, grammage, thickness, density and specific volume, moisture content, and ash content; (2) physical and dynamic mechanical properties—tensile strength, Clark stiffness, viscoelastic properties; (3) colorimetric properties of prints; (4) effect of UV light on ageing; and (5) study of cellulose fiber structure and morphology by microscopy. The results suggested that the paper produced can be used as commercial office paper, considering that the paper is slightly dyed. Such papers can also be used for special purposes that present a natural style and connection to nature. The papers produced can also be used for printing documents that are meant to be kept.
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Hong, Huan, Menglei Hu, and Liansong Dai. "Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Hierarchical Resin Honeycomb by 3D Printing." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010019.
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In this paper, surface projection micron stereo-lithography technology (PμSL) by 3D printing was used to prepare two resin honeycomb materials with different levels, and the mechanical behavior of these materials was studied. The quasi-static compression experiment and the dynamic compression experiment were carried out on the samples using the in situ micro-compression testing machine and the Split Hopkinson bar (SHPB) experimental equipment. The stress–strain curves of these materials at different strain rates were obtained, and the energy absorption characteristic of materials with two different levels were analyzed. This article reveals that the collapse strength and energy absorption properties of the materials are related to the hierarchical level of honeycomb. Multi-level hierarchical honeycomb (MHH) has higher collapse strength and better energy absorption properties than single-level hierarchical honeycomb (SHH). It turned out that increasing the hierarchical level of honeycomb could improve the mechanical properties of the materials. In the future development of products, the mechanical properties of hierarchical material by 3D printing can be further optimized through changing the level of the fractal structure.
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Pandzic, Adi, and Damir Hodzic. "Mechanical properties comparison of PLA, tough PLA and PC 3D printed materials with infill structure – Influence of infill pattern on tensile mechanical properties." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1208, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1208/1/012019.
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Abstract One of the advantages provided by fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing technology is the manufacturing of product materials with infill structure, which provides advantages such as reduced production time, product weight and even the final price. In this paper, the tensile mechanical properties, tensile strength and elastic modulus, of PLA, Tough PLA and PC FDM 3D printed materials with the infill structure were analysed and compared. Also, the influence of infill pattern on tensile properties was analysed. Material testing were performed according to ISO 527-2 standard. All results are statistically analysed and results showed that infill pattern have influence on tensile mechanical properties for all three materials.
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Korkees, Feras, James Allenby, and Peter Dorrington. "3D printing of composites: design parameters and flexural performance." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2019-0188.
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Purpose 3D printing of composites has a high degree of design freedom, which allows for the manufacture of complex shapes that cannot be achieved with conventional manufacturing processes. This paper aims to assess the design variables that might affect the mechanical properties of 3D-printed fibre-reinforced composites. Design/methodology/approach Markforged Mark-Two printers were used to manufacture samples using nylon 6 and carbon fibres. The effect of fibre volume fraction, fibre layer location and fibre orientation has been studied using three-point flexural testing. Findings The flexural strength and stiffness of the 3D-printed composites increased with increasing the fibre volume fraction. The flexural properties were altered by the position of the fibre layers. The highest strength and stiffness were observed with the reinforcement evenly distributed about the neutral axis of the sample. Moreover, unidirectional fibres provided the best flexural performance compared to the other orientations. 3D printed composites also showed various failure modes under bending loads. Originality/value Despite multiple studies available on 3D-printed composites, there does not seem to be a clear understanding and consensus on how the location of the fibre layers can affect the mechanical properties and printing versatility. Therefore, this study covered this design parameter and evaluated different locations in terms of mechanical properties and printing characteristics. This is to draw final conclusions on how 3D printing may be used to manufacture cost-effective, high-quality parts with excellent mechanical performance.
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Fellers, Christer, and Christian Andersson. "Evaluation of the stress-strain properties in the thickness direction - particularly for thin and strong papers." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2012-27-02-p287-294.
