Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paper conservation'

Previous research has been carried out concerning the conservation of both historic buildings and library and archive collections. Little work has, however, been undertaken to look at the interface between the two. The following research has been carried out in the context of an interdisciplinary project linking key disciplines in an examination of the issues relating to conservation problems in historic buildings used for library and archive purposes. This thesis presents a comprehensive literature review, evaluating published data on both the preservation of paper-based collections in libraries and archives, and preventive conservation of historic buildings and monuments. Emphasis is given to the interface between the two. Furthermore, a survey of British archives and libraries has been carried out, including the evaluation of questionnaire and site data. The survey focuses on preventive conservation measures as well as past and present problems of dampness. This survey proved problems with dampness to be often misdiagnosed and the consequences of damage underestimated. From the surveyed collections, two case studies have been selected for environmental monitoring in order to investigate macro- and micro-climates under different environmental conditions. Resulting data suggest that the micro-environment of a confined space is influenced by the amount of paper housed within it. This has assisted in explaining the interaction between paper and the immediate environment. At the same time, data has confirmed that the overall surface area of paper available for environmental interaction is more important than paper type or book size, with respect to the overall conditions within the storage space. Although degradation mechanisms of paper with respect to cycling conditions are not entirely clear, results of this study emphasise the importance of ventilation and dehumidification in order to avoid mould germination and/or growth. The data have been used to determine whether the internal environment of enclosed bookcases, and hence the immediate environment of the collection, can be adequately predicted from ambient data taken within the room. Mathematical models have been developed for both metal and wooden bookcases, and have shown that even when the ambient conditions are unstable, the relationship between ambient RH and the RH inside a book in an enclosed bookcase can be predicted within a 5% margin (1% for a stable environment).

The freshwater crab fauna of Vietnam has a high diversity and endemism, 49 species have been recorded and 42 of them are only known from this country. In addition, many species are undescribed or undiscovered while at least 10% of known species are facing extinction. Water pollution, urban, industrial and agricultural development, habitat loss and fragmentation, deforestation and overexploitation are the main threats to this fauna. The first conservation recommendation is keeping rain forest tracts large enough to maintain habitat and water quality for long-term survival of these crabs. More research on taxonomy, distribution, population dynamics, main pressures, conservation status are needed in order to assess conservation status and create efficient conservation actions for freshwater crabs in Vietnam.
Khu hệ cua nước ngọt ở Việt Nam có mức độ đa dạng và đặc hữu cao với 49 loài đã được ghi nhận, trong đó có tới 42 loài chỉ được biết đến ở Việt Nam. Ngoài ra, nhiều loài cua nước ngọt còn chưa được mô tả hay chưa được khám phá, trong khi có tới 10% trong tổng số loài đã biết đang phải đối mặt với nguy cơ tuyệt chủng. Ô nhiễm môi trường nước, đô thị hóa, phát triển công nghiệp và nông nghiệp, nơi sống bị phân mảnh và mất, phá rừng cùng với khai thác quá mức là những mối đe dọa chính đối với khu hệ này. Công tác bảo tồn trước hết phải giữ cho diện tích rừng đủ lớn để duy trì chất lượng môi trường sống cho sự tồn tại lâu dài của các loài cua này. Các nghiên cứu về phân loại học, phân bố, động lực quần thể là rất cần thiết để đánh giá tình trạng bảo tồn và đưa ra những hành động bảo tồn hiệu quả cho các loài cua nước ngọt ở Việt Nam.

Cette thèse présente une étude historique : l’apparition du papier au Moyen Orient. L’identification des centres de fabrication papetières de cette région, les différentes méthodologies constatées, puisées dans des sources arabes anciennes. Une étude analytique : analyses des sujets présents dans les firmans d’Alep qui contiennent plusieurs sujets traitant de la vie politique, économique, religieuse, militaire et sociale de cette ville. Ces sujets nous donnent une idée plus claire et réelle de ce qui s’est passé dans cette région et d’une manière plus large dans l’empire ottoman. Une étude technique des papiers filigranés des collections ottomanes conservées au centre des archives de Damas : de manière à peu près constante, les papetiers d’Occident se sont appliqués à signer leur production en utilisant une marque inscrite en filigrane dans la feuille à sa fabrication. Cette marque qui s’exprime par le dessin d’une figure ou des lettres, constitue en quelque sorte l’enseigne du papetier. Des solutions de conservation préventive par la surveillance climatique et la sensibilisation des différents acteurs : chercheurs, responsables et lecteurs sur les bonnes pratiques de consultation. Des solutions de conservation curatives sont proposées par l’utilisation de méthodes de restaurations reconnues au niveau international et par la création d’un type de reliure de conservation économiquement et techniquement transposable en Syrie pays où cet artisanat est absent
This thesis presents a historical study: the appearance of the paper in the Middle East. Identification of paper mills manufacturing centers of this region, the different methodologies identified, drawn from ancient Arabic sources. An analytical study: analysis of subjects in the firmans Aleppo containing several topics dealing with political, economic, religious, military and social life of the city. These subjects give us a clearer and real idea of what happened in this region and more broadly in the Ottoman Empire. A technical study paper watermarks Ottoman collections housed at the center of Damascus archives: in order almost constant, papermakers west have applied to sign their production using a registered trademark implicit in the sheet manufacture. This brand is expressed through drawing of a figure or letters, is something of the sign in the paper. Preventive conservation solutions for climate monitoring and awareness of various stakeholders: researchers, managers and players on good consultation practices. Curative conservation solutions are offered by the use of methods restorations internationally recognized and the creation of a type of conservation economically and technically binding transposable Syria country where the craft is away

In this doctoral dissertation, photochemical and, in some cases, thermal aging (natural and accelerated) of materials from cultural heritage (paper, parchment, linseed oil paints, pigments and dyes) are studied with a number of both destructive and non-destructive experimental techniques such as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-MObile Universal Surface Explorer (NMR-MOUSE) , High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array (HPLC-PDA) , Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) , Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS)3,1, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) , micro-fading-meter3 and Xenotest exposure device3. My research activity was carried out in collaboration with the Chemical Sciences Department of the University of Padua, the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage (Amsterdam) and the Image Permanence Institute (Rochester Institute of Technology, NY) and thanks to the accessibility to the Van Gogh Museum collection. In chapters one and two, an introduction to the history of colorants and to colorimetry and a description of the degradation reactions induced by light and by common gaseous pollutants are presented. In chapters three, four and five, the results of my research activity are analyzed. In particular, in chapter three of my doctoral dissertation, Writing Materials, the dependence of chemical-physical properties of paper and parchment on aging is investigated with an NMR device called MOUSE. NMR-MOUSE is an instrument of great potential in the field of conservation science because it enables the measurement of nuclear relaxation times of various materials in situ and without sampling. Nuclear relaxation times are directly related to the chemical-physical nature of materials and were proved to be markers of the state of conservation of paper. As for parchment, nuclear relaxation times enabled to distinguish between samples from the XX century and XVIII century. For both materials, different environments for water (bound or free molecules) could be recognized. In chapter four, Pigments and Dyes, a number of EPR spectra of known and unknown pigments is provided. In addition, the effect of different pigments or dyes on polymerization of linseed oil paints is revealed with NMR-MOUSE. EPR spectroscopy was demonstrated to be effective in discriminating different pigments or classes of pigments with micro-invasive sampling. Relaxation times of linseed oil paints were demonstrated to be sensitive to the presence of pigments and an interpretation of the results in terms of different rates or degree of polymerization was given. In chapter five, Dyes in Aqueous Solution and on Paper: Discoloration and Fading of Crystal Violet, which represents the main body of my doctoral research activity, an extensive analysis (HPLC-PDA, LC-MS, FORS, EPR, micro-fading assessments, Xenotest exposure device) of the photo-fading and thermal aging of an early synthetic dye (Crystal Violet) in aqueous solution and on paper is presented. The interest on the subject stems from the discoloration occurred on a group of Van Gogh drawings and letters all produced in 1888 in Arles and all made with a type of purple ink which was demonstrated to contain crystal violet and other structurally related derivatives (triarylmethane dyes). In particular, a seemingly brown drawing belonging to this group and entitled Montmajour (Arles, 1888. Van Gogh Museum) shows purple shades on the edges where the ink has been protected from light under the frame. Another example, although not belonging to the Arles group, is a menu (Paris, 1886. Van Gogh Museum) drawn and written by Van Gogh with purple ink, as can be inferred from a reproduction made in 1958. Nevertheless, in a picture of the menu taken in 2001 it can be seen that the writings and part of the drawings had disappeared entirely. Interestingly, although FORS analysis revealed the presence of ink containing triarylmethane dyes, in this case no brown discoloration was visible. With the aim of shedding light on aging mechanisms and discoloration of inks containing crystal violet on paper, accelerated aging experiments were conducted for pure crystal violet both in aqueous solution and on paper. Various experimental parameters were taken into consideration: the spectral range of the light source (UV or Vis), the paper substrate (pure cellulose paper, lignin paper, printing paper), temperature and the presence or absence of oxygen during irradiation. Moreover, a purple ink containing methyl violet (a mixture of crystal violet and some of its demethylated derivatives) was reconstructed (by Judith Geerts, student of the University of Amsterdam, according to a recipe by Sigmund Lehner, 1909) and its thermal (100 °C) and photo fading (UV light and natural sun light) was studied on different paper substrates (cellulose paper, lignin paper and protein-sized paper). The effect of various ink additives (gum arabic, sucrose and oxalic acid), of Fe(III) (as an example of photo-catalyst often present as an impurity in paper) and of common gaseous pollutants such as NO2 and O3, on the color of dyed (or written) samples of paper was also taken into consideration. A group of ten historical samples of methyl violet from the ICN dye collection was also analyzed with HPLC-PDA, with the aim of comparing actual dye samples with both the model samples described in this doctoral dissertation and with the purple ink of the ‘Montmajour’ drawing (Arles, 1888. Van Gogh Museum). Successively, some dyes and pigments (cochineal ink, indigo blue ink, indigo carmine, copper logwood synthesized from CuSO4 or Cu(AcO)2 and chromium logwood) used in the XIX century as alternative ingredients for purple inks were deposited on paper and artificially aged with UV light or heat. A colorimetric analysis of the samples was conducted before and after aging. Finally, a group of letters from the XIX century (Birgit Reissland, private collection) was analyzed with FORS and the presence of dyes closely related to crystal violet was detected. The analysis presented in chapter five of this doctoral dissertation has thus demonstrated that the synthetic dye methyl violet was widely used after its introduction to the market in 1866. Moreover, the poor lightfastness of crystal violet was explained to be due to demethylation and oxidation reactions. A series of degradation products was identified with HPLC-PDA and LC-MS both for crystal violet in aqueous solution and on paper after exposure to UV in the presence of oxygen. HPLC-PDA analysis of a sample of purple ink from the ‘Montmajour’ drawing (Arles, 1888. Van Gogh Museum) was in good agreement with the results of these model samples. The complete fading observed on the Menu was reproduced and explained as due to light exposure (UV or visible). According to my experimental results, the first stage of the degradation mechanism consists of a series of demethylation reactions eventually leading to pararosaniline, a red dye corresponding to fully demethylated crystal violet. Afterwards, oxidation at the central carbon atom forms colorless (or slightly yellow) ketones responsible both for the fading of crystal violet and for a sensitization effect on dye degradation. The presence of oxidized derivatives of Crystal Violet has also been demonstrated. As for the position of the oxygen attack, it has been hypothesized the formation of N-oxides of crystal violet or of its demethylated derivatives. Heat (50 °C, 40% relative humidity) was shown to play a minor role in the fading of crystal violet on paper whereas visible light alone was enough for the dye to fade visibly. Interestingly enough, considering the fact that anoxic protection is in use, crystal violet did fade on paper following the exposure to UV light in the absence of oxygen as well. The substrate (cellulose paper, lignin paper or printing paper), although it was not responsible for the nature of (colored) degradation products, played a role in determining the relative amounts products formed and the final color of the dye layer. Interestingly, both artificial aging (UV light) and natural aging (sun light) of samples of paper dyed with an ink containing methyl violet and other additives led to different colors than in the presence of pure crystal violet. In particular, the colors obtained were brownish-grey and bluish-grey, in the presence or in the absence of Fe(III) respectively. Moreover, the addition of Fe(III) or of ink additives (such as sucrose and oxalic) alone to paper, caused the formation of yellow or brown discoloration after exposure to sunlight. ATR-IR analysis of the yellow areas revealed the formation of carbonyl groups from cellulose and Fe(III). On the basis of the results of the aging tests of the reconstructed ink, an hypothesis for the brown discoloration of the Montmajour drawing is provided. Exposure to such a pollutant as NO2 of purple ink containing methyl violet applied on different paper substrates (cellulose paper, lignin paper and protein-sized paper) produced a strong darkening of ink which turned bluish-black or black on all substrates. On cellulose paper, pure crystal violet faded to light blue. LC-MS analysis of the dyes extracted from this sample revealed the formation of at least one nitrosamine, due to the attack of the gas at one of the nitrogen atoms of the dye molecule. Exposure to O3 did not lead to a significant color change of Crystal Violet on paper. Accelerated aging experiments on pigments and dyes used as alternative ingredients for purple inks have brought about significant discoloration effects. Among others, copper logwood produced from copper sulphate and logwood extract showed a color shift from blue to reddish-brown after aging (in particular after thermal aging) and indigo carmine has faded entirely after exposure to UV light. These experimental results therefore demonstrate the importance of reliable reconstructions of museum objects where the co presence of various components (e.g. additives, impurities, different paper substrate) can lead to peculiar interactions or color effects. To this regard, cooperation between natural scientists, art historians, conservators and restorers should be pursued both in order to get a complete characterization of a piece of artwork and so as not to misinterpret partial data coming from a single research field.
La presente tesi di dottorato riguarda lo studio dei fenomeni di invecchiamento naturale e accelerato di tipo foto-chimico (e in alcuni casi termico), di materiali di interesse artistico (carta, pergamena, colori a olio, pigmenti e coloranti) attraverso numerose tecniche sperimentali, sia distruttive che non, quali Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-MObile Universal Surface Explorer (NMR-MOUSE) , High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photo Diode Array (HPLC-PDA) , Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) , Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS)3,1, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) , micro-fading-meter3 e camera per test di invecchiamento solare accelerato Xenotest3. La mia attività di ricerca è stata svolta in collaborazione con il Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche dell’Università degli Studi di Padova, il Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage di Amsterdam (ICN) e l’Image Permanence Institute (Rochester Institute of Technology, New York) e grazie all’accessibilità alla collezione del Museo Van Gogh di Amsterdam. Il primo e il secondo capitolo forniscono una introduzione alla storia dei coloranti e alla colorimetria e una descrizione delle reazioni di degrado indotte dalla luce e da comuni gas inquinanti. Nei capitoli numero tre, quattro e cinque, vengono invece presentati i risultati della mia attività di ricerca. In particolare, nel terzo capitolo della mia tesi di dottorato, intitolato ‘Materiali Scrittori’, viene analizzata la dipendenza di proprietà chimico-fisiche della carta e della pergamena dall’invecchiamento, attraverso l’uso di una sonda NMR nota come MOUSE. Lo strumento NMR-MOUSE ha dimostrato di avere grandi potenzialità nel campo della scienza della conservazione in quanto permette di misurare i tempi di rilassamento nucleari di svariati materiali in situ e senza alcun campionamento. I tempi di rilassamento nucleari dipendono dalla natura chimico-fisica dei materiali ed è stato dimostrato come costituiscano anche degli indicatori dello stato di conservazione della carta. Per quanto riguarda la pergamena, i tempi di rilassamento nucleari hanno permesso di discriminare fra campioni del XX secolo e del XVIII secolo. Inoltre, per entrambi i materiali, lo strumento NMR-MOUSE ha permesso di individuare due intorni chimico-fisici per le molecole d’acqua costituenti i materiali stessi. Si tratta, nel primo caso, di molecole d’acqua libere (acqua liquida) e, nel secondo, di molecole legate chimicamente al substrato cellulosico o proteico. Nel quarto capitolo, intitolato ‘Pigmenti e Coloranti’, sono riportati svariati spettri EPR di pigmenti e coloranti, la cui natura chimica era nota solo in alcuni casi. Inoltre, con lo strumento NMR-MOUSE è stato osservato l’effetto della presenza di diversi pigmenti o coloranti sulla polimerizzazione dell’olio di lino. La spettroscopia EPR si è dimostrata efficace nel discriminare fra diversi pigmenti o classi di pigmenti anche con campionamenti micro-invasivi. Inoltre, i tempi di rilassamento nucleari di colori a base di olio di lino si sono dimostrati essere dipendenti dalla presenza dei pigmenti e i risultati sono stati interpretati in termini di diverse velocità o gradi di polimerizzazione. Il quinto capitolo, intitolato ‘Dyes in Aqueous Solution and on Paper: Discoloration and Fading of Crystal Violet’, rappresenta il corpo principale di questa tesi di dottorato e consiste in un’estesa analisi (HPLC-PDA, LC-MS, FORS, EPR, valutazioni di micro-fading, camera per test di invecchiamento solare accelerato Xenotest) dei processi di invecchiamento foto-indotto e termico di uno dei primi coloranti organici sintetici, il crystal violet, in soluzione acquosa e su carta. L’interesse per questo argomento ha origine dall’osservazione dei fenomeni di alterazione cromatica che interessano un gruppo di disegni e lettere di Van Gogh, tutti prodotti ad Arles nel 1888 con un inchiostro viola che è stato dimostrato contenere crystal violet o altri coloranti strutturalmente correlati (coloranti del triafenilmetano). In particolare, il ‘Montmajour’ (Arles, 1888. Van Gogh Museum), ¬un disegno apparentemente di colore marrone e appartenente al detto gruppo, mostra delle tracce di inchiostro viola sui bordi del foglio, dove l’inchiostro è stato protetto dalla luce sotto la cornice. Un altro esempio, anche se non appartenente al gruppo di Arles, è costituito da un menù (Parigi, 1886. Museo Van Gogh) scritto e disegnato da Van Gogh con un inchiostro viola, come è stato possibile stabilire da una riproduzione dell’opera risalente al 1958. Tuttavia, in una foto del 2001 si può constatate come il testo e parte del disegno fossero completamente sbiaditi. E’ interessante notare come in questo caso, benché da un’analisi con spettroscopia FORS siano state rilevate tracce di coloranti del trifenilmetano, non si è osservato l’imbrunimento dell’inchiostro tipico del ‘Montmajour’. Con l’obiettivo di far luce sui meccanismi di invecchiamento e di alterazione cromatica degli inchiostri contenenti crystal violet su carta, sono stati condotti degli esperimenti di invecchiamento accelerato di crystal violet puro, sia in soluzione acquosa che su carta. Numerosi parametri sperimentali sono stati presi in considerazione: l’intervallo spettrale della sorgente di luce (UV o visibile), il substrato cartaceo (di pura cellulosa, contenente lignina o da fotocopie), la temperatura e la presenza (o assenza) di ossigeno durante l’irraggiamento. Inoltre, è stato riprodotto (da parte di Judith Geerts, studentessa dell’Università di Amsterdam) un inchiostro viola a base di methyl violet (a base cioè di una miscela di crystal violet e alcuni dei suoi prodotti di demetilazione) secondo una ricetta di Sigmund Lehner (1909) e il suo degrado foto-indotto (luce UV e luce solare naturale) e termico (100 °C) è stato studiato su diversi substrati cartacei (carta di cellulosa, carta di lignina e carta collata con proteine). Inoltre, sono stati presi in considerazione anche gli effetti, sul colore di campioni di carta tinta, di alcuni additivi utilizzati negli inchiostri (gomma arabica, saccarosio e acido ossalico), del Fe(III) (come esempio di foto-catalizzatore spesso presente nella carta come impurezza) e di comuni gas inquinanti, quali NO2 e O3. E’ stato analizzato via HPLC-PDA anche un gruppo di dieci campioni storici di methyl violet provenienti dalla collezione dell’ICN al fine di poter confrontare campioni reali di coloranti sia con i campioni modello descritti nella presente tesi di dottorato che con un campione dell’inchiostro viola del disegno ‘Montmajour’ (Arles, 1888. Museo Van Gogh). Successivamente, sono stati depositati su carta e invecchiati artificialmente (con luce UV o per trattamento termico) alcuni pigmenti e coloranti (inchiostro a base di cocciniglia o indaco, carminio d’indaco, colorante a base di estratto di campeggio e cromo e colorante a base di estratto di campeggio e rame sintetizzato a partire da CuSO4 o Cu(AcO)2) utilizzati nel XIX secolo come ingredienti per la produzione di inchiostri viola in alternativa al crystal violet. Infine, è stato analizzato con la spettroscopia FORS un gruppo di lettere del XIX secolo (Birgit Reissland, collezione privata) ed è stata rivelata la presenza di coloranti strettamente correlati al crystal violet. L’analisi presentata nel quinto capitolo della presente tesi di dottorato ha quindi dimostrato che l’uso del colorante sintetico methyl violet era molto diffuso dopo la sua introduzione nel mercato avvenuta nel 1866. Inoltre, la scarsa resistenza alla luce del crystal violet è stata spiegata come dovuta a reazioni di demetilazione e ossidazione. Una serie di prodotti di degrado è stata identificata con HPLC-PDA e LC-MS per il crystal violet esposto a luce UV in presenza di ossigeno, sia in soluzione acquosa che su carta. L’analisi HPLC-PDA di un campione di inchiostro viola prelevato dal disegno ‘Montmajour’ (Arles, 1888. Museo Van Gogh) si è dimostrata in accordo con i risultati dei campioni modello appena descritti. Lo sbiadimento completo osservato nel menù è stato riprodotto e spiegato come il risultato dell’esposizione alla luce (UV o visibile). Sulla base dei miei risultati sperimentali, il primo stadio del meccanismo di degrado consiste di una serie di reazioni di demetilazione che porta come ultimo stadio alla pararosaniline, un colorante rosso corrispondente alla completa demetilazione del crystal violet. Successivamente, l’ossidazione in corrispondenza dell’atomo di carbonio centrale forma chetoni incolore (o debolmente gialli), responsabili sia dello sbiadimento del crystal violet che di un effetto di sensibilizzazione del colorante rispetto al degrado foto-indotto. E’ anche stata rivelata la presenza di derivati ossidati del crystal violet. Per quanto riguarda la posizione dell’attacco da parte dell’ossigeno, è stata ipotizzata la formazione di N-ossidi del crystal volet o dei suoi prodotti di demetilazione. Si è dimostrato anche come il calore (50 °C, 40% umidità relativa) abbia un ruolo secondario nel degrado del crystal violet su carta mentre l’esposizione a sola luce visibile è stata sufficiente a sbiadire completamente il colorante. Particolarmente interessante, considerato che la protezione in ambiente anossico è una delle tecniche di conservazione adottate nei musei, è il fatto che il crystal violet ha mostrato evidenti segni di sbiadimento anche a seguito di esperimenti di esposizione a luce UV in assenza di ossigeno. Il substrato cartaceo (carta di cellulosa, di lignina o da fotocopie), benché non responsabile per la natura dei prodotti di degrado (colorati) rivelati, ha determinato le quantità relative dei prodotti formati e il colore assunto dallo strato di colorante. E’ interessante notare come sia l’invecchiamento artificiale (luce UV) che quello naturale (alla luce del sole) di campioni di carta tinti con l’inchiostro contenente methyl violet e altri additivi, abbiano dato origine a colorazioni diverse da quella ottenuta in presenza di crystal violet puro. In particolare, i colori ottenuti sono un grigio-bruno o un grigio-blu, rispettivamente in presenza e assenza di Fe(III). Inoltre, la sola aggiunta di Fe(III) o additivi (tipo saccarosio o acido ossalico) alla carta ha causato la formazione di macchie gialle o brune dopo l’esposizione alla luce solare. L’analisi ATR-IR delle aree ingiallite ha rivelato la formazione di gruppi carbonilici a partire da cellulosa e Fe(III). Sulla base dei risultati dei test di invecchiamento dell’inchiostro ricostruito, è stato possibile formulare un’ipotesi per spiegare le cause del colore bruno apparso sul ‘Montmajour’. L’esposizione ad un inquinante quale il biossido di azoto (NO2) dell’inchiostro a base di methyl violet applicato su diversi substrati cartacei (di cellulosa, di lignina o collati con proteine) ha prodotto un forte scurimento dell’inchiostro, che è diventato nero-blu o nero, in tutti i substrati cartacei. Per quanto riguarda invece il crystal violet puro, si è ottenuto uno sbiadimento ad azzurro chiaro su carta di pura cellulosa. L’analisi LC-MS di quest’ultimo campione ha rivelato la presenza di almeno una nitrosoammina dovuta all’attacco del gas su uno degli atomi di azoto della molecola di colorante. L’esposizione ad ozono (O3) non ha invece prodotto una variazione significativa del colore del crystal violet puro su carta. Gli esperimenti di invecchiamento accelerato sui pigmenti e i coloranti utilizzati come ingredienti alternativi per la preparazione di inchiostri viola, hanno condotto a importanti alterazioni cromatiche. Fra gli altri, il colorante a base di estratto di campeggio e rame prodotto da solfato di rame ha mostrato una variazione di colore dal blu al bruno rossiccio a seguito dell’invecchiamento (termico in particolare) e il carminio d’indaco è sbiadito interamente dopo esposizione alla luce UV. Questi risultati sperimentali, quindi, hanno dimostrato l’importanza di avere a disposizione affidabili ricostruzioni degli oggetti museali, dove la compresenza di varie componenti (ad esempio additivi, impurezze, diversi substrati cartacei) può portare a particolari interazioni chimiche o influenzare il colore percepito. A questo proposito, sarebbe auspicabile la cooperazione fra scienziati, storici dell’arte, conservatori e restauratori, al fine di poter ottenere una caratterizzazione completa di un’opera d’arte e così da non malinterpretare i dati parziali provenienti da un singola campo di ricerca.

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Esta dissertação tem por objetivo investigar, à luz da História Cultural, a trajetória histórica da conservação-restauração de papel no Brasil tendo como recorte cronológico a primeira década do século XX até os anos de 1990. Com vistas à compreensão epistemológica desse campo especializado do conhecimento, enfoca as origens e a construção da conservação e restauração de documentos gráficos por meio do exame das práticas e narrativas preservacionistas. Utilizando-se da análise bibliográfica, documental e do exercício de história oral, examina os marcos teóricos, os paradigmas, as influências internacionais e as políticas culturais que alicerçaram a inserção e a construção dessa disciplina especializada no âmbito brasileiro.
This paper has goal to investigate, based on Cultural History, the historical trajectory of paper conservation-restoration in Brazil since the first decade of the 20th century until the years 1990s. In order to have an epistemological comprehension of this specialized field of knowledge, we focalized the origin and the construction of conservation and restoration through the examination of practices and preservation narratives. This research uses bibliographic, documental and oral history analysis. It examines theoretical points, paradigmas, international influences and cultural policy that are basic idea to the insertion and construction of this subject in Brazilian context.

U okviru ove disertacije uspešno je sintetisano 14 novih protičnih jonskih tečnosti na bazi amina. Strukture su potvrđene snimanjem NMR i IC spektra. Izmerena je gustina svih jonskih tečnosti u temperaturnom opsegu  T  = (293,15  –  353,15) K, kao i gustina njihovih vodenih rastvora u temperaturnom opsegu  T  = (293,15 – 313,15) K. Fizičko-hemijska karakterizacija je takođe propraćena merenjem viskoznosti i električne provodljivosti binarnih smeša u celom rasponu  molarnih frakcija i na različitim temperaturama (T  = (293,15  –  313,15) K). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata utvrđeno je da sve protične jonske tečnosti imaju izražen structure making efekat. Ispitana je antimikrobna aktivnost protičnih jonskih tečnosti na bazi amina prema deset sojeva fungi: Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp.(1-3), Cladoporium sp., Aspergillus sp. (1,2), A. flavus, F. graminearum i P. citrinium,  osam sojeva bakterija:  B. subtillis (6633), S. aureus (6538), E. faecalis (19433), K. rhizophila (9341),  E. coli (11229), S. enteritidis (13076), P. mirabilis (12453), P. aeruginosa (15692) i dva soja kandida:  C. albicans (ATCC 10231) i C. albicans (L) .  Rezultati su pokazali da svih četrnaest jonskih tečnosti pokazuju antimikrobno delovanje. Za proučavane protične  jonske tečnosti, antimikrobna aktivnost zavisi od dužine alkil lanca, pri tome pokazujući maksimalnu aktivnost sa anjonima koji sadrže 3 i 4 atoma ugljenika u nizu. Rezultati su pokazali da PILs pokazuju bolje antimikrobno dejstvo ako istovremeno sadrži i terminalno hlorovani C atom. Međutim, PILs pokazuju veću aktivnost ako je terminalni C atom monohalogeniran, jer monohalogenirani derivati poseduju veći afinitet za interakciju sa ćelijskom membranom. Najefikasnije PILs (ClA, 3-ClP, 4-ClB, Ac i For) su izabrane da se testiraju kao alternativni rastvarači umesto timola. Svih pet protičnih jonskih tečnosti uspešno je testirano kao zelena alternativa za uobičajne organske rastvarače koji se koriste za čišćenje i konzervaciju papirne površine. Značajna antimikrobna svojstva primećena u ovoj doktorskoj tezi sugeriraju da proučavane protične jonske tečnosti mogu imati potencijalnu primenu u radu sa papirnim atifaktima, kao i pri njihovom čišćenju i konzervaciji, zamenjujući na taj način primenu konvencionalnih rastvarača i organske supstance otrovne za ljude i životnu sredinu.
In this doctoral thesis the 14 amine based protic ionic liquids were newly synthesized. The validity of all structures were checked and confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopy. Densities of pure ionic liquids and their diluted aqueous solutions have been measured over the whole composition range at selected temperatures from (293.3 to 353.15) K for pure ionic liquids, and from (293.15 to 313.15) K for diluted aqueous solutions. Physico-chemical  characterization was also performed  measuring the viscosity and electrical conductivity of binary mixtures in the entire range of mole fractions and at different temperatures (T  = (293.15  –  313.15) K). It was concluded that all investigated PILs have structure making tendency. Further, antimicrobial activity of amine based protic ionic liquids has been investigated using ten fungi strains: Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp. (1-3), Cladoporium sp., Aspergillus sp. (1,2), A. flavus, F. graminearum i P. citrinium, eight ATCC bacterial strains: B. subtillis (6633), S. aureus (6538), E. faecalis (19433), K. rhizophila (9341), E. coli (11229), S. enteritidis (13076), P. mirabilis (12453), P. aeruginosa (15692) and two Candida  strains:  C. albicans (ATCC 10231) i C. albicans (L). The results indicated that all fourteen ionic liquids showed antimicrobial activity.  For the studied PILs, the antimicrobial activity dependent on the alkyl chain length, showing maximal activity with anions containing 3 and 4 carbon atoms. The results revealed that the PILs show better antimicrobial activities if the longer alkyl chain is presented but in the same time contain chlorinated terminal C atom. However, PILs showed higer activity if the terminal C atom is monohalogenated, since the monohalogenated derivatives possess higher affinity to interact with cell membrane. The most effective PILs (ClA, 3-ClP, 4-ClB, Ac and For)  were chosen to be tested as alternative solvents instead of thymol. All five PILs were successfully tested as the green alternatives to conventionally used organic solvents for paper cleaning and conservation. The significant antimicrobial properties observed in this doctoral thesis suggest that studied PILs may have potential applications in the paper art and artefact cleaning and conservation replacing thus, conventional solvents and organic substances that are toxic for humans and environment.

Les papiers transparents souvent appelés papiers calques, posent des problèmes particuliers dans les collections patrimoniales. Leur spécificité tient à leur vocation utilitaire, leur nombre, leurs dimensions, leur fragilité liée, leur rapidité à se dégrader. La recherche s'articule autour de quatre axes qui permettent de connaître la nature des collections, d'en comprendre les sensibilités pour préconiser des modes de traitement conservatoires. Les recherches historiques ainsi que l'analyse d'échantillons prélevés dans diverses collections permettent de connaître la composition et le mode de fabrication des papiers. Le suivi des changements des propriétés physiques et chimiques des papiers lors d'un vieillissement artificiel permet de comprendre les mécanismes d'altération. Deux traitements de stabilisation chimique et mécanique sont proposés et évalués. Des méthodes de stockage spécifiques pour la protection des documents de grande taille et en grand nombre sont également répertoriées.

De nombeux documents graphiques dans les archives, bibliothèques et caninets d'arts graphiques ont été fragilisés par des conditions de conservation inadéquates ou des constituants de mauvaise qualité. Il est toutefois difficile d'évaluer visuellement le degré d'altération de ces oeuvres et les méthodes traditionnelles sont trop destructrices pour pouvoir être appliquées. L'objet de cette étude est l'évaluation de l'état d'altération de documents historiques par la méthode micro-destructive de chromatographie d'exclusion stérique (CES). Nous avons tout d'abord développé un protocole pour la préparation des échantillons destinés à être analysés en CES. Ensuite, en appliquant divers vieillissements artificiels, nous avons suivi l'évolution de la distribution des masses moléculaires (MMD) de la cellulose/holocellulose de différents types de papiers. Nous avons pu identifier des modifications importantes et des différences notables au niveau de l'évolution des MMD selon le type des fibres. Nos résultats indiquent que la CES permet de mettre en évidence les altérations subies par la cellulose déjà dès les premiers stades, alors que pour ces stades aucune fragilisation n'est observée en appliquant les essais mécaniques traditionnels (zéro-span, résistance à la traction). La relation entre des propriétés mécaniques du papier et la MMD de la cellulose, au cours du vieillissement, est essentiellement liée à la nature des fibres, alors que le type d'agression ne joue qu'un rôle secondaire : quelque soit la nature du vieillissement, on observe la même corrélation entre l'évolution des MMD et les propriétés physiques du papier. Les rapports entre résistance et masse moléculaire de tous les papiers tendent vers un comportement commun quand la dégradation progresse. Cela nous a permis de définir une "valeur critique", à partir de la distribution des masses moléculaires, valeur à partir de laquelle le papier peut être considéré comme très fragile

CAPES; CNPq
No presente estudo, de campo e experimental,foram confeccionados corpos de prova em papel, os quais foram expostos a diferentes condições naturais de temperatura e umidade relativa em duas bibliotecas universitárias, localizadas em Curitiba (910 m acima do nível do mar) e em Caiobá, no Litoral Paranaense. Os papéis foram produzidos com celulose de fibra curta e fibra longa, sem adição de cargas ou adesivos, de modo a possibilitar o estudo das inter-relações entre a degradação das amostras e as condições ambientais de ambas as bibliotecas, comparativamente ao ambiente externo. O objetivo da pesquisa foio de avaliar o impacto das condições higrotérmicas em coleções em papel, por meio de medições dos parâmetros de temperatura e umidade relativa e da exposição de corpos de prova a quatro situações distintas: biblioteca central da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná verificar qual dos contextos climáticos (interna e externamente às bibliotecas), com variação cíclica de temperatura e umidade relativa, apresenta maior potencial de preservação das amostras, comparativamente aos índices de preservação (Isopermanência) IP e Índice Efeito Tempo de Preservação IETP (que quantificam os efeitos de Temperatura e Umidade Relativa sobre a expectativa de vida dos papéis. As amostras foram acondicionadas em caixas de acrílico revestidas com manta de carvão ativado e com filtroultra violeta -UV de forma que os efeitos da temperatura e umidade atuassem nos corpos de prova sem interferência de outros fatores de degradação como os gases poluentes e a luz. Na exposição das amostras no ambiente interno, apenas as caixas de acrílico são adotadas, no espaço externo contou-se adicionalmente com abrigos meteorológicos, construídos de acordo com padrões da World Meteorological Organization(WMO), dentro dos quais foram depositadas as caixas de acrílico naturalmente ventiladas. Os dados climáticos foram registrados em dataloggerse os corpos de prova foram enviados para ensaios físico-químicos antes e após 12 e 24 meses de exposição. Os resultados dos ensaios indicam que os maiores índices de degradação estão correlacionados com aqueles apontados pelas equações de IP/IETP (que relacionam temperatura ambiente e umidade relativa) como os de menor permanência para o papel.
In this study, paper samples were produced and naturally exposed to varying temperature and humidity conditions at two university libraries, located in Curitiba (910m a.m.s.l.) and in Caiobá, on the coast of Paraná state. The paper samples were produced with unloaded long-and short-fiber cellulose, without adhesives, in order to facilitate the analysis of the relationship between sample decay rate and natural ageing conditions at both libraries, relative to outdoors. The purpose of the research was to identify which climatic context presents the highest paper preservation potential, by means of the preventive conservation indices PI and TWPI (Preservation Index and the Time Weighted Preservation Index), which quantify the effects of temperature and humidity on paper life expectancy. The samples were placed in naturally ventilated acrylic containers covered with UV film, whose openings were protected with activated charcoal so that temperature and humidity had the major effects on the paper samples. For outdoors, Stevenson screens were used, wherein the acrylic containers were placed. Climatic data were recorded with data loggers and the paper samples were tested with regard to physical and chemical properties before and after a 12and 24 months natural exposure. Results indicate the largest decay rates for the samples with the shortest life expectancy according to PI/TWPI (obtained from ambient temperature and relative humidity) estimates.
5000

Une des causes de la degradation de documents d'archives et de bibliotheques sur papier est leur acidification, due notamment a la pollution atmospherique. De nombreuses methodes de desacidification sont utilisees pour pallier ce probleme. Cette etude se propose de classer celle appliquees en france en fonction de la protection qu'elles apportent a trois qualites de papier, representatives des documents a traiter dans les centres de restauration. Les papiers sont trempes dans des solutions basiques aqueuses ou alcooliques ou desacidifies sous pression en autoclave. Cette dernier technique est utilisee en traitement de masse par la bibliotheque nationale. Les papiers desacidifies ont ete soumis a un environnement charge en dioxyde de soufre et en dioxyde d'azote et la cinetique de leur reacidification et de leur degradation est evaluee. Les resultats obtenus sur deux qualites de papier ne comportant aucun encollage, permettent de conseiller le traitement par une solution aqueuse de bicarbonate de magnesium ou de carbonate de methyl magnesium dans un melange methanol-freon. Au contraire, le troisieme type de papier, encolle a la colophane, se degrade plus rapidement que le temoin. Nous avons emis l'hypothese que les solvants et les sels utilises pour la desacidification combines aux agents polluants ont une action sur l'encollage. En consequence, la desacidification doit etre appliquee avec prudence aux papiers encolles. Aucune desacidification ne doit etre pratiquee systematiquement. Il est conseille de proteger les papiers en les mettant en cartons neutres et de controler l'atmosphere des lieux de stockage, l'action preventive etant la meilleure reponse aux problemes de conservation
One of the causes of archives and libraries documents degradation is acidity, caused by atmospheric pollution. Many deacidification methods are used to solve the problem. This work aims to classify the methods used in france according to the level of protection they bring to 3 qualities of paper, representatives of documents treated in restauration centers. Papers are treated by immersion in aqueous or alcoholic basic solutions or under pressure in an autoclave. This last method represents the mass treatment used by the bibliotheque nationale. Deacidified papers are submitted to pollution with high concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and their reacidification and degradation are evaluated. Based on the results obtained on two qualities of paper we recommand the use of magnesium bicarbonate aqueous solution or methyl magnesium carbonate in a mixture of solvents (methanol and freon). The method which is used in mass deacidification in the bibliotheque nationale give good operating results. Concerning the third paper used in this work, its degradation is faster than a reference paper. Our hypothesis is that solvents and salts used in deacidification treatment in combination with pollutants have an action on its rosin sizing. In conclusion, the deacidification treatment must be applied carefully on sized papers. However, preventive action is the best answer to conservation problems. To reduce the reacidification due to pollution, we recommand to put documents in cardboard boxes and to control the atmospher environment of archives and libraries buildings

"The study focused on C. pauper woodland in northwest Victoria, an area where the recent establishment of the Murray-Sunset National Park (MSNP) provides an ideal opportunity to manage these woodlands to promote regeneration"
Doctor of Philosophy

Le papier n'est pas seulement un medium sur lequel imprimer, dans les meilleures mains, il devient un moyen d'expression vivant. Le papier est particulierement sensible a tout ce qui l'environne : la chaleur, la lumiere, l'humidite de l'air, les vapeurs toxiques et les variations de temperatures. Le papier jaunit, se decolore, varie en dimensions et change d'aspect : il vieillit. Les causes de deterioration de dessins et de gravures sont innombrables, et elles demandent a adopter les meilleurs moyens de magasinage, maniement et transport ; il faut que les tableaux puissent resister a tous les elements atmospheriques, et que le peintre sache quelles sont les premieres precautions a prendre pour la bonne conservation d'oeuvre d'art sur papier. Une vieille peinture doit etre regardee comme un document de valeur et doit etre tenue en bonne condition autant que possible mais sans etre arbitrairement amelioree, c'est la conservation au lieu de la restauration qui est le slogan. Il demande la collaboration de groupes professionnels differents et de conservateurs de departements de musees et de societes privees avec l'entente mutuelle de la question de montage et d'encadrement, de causes de deterioration et de procedes de reparations et restaurations qui sont les resultats d'une comprehension appropriee de nature artistique et intrinseque des oeuvres d'art
Paper is not mereley a medium on which you print, but with better hands, it becomes a living means of expression. Paper is particularly sensible to all which it surrounds : heat, light, humidity of air, the toxic vapours and the variations of temperature. Paper yellows, fades, varies in dimensions. It changes aspect and gets old. The causes of deteriorations of drawings and engravings are numerous and they demand to adopt the best means of storage, handling and transport. It is essentiel that paintings resist all atmospheric factors and that the painter knows the primary precautions to take for the better conservation of works of art on paper. An old painting must be regarded as a document of value and must be kept in good condition as much as possible, but without being arbitrarily improved. It is the conservation rather than restoration which is the slogan. It demands the collaboration among different professional groups, and conservators of museum departements and private societies with the mutual understanding of the question of mounting and framing, the causes of deterioration and the procedures of reparation and restoration which are the result of an appropriate knowledge of the artistic and intrinsique nature of works of art

While extensive research has been carried out to examine the yield growth brought about by innovations in agricultural technology, not enough work has been done to document the economic impacts of these innovations on areas besides yields and income. This study presents two papers which contribute to our understanding of the health and environmental impacts of agricultural innovation, â Expected economic benefits of meeting nutritional needs through biofortified cassava in Nigeria and Kenya,â and â Projected farm-level impacts on income of conservation agriculture in the Andean Region.â The first paper is motivated by the public health consequences of vitamin and mineral deficiencies, which affect more than two billion people worldwide and can lead to increased incidence of illness, disability, and mortality. Through the use of the disability adjusted life years concept (DALYs), economic surplus analysis, and benefit-cost analysis, the authors determine the economic impact of a staple crop biofortification project. The study finds that biofortified cassava in Nigeria and Kenya is a cost effective means of reducing health problems associated with vitamin A and iron deficiency. The second paper considers the significant livelihood challenges faced by rural communities in the Andes, including poverty, food insecurity, and natural resource constraints. Through the development and implementation of a linear programming model, the study analyzes the economic impact of a conservation agriculture project in central Ecuador, and finds that certain experimental cropping activities designed to decrease soil degradation may contribute to increased incomes for farm households.
Master of Science

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The population of humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis that resides in the eastern Taiwan Strait (ETS) is geographically and genetically isolated from populations inhabiting the coastal waters of mainland China and appears to be facing unsustainable levels of human threats. Using VORTEX 9.99b, we modeled the viability of this Critically Endangered population under the present conditions as well as under realistic additional threat scenarios. We examined 6 different levels of bycatch mortality, 3 scenarios of habitat loss/degradation, and scenarios in which these threats were experienced together. Under the baseline (present) scenario, the population exhibited a decreasing growth rate and was predicted to be smaller than the initial population size in more than 76% of all model runs. In all scenarios with additional threats, the proportion of model runs in which population size was smaller than the initial size varied from 77.1 to 92.6%. Over the short term, fisheries-related mortality appears to have a more obvious impact on the population’s trajectory than habitat loss/degradation. Even minimal increases in mortality from the current baseline levels will increase the probability of extinction of this population. Due to the fragile situation of ETS humpback dolphins, mitigation actions to reduce the current threats to this population are needed immediately.
Sem resumo.

A agricultura de conservação, conseguindo reduzir as perdas de solo por erosão e aumentando o seu teor em matéria orgânica, permite aos agricultores produzirem mais alimentos com menos trabalho. Oferece-lhes uma possibilidade de melhorar a sua qualidade de vida. Várias abordagens sobre agricultura de conservação do solo, incluindo rotação e consorciação de culturas, são componentes deste sistema aplicável a diferentes níveis. A sementeira direta e o menor distúrbio de solo, são princípios primordiais da conservação do solo, fornecem benefícios direitos para a agricultura e o meio ambiente, questões da maior relevância para a agricultura Angolana, apesar da pouca importância que atualmente lhes é dedicada. Logo, é preciso uma conversão e transição de tecnologias e técnicas para implementar a agricultura de conservação e o controle da erosão dos solos no país. As técnicas de conservação utilizadas pelos pequenos e grandes produtores, embora sejam bem-intencionadas, não oferecem a proteção contra a erosão do solo e a conservação da água. Tanto as entidades políticas, como o Programa de Acão do Ministério da Agricultura e do Desenvolvimento Rural (MINADER) e os agricultores angolanos devem entender a importância da agricultura de conservação para a segurança alimentar e dar continuidade para as gerações futuras. Não basta a reformulação e consolidação dos objetivos traçados no período de 2009 a 2013, sem que haja a aplicação prática. Portanto, para sair do atual conceito oficial de agricultura tradicional/convencional e optar para agricultura capaz de responder às necessidades de Angola é necessário seguir modelos semelhantes aos desenvolvidos por países tropicais de condições naturais semelhantes às de Angola; The role of conservation agriculture in the fight against soil erosion particularly in Angola ABSTRACT: Conservation agriculture, managed to reduce soil losses by erosion and to increase its content of organic matter, allow farmers to produce more food with less work. It offers them a chance to improve their quality of life. Several approaches to soil conservation agriculture, including rotation and intercropping, are components of this system applicable to different levels. Direct sowing and less soil disturbance, are key principles of soil conservation providiy benefits for agriculture and the environment, issues of great importance for the Angolan agriculture, in spite of the little importance that is currently dedicated to them. Therefore, we need a conversion and transition technologies and techniques to implement conservation agriculture and soil erosion control in the country. Conservation techniques used by small and large producers, although well-intentioned, do not offer protection against soil erosion and water conservation. Both political entities, such as the Program of Action of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MINADER) and Angolan farmers should understand the importance of conservation agriculture for food security and continuity for future generations. Not just the redesign and consolidation of the objectives outlined in the period 2009 to 2013, without practical application. Therefore, to exit the current official concept of traditional / conventional farming and opt for agriculture able to meet the needs of Angola is necessary to follow models similar to those developed by tropical countries of natural conditions similar to Angola.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The extraction of mangaba developed by traditional groups has proven to be an important source of occupation, income and conservation of biodiversity. In a paradox, in a crescent context of valuation of the fruit, these groups face difficulties in accessing the native fields, which has made it hard its social reproduction and consequently the conservation of sources for extraction. In this context, the goal of this dissertation is to analyze the purpose of women in the extraction of mangaba, in the paradoxal context of crescent commercial valuation of the fruit and the increase in the difficulties in accessing the native fields in the town of Barra dos Coqueiros/SE. The methodology is formed by qualitative and quantitative approaches with the following methodological procedures: transversal walks, observations, interviews (semi-structuralized questionnaires) with the research actors in the three investigated towns: Capoã, Olhos D ÁGua e Jatobá. The main results show that: i) the extraction is an important source of occupation and income for the groups; ii) the ways to access the extraction sources will happen in three ways: in their own land, by the system of half use of common areas; iii) the participation of women in the extraction and commercialization of mangaba is predominant; iv) the work of women in the extraction and commercialization represent a breach in traditional cultural standards; v) the women have fundamental participation in the conservation of remainder mangabeiras; vi) the main knowledge dominated by the women are regarding development, fenology and plant reproduction; vii) the knowledge about the handling of the plants was passed through generations orally; viii) the mangabeiras are an endangered species because of touristic activities that have been intensified and because of real state speculation.
O extrativismo da mangaba desenvolvido por grupos tradicionais tem se revelado como uma importante fonte de ocupação, renda e conservação da biodiversidade. Paradoxalmente, num contexto de crescente valorização da fruta, esses grupos enfrentam dificuldades de acesso aos campos nativos o que tem dificultado a sua reprodução social e, consequentemente, a conservação dos recursos extrativistas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar o papel das mulheres no extrativismo da mangaba, num contexto paradoxal de crescente valorização comercial da fruta e aumento das dificuldades de acesso aos campos nativos no município de Barra dos Coqueiros/SE. A metodologia constou de abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas com os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: caminhadas transversais, observações, entrevistas (questionários e semi-estruturadas) com os atores de pesquisa nos três povoados estudados, quais sejam, Capoã, Olhos D´água e Jatobá. Os principais resultados demonstram que: i) o extrativismo é uma importante fonte de ocupação e renda para os grupos extrativistas; ii) as formas de acesso aos recursos extrativistas dãose de três formas: em terras próprias, pelo sistema de meia e uso de áreas comuns; iii) a participação das mulheres no extrativismo e na comercialização da mangaba é predominante; iv) a atuação das mulheres no extrativismo e na comercialização representa um rompimento nos padrões culturais tradicionais; v) as mulheres exercem papel fundamental na conservação dos remanescentes de mangabeiras; vi) os principais saberes dominado pelas mulheres são quanto ao desenvolvimento, fenologia e reprodução das plantas; vii) os saberes sobre o manejo das plantas foi repassado de geração para geração pela oralidade; viii) as mangabeiras estão ameaçadas de desaparecerem mediante a intensificação de atividades turísticas e da especulação imobiliária.

A criação de Unidades de Conservação é uma estratégia mundialmente utilizada para garantir a conservação dos recursos naturais e a sustentabilidade ambiental, econômica e social, tendo como principal instrumento de planejamento e gestão o plano de manejo. Antes e depois a promulgação do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação vários planos de manejo foram elaborados a partir dos métodos consagrados que não consideram a variável tempo para a definição de ações de conservação e recuperação dos recursos naturais, a curto, médio e longo prazo. Visando contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento metodológico dos planos de manejo, a presente pesquisa apresenta uma compilação sobre as unidades de conservação e respectivos planos de manejo, tendo como estudo de caso, para a análise do método consagrado, o Plano de Manejo da APA Várzea do rio Tietê. Além disso, a pesquisa apresenta uma descrição das principais ferramentas de modelagem econômica - ecológica com intuito de conhecer conceitos e métodos alternativos e complementares para elaboração dos planos de manejo. Das fermentadas estudadas, o InVest se apresenta como sendo o mais operacional, produzindo modelos para a quantificação biofísica, o mapeamento e a valoração monetária dos benefícios providos por ecossistemas terrestres e marinhos, enquanto que o MIMES se apresenta como sendo o mais indicado para qualquer escala de modelos dinâmicos e integrados que, além de identificar, avalia e valora os serviços ecossistêmicos. Ambos os modelos consideram a variável tempo e estabelecem cenários a partir deles. Ao final, observou-se que, os métodos consagrados para elaboração dos planos de manejo das Unidades de Conservação não consideram a variável tempo na medida em que não definem os cenários e tendências para superação ou não do limiar de resiliência dos ecossistemas protegidos pelas unidades de conservação, o método tradicional analisa a situação atual, sem construir cenários para conservação e recuperação desses recursos naturais, a curto, médio e longo prazo. Desse modo, a questão que se coloca não é a definição de quanto vale os serviços ecossistêmicos para a sociedade e, sim, qual é o real limiar de resiliência do ecossistema.
The creation of Conservation Units is a globally used strategy to guarantee the conservation of natural resources and environmental, economic and social sustainability, having as main planning and management tool the management plan. Before and after the promulgation of the National System of Conservation Units, several management plans were elaborated based on established methods that do not consider the time variable for the definition of actions for conservation and recovery of natural resources in the short, medium and long term. Aiming to contribute to the methodological improvement of the management plans, the present research presents a compilation on the conservation units and respective management plans, having as case study, for the analysis of the established method, the APA Management Plan Várzea do Rio Tietê. In addition, the research presents a description of the main economic - ecological modeling tools in order to know alternative and complementary concepts and methods to elaborate management plans. From the studied ferments, InVest presents itself as the most operational, producing models for biophysical quantification, mapping and monetary valuation of the benefits provided by terrestrial and marine ecosystems, while MIMES presents itself as being the most suitable for any scale Of dynamic and integrated models that, in addition to identifying, evaluating and valuing ecosystem services. Both models consider the time variable and establish scenarios from them. At the end, it was observed that the methods established for the elaboration of the management plans of the Conservation Units do not consider the time variable insofar as they do not define the scenarios and trends for overcoming or not the resilience threshold of the ecosystems protected by the conservation units. Conservation, the traditional method analyzes the current situation without constructing scenarios for conservation and recovery of these natural resources in the short, medium and long term. Thus, the question is not the definition of how much ecosystem services are worth for society, but rather what is the real resilience threshold of the ecosystem.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This dissertation had for objective to search the paper of the fishing in the daily one of the City of São Paulo, under the perspective of the conservation of the landscape geographic in a productive model and sustainable of occupation of the ground and the natural resources, in the current and historical time of the fishing urban. In this direction, the study of establishments of the type feefishing , that they had been created in small farms located in surroundings of the São Paulo metropolis, have for purpose, the attainment of data that make possible an analysis of the geographic space, in order to consider the creation of projects that they allow a new use of public and private areas, and that they are come back to the improvement of the ambient quality in the urban centers. For in such a way, data searched had been systemize of way quantitative and qualitative in graphs and tables, what appreciation guaranteed detailed of establishments searched and of its proprietors and frequentadores, what allowing to conclude that these feefishing had started to be a viable alternative for refuncionalização and conservation of urban and agricultural spaces, as much in public areas, as in particular areas
Esta dissertação teve por objetivo pesquisar o papel dos pesqueiros no cotidiano da Cidade de São Paulo, sob a perspectiva da conservação da paisagem geográfica em um modelo produtivo e sustentável de ocupação do solo e dos recursos naturais, no tempo atual e histórico da pesca urbana. Neste sentido, o estudo de estabelecimentos do tipo pesque-pague , que foram criados em sítios localizados no entorno da metrópole paulista, teve por finalidade, a obtenção de dados que possibilitou uma análise do espaço geográfico, a fim de propor a criação de projetos que permitam um novo uso de áreas públicas e privadas, e que estejam voltados à melhoria da qualidade ambiental nos centros urbanos. Para tanto, os dados pesquisados foram sistematizados de maneira quantitativa e qualitativa em gráficos e tabelas, o que garantiu uma apreciação detalhada dos estabelecimentos pesquisados e de seus proprietários e frequentadores, permitindo concluir que esses pesqueiros passaram a ser uma alternativa viável para a refuncionalização e a conservação de espaços urbanos e rurais, tanto em áreas públicas, como em áreas particulares

Orientadores: Rosely Aparecida Liguori Imbernon, Pedro Wagner Gonçalves
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: No Brasil as Unidades de Conservação (UC's) têm com um dos principais objetivos a preservação e a conservação de ambientes naturais, em consonância ao estabelecido pelo Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC), pela Lei 9.985 de Julho de 2000. Para que os objetivos previstos pelo SNUC sejam alcançados, torna-se necessário a implantação de um programa em Educação Ambiental - EA eficaz, tanto àqueles que visitam as UC's quanto aos que ali residem, bem como no seu entorno. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram traçar um contexto da Educação Ambiental desenvolvida por duas escolas do município de Peruíbe (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil), uma inserida na unidade de conservação Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins (EEJI) e a segunda localizada na área de zona tampão do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM), identificar a proposta e dificuldades no processo de formação continuada em Educação Ambiental para os professores das escolas e propor alternativas de melhoria na EA. Foi adotada a Metodologia Qualitativa - Estudo de Caso. Para coleta de dados foram realizados pesquisa documental, aplicação de questionários, observação e registro de depoimentos, aplicação de oficinas e visita aos geoparques portugueses de Arouca e Naturtejo. Para análise dos dados foi utilizada teoria do Conhecimento Pedagógico do Conteúdo de Lee Shulman. Foi constatado que instituições gestoras das UC's, apesar de exigirem a preservação dos recursos naturais locais, não se envolvem na formação dos professores para exercerem a Educação Ambiental com seus alunos e comunidade. Ao extrairmos elementos das experiências dos geoparques portugueses, sugerimos melhorias na EA que podem envolver a população local e a promover a conservação ambiental.
Abstract: In Brazil, Conservation Units (UC¿s) have a major goal the preservation and conservation of natural environments in the line established by the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC), by Law 9985 of July 2000. For the purposes provided for SNUC are achieved, it is necessary to establish an effective environmental education program, both those who visit the UC's and those who reside there. The objectives of this research into a context of environmental education developed by two schools from Peruíbe (State of São Paulo, Brazil) were plotting an inserted in the conservation unit Jureia - Itatins Ecological Station (EEJI) and the second located in the area of buffer zone Serra do Mar State Park (PESM), identifying the proposal and difficulties in continuing training in Environmental Education for teachers of schools process and propose alternatives to improve the EA. Was adopted Qualitative Methodology - Case Study. For data collection desk research, questionnaires, observation and recording of testimonials, application workshops and visits to the Arouca and Naturtejo Portuguese Geoparks were performed. For data analysis, theory of Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Lee Shulman was used. It was noted that UC's management of institutions, although requiring the preservation of local natural resources, are not involved in teacher training, or promote environmental education to its students and community. When we extract elements from the experiences of Portuguese Geoparks, suggest improvements in the EA that can involve local people and promote environmental conservation.
Doutorado
Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra
Doutor em Ciências

Modern agriculture has been focused on very intensive agricultural systems that depend on external inputs such as fertilizers or pesticides. These practices have lead to a simplification of the landscape and a decline of abundance of natural enemies. Nevertheless in the last years there has been an increasing interest in the application of more environmentally friendly techniques in agriculture, such as biological control (BC). Specifically, conservation biological control (CBC) involves the manipulation of the environment to enhance natural enemy’s effectiveness, which can be achieved by means of reducing harmful conditions or improving favourable ones. Habitat management, a part of the CBC approach, consists of selecting plants that provide natural enemies with resources such as non-host foods including pollen or nectar, alternative preys or hosts or shelter from adverse conditions. There are several forms of habitat manipulation approaches that may enhance natural enemy’s numbers in crops; of all those different strategies, the use of insectary plants to conserve beneficial insects has been greatly used. The main objective of this work is to investigate the extent to which the use of vegetal resources may improve the CBC by means of habitat manipulation. This main objective has been developed in six specific objectives that have been carried out in sex chapters. In chapter 1, the potential of the Mediterranean plant Lobularia maritima to be used as an insectary plant for the conservation of the omnivorous predator Orius majusculus has been evaluated. This predator effectively preys on thrips in crops such as lettuce as its conservation in the Mediterranean area is very important. The results have shown that L. maritima provides the predator enough resources to survive in the absence of prey, which would allow the survival of the predator during periods of prey scarcity. In chapter 2, both O. majusculus and O. laevigatus have demonstrated that they prey on thrips in L. maritima plants and they are able to control these pest populations on this insectary plant. At the same time, O. majusculus effectively reproduces on L. maritime with thrips as prey. Therefore, L. maritima can be considered a good insectary plant for the conservation of O. majusculus that does not enhance thrips populations. Results in chapter 3 have demonstrated that different plant species affect very differently the survival, reproduction and nutrient status of the predatory bug O. insidiosus. These observed differences are in part due to the levels of access to the floral and extrafloral resources. Moreover, the predator reproduction is enhanced by an increase in biodiversity. These results show that it is very important to choose the most appropriate plant species for each specific situation and each specific CBC program. In chapter 4 the interactions of two important predators have been evaluated. It has been observed that O. insidiosus and N. americoferus are able to detect one another when they share the same habitat and in fact, they change their reproductive decisions depending on if they are exposed to the other species or they are only exposed to conspecifics. In chapter 5 tomato specific DNA markers have been designed. They allow the tomato DNA identification within the guts of three different species with different feeding habits in the laboratory. Moreover, these markers allow the tomato DNA identification within field collected insects. In chapter 6 is has been demonstrated that the use of mulches in vineyards not only enhance the arthropods abundance on the vineyard soil but also they improve several ecosystem services such as soil temperature and moisture and earthworm populations. On the other hand they improved some harvest parameters and they reduce pest and diseases on the vineyard canopy. Overall it can be concluded that the results of this work have demonstrated that the use of several vegetal resources can noticeably improve CBC programs despite the fact the vegetal species must be selected carefully and depending on every specific CBC program.
La agricultura moderna se ha centrado en sistemas de producción muy intensivos, lo cual ha mermado considerablemente el estado de salud tanto del medio natural como de los enemigos naturales que en el habitan. Sin embargo en los últimos años ha habido una cada vez más marcada tendencia hacia sistemas agrarios más respetuosos con el medio ambiente. En éste contexto el control biológico (CB) ha tomado una mayor relevancia y el número de trabajos de investigación centrados en esta disciplina ha ido creciendo en las últimas décadas. Dentro del CB, el control biológico por conservación (CBC) se basa en la conservación de enemigos naturales en campo bien mediante la mejora de aquellas condiciones que les favorecen bien mediante el detrimento de las condiciones que les perjudican. Dentro del CBC, la gestión del hábitat mediante el uso de plantas insectario favorece la conservación de dichos enemigos naturales en el campo, facilitando de esta manera el control de plagas en los cultivos. El objetivo general de esta tesis ha sido el de investigar hasta qué punto el uso de recursos vegetales puede contribuir al CBC mediante la gestión del hábitat. En el capítulo 1 se ha evaluado el potencial de una planta insectario mediterránea, Lobularia maritima, para conservar un importante depredador de trips, Orius majusculus, en cultivos como la lechuga. Esta planta ha demostrado que cuenta con los recursos suficientes para conservar a dicho depredador en el campo en periodos de escasez de presa. En el capítulo 2 se ha obtenido que tanto O. majusculus como O. laevigatus son capaces de controlar a su presa principal, trips, en plantas de L. maritima, en condiciones de laboratorio; así mismo, O. majusculus se reproduce eficazmente cuando se alimenta en trips en dicha planta insectario. Por tanto, L. marítima permite tanto el establecimiento del depredador como el control de trips por parte del anterior, lo cual la presenta como una buena candidata para la conservación de O. majusculus. En el capítulo 3 se ha observado que distintas especies vegetales afectan de manera muy diversa al desarrollo de otro depredador. O. insidiosus, y que dichas variaciones se deben en parte al acceso a los recursos florales y extra florales de las plantas. Este depredador además es capaz de optimizar su reproducción ante un aumento de la diversidad vegetal. Estos resultados revelan la importancia de elegir la especie vegetal más apropiada, evaluando cada contexto concreto. En el capítulo 4 se ha obtenido que dos importantes depredadores, O. insidiosus y N. americoferus, son capaces de detectar la presencia el uno del otro cuando comparten el mismo hábitat y que, de hecho, alteran sus decisiones reproductivas dependiendo de si se ven expuestos a individuos conspecíficos o de otra especie. En el capítulo 5 se han diseñado marcadores moleculares específicos de tomate que permiten la detección del mismo inmediatamente después de ser ingerido en 3 especies de insectos. Además estos marcadores permiten la detección de material vegetal de insectos de campo. En el capítulo 6 se ha obtenido que el uso de mantillos vegetales en viña permiten una mayor población de artrópodos beneficiosos y de lombrices de suelo, comparado con el suelo desnudo. Por otra parte, mejora las condiciones del suelo, así como puede mejorar la calidad de la uva y la cosecha. En general puede concluirse que los resultados de esta tesis han demostrado que el uso de varios recursos vegetales puede mejorar de manera notable la aplicación de programas de CBC, aunque las especies vegetales deben seleccionarse de manera cuidadosa y según se adapten mejor a cada situación concreta.

Em toda a superfície terrestre o uso humano está transformando grande parte das florestas, especialmente na região tropical. O desmatamento de florestas tropicais é uma das principais fontes de emissão de gases do efeito estufa e a principal ameaça à conservação de espécies e dos serviços ambientais prestados pela floresta. Dentro desse contexto que também envolve a fragmentação do habitat, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar como as relações entre a dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra afetaram a estrutura e composição da comunidade de vertebrados, e também a qualidade da água em riachos no Sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira. Nós analisamos esse processo em uma área de aproximadamente 50000 km² por meio de mapas classificados a partir de imagens de satélite ao longo de 36 anos de monitoramento. Nós observamos uma perda de floresta da ordem de 24826 km² relacionada, dentre outros fatores, à expansão da malha viária de 3158 km para 12863 km de extensão, tornando a área de estudo como uma das mais desmatadas de toda a Amazônia brasileira. A dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra ao longo da série temporal mostra que as paisagens com desmatamento mais recente apresentaram fragmentação mais intensa do que aquelas com desmatamento mais antigo e onde ocorreu pequena ou nenhuma derrubada de floresta. Os resultados da inferência com modelos generalizados de mínimos quadrados mostram que a proximidade das estradas é um dos fatores que contribuem para o aumento no desmatamento, principalmente em áreas com menor declividade e distantes dos rios. Os modelos lineares generalizados com os maiores valores de importância relativa para explicar a riqueza de espécies, biomassa agregada e o índice de vulnerabilidade à caça foram compostos pela área, número e distância entre os fragmentos como variáveis independentes. A área de floresta é importante também para a conservação da água, principalmente quanto à sua proporção na faixa de 100 m ao longo dos riachos amostrados. Levando-se em conta as características dos solos predominantes na microbacias e a sazonalidade, principalmente nos meses chuvosos, a redução de floresta próxima aos rios é responsável pelo aumento nas concentrações de alumínio, fosfato, sedimentos em suspensão, amônio e nitrato, de acordo com nossos modelos lineares generalizados. Ao final, considerações foram feitas a respeito do aumento da fiscalização e da regularização fundiária para impedir que a fronteira do desmatamento continue a avançar sobre áreas de floresta primária, e que o manejo das áreas fragmentadas inclua a restauração da floresta, principalmente ao longo dos rios para diminuir o isolamento dos fragmentos remanescentes. Nós ressaltamos também, a necessidade de se estudar como as perturbações recorrentes nos fragmentos como corte seletivo e incêndios continuam afetando a comunidade de vertebrados que ocorrem fora das áreas contínuas de floresta.
Extensive areas across the Earth surface have been modified by human land uses, particularly in the tropical region. Deforestation is one of main sources of emissions of greenhouse gases and the main threat to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by tropical forests. In the context of human-modified landscapes, including forest fragmentation, the main goal of this work is to understand the relationships between land use and land cover dynamics and the changes in the structure and composition of forest vertebrate community and also, the alterations in the quality of surface water in catchments. We assess land use dynamics about 50,000 km² of study area located in Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. By mean of maps of land cover classified from satellite images based in a 36-year monitoring, we observed a forest loss of 24,826 km² related to the expansion of road network from 3158 km to 12863 km in the same period. This result makes the study area as the most deforested of entire Brazilian Amazon. The land use dynamics show that fragmentation is higher in recent deforestation frontier than in both older deforestation and landscapes with few or no deforestation detected. Our results from inference with generalized least square models show that distance to the roads affects negatively the deforestation rates, mainly in flat areas and near to small and large rivers. The generalized linear models with higher relative importance to explain the species richness, aggregate biomass and the index of hunting vulnerability had as predictors the fragment area, number of patches and distance between fragments as major attributes of the landscape that affects the vertebrate community. The forest is important for maintenance of stream water quality, particularly if there is forest cover in the 100 m strips alongside the streams, considering the soil characteristics such as proportion of bases and seasonality. In our GLM multi-model analysis, the higher proportion of forest in surroundings the streams contributes to the increasing of concentrations in the rainy season of aluminum, phosphate, suspension sediments, ammonium and nitrate. At the end, we made consideration about law enforcement and landownership, to preclude the deforestation toward extensive areas of pristine forest. Moreover, we suggest that in fragmented landscapes the conservation efforts to be concentrated in forest restoration, mainly near to rivers, to reduce the isolation of the fragments. We highlighted the importance in monitoring the biodiversity responses to recurrent disturbing sources such as selective logging and accidental forest fires in fragmented landscapes.

Ce travail étudie la transformation d'un palais gothique en Monument historique sur une longue période qui va de la Révolution à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Dans la première partie, on analyse le processus qui conduit de la destruction à la réutilisation, montrant comment la rupture de la Révolution entraîne une perte de fonction (chap. 1) que la puissance publique s'efforce de combler par de nouvelles affectations du bâtiment (chap. 2). La deuxième partie retrace l'invention d'un Monument historique, repérable d'abord à travers la création d'un monument littéraire composé d'études historiques et de récits de voyage (chap. 3). L'élaboration de la connaissance s'accompagne d'une production iconographique abondante dont on dresse le bilan sur le tout le XIXe siècle. L'invention de ce monument par les lettrés, les savants et les artistes est entérinée par la mise en place de la protection au titre des Monuments historiques en 1840 (chap. 4). A partir de 1860 vient le temps des premiers projets de réaffectation et de restauration (chap. 5), parmi lesquels ceux d'architectes de renom tels Viollet-le-Duc et Révoil. La troisième partie s'attache à analyser la genèse d'un outil culturel du début du XXe siècle à la Seconde Guerre mondiale, présentant l'invention et la structuration d'une institution (chap. 6) avant d'analyser la reconstruction de la physionomie médiévale par Henri Nodet (chap. 8). Le Palais des Papes, important jalon de l'architecture gothique en France, se révèle aussi un lieu privilégié pour l'étude des politiques patrimoniales contemporaines
The following work analyses the change of a gothic palace into a listed "national historic building" during a long period of time starting with the French Revolution and ending with the Second World War. In the first part, we study the process that drives the building from the destruction of the palace to its new uses, showing how the break of the Revolution leads to a loss of function (chap. 1) that the State tries to take over with the new assignments to the building (chap. 2). The second part recounts the invention of a "national historic building", highlighted first through the creation of a monument of literature made of historic studies and trip diaries (chap. 3). The development of the knowledge about the palace comes with the production of a massive iconography that we assess through the XIXth century. The creation of this "national historic building" by the scholars, scientists and artists is eventually confirmed by its protection granted by the States as part of the listed "national historic building" in 1840 (chap. 4). In 1860, the first projects of renovation and restoration come to life (chap. 5), among which the plans of famous architects like Viollet-le-Duc and Révoil. The third part of our work focuses on analyzing the genesis of a cultural tool from the early XXth century to the Second World War, underlining hte creation and the organization of an institution (chap. 6) and then the reconstruction of its medieval features by Henri Nodet (chap. 7). The Palace of the Popes, milestone of the gothic architecture in France, reveals itself today a perfect palace to study the contemporary policies on historical and cultural heritage

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ecologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2007.
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A diversificação ambiental promovida pelas espécies vegetais em agroecossistemas favorecem a estruturação de comunidades de insetos mais ricas e diversificadas que controlam a dinâmica populacional de espécies herbívoras. Dentro da abordagem agroecológica, a diversificação ambiental é um dos componentes que podem ser manejados para suprimir as populações de insetos pragas. O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar a flutuação populacional da traça-do-tomateiro Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) nos sistemas orgânico e convencional para verificar se os danos causados pela traça-do-tomateiro são influenciados pelo grau de complexidade do ambiente, bem como, avaliar se a diversificação de espécies associadas ao plantio do tomateiro pode melhorar o desempenho dos inimigos naturais e assim influenciar a população da traça-do-tomateiro. No capítulo 1, a flutuação populacional da traça-do-tomateiro e a ocorrência de agentes de controle natural foram comparadas em sistema orgânico e convencional de cultivo do tomateiro, quando plantado solteiro ou consorciado ao coentro Coriandrum sativum Linnaeus (Apiaceae) e ao botão-de-ouro, Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Asteraceae). Os tratamentos orgânicos e com maior diversidade de plantas apresentaram nível populacional da traça três vezes menor, quando comparado com o sistema convencional, principalmente nos estágios de ovo e adulto, além de maior diversidade e abundância de inimigos naturais. Baseado nos dados obtidos no capítulo 1, o coentro C. sativum foi considerado como uma planta adequada para diversificar o sistema do tomateiro, por incrementar os inimigos naturais e ao mesmo tempo apresentar menor grau de competição com a cultura alvo. Dessa forma, o coentro foi escolhido para constituir um consórcio com o tomateiro. No capítulo 2, a flutuação populacional da traça-do-tomateiro e a ocorrência de seus inimigos naturais foram comparados em sistema orgânico e convencional do tomateiro quando plantado solteiro ou associado ao coentro em diferentes estágios fenológicos. O objetivo foi avaliar como o consórcio, associado às práticas agrícolas menos perturbadoras, poderia maximizar as vantagens agronômicas de uso da terra e ao mesmo tempo favorecer os inimigos naturais que afetam a flutuação populacional da traça-do-tomateiro. Como resultado, obteve-se que os tratamentos de tomate-coentro em sistema orgânico apresentaram menores densidades populacionais de ovos e lagartas, bem como maior diversidade e abundância de inimigos naturais quando plantados antes do tomateiro. A abundância de outros herbívoros foi maior nos tratamentos orgânicos, demonstrando que o uso freqüente de inseticidas elimina herbívoros em geral, selecionando a praga-chave da cultura, traça-do-tomateiro. O padrão de menor colonização por adultos da traça, resultando em menos ovos, e maior abundância de inimigos naturais foi observado nos experimentos iniciais de campo. Visando entender a importância dos inimigos naturais e o controle biológico natural da dinâmica populacional da traça-do-tomateiro, o capítulo 3 analisou a importância relativa de cada fator de mortalidade, como predadores, parasitóides e mecânicos como a água da irrigação e chuva, em sistema orgânico e convencional do tomateiro, quando plantado solteiro ou consorciado. O objetivo foi quantificar a importância de cada fator na sobrevivência da traça-do-tomateiro. A mortalidade por Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) foi maior (32%) em ovos coletados no campo e incubados em laboratório. Por outro lado, sob condições ambientais (ovos que permaneceram no campo), a ação dos predadores e o efeito mecânico da água produziram 48% de mortalidade dos ovos, enquanto que o parasitismo por Trichogramma sp. foi de 12%. A traça-do-tomateiro apresentou maior aptidão para colonizar o sistema convencional de cultivo do tomateiro em relação ao orgânico em estudos prévios realizados no campo. Visando confirmar e entender os padrões observados no campo, o capítulo 4 abordou aspectos ecológicos como oviposição e mortalidade, que foram comparados em condições semicontroladas em plantas cultivadas em solo proveniente do sistema orgânico e convencional. A oviposição pela traça-do-tomateiro em plantas com solos oriundos do sistema convencional foi duas vezes maior do que em plantas com solos do sistema orgânico. O estudo da tabela de vida da traça-do-tomateiro em casa de vegetação mostrou que a sobrevivência em plantas com solo orgânico e convencional foram iguais. Assim, as diferenças no comportamento de colonização observadas a campo provavelmente estão relacionadas com o ambiente proporcionado pelo sistema orgânico de produção. Os predadores Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) e Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Menéville (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) são frequentemente observados em cultivos de hortaliças, especialmente tomateiros, bem como sobre flores de diversas plantas próximas aos cultivos. Sabe-se que os predadores quando se alimentam de pólen e néctar, aumentam a sua longevidade e a sua capacidade reprodutiva. O capítulo 5 abordou as plantas que poderiam servir de fonte de alimentação para as espécies selecionadas, com vistas a desenvolver estratégias para atrair e manter estas espécies em cultivos de hortaliças, especialmente de tomateiro. Pólen da Família Poaceae foi o mais abundante para C. externa e pólen da Família Asteraceae foi o mais comum para H. convergens. O uso do pólen como recurso alimentar para cada espécie predadora dá indicações da importância da flora dentro e no entorno da cultura, para o estabelecimento das populações desses predadores e incremento do controle biológico conservativo. Estes resultados experimentais mostraram que o incremento de inimigos naturais nos agroecossistemas pode ser alcançado pela inclusão de biodiversidade funcional, proporcionando um manejo adequado com redução dos danos. Esta tese é apresentada em cinco capítulos, no formato de manuscritos. Os capítulos foram formatados seguindo as normas da revista Neotropical Entomology, inclusive para as normas de citações bibliográficas. __________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The environmental diversification promoted by plant species in agrosystems favors a richer and more diverse community structure that controls the population dynamics of herbivore species. In an agroecological context, environmental diversification is one of the components that could be planned to suppress insect pest populations. The objective of this work was to compare the populational densities of South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in organic and conventional tomato cropping to verify if the damage caused by tomato pinworm is influenced by environmental complexity, and evaluate if the species diversity associated with tomato crops could increase natural enemies performance and influence tomato pinworm populations. In chapter 1 the population densities of South American tomato pinworm and the occurrence of biocontrol agents were compared in organic and conventional tomato cropping systems in plots with different species diversity structure (alone, tomato-coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) (Apiaceae) and tomato-coriander-small flower (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.) (Asteraceae). The organic and more diverse systems had lower densities of tomato pinworm, especially adults and eggs, and higher diversity and abundance of natural enemies. Coriander was considered as an adequate species to diversify the tomato crop for increasing natural enemies and at same time to have lower competition with tomatoes. Thus, Coriander was chosen to make a consortium with tomatoes. In chapter 2, the population densities of South American tomato pinworm and the occurrence of natural enemies were compared in organic and conventional tomato cropping systems in plots alone or tomato-coriander consortium at different phenological stages. The objective was to evaluate if the consortium associated with agricultural practices that provide lower disturbance could maximize agronomical advantages of land use and favour occurrence of natural enemies and influence population density of tomato pinworm. Organic tomato/coriander treatments showed lower egg and caterpillar population densities and greater natural enemy diversity and abundance when coriander was planted priori to tomatoes. Other herbivore abundance was greater in organic treatments, showing that the frequent use of insecticides eliminates generalist herbivores, selecting the main pests, like tomato pinworm. The lesser colonization pattern of tomato pinworm by adults, resulting in fewer eggs and greater abundance of natural enemies was observed in previous field studies. To understand the importance of natural enemies and natural biological control in population dynamics of the tomato pinworm the objective of chapter 3 was to quantify the role of each factor in the survivorship of the insect. Mortality by Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was high (32%) in eggs collected in the field and incubated in the laboratory. However, under environmental conditions (eggs kept in the field), predator and water effects caused 48% egg mortality while mortality due to parasitism by Trichogramma sp. was 12%. The tomato pinworm presented greater ability to colonize the conventional tomato crop system compared to the organic crop system in previous field studies. To confirm and understanding the pattern observed in the field, chapter 4 presents an analysis of ecological processes such as oviposition and mortality, that were compared in partially controlled conditions at plants in soil from organic and conventional system. Oviposition by tomato pinworm in plants growing in soil from conventional system was double than in organic. A life table study in the greenhouse showed that survivorship in organic and conventional plants was the same. So differences observed in colonizing behaviour are related to organic tomato crop system environment. The predators, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Menéville (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), are frequently observed on vegetable crops, especially on tomato plants, as well as on flowers of several plant species near the crops. It is well known that when predators feed on pollen and nectar they increase their longevity and reproductive capacity. Chapter 5 is on plants that could be food sources for H. convergens and C. externa in order to develop strategies to attract and keep these predators in vegetable fields, especially tomatoes. Pollen from the Poaceae family was the most abundant on C. externa while pollen from Asteraceae was commonest on H. convergens. The importance of pollen from different plant species as food resource for each predator species gives an indication of the importance of plant community structure within and around crops for the establishment of these predator populations and to enhance conservative biological control.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo compreender o papel de íons metálicos na degradação de gordura vegetal e animal, assim como na geração de formiatos. Nesse contexto foram investigados: 1) o papel de formaldeído na corrosão de peças de chumbo e a possibilidade de CO2 ser reduzido a ácido fórmico (ou formiato) por íons metálicos presentes em vidro; 2) o papel de íons metálicos na degradação de gordura animal e vegetal, desde que um grande número de pigmentos são minerais e tais gorduras foram frequentemente utilizadas em pinturas. Espectroscopia Raman foi a principal técnica empregada nas investigações, nas quais também foram usadas FTIR, difratometria de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, refletância no visível e análise elementar (C e H). Os resultados obtidos indicaram que formaldeído é agressivo a Pb mesmo na ausência de oxidantes como H2O2 e formiatos foram detectados como produto de corrosão para concentrações de aldeído tão baixa quanto 100 ppb (100% de umidade relativa). As concentrações investigadas de H2CO foram 100 ppb, 500 ppb, 1,2 ppm, 44 ppm e 1,6x102 ppm e para todas essas foram observadas bandas de carbonato e de formiato, embora em muitos casos os espectros não foram simplesmente a soma das contribuições das bandas de Pb(HCO2)2 e PbCO3, revelando um complexo equilíbrio envolvendo as concentrações de H2CO, CO2 e H2O. O efeito de umidade relativa (54%, 75% e 100%) foi estudado e formiato foi detectado mesmo em umidade relativa de 54%. Os mesmos produtos de corrosão foram observados quando cupons de Pb e PbO foram expostos a formaldeído, evidenciando o papel da camada de óxido na oxidação de formaldeído a formiato. Quando o efeito de Fe(III) foi considerado, câmaras climáticas foram usadas e o efeito de íons metálicos foi investigado na presença e ausência de luz. Linoleato de metila, gordura vegetal e animal foram mantidos por 8 dias sob condições controladas e as mudanças na composição foram acompanhadas por espectroscopia Raman e FTIR. As amostras mostraram ser sensíveis tanto a luz quanto a Fe(III), no entanto, problemas com as duplicatas não permitiram que conclusões pudessem ser obtidas dos experimentos. Como uma etapa preliminar no intuito de estender os estudos de degradação de gorduras à química forense, um desenho de suposta autoria de Tarsila do Amaral que teria sido feito na década de 1920, foi analisado por microscopia Raman. Ftalocianina azul (ftalocianina de cobre) foi encontrada como componente dos traços verdes e desde que esse pigmento começou a ser comercializado em 1937, pelo menos a data assinalada ao desenho não é correta.
The present work aimed at the understanding of the role played by metal ions on the degradation of vegetal and animal fats and on formates formation. The following issues were addressed: 1) the effect of formaldehyde on the corrosion of Pb objects and the possibility of CO2 reduction to formic acid (or formate) by the metal ions present in glass framework; 2) the effect of metal ions on the degradation of vegetal and animal fats, since a large number of pigments are minerals and such fats were often used as paint binders in the past. Raman microscopy was the main technique employed in the investigations which also used FTIR, XRD, SEM, UV-VIS absorption and elemental analysis (C and H). The obtained results indicated that formaldehyde is harmful towards Pb even in the absence of oxidants such as H2O2 and formates were detected among the corrosion products for aldehyde concentrations as low as 100 ppb (100% relative humidity). The investigated H2CO concentrations were 100 ppb, 500 ppb, 1,2 ppm, 44 ppm and 1,6x102 ppm for all of them bands assigned to carbonates and formate were observed, although in most cases the spectra were not simply the sum of Pb(HCO2)2 and PbCO3 contributions revealing a quite complex equilibria involving H2CO, CO2 and H2O concentrations. The effect of relative humidity (54%, 75% and 100%) was studied and formate was detected even at 54% RH. The same corrosion products were observed when both Pb cupons and PbO were exposed to formaldehyde thus making clear the role played by the oxide layer in the formaldehyde to formate oxidation. When the effect of Fe(III) was considered, a home made environmental chamber was used and the effect of the metal ions was investigated in the presence and absence of light. Methyl linoleato, vegetal and animal fats were kept by 8 days under controlled conditions and the changes on composition were followed by Raman and FTIR spectroscopies. The samples proved to be sensitive to both light and Fe(III), however, problems with the replicates so far don\'t allow any conclusion to be driven from the experiments. As a preliminary step in the attempt to extend the fat degradation study to forensic, a draw supposedly authored by Tarsila do Amaral in the 1920 decade was investigated by Raman microscopy. Phthalocyanine Blue (copper phthalocyanine) was found as a component of the green traces and since phthalocynines trade started in 1937, at least the date assigned to the draw is not correct

O ecoturismo representa uma das modalidades de turismo de maior interesse na sociedade contemporânea, envolvendo o contato do ser humano com a natureza preservada e contribuindo à conservação do meio ambiente no local visitado. No Brasil, grande parte dos atrativos ecoturísticos encontra-se nas Unidades de Conservação (UCs), onde as Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural (RPPNs) representam a categoria de caráter privado. As RPPNs são instituídas por ato voluntário do proprietário e destinadas à conservação dos ecossistemas, sendo uma das principais estratégias nos biomas brasileiros mais ameaçados.Essas unidades seguem uma tendência mundial de expansão dos esforços privados na conservação da biodiversidade, cujo uso compatível, por meio do turismo, é permitido, mediante planejamento e manejo adequados. Uma pesquisa exploratório-descritiva foi realizada, sob o enfoque quali-quantitativo, com o objetivo de avaliar a importância das RPPNs ao ecoturismo e o papel deste na conservação dos ecossistemas presentes nessas UCs. A análise do cenário das RPPNs no Brasil, comparado ao do Rio Grande do Sul, foi feita a partir da aplicação de questionários, entrevistas e formulários em 14 RPPNs do Brasil que desenvolvem ecoturismo, e sete unidades do Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa foi norteada pela questão da possibilidade de o ecoturismo vir a ser um instrumento para a conservação dos ecossistemas nas RPPNs, cujos resultados demonstram tendências e práticas diversas sendo desenvolvidas nesses ambientes. A partir da análise da inter-relação entre meio ambiente e ecoturismo, no âmbito das RPPNs, estas demonstram ser estratégias efetivas na conservação dos ecossistemas brasileiros; porém, ainda um desafio em evolução quanto à implementação dos preceitos do ecoturismo.
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Ecotourism represents one of the types of tourism that most interests contemporary society, since it relates the contact of human being with preserved nature while contributing to the local environment conservation. In Brazil, a significant diversity of ecotourism attractions is found within the natural protected areas, in which the Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural - RPPN represents the private category. The RPPNs are created by voluntary act from the private owner for the conservation of ecosystems, and it has become one of the main strategies in Brazilian ecosystems that face extreme threats. These areas follow a world-wide trend of enlarging private efforts for conserving biodiversity, where its compatible use through tourism is allowed under an appropriate planning and management. A descriptive and exploratory research was developed, under the qualitative and quantitative methods, with the objective to evaluate the importance of the RPPNs to the ecotourism and its role in the conservation of ecosystems. The analysis of the RPPNs in Brazil, compared to the state of Rio Grande do Sul, was based in the application of questionnaires, interviews and forms in 14 RPPNs that develop ecotourism around Brazil, and in seven areas in Rio Grande do Sul. The research was guided by the possibility of ecotourism as an instrument for the conservation of ecosystems in the RPPNs, and the results demonstrate a diversity of practices and trends being developed in these environments. The relation between environment and ecotourism in the scope of the RPPNs demonstrates that they are effective strategies to the conservation of Brazilian ecosystems. However, the practices of the concepts of ecotourism are still a challenge for its evolution.

Une étude comparative entre les centres historiques des villes de João Pessoa, au Brésil, et Tours, en France a été menée. Le but étant de comprendre la manière dont ces centres historiques sont perçus par les personnes, notamment par les habitants. Le travail vise aussi de comprendre la valeur que les personnes vont attribuer aux vieux bâtiments après sa réhabilitation, liée à la valorisation du patrimoine culturel, qui fonctionne comme axe de sustentation des politiques urbaines. L'ethnographie réalisée dans les centres historiques a permis de constater que les deux réalités révèlent non seulement des différences, mais aussi des similitudes
A comparative study between the historic places of cities of Joao Pessoa, Brazil, and Tours, France was conducted. Our aim was to understand how these historic places are perceived by people, especially by the inhabitants. The study also aims to understand the value that the people will attribute to old buildings after his rehabilitation, related to the enhancement of cultural heritage, which functions as lifting axis of urban policies. An ethnographic analyses shows that both realities reveal not only differences but also similarities
É conspícuo, na cena contemporânea, que o patrimônio e a cultura vêm assumindo posições privilegiadas nas políticas urbanas, apresentando-se como instrumento de transformação do cariz das cidades. No entrecho dessa candente tendência ganha relevo a competitividade entre as urbes, que passam a granjear uma imagem que as tornem vendável, capazes de atrair investimentos e turistas. Nos holofotes desse tablado as cidades tornam-se notáveis protagonistas, dirigidas pelas políticas de reabilitação urbanas. Nesse enredo os centros históricos ganham visibilidade acentuada e são convertidos em palcos para a espetacularização e encenação da vida cotidiana. Imbricado a esse processo de produção de imagens recrudescem nesse cenário o fenômeno da gentrificação

O objetivo desta Tese foi avaliar o papel da macrófitas submersas em relação à qualidade da água, interações com o fitoplâncton e ciclagem biogeoquímica na Lagoa Mangueira, um grande lago raso subtropical, no sul do Brasil. Para alcançar estes objetivos, este trabalho conta com uma série de abordagens, como: levantamentos de campo, etapas experimentais e uso de modelos ecológicos para avaliar a influência de macrófitas sobre a dinâmica do ecossistema de estudo, cujas águas são intensamente exploradas para suprir a cultura de arroz em sua área de entorno. Ao longo de seus 200km de perímetro litorâneo, a Lagoa apresenta maciços estandes submersos de vegetação. A análise de qualidade da água e estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica ao longo de um gradiente de vegetação submersa, partindo da zona litorânea para a zona pelágica (sem vegetação), revelou menor disponilibidade de nutrientes como orto-fosfato (PO4) e menor concentração de clorofila-a (Clo-a), na área com vegetação submersa. Na zona pelágica, os maiores valores de Clo-a foram corroborados pela maior biomassa fitoplanctônica, sendo representada principalmente por espécies de cianobactérias. Tais evidências sugerem o efeito antagônico entre macrófitas e fitoplâncton, como a competição por nutrientes e alelopatia. Em laboratório, estes mecanismos puderam ser comprovados em experimentos de coexistência realizados em microcosmos com 4 espécies de macrófitas nativas e uma cepa da cianobactéria Microcystis aeruginosa. Os testes envolveram níveis distintos de intensidade luminosa e concentração de PO4 visando determinar limiares para a ocorrência de alelopatia. As espécies Cabomba caroliniana e Myriophyllum spicatum se demonstraram potencialmente alelopáticas enquanto que as espécies Ceratophyllum demersum e Egeria densa apresentaram elevada capacidade de absorção de PO4 (±0,35 mg.g-1d-1) reduzindo rapidamente a concentração deste nutriente a valores abaixo de 0,05 mg.L-1. Outra abordadem experimental foi conduzida para parametrizar a cinética da liberação de nutrientes e carbono de 5 espécies de macrófitas durante o processo de decomposição. Com o auxílio de modelos ecológicos, foi simulado o crescimento de macrófitas submersas em lagos subtropicais e temperados. Isto foi realizado visando avaliar a possibilidade de aumento da resilência do estado de dominância por macrófitas em lagos de baixa latidude devido ao crescimento contínuo da vegetação, ao contrário de lagos temperados, onde as plantas morrem sazonalmente em função do inverno rigoroso. Além disso, foram simulados cenários considerando a possibilidade de colapso da vegetação submersa na Lagoa Mangueira em função de intensa tomada da água da Lagoa para irrigação. Com base na modelagem, foi possível estimar limiares de eutrofização para a proliferação do fitoplâncton. Em suma, os resultados comprovaram os mecanismos de retroalimentação positiva de macrófitas submersas sobre a qualidade da água e importância de suas funções ecológicas para o estado trófico e gestão da Lagoa Mangueira. Além disso, este conjunto de informações constitui uma base teórico-prática para o manejo, restauração e conservação de lagos rasos subtropicais e tropicais.
The aim of this Thesis was to evaluate the role of the submerged macrophytes with respect to water quality and, interactions with phytoplankton and nutrient cycling in the large shallow subtropical Lake Mangueira, southern Brazil. To achieve these goals, this work counts with approaches in situ, in laboratory and aplication of ecological modelling to verifify the influence of the submerged vegetation over the dynamics of the ecosystem, whose water is intensively explored to irrigate rice crops around its surrounding area. Over the 200km of the lake littoral perimeter, several submerged macrophyte beds are established. The analysis of water quality and phytoplankton structure along a macrophyte-pelagic gradient revealed lower concentration of orto-phosphate (PO4) and chlorophyll-a (Chlo-a) in the vegetated area. At the pelagic zone, the higher Chlo-a values were corroborated by the higher biomass of phytoplankton, which was mostly composed by cyanobacteria species. Such evidences suggest the antagonistic relantionship between macrophytes and phytoplankton as nutrient competition and allelopathy. Experiments of coexistance, in microcosms, with 4 native submerged macrophytes and a toxic strain of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa proved the occurrence of these mechanisms. The experiments included different levels of light intensity and orto-phosphate concentration (PO4) in the medium aiming to identify thresholds in which allelopathy is likely to occur. The macrophytes Cabomba caroliniana and Myriophyllum spicatum showed allelopathic potential while the species Ceratophyllum demersum and Egeria densa showed a high capacity for PO4 absorption (±0.35 mg.g-1d-1), being able to reduce this nutrient to lower levels than 0.05 mg.L-1. Another experimental approach was carried out to parameterize the leaching of nutrients and carbon from 5 macrophytes under decaying process. Moreover, ecological modelling was utilized to simulate the growth of submerged macrophytes in subtropical and temperate lakes. This was done aiming to evaluate the possibility of resilience enhancement of the clear water state in lakes of low latitude because the plants can grow continuously, in contrast with temperate lakes, where they die seasonally due to rigorous winter. In addition, simulation of scenarios considering the collapse of the vegetation in Lake Mangueira because of water uptake for rice crops were carried out in oder to provide elements for the ecosystem management. Through this approach, it was possible to forecast possible eutrophication thresholds for phytoplankton blomming. In conclusion, the results proved the the postive feed-back mechanisms exerted by the submerged macrophytes on the water quality and the importance of their ecological functions to the trophic state of Lake Mangueira. In addition, such information serve as theoretical and practical basis for the management, restoration and conservation of subtropical and tropical shallow lakes.

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The main objective of this research was to evaluate the role of Ifes ? Alegre Campus on the socioeconomic dynamics of the Capara? micro-region as a planning unit, according to the guidelines and strategies outlined by the Esp?rito Santo Development Plan 2025 established by the state government. The reflection proposal was based on the discussion of the (re) production of the geographical space as a social relation's product, seeking to understand the historicity of the organizational processes and structure, in particular on the subspace called Capara? micro-region. It sought to highlight, in a timely manner, the performance intentions of the main agents of (re) production and consumption of space in its social totality, especially the State. In discussing the State actions, the approaches are related to the public policy strategies of education and strategic planning, emphasizing the proposal for rural education in the bias of the Human Capital Theory related to the conservative modernization of the Brazilian agriculture. While an exploratory, descriptive, qualitative and quantitative-based research, it was carried out using three complementary methods: bibliographic and virtual research: scientific articles, books and other publications related to the theme and correspondent topics; documentary research: Esp?rito Santo Development Plan 2025 focusing on the Capara? micro-region, Institutional Development Plan - PDI/Ifes and related legislation; application of questionnaires to graduating students of technical courses and higher education (2014), head of education, course coordinators, head of research and postgraduation and coordinator of community outreach of the Ifes ?Alegre Campus, rural labor union representatives and Incaper of the 11 municipalities that make up the Capara? microregion. After the treatment and effort of data and information analyzes, another question has come out: what is the social function of Ifes - Alegre Campus as an education, training, research and community outreach institution in the context of socio-economic, political and cultural demands of the third poorest micro-region of Esp?rito Santo?
O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi o de analisar o papel do Ifes ? Campus de Alegre no contexto da din?mica socioecon?mica da microrregi?o do Capara?, na condi??o de unidade de planejamento, conforme diretrizes e estrat?gias apontadas pelo Plano de Desenvolvimento Esp?rito Santo 2025, institu?da pelo governo estadual. A reflex?o proposta fundamentou-se na discuss?o sobre a (re)produ??o do espa?o geogr?fico, enquanto produto das rela??es sociais, buscando compreender a historicidade dos processos de organiza??o e estrutura??o, em especial do subespa?o denominado microrregi?o do Capara?. Buscou-se destacar, de forma pontual, as intencionalidades na atua??o dos principais agente de (re)produ??o e consumo do espa?o, em sua totalidade social, em especial o Estado. Na discuss?o sobre a atua??o do Estado, as abordagens est?o relacionadas ?s estrat?gias de pol?ticas p?blicas de educa??o e planejamento estrat?gico, com ?nfase na proposta de educa??o rural no vi?s da Teoria do Capital Humano relacionado ? moderniza??o conservadora da agricultura brasileira. Enquanto pesquisa de base quali-quantitativa, explorat?ria e descritiva, a mesma foi desenvolvida em tr?s etapas que se complementam: pesquisa bibliogr?fica e virtual: artigos cient?ficos, livros e demais publica??es relacionados ao tema e tem?ticas correspondentes; pesquisa documental: Plano de Desenvolvimento Esp?rito Santo 2025, no que diz respeito a microrregi?o do Capara?, Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional ? PDI/Ifes, al?m de legisla??es pertinentes; elabora??o e aplica??o de question?rios junto aos alunos formandos dos cursos t?cnicos e dos cursos superiores (2014), diretor de ensino, coordenadores de cursos, diretor de pesquisa, p?sgradua??o e extens?o, coordenador de extens?o do Ifes - Campus de Alegre, representantes dos Sindicatos dos Trabalhadores Rurais e Incaper dos 11 munic?pios que comp?em a microrregi?o do Capara?. A partir do tratamento e esfor?o de an?lise dos dados e informa??es coletados, uma outra quest?o se apresenta: qual a fun??o social do Ifes - Campus de Alegre enquanto institui??o de ensino, forma??o, pesquisa e extens?o no contexto das demandas socioecon?micas, pol?ticas e culturais da terceira microrregi?o mais pobre do Esp?rito Santo?

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The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the Statute of the City have improved the development and urban expansion policies establishment, but only the issue of the Federal Law No. 12.608, of April 10, 2012, introduced standards directly related to the process of urban expansion and the role of municipalities in the respective legal regulation. The current legal landscape has important consequences in the Brazilian municipalities located in the coastal zone. In the last decades these regions, especially the northern coast of São Paulo State, have subjected to land use conflicts and economic pressures that led to a chaotic urbanization. Indeed, the region still facing geographical, environmental and legal barriers when considering the processes of urban expansion planning, as it comprises areas especially protected by federal and state legislation (the Brazilian National System of Conservation Units, State Park Serra do Mar and the Atlantic Forest Law), as well as it undergoes the Coastal Ecological Economic Zoning, established by the Union and by Member State. The present work was conduced by employing an integrated approach which considers the legal standards related to coastal zone, derived from the legislative powers exerted by the different instances and their reflexes in the municipalities competences for the regulation of legal policy towards urban expansion, also linked with data and correlated aspects of the North Coast of São Paulo State. By adopting the referred method, we approached the following aspects: a) From the analysis of the possible conflicts arising from the application of regulatory rules issued by the Union and the Member State, overlapping or opposing the municipal master plan, we proposed some measures to ensure legal federal cooperation and minimize these potential incompatibilities; b) by analyzing the standards and guidelines of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and of the City Statute, in particular the legal rules introduced by Federal Law No. 12.608/2012, we exposed the minimum content required by municipal urban expansion policies, as well as outlined the role of the master plan and traced the outlines of the legislative competence for the municipalities
A Constituição Federal de 1988 e o Estatuto da Cidade avançaram na disciplina da política de desenvolvimento e expansão urbana, mas apenas com a edição da recente Lei Federal nº 12.608, de 10 de abril de 2012, foram introