Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paper industry Waste disposal Environmental aspects'

Coliform bacteria have long been used to indicate fecal contamination of food, water, and solid surfaces, and thus the presence of a health hazard. In this study, the in-mill water and external effluent treatment systems of seven typical Canadian pulp and paper mills were shown to support the growth of numerous coliforms, especially Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., and Citrobacter spp . Mill coliforms were shown to be not just simple transients from feedwater or furnish (wood), but to be continuously growing, especially in the primary clarifiers. Therefore, coliforms and fecal coliforms cannot be used as fecal contamination indicators in pulp and paper mill water and effluent treatment systems.
N2-fixing coliform populations were detected in mill water systems and were analyzed using N2-fixation assays and nitrogenase gene (nifH) probing. Both active in situ populations and cultured microbial isolates were tested. Active N2-fixation was demonstrated in six primary clarifiers. Measurement of the numbers and composition of the total culturable bacterial community in a primary clarifier revealed that approximately 50% of all aerobic cells contained nifH , of which >90% were Klebsiella. Coliforms growing on MacConkey agar plates from the primary clarifier were all identified as Klebsiella and 100% of these Klebsiella contained the nifH gene. Preliminary estimates indicate that the amount of N2 fixed per day is substantial in some clarifiers.

The influence of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation on pulp and paper mill activated sludge (AS) floc properties was studied using a bioreactor fed with synthetic Kraft mill effluent. The bioreactor and synthetic effluent were designed and shown to perform like the real mill system providing the AS, establishing the in vivo relevance of the results. Limitation of either N or P produced inadequate effluent biotreatment, shown by poor BOD5 and suspended solids removal, and by decreased biomass health, performance, and floc settling. Greatly enhanced poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) (but not carbohydrate or extracellular polymeric substances [EPS]) synthesis was the common response of the floc microbial community to N limitation over many days. In contrast, P-limitation increased total carbohydrate and EPS, but not PHB.
N limitation, but not P limitation, caused the net floc surface charge to be much more negative, while P-limitation, but not N-limitation, increased the floc bound water content and surface hydrophobicity. Thus, in real pulp and paper mill AS systems, careful manipulation of N or P additions may be useful to optimize the key process of charged polymer-assisted AS dewatering.

Thesis (MTech (Horticulture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Waste management in winery and distillery industries faces numerous disposal challenges as large volumes of both liquid and solid waste by-products are generated yearly during cellar practices. Composting has been suggested a feasible option to beneficiate solid organic waste. This incentivized the quest for efficient composting protocols to be put in place. The objective of this study was to experiment with different composting strategies for spent winery solid waste. Compost materials consisting of chopped pruning grape stalks, skins, seed and spent wine filter material consisting of a mixture of organic and inorganic expend ingredients were mixed in compost heaps. The filter material component varied (in percentage) among five treatments: T1 (40%) lined, T2 (20%) lined, T3 (0%) lined, T4 (40%) grinded material, lined and T5 (40%) unlined. Composting was allowed to proceed in open air over 12 months, from autumn to summer. Indicators such as temperature, moisture, enzyme activities, microbial counts, pH, and C/N ratio, were recorded. Generally, season (df =3, 16, P < 0.05) had significant effects (df =1, 3, P < 0.05) on heap temperature and moisture in all treatments. Similarly, microorganisms (actinobacteria and heterotrophs) varied significantly in all treatments in response to seasonal change (df = 3, 16; P < 0.05). Enzyme activities fluctuated in accordance with seasonal factors and compost maturity stages, with phosphatases, esterases, amino-peptidases, proteases and glycosyl-hydrolases being most prominent. Compared to treatments T2 and T3, compost treatments with higher percentage waste filter materials (T1, T4 and T5) had higher N (16100-21300 mg/kg), P (1500-2300 mg/kg), K (19800-28200 mg/kg), neutral pH, and lower C/N ratios (13:1-10:1), which were also comparable with commercially produced composts. Filter materials therefore, appears to be a vital ingredient for composting of winery solid waste.

This study investigated the use of activated carbon and ion exchange for the removal of color and dissolved solids from pulp and paper wastewater generated by the Union Camp Corporation mill in Franklin, Virginia. The objective of the treatment was to provide a high quality effluent suitable for direct recycling. This advanced treatment followed pretreatment by lime, alum, or ferric chloride. Required effluent quality was defined as being 5 Pt-Co units color and 75 mg/L chloride. Granular and powdered carbons, manufactured by the Westvaco Corporation, were utilized in the study. The ion exchange resin investigated was Amberlite IRA-68, manufactured by Rohm and Haas. Carbon treatment consisted of batch and column operation; ion exchange column treatment was used. The results of the study indicated that the required effluent quality was achieved by activated carbon and ion exchange treatment of wastewater that had been chemically pretreated. The most successful treatment schemes for the biotreated effluent were pretreatment with 500 mg/L alum or 2500 mg/L lime, followed by carbon column treatment for color polishing and ion exchange for chloride removal. The lime pretreated sample produced an effluent containing less than 5 Pt-Co units color as necessary for reuse, while the alum pretreated sample would require dilution with make-up water or additional treatment (i.e. ion exchange) to obtain recycle quality. The use of ion exchange for chloride removal is not practical due to the preferential exchange for sulfates. Until such time as sulfate can be eliminated from the wastewater source, other methods of dissolved solids removal should be investigated.
M. Eng.

Many low molecular weight chlorinated organic compounds produced by the pulp and paper industry during kraft bleaching of the wood pulp are toxic. Mass balance studies suggest that mineralization of chlorinated organics is occurring in pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment systems. To understand the nature of dechlorination activity, molecular tools such as oligonucleotide primers and corresponding DNA probes were developed to monitor the presence of microorganisms possessing key genes (dehalogenases) responsible for the degradation of chloroaliphatic organics in kraft pulp mill effluent treatment systems. Oligonucleotide primers designed from the coding sequence of known dehalogenases and a methane monooxygenase gene, which is known to catalyze dehalogenation reactions, were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, using genomic DNA extracted from dehalogenating bacterial isolates and total community DNA extracted from water and sediments of lagoon treatment systems. PCR amplification with dhlB oligonucleotide primers, designed from the haloacid dehalogenase of Xanthobacter autotrophicus, revealed the presence of dehalogenase genes in both aerated lagoons and stabilization basins. Similar results were obtained with mmoX primers designed from the methane monooxygenase gene of Methylococcus capsulatus. DNA sequence analysis of several PCR fragments showed significant similarity to known dehalogenase genes. The molecular tools developed in this study revealed the presence of different types of microorganisms with dechlorination potential in the microbial community of pulp mill effluents.

Waste management is one of the key issues of sustainable development. In Hong Kong, there is food waste management measures but it seems that they have a fair share of limitations. The amount of food waste disposed rose from 3,154 tons in 2005 to 3,237 tons in 2010, which has not shown a significant reduction in volume in recent years. Businesses are becoming more aware of their corporate social responsibility and they definitely have a role to play in sustainable food waste management. Food waste management requires a large amount of resource input and infrastructural support, therefore a collaborative network between the government, businesses and social organizations will surely allows for better performance. The Food Waste Recycling Partnership Scheme (FWRPS) is chosen to be the subject of this case study. It is a partnership program aiming to tackle the food waste problem in Hong Kong’s private sector. A total of 18 companies are chosen as case subjects for the study and are divided into three groups: 1) the participants of the FWRPS; 2) the non-participants of the FWRPS but with self-initiatives for food waste management and 3) the companies without much food waste management initiatives. The three groups are then compared and contrasted upon the drivers, barriers to food waste management and the role of the FWRPS towards effective food waste management. Major factors are drawn from the study such as corporate leadership and resource availability. It is found that those driving and hindering factors varies as companies adopt different food waste management options. In creating these differences, the FWRPS also plays an important role. The scheme succeeded in facilitating food waste management in the private sector as it allows resource pooling and knowledge input. It also has limitations such as the small scale and the lack of promotion. Such partnership would be effective only if each partner is committed to work towards the same objectives. Also, the partners should have their own roles and shoulder their responsibilities. For example, the government should provide the required infrastructure while non-governmental organizations focus on environmental education. In the long run however, the private sector should tailor its own system of food waste management along with legislative support from the government.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

Thesis (M. Tech.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009
The production of poultry meat at abattoirs implies a tremendous amount of organic matter that requires environmentally and biologically safe disposal or utilisation. As a result, waste management is a concern in poultry abattoirs worldwide. Problems with proper storage, handling, management and utilisation of by-products have come to the forefront in planning, establishing and operating of poultry abattoirs. The rationale for this study centres on the need for the review of poultry abattoir waste management practices, by-product production and environmental implication at South African high-throughput abattoirs. The need for this review stems from the rapid growth of the poultry industry over the past ten years. The industry has responded to this growing demand with larger and faster processing lines and more employees. This has led to the generation of high loads of waste material associated with negative environmental impacts. Poultry waste is of great concern as it plays a major role in environmental affairs over and above the present crisis with waste in South Africa, especially in rural and peri-urban areas. The primary objectives of the study were to identify the existing waste management practices in relation to the sources, type of waste material generated, and the methods of handling (collection, storage and disposal) as well as to ascertain whether there is any in-house treatment methods practised. In addition, to identify any environmental impacts resulting from waste management practices. To obtain data, site visits were conducted countrywide and abattoir personnel were interviewed through a questionnaire, in detail about the operation and waste management practices of their respective abattoirs. Their experiences in the industry regarding waste management were determined as well. From a total of thirty-four registered and operating high-throughput poultry abattoirs, twenty-six (76.4%) were visited. Huge amounts of wastes are generated at South Africa high-throughput poultry abattoirs, and these amongst others includes blood, feathers, feet, intestines, trimmed meat off-cuts, faecal matter, condemned chickens and waste-water. Waste handling practices varies according to abattoir preferences. Different collection facilities are used for different types of waste, 50 - 750_ containers and blood troughs are used for blood (table 4.5), crates, wheelie bins, conveyors, black rubbish bags for feathers (table 4.6). Waste is either stored at the dirty area of the abattoir or in an open space next to the abattoir under strict supervision prior to disposal or by-product processing. Since not all abattoirs dispose off generated waste, some abattoirs have by-products processing facilities either on site or outside abattoir premises. Examples of by-products produced (table 4.3) include poultry (carcass) meal, feather meal, poultry oil and blood meal. Disposal methods used differs from burial, rendering, land application, municipal landfill, collection by farmers (animal feeding), burning, composting depending on waste type. It should however be noted that some of disposal method used are not legally approved in South Africa although legally permitted in other international countries as per literature review. Three environmental implications were identified by the respondents included in the study (table 4.14) and these included air pollution, water pollution and land/soil pollution. Recommendations are made to encourage the safe disposal of abattoir waste, minimisation of environmental implications and to limit the methods of disposal to those that are internationally permitted and suggested.

Food wastage is becoming a serious problem in Hong Kong. At present, Hong Kong relies simply on landfills to dispose of its waste. Nevertheless, such reliance is not sustainable. It may also lead to different social and environmental problems. With the primary aim to lessen environmental damage and achieve environmental sustainability, food waste recycling can save energy, conserve resources and prolong lifespan of landfills. Therefore, it is important to educate youngsters in order to develop their responsibility and habits in protecting the environment. It has been reported that recycling awareness should be instilled into people’s mind from their childhood. Through food waste recycling programmes held in schools, students can increase their awareness and knowledge in that aspect and develop skills for the solutions of environmental problems. On the other hand, such programmes would help reduce food waste at source and draw public attention to the food waste problem. The aims of this study focus on the introduction of a food waste management programme in a Hong Kong secondary school campus and exploring the feasibility and viability of extending it to other secondary schools in Hong Kong in order to minimize waste disposed to landfills. The study shows that the students may gain knowledge about food waste recycling through practical field experience by joining both of the Food Waste Recycling Programme and the Organic Farming Programme under the food waste management policies developed in the school. They allow students to engage more in recycling behavior and increase their awareness of food waste avoidance, reduction and recycling in their daily life. With the tripartite cooperation the Government, the participating schools and the secondary school students, the food waste management held in the school campus is feasible and viable to extend to other secondary schools in Hong Kong in order to lessen the pressure of local landfills.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
The sugar industry contributes to the development of the economy in many countries, including South Africa. The wastewater generated by this industry has a high pollution load, and therefore requires treatment before discharge to the environment. The primary aims of this study were to determine the performance of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating sugarcane molasses and to develop an empirical model to predict the behaviour of the UASB in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biogas production. A UASB (46 L working volume) was inoculated with granular sludge from the brewery industry and was used to investigate the treatment of synthetic sugar industry wastewater with an average COD of 4101 mg/L. The experiments were designed using Design-Expert® Software Version 10. The analysis of variance for the models and the optimisation of reactor temperature and feed carbon to nitrogen (C/N ratio) were carried out using response surface methodology. The UASB was operated at constant hydraulic retention time and organic loading rate of 2.04 days and 2.01 kg/m3.d, respectively. A start-up period of 22 days was required to reach steady-state. The developed empirical models for total COD removal efficiency and biogas production rate were found to be statistically significant with Prob > F values of 0.0747 and 0.0495 and the determination coefficients (R2) were found to be 0.80 and 0.65, respectively. The optimal conditions were found to be at a temperature of 38oC and C/N ratio of 22 mgTOC/mgTN. The corresponding removal efficiencies in terms of total COD, five day biological oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and sulphate was 77.7, 85.9, 99.2, 44.4 and 57.2%, respectively. Biogas was produced at a rate of 0.832 L/L.d with a methane, carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen content of 65.2, 32.8 and 0.6%. Results suggest that UASBs may offer a feasible option for reducing the organic strength of sugar industry wastewater, while simultaneously generating methane-rich biogas.

The commercial mining of asbestos occurred in four Provinces of South Africa (Northern Cape, North West, Limpopo and Mpumalanga). It was initiated in the late 1800's and lasted for over a hundred years into the beginning of this century. As a producer of amphibole asbestos, South Africa far outpaced every other country being responsible for 97% of global production. The last crocidolite mine closed in 1996 and chrysotile in 2002. Anecdotal information concerning environmental contamination as a result of the former mining activities and the improper disposal of mine waste tailings has been reported by a variety of authors. Few comprehensive or systematic surveys have been conducted to date to document this issue and very little quantifiable research has been completed on the communities located in close proximity to the former mine sites to determine the extent of contamination. In 2004-2006 communities were surveyed within the Northern Cape and North West Provinces to determine the extent and severity of environmental contamination. This research developed and applied a methodology to select those communities suspected of environmental contamination, a targeted survey methodology, and a protocol for rapid sample laboratory analysis. A total of 41 communities were initially predicted by the model to be suspected for environmental asbestos contamination. Based on the inclusion of local knowledge, a final 36 communities were selected for a screening-level field assessment, 34 of which were found to contain environmental asbestos contamination at rates ranging from 20 to 100% of the surveyed locations. A total of 1 843 samples of soil and building material were collected in the screening level assessment. One community (Ga-Mopedi) was selected as being representative of the total cohort and a more detailed house to house survey was completed. A total of 1 486 samples were collected during the detailed survey. Results of the detailed survey revealed 26.2% of the homes were contaminated with asbestos containing soil and/or building material. A theoretical quantitative cumulative exposure assessment was developed to estimate the disease burden within the study area population of 126,130 individuals within the surveyed communities resulting in a predicted range of 25-52.4 excess deaths per year from lung cancer and mesothelioma due solely to environmental exposures to asbestos pollution.

Pollution prevention is promoted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other governmental agencies as a method of reducing the generation of wastes and pollutants. Pollution prevention is also called source reduction because it reduces wastes early in the production process. Source reduction has been used by some industries to comply with governmental regulations and decrease costs associated with the management of hazardous materials. Nationally, the electronics industry generates a large quantity of hazardous waste. Similarly in Oregon, the electronics industry has recently been identified by the DEQ as one of the top five polluters in the state. The purpose of this research was to identify pollution prevention strategies that are currently being used by the electronics industry in Oregon and to assess the industry's interest in switching to less hazardous practices. A questionnaire was distributed to 180 businesses, which included all industries affiliated with the Oregon Electronics Association and additional electronics firms listed in Oregon phone directories. From those responding to the survey, the results indicated that electronics organizations in Oregon manufacture a wide variety of products including circuit boards, cable assemblies, software, laser equipment, printers, and control panels. Over half of those participating in the survey reported that the largest quantity of hazardous materials were generated early in the manufacturing process. Forty-seven percent of the respondents indicated they had attempted incorporating less hazardous compounds to those used previously. Common problems encountered which discouraged the industry from switching to less hazardous products or processes were revealed by the participants to include: The new product/process did not work as well (37%), did not believe current practices were harmful (18%), cost factors (14%), pressure from governmental agencies (3%), and other factors (28%). Fifty percent of those responding revealed that their company recycles materials within the facility. Participants indicated the products which were most likely to be recycled included cardboard (19%), office paper (18%), tin/aluminum (13%), newspaper (12%), and used chemicals (11%). The largest number of participants (43%) defined "green" or "environmentally safe/friendly" products as those that contain no known hazardous chemicals. Using this chosen definition, sixty-five percent of those responding indicated their organization did use these "green" products. It was indicated by those returning completed surveys that one reason the industry has attempted to incorporate less hazardous products and processes into their production process is primarily because of long term financial benefits. Other factors influencing the use of less hazardous materials included ethical concerns and the desire to find safer products that work as well as current products. A vast majority of respondents indicated more should be done in the area of pollution prevention and want leadership to come from within the industry itself. It is recommended that top executives in this field meet to share methods of overcoming obstacles to pollution prevention, clarify current terminology as it relates to new products, develop a system of rewarding those who are engaging in pollution prevention activities and promote technology transfer.
Graduation date: 1995

by Chan Yu Keung.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-141).
Abstract also in Chinese.
Acknowledgments --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Table of Content --- p.iv
List of Figures --- p.ix
List of Tables --- p.xiv
Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Textiles Industry in Hong Kong --- p.1
Chapter 1.3 --- Processes Involved in Textiles Industry --- p.2
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Typical Stages in Bleaching and Dyeing Step --- p.3
Chapter 1.4 --- Characterization of Textile Wastewater --- p.6
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Desizing --- p.6
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Scouring --- p.6
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Bleaching --- p.7
Chapter 1.4.4 --- Mercerizing --- p.7
Chapter 1.4.5 --- Dyeing and Printing --- p.7
Chapter 1.4.6 --- Finishing --- p.8
Chapter 1.5 --- Toxicity of Pollutants from Textiles Industry --- p.8
Chapter 1.6 --- Related Environmental Legislation in Hong Kong --- p.9
Chapter 1.6.1 --- Water Pollution Control Ordinance --- p.9
Chapter 1.6.2 --- Waste Disposal Ordinance --- p.10
Chapter 1.6.3 --- General Sewage Charge --- p.10
Chapter 1.6.4 --- Trade Effluent Surcharge --- p.10
Chapter 1.7 --- Chemical Specific Approach --- p.11
Chapter 1.8 --- Toxicity Based Approach --- p.12
Chapter 1.8.1 --- Selection of Organisms for Bioassays --- p.13
Chapter 1.9 --- Whole-Effluent Toxicity (WET) Test --- p.14
Chapter 1.10 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation --- p.14
Chapter 1.10.1 --- Phase I ´ؤ Toxicant Characterization --- p.15
Chapter 1.10.2 --- Phase II - Toxicant Identification --- p.16
Chapter 1.10.3 --- Phase III - Toxicant Confirmation --- p.16
Chapter 1.11 --- Ecotoxicology --- p.16
Chapter 2. --- OBJECTIVES --- p.18
Chapter 3. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.19
Chapter 3.1 --- Sources of Samples --- p.19
Chapter 3.2 --- Whole Effluent Toxicity Test --- p.19
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.19
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Growth inhibition test of a marine unicellular microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.22
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Survival test of a marine amphipod Parhyale plumulosa --- p.25
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Survival test of a marine fish Mylio macrocephalus --- p.29
Chapter 3.3 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase I --- p.33
Chapter 3.3.1 --- pH adjustment filtration --- p.33
Chapter 3.3.2 --- pH adjustment aeration --- p.35
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Anion exchange --- p.37
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Cation exchange --- p.38
Chapter 3.3.5 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (C18 SPE) --- p.40
Chapter 3.3.6 --- Activated carbon extraction --- p.41
Chapter 3.4 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase II --- p.43
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Determination of total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.43
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Determination of metals --- p.46
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Determination of anions --- p.48
Chapter 4. --- RESULTS --- p.51
Chapter 4.1 --- Sample Description --- p.51
Chapter 4.2 --- Whole Effluent Toxicity Tests --- p.51
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on algal growth inhibition test using Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.51
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on Microtox® test --- p.65
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on survival test of amphipod Parhyale plumulosa --- p.55
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on survival test of Mylio macrocephalus --- p.71
Chapter 4.3 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase I --- p.71
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effect of filtration at pH 3 on toxicity reduction --- p.71
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of filtration at pH 7 on toxicity reduction --- p.74
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of filtration at pHi on toxicity reduction --- p.74
Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effect of aeration at pH 3 on toxicity reduction --- p.80
Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of aeration at pH 7 on toxicity reduction --- p.80
Chapter 4.3.6 --- Effect of aeration at pHi on toxicity reduction --- p.85
Chapter 4.3.7 --- Effect of anion exchange on toxicity reduction --- p.85
Chapter 4.3.8 --- Effect of cation exchange on toxicity reduction --- p.90
Chapter 4.3.9 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH3 on toxicity reduction --- p.90
Chapter 4.3.10 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 7 on toxicity reduction --- p.95
Chapter 4.3.11 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 9 on toxicity reduction --- p.95
Chapter 4.3.12 --- Effect of activated carbon extraction on toxicity reduction --- p.101
Chapter 4.4 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation ´ؤ Phase II --- p.101
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of anion exchange on chemical reduction --- p.101
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effect of cation exchange on chemical reduction --- p.107
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 3 on chemical reduction --- p.107
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 7 on chemical reduction --- p.110
Chapter 4.4.5 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 9 on chemical reduction --- p.110
Chapter 4.4.6 --- Effect of activated carbon extraction on chemical reduction --- p.110
Chapter 5. --- DISCUSSION --- p.114
Chapter 5.1 --- Whole Effluent Toxicity Test --- p.114
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on algal growth inhibition test of Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.114
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on Microtox® test --- p.116
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on survival test of amphipod Parhyale plumulosa --- p.117
Chapter 5.1.4 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on survival test of fish Mylio macrocephalus --- p.118
Chapter 5.1.5 --- Correlations among toxicity tests --- p.118
Chapter 5.1.6 --- Factor analysis on whole effluent toxicity tests --- p.121
Chapter 5.2 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation ´ؤ Phase I --- p.122
Chapter 5.2.1 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.124
Chapter 5.2.2 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.124
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Anion exchange test --- p.124
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Cation exchange test --- p.125
Chapter 5.2.5 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction test --- p.125
Chapter 5.2.6 --- Activated carbon extraction test --- p.126
Chapter 5.3 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation Phase II --- p.126
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of anion exchange on chemical reduction --- p.126
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of cation exchange on chemical reduction --- p.127
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of C18 solid phase extraction on chemical reduction --- p.127
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Effect of activated carbon extraction on chemical reduction --- p.127
Chapter 5.4 --- Correlation between toxicity reduction and chemical reduction --- p.128
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Anion exchange --- p.128
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Cation exchange --- p.129
Chapter 5.4.3 --- C18 solid phase extraction --- p.129
Chapter 5.4.4 --- Activated carbon extraction --- p.130
Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.131
Chapter 7. --- REFERENCE --- p.133

SAPPI SAJCCOR, whose factory is situated south of Durban, South Africa, is one of the few paper and pulp mills that uses the acid sulphite process with calcium and magnesium bases to produce a high-grade cellulose pulp. Four streams of effluent, namely, the calcium - spent liquor stream, the magnesium condensate stream and two streams from the bleaching effluent are produced during this sulphite pulping process and they contain a variety of organic compounds extracted from the wood. Characterisation of the effluent was based on isolation using column chromatography and identification using NMR techniques. A range of constituents, such as lignans and lignin - type precursors, a trilerpenoid and fatty acids were isolated and identified. X-ray diffraction was used to identify an inorganic residue obtained from the calcium - spent liquor stream and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to identify a wax residue. which builds up in the process. In addition to this, the carbohydrate content of the four streams of effluent was detennined using UV/visiblc spectroscopy.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

This study introduces the Fanonian thought on race and racism, rhetoric of modernity, and new humanism as three constitutive thematic areas in order to enable a new understanding of the South African situation. These thematic areas are examined with specific reference to socio-economic development within the limited context of post-apartheid South Africa. This is done by reading Fanon’s text in the context of South Africa to provide the background against which the unfolding of the post-apartheid era and its political discourses may be analysed. In essence, this study is based on Fanon’s predictions that he made in the text written more than 50 years ago about the future of post-colonial states. Therefore, this study argues that Fanon’s thought has proven to be more prophetic with regard to post-apartheid South Africa and its political reforms which left the fundamental question of structures such as land, economy, and labour unaddressed. What happened on 27 April 1994 is not genuine liberation, but a mere transition from apartheid to democratic dispensation that left the status quo in spatial arrangements uninterrupted. Indeed, it was an elite pact between the African National Congress and white monopoly capital, which betrayed the national liberation movement and the black majority. The contention is that South Africa celebrated the cosmetic reforms that attributed the term liberation incomplete in the absence of fundamental and structural changes. What is therefore recommended is that for there to be success, there must be genuine liberation that is consistent with the needs of society. This means bringing to an end the racially marked structures and reimagining the black condition, through jobs, education, social and economic programmes aimed at empowering the black majority to depend on themselves as opposed to relying on the State.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)

The pollution problems resulting from industrial production activities result in the deterioration of our natural environment. That is why something needs to be done in order to preserve our environment. Conservation alone is not enough. Development is needed. Waste minimisation through applying Cleaner Technologies can help the country in the reduction of waste production and improve industry's environmental management processes. This study was based on an investigation into the adoption of Cleaner Technology. The study argues that elements of Cleaner Technology and the application of tools and strategies to practice Cleaner Technology are very useful for any industry. The costs of Cleaner Technology to companies cannot be compared with the benefits they can get from adopting Cleaner Technology. Mondi Limited concentrates on the product element of Cleaner Technology. It applies the recycling and re-use strategies in or~er to achieve product modification and input substitution. The organisation and knowledge elements are very strong and supportive to the technique element that is used at the Mondi Paper Mill. These three elements contribute to the increased efficiency, improved quality of intended products and waste minimisation through re-use and recycling. The question emerges about what government can or should do in return to companies like Mondi since they contribute towards the sustainability of our natural resources.
Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

The research work critically analyzed the factors responsible for imprudent waste tyre management in South Africa. As an approach to determine the complexity of the problem, questionnaires were sent to one hundred and sixty (160) respondents in conjunction with interviews. Perusal of literature and interaction with industry involved in waste tyre processing to further gain knowledge of the problem and possible solutions that can be solicited to address the problem. Findings revealed that, lack of clear, focused legislation that guide the handling, disposal and processing of waste tyres remain the challenge. It is also deduced that recycling of waste tyres can provide economic benefits and opportunities. It is recommended that South Africa develop appropriate legislation that deals with handling, treatment and disposal of waste tyres, develop an incentive programme to set up initiatives as well as developing skilled and capacitated enforcement agency.
Environmental Sciences
M.A. (Environmental Management)