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Abstract The performance of the paper in a number of converting operations such as creasing, bending, printing, and plastic coating put great demands on the mechanical properties in the thickness direction of the material. The knowledge of strength, elastic- and plastic behavior in tension and compression in the thickness direction is needed for a comprehensive description of the performance of the material in these operations. In spite of its importance, very few publications deal with the evaluation of the entire tensile stress-strain curve of paper in the thickness direction. A likely reason for this is the intrinsic difficulty of testing a thin, uneven, porous, fibrous and compressible material such as paper with sufficient precision and testing time efficiency. The z-directional strength test is usually performed by fastening the paper by means of double-adhesive tape to metal platens. The platens are fastened in a testing machine and strained to break. The adhesion of the tape is the limiting factors for how strong papers that can be tested. The tape-based method also is expected to have a lower limit in grammage due to the penetration of the adhesive. The aim of the present publication was to show a procedure how to evaluate the entire stress-elongation curve in the z-direction of papers, using a lamination method for fastening the paper to the metal platens. From this curve the z-strength, z-modulus, z-strain at break, zenergy at break and z-fracture energy could be extracted. Such information is, so far, non-existing in the literature.
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Kozior, Tomasz, Jerzy Bochnia, Damian Gogolewski, Paweł Zmarzły, Mateusz Rudnik, Wiktor Szot, Paweł Szczygieł, and Mateusz Musiałek. "Analysis of Metrological Quality and Mechanical Properties of Models Manufactured with Photo-Curing PolyJet Matrix Technology for Medical Applications." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030408.
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This paper presents the metrological quality and mechanical properties of models in the form of hook holders manufactured from MED610 polymer material using PolyJet Matrix (PJM) technology. Measurements in the dimensional and shape analysis were made using the optical method with a microscope. The mechanical test was estimated by static tensile testing of the fabricated parts. A comprehensive approach to both the analysis of test results based on standardized samples and real hook models makes the presented results of great scientific and engineering value and creates the possibility of practical use in the medical industry, which has not been so comprehensively presented in the currently published research papers. Analyzing the results of measurements of the geometrical characteristics of the elements, it can be concluded that the PolyJet Matrix 3D printing technology has demonstrated a high level of precision in manufacturing the prototype parts. The static tensile test of samples, taking into account the printing directions, showed a high anisotropy of mechanical properties. The results of both strength and simulation tests indicate that it is necessary to assume a relatively high safety factor, the value of which depends on the direction of printing, which, in the case of such a responsible medical application, is very important.
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Jatti, Vijaykumar S., Mandar S. Sapre, Ashwini V. Jatti, Nitin K. Khedkar, and Vinaykumar S. Jatti. "Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Components Using Fused Deposition Modeling: Optimization Using the Desirability Approach and Machine Learning Regressor." Applied System Innovation 5, no. 6 (November 7, 2022): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi5060112.
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The fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique involves the deposition of a fused layer of material according to the geometry designed in the software. Several parameters affect the quality of parts produced by FDM. This paper investigates the effect of FDM printing process parameters on tensile strength, impact strength, and flexural strength. The effects of process parameters such as printing speed, layer thickness, extrusion temperature, and infill percentage are studied. Polyactic acid (PLA) was used as a filament material for printing test specimens. The experimental layout is designed according to response surface methodology (RSM) and responses are collected. Specimens are prepared for testing of these parameters as per ASTM standards. A mathematical model for each of the responses is developed based on the nonlinear regression method. The desirability approach, nonlinear regression, as well as experimental values are in close agreement with each other. The desirability approach predicted the tensile strength, impact strength, and flexural strength with a less percentage error of 3.109, 6.532, and 3.712, respectively. The nonlinear regression approach predicted the tensile strength, impact strength, and flexural strength with a less percentage error of 2.977, 6.532, and 3.474, respectively. The desirability concept and nonlinear regression approach resulted in the best mechanical property of the FDM-printed part.
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Grgić, Ivan, Vjekoslav Wertheimer, Mirko Karakašić, and Željko Ivandić. "Development of a 3D Printed Double-Acting Linear Pneumatic Actuator for the Tendon Gripping." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 2528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152528.
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The lack of standardization in tissue testing procedures results in a variety of custom-made devices. In the case of the determination of the mechanical properties of tendons, it is sometimes necessary to adapt the existing laboratory equipment for conducting experiments when specific commercial equipment is not applicable to solve issues such as proper gripping to prevent tendon slipping and rupturing, gripping control and manoeuvrability in case of tendon submerging and without contamination of the testing liquid. This paper presents the systematic development, design, and fabrication using 3D printing technology and the application of the double-acting linear pneumatic actuator to overcome such issues. It is designed to do its work submerged in the Ringers’ solution while gripping the tendon along with the clamps. The pneumatic foot valve unit of the Shimadzu AGS-X tensile testing machine controls the actuator thus preventing Ringers’ solution to be contaminated by the machine operator during specimen set-up. The actuator has a length of 60 mm, a bore of 50 mm, and a stroke length of 20 mm. It is designed to operate with an inlet pressure of up to 0.8 MPa. It comprises the cylinder body with the integrated thread, the piston, the piston head, and the gripper jaw. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been used as the 3D printing technique, along with polylactic acid (PLA) as the material for 3D printing. The 3D printed double-acting linear pneumatic actuator was developed into an operating prototype. This study could open new frontiers in the field of tissue testing and the development of similar specialized devices for medical purposes.
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Ahmed, Waleed, Sidra Siraj, and Ali H. Al-Marzouqi. "3D Printing PLA Waste to Produce Ceramic Based Particulate Reinforced Composite Using Abundant Silica-Sand: Mechanical Properties Characterization." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112579.
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Due to the significant properties of silica, thermostatics can be enhanced using silica-additives to maximize the quality of polymer compounds and transform plastics into tailored properties. The silica additives can enhance the handling and quality performance of composites and thermoplastic polymers due to their diverse potential. Besides, using silica as an additive in different characteristics can allow granulates and powders to flow easily, minimize caking, and control rheology. On the other hand, the eruption of 3D printing technology has led to a massive new waste source of plastics, especially the polylactic acid (PLA) that is associated with the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. In this paper, the impact on the mechanical properties when silica is mixed with waste PLA from 3D printing was studied. The PLA/silica mixtures were prepared using different blends through twin extruders and a Universal Testing Machine was used for the mechanical characterization. The result indicated that increasing silica composition resulted in the increase of the tensile strength to 121.03 MPa at 10 wt%. Similar trends were also observed for the toughness, ductility, and the yield stress values of the PLA/silica blends at 10 wt%, which corresponds to the increased mechanical property of the composite material reinforced by the silica particles. Improvement in the mechanical properties of the developed composite material promotes the effective recycling of PLA from applications such as 3D printing and the potential of reusing it in the same application.
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Kroma, Arkadiusz, Michał Mendak, Michał Jakubowicz, Bartosz Gapiński, and Paweł Popielarski. "Non-Contact Multiscale Analysis of a DPP 3D-Printed Injection Die for Investment Casting." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 6758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226758.
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The investment casting method supported with 3D-printing technology, allows the production of unit castings or prototypes with properties most similar to those of final products. Due to the complexity of the process, it is very important to control the dimensions in the initial stages of the process. This paper presents a comparison of non-contact measurement systems applied for testing of photopolymer 3D-printed injection die used in investment casting. Due to the required high quality of the surface parameters, the authors decided to use the DPP (Daylight Polymer Printing) 3D-printing technology to produce an analyzed injection die. The X-ray CT, Structured blue-light scanner and focus variation microscope measurement techniques were used to avoid any additional damages to the injection die that may arise during the measurement. The main objective of the research was to analyze the possibility of using non-contact measurement systems as a tool for analyzing the quality of the surface of a 3D-printed injection die. Dimensional accuracy analysis, form and position deviations, defect detection, and comparison with a CAD model were carried out.
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Przekop, Robert E., Maciej Kujawa, Wojciech Pawlak, Marta Dobrosielska, Bogna Sztorch, and Wojciech Wieleba. "Graphite Modified Polylactide (PLA) for 3D Printed (FDM/FFF) Sliding Elements." Polymers 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061250.
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With the development of 3D printing technology, there is a need to produce printable materials with improved properties, e.g., sliding properties. In this paper, the authors present the possibilities of producing composites based on biodegradable PLA with the addition of graphite. The team created composites with the following graphite weight contents: 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Neat material was also subjected to testing. Tribological, mechanical, and chemical properties of the mentioned materials were examined. Measurements were also made after keeping the samples in ageing and climatic ovens. Furthermore, SEM observations of samples before and after friction tests were carried out. It was demonstrated that increasing graphite content caused a significant decrease in wear (PLA + 10% graphite had a wear rate three times lower than for a neat material). The addition of graphite did not adversely affect most of the other properties, but it ought to be noted that mechanical properties changed significantly. After conditioning in a climatic oven PLA + 10% graphite has (in comparison with neat material) 11% lower fracture stress, 47% lower impact strength, and 21% higher Young’s modulus. It can be certainly stated that the addition of graphite to PLA is a step towards obtaining a material that is low-cost and suitable for printing sliding spare parts.
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Jakubas, Adam. "Examination of the Magnetic Properties in the Magnetic Circuits Formed by a Printing Technique." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3185948.
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In mass printing of specialist coatings on cellulose substrates, their thickness is an important factor influencing the usefulness of such coatings. The paper presented the results of testing the magnetic properties of a printing paint admixture with iron powder with a grain size <10 μm. Experimental studies were carried out on samples with three magnetic coating thicknesses: 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3, respectively. The obtained induction and magnetic field values were used to determine the relationship between the thickness of magnetic paint and its magnetic permeability. The obtained maximum values of μr were 10, 11.5, and 12.5 for samples with a thickness of 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 mm, respectively. The value of magnetic permeability increased with the increase of coating thickness. The analysis of the properties of coatings has been supplemented with the mathematical description of the relationship between material parameters and hysteresis in magnetic materials. The proposed elliptical hysteresis approximation significantly facilitates a design and prediction of the properties of finished products. The analysis of the equivalent hysteresis angle δ showed almost linear dependence on the coating thickness. The proposed indicator (angle δ) allows a quick and simple way to verify the thickness of magnetic coatings on flexible diamagnetic substrates in production conditions.
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Guo, Zhi, Zhongde Shan, Dong Du, Mengmeng Zhao, and Milan Zhang. "Experimental investigation on the flow properties of sand granules in the process of sand mold printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 9 (November 12, 2018): 1599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2017-0065.
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Purpose This paper aims to determine how the viscosity and curing agent content affect the flowability of moist silica sand granules. In addition, a coating device was designed according to the flow properties of silica sand granules. Design/methodology/approach The flowability of silica sand granules premixed with two curing agents of different viscosities is studied using a Jenike shear apparatus. An open-ended device was used in discharge testing of sand granules with a design based on the variable dip angle of the two plates and variable outlet size. Findings The test results show that increasing the curing agent content would significantly decrease the flowability of silica sand granules, and a curing agent of higher viscosity has a greater effect on the flowability of silica sand. The presence of a curing agent strengthens the cohesion among sand granules, lubricates them and restrains their deformation. The shape function of the coating device was obtained by theoretical derivation. Practical implications The flow properties provide a valuable theoretical guidance for the design of coating device for sand mold printing. Originality/value This paper deals with experimental work on flow properties of silica sand granules with different viscosities and curing agent content. The shape function of a wedge-shaped coating device is obtained based on experimental data.
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Król, Małgorzata. "Application of capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of coloring matter on paper." Nowa Kodyfikacja Prawa Karnego 44 (December 29, 2017): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-5065.44.3.
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Modern law enforcement agencies are constantly struggling with crimes against documents. Due to increasing quality of counterfeit documents and different physicochemical properties of inks, such crimes are becoming harder to detect. This situation obliges forensic laboratories for the development and implementation of testing procedures with the use of some modern techniques of chemical analysis. CE opens up numerous possibilities for various analytical applications, mainly due to its numerous advantages, the diversity of its modes and the compatibility with different detection systems. This study focuses on discussing two modes of CE: CZE and MECC and three different detection systems: DAD, LIF and MS. By using them information about substances exhibiting absorption, fluorescence and about molecular mass of analyzed compound can be received. In the Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry many different coloring matters were examined, including ballpoint, fountain pen, gel and stamp pad inks in most popular colors as well as a large group of branded and off-brand printing inks.The obtained results showed the great applicability of CE-DAD method. It has been proved that LIF and MS detections improve the discriminating possibilities of CE providing additional information on samples.
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Spurina, Ella, Maris Sinka, Krists Ziemelis, and Diana Bajare. "The effects of 3D printing on frost resistance of concrete." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2423, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2423/1/012037.
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Abstract 3DCP is becoming more common in the construction industry nowadays, however, the aspects of durability of printed concrete are not well-studied yet. This paper focuses on determining how frost-thaw cycles affect printed concrete samples, compared to cast samples of the same concrete mix and whether the conventional concrete frost resistance tests can be applied for 3D printed concrete samples. Two different concrete mixes were both printed and cast – first one was a ready-made mix provided by a dry concrete mix manufacturer and was used for reference, whereas the other mix was prepared at the lab. First, 7 and 28-day compressive and flexural strength as well as density were determined to establish the difference between mechanical and material properties of both printed and cast concrete samples that were intended to be used for frost resistance testing according to standard CEN 12390-9. Next, both printed and cast samples of both mixes were subject to a total of 56 freeze-thaw cycles while submerged in NaCl solution, allowing to determine mass loss of each sample after N frost cycles. To conclude, the obtained results enable the authors to evaluate how 3D printing affects concrete resistance to frost/thaw cycles compared to conventionally cast concrete as well as the possible causes for this. Further research is needed to improve both the design mix of concrete as well as the printing and testing methodology of frost resistance of 3D printed concrete which would possibly lead to its increased use in exposed outdoor structures in northern regions.
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Chadha, Abhinav, Mir Irfan Ul Haq, Ankush Raina, Rana Ratna Singh, Narendra Babu Penumarti, and Manjeet Singh Bishnoi. "Effect of fused deposition modelling process parameters on mechanical properties of 3D printed parts." World Journal of Engineering 16, no. 4 (July 19, 2019): 550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-09-2018-0329.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the effect of bed temperature, primary layer thickness and infill pattern (rectilinear, honeycomb, triangular) on the mechanical properties of tensile strength and bending strength of 3D printed parts. Design/methodology/approach Samples in accordance to various ASTM standards were printed by fused deposition modelling (FDM) method by varying the various input paramaters such as bed temperature, primary layer thickness and infill pattern (rectilinear, honeycomb, triangular). Tensile and bending testing was carried out on the printed parts, and post to the testing, fractography has been carried out using scanning electron microscope. Findings With increase in bed temperature tensile strength and flexural strength first increases then decreases. With the increase in primary layer thickness, tensile strength and flexural strength increase. With regard to infill patterns, triangular and honeycomb exhibit better tensile strength and better flexural strength. Practical implications The 3D printing is increasingly becoming important for manufacturing of engineering parts, determining the process parameters which could result in better mechanical and physical properties shall certainly help designers and manufacturers globally. Originality/value This work elucidates the effect of various process parameters of FDM on tensile and flexural properties of the samples.
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Poppinga, Simon, Pablo Schenck, Olga Speck, Thomas Speck, Bernd Bruchmann, and Tom Masselter. "Self-Actuated Paper and Wood Models: Low-Cost Handcrafted Biomimetic Compliant Systems for Research and Teaching." Biomimetics 6, no. 3 (June 22, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics6030042.
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The abstraction and implementation of plant movement principles into biomimetic compliant systems are of increasing interest for technical applications, e.g., in architecture, medicine, and soft robotics. Within the respective research and development approaches, advanced methods such as 4D printing or 3D-braiding pultrusion are typically used to generate proof-of-concept demonstrators at the laboratory or demonstrator scale. However, such techniques are generally time-consuming, complicated, and cost-intensive, which often impede the rapid realization of a sufficient number of demonstrators for testing or teaching. Therefore, we have produced comparable simple handcrafted compliant systems based on paper, wood, plastic foil, and/or glue as construction materials. A variety of complex plant movement principles have been transferred into these low-cost physical demonstrators, which are self-actuated by shrinking processes induced by the anisotropic hygroscopic properties of wood or paper. The developed systems have a high potential for fast, precise, and low-cost abstraction and transfer processes in biomimetic approaches and for the “hands-on understanding” of plant movements in applied university and school courses.
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Oussai, Alaeddine, Zoltán Bártfai, and László Kátai. "Development of 3D Printing Raw Materials from Plastic Waste. A Case Study on Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 7338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167338.
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Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is the most common 3D printing technology. An object formed through continuous layering until completion is known as an additive process while other processes with different methods are also relevant. In this paper, mechanical properties were analysed using two distinct kinds of printed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as tensile test specimens. The materials used consist of recycled PET and virgin PET. An assessment of all the forty test pieces of both kinds of PET was undertaken. A comparison of the test samples’ tensile strength values, difference in stress-strain curves, and elongation at break was also carried out. The reasoning behind the fracturing of test pieces that printed with different settings is presented in part by the depiction of the fractured specimens following the tensile test. An optimal route was revealed to be 3D printing with recycled PET, as per the mechanical testing. The hardness of the recycled filament decreased to 6%, while the tensile strength and shear strength increased to 14.7 and 2.8%, respectively. Nonetheless, no changes occurred to the tensile modulus elasticity. Despite notable differences being observed in the results of the recycled PET filament, no substantial differences were found prior or post-recycling in the mechanical properties of the PET filament. In conclusion, the demand for improved recycled 3D printing filament technologies is heightened due to the comparable mechanical features of the specimens of both the 3D printed recycled and virgin materials. With tensile strength figures reaching as high as 43.15MPa at Recycled PET and 3.12% being the greatest elongation at 40% Recycled PET, 100% Recycled is the ideal printing setting.
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Munir, Qaisar, Riku Peltonen, and Timo Kärki. "Printing Parameter Requirements for 3D Printable Geopolymer Materials Prepared from Industrial Side Streams." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 4758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164758.
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The objective of this investigation is to study the printing parameter requirements for sustainable 3D printable geopolymer materials. Side streams of the paper, mining, and construction industries were applied as geopolymer raw materials. The effect of printing parameters in terms of buildability, mixability, extrudability, curing, Al-to-Si ratio, and waste materials utilisation on the fresh and hardened state of the materials was studied. The material performance of a fresh geopolymer was measured using setting time and shape stability tests. Standardised test techniques were applied in the testing of the hardened material properties of compressive and flexural strength. The majority of developed suitable 3D printable geopolymers comprised 56–58% recycled material. Heating was used to improve the buildability and setting of the material significantly. A reactive recyclable material content of greater than 20% caused the strength and material workability to decrease. A curing time of 7–28 days increased the compressive strength but decreased the flexural strength. The layers in the test samples exhibited decreased and increased strength, respectively, in compressive and flexural strength tests. Geopolymer development was found to be a compromise between different strength values and recyclable material contents. By focusing on specialised and complex-shape products, 3D printing of geopolymers can compete with traditional manufacturing in limited markets.
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Vahedi Nemani, Alireza, Mahya Ghaffari, and Ali Nasiri. "On the Post-Printing Heat Treatment of a Wire Arc Additively Manufactured ER70S Part." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 21, 2020): 2795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122795.
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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is known to induce a considerable microstructural inhomogeneity and anisotropy in mechanical properties, which can potentially be minimized by adopting appropriate post-printing heat treatment. In this paper, the effects of two heat treatment cycles, including hardening and normalizing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a WAAM-fabricated low-carbon low-alloy steel (ER70S-6) are studied. The microstructure in the melt pools of the as-printed sample was found to contain a low volume fraction of lamellar pearlite formed along the grain boundaries of polygonal ferrite as the predominant micro-constituents. The grain coarsening in the heat affected zone (HAZ) was also detected at the periphery of each melt pool boundary, leading to a noticeable microstructural inhomogeneity in the as-fabricated sample. In order to modify the nonuniformity of the microstructure, a normalizing treatment was employed to promote a homogenous microstructure with uniform grain size throughout the melt pools and HAZs. Differently, the hardening treatment contributed to the formation of two non-equilibrium micro-constituents, i.e., acicular ferrite and bainite, primarily adjacent to the lamellar pearlite phase. The results of microhardness testing revealed that the normalizing treatment slightly decreases the microhardness of the sample; however, the formation of non-equilibrium phases during hardening process significantly increased the microhardness of the component. Tensile testing of the as-printed part in the building and deposition directions revealed an anisotropic ductility. Although normalizing treatment did not contribute to the tensile strength improvement of the component, it suppressed the observed anisotropy in ductility. On the contrary, the hardening treatment raised the tensile strength, but further intensified the anisotropic behavior of the component.
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Buchalik, Ryszard, and Grzegorz Nowak. "Single-Sensor Vibration-Scanning Method for Assessing the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Elements." Materials 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051072.
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This paper considers issues related to the assessment of the mechanical properties of elements made with 3D printing technology. To enable experimental testing, an automated test stand was built to perform amplitude and phase angle measurements of any point of the specimen. A contactless, optical measurement method was selected, as it is especially adequate when it comes to elements with small dimensions and masses. One innovative element of the test stand is the original method of phase angle measurement using a single vibration sensor fitted with a system forcing and ensuring full measurement synchronization and dynamic state repeatability. Additionally, numerical models of tested objects were produced and simulations of their oscillations were performed. Based on that, the properties of the tested material (PLA) were considered, with a special focus on the density, elastic modulus, and damping. The analyses were conducted for a few elements with different dimensions at different vibration frequencies.
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Wang, Xianjie, Fan Zhang, Zhenjiang Weng, Xinyu Jiang, Rushuang Wang, Hao Ren, and Feiyun Zheng. "Space Node Topology Optimization Design Considering Anisotropy of Additive Manufacturing." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 9396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189396.
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At present, a large number of scholars have conducted related research on topology optimization for additive manufacturing (AM). However, there are few relevant research reports on the impact of different directions of additive manufacturing on the optimal design and manufacturing results. In this paper, using the bidirectional evolutionary optimization (BESO) method, anisotropic optimization analysis was carried out on space nodes that are currently popular in the field of additive manufacturing and topology optimization. The elastic constants in different directions were used as anisotropic material properties for optimization research in this paper through tensile testing, which was carried out on 316L stainless-steel specimens fabricated using Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology. In addition, SEM analyses were performed to explore the microscopic appearance of the material. The study found that additive manufacturing is affected by the printing direction in terms of both macroscopic mechanical properties and microscopic material structure; the deformation obtained by anisotropic optimization was about 1.1–2.3% smaller than that obtained by isotropic optimization.
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DOROKHOV, ALEKSEI S., and ALEKSEI S. SVIRIDOV. "APPLICATION OF ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE TECHNICAL SERVICE OF GARDEN EQUIPMENT." AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, no. 6 (2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2020-6-39-44.
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The paper considers the analysis of the market for garden equipment. The authors consider some information on garden equipment failures, using an example of Husqvarna trimmers. They also assess a possibility of using additive technologies to manufacture sliding bearings for mechanical drives of garden equipment. For testing the physical and mechanical properties, a batch of samples was prepared by means of 3D printing using FDM (FFF) technology. According to the ASTM D638-14 standard, samples were prepared on a PICASO 3D Desingner X Pro 3D printer. Samples were made of ABS-plastic and PA12 with diff erent degrees of fi lling: 20, 50 and 100%. It is noted that the destruction pattern of samples made of diff erent materials is signifi cantly diff erent. Samples made from ABS plastics are more fragile than samples made from PA12. According to the test results, PA12 with 100% fi lling have shown the best results, which makes them suitable for use in the manufacture of slide bearings by means of 3D printing.
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Dalloul, Feras, Jakob Benedikt Mietner, and Julien R. G. Navarro. "Production and 3D Printing of a Nanocellulose-Based Composite Filament Composed of Polymer-Modified Cellulose Nanofibrils and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) for the Fabrication of 3D Complex Shapes." Fibers 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib10100091.
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This work aims to produce a 3D-printable bio-based filament composed of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and chemically modified cellulose nanofibrils. Printing using HDPE as a raw material is challenging due to its massive shrinkage and warping problems. This paper presents a new method to overcome those difficulties by enhancing the mechanical properties and achieving better print quality. This was achieved using modified cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) as fillers. Firstly, CNF was converted to a CNF-based macroinitiator through an esterification reaction, followed by a surface-initiated single-electron transfer living radical polymerization (SI-SET-LRP) of the hydrophobic monomer stearyl acrylate. Poly stearyl acrylate-grafted cellulose nanofibrils, CNF-PSAs, were synthesized, purified and characterized with ATR-FTIR, 13C CP-MAS NMR, FE-SEM and water contact angle measurements. A composite was successfully produced using a twin-screw extruder with a CNF-PSA content of 10 wt.%. Mechanical tests were carried out with tensile testing. An increase in the mechanical properties, up to 23% for the Young’s modulus, was observed. A morphologic analysis also revealed the good matrix/CNF compatibility, as no CNF aggregates could be observed. A reduction in the warping behavior for the composite filament compared to HDPE was assessed using a circular arc method. The 3D printing of complex objects using the CNF-PSA/HDPE filament resulted in better print quality when compared to the object printed with neat HDPE. Therefore, it could be concluded that CNF-PSA was a suitable filler for the reinforcement of HDPE, thus, rendering it suitable for 3D printing.
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Marsalek, Pavel, Martin Sotola, David Rybansky, Vojtech Repa, Radim Halama, Martin Fusek, and Jiri Prokop. "Modeling and Testing of Flexible Structures with Selected Planar Patterns Used in Biomedical Applications." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010140.
Full textAbstract:
Flexible structures (FS) are thin shells with a pattern of holes. The stiffness of the structure in the normal direction is reduced by the shape of gaps rather than by the choice of the material based on mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus. This paper presents virtual prototyping of 3D printed flexible structures with selected planar patterns using laboratory testing and computer modeling. The objective of this work is to develop a non-linear computational model evaluating the structure’s stiffness and its experimental verification; in addition, we aimed to identify the best of the proposed patterns with respect to its stiffness: load-bearing capacity ratio. Following validation, the validated computational model is used for a parametric study of selected patterns. Nylon—Polyamide 12—was chosen for the purposes of this study as an appropriate flexible material suitable for 3D printing. At the end of the work, a computational model of the selected structure with modeling of load-bearing capacity is presented. The obtained results can be used in the design of external biomedical applications such as orthoses, prostheses, cranial remoulding helmets padding, or a new type of adaptive cushions. This paper is an extension of the conference paper: “Modeling and Testing of 3D Printed Flexible Structures with Three-pointed Star Pattern Used in Biomedical Applications” by authors Repa et al.
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Ovaska, Sami-Seppo, and Kaj Backfolk. "The versatility of the Bristow absorption tester – a review." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33, no. 2 (July 26, 2018): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-3040.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper reviews the use of the Bristow Absorption Tester (known also as the Bristow wheel) in the characterization of fiber-based substrates. The Bristow wheel is a laboratory-scale instrument that has been designed for studying substrate wettability and dynamic liquid absorption properties in short time intervals, which are important in many converting and printing processes of paper and paperboard. The tester also gives information about substrate roughness. The Bristow wheel has shown great usefulness in predicting print quality especially in inkjet applications, in which a good correlation between print quality (letter area) and ink penetration rate has been found by several researchers. The apparatus is particularly useful in dynamic wetting studies, but it has also been successfully used in numerous other research purposes such as the determination of the degree of sizing, evaluation of material glueability, and various coatability studies. Modifications of both the testing principle and the tester structure have also been reported. These include e. g. equipping the apparatus with a corona unit that makes it possible to mimic a printing process on a relevant time-scale. This review summarizes the reported applications of Bristow wheel with a special focus on tester performance and versatility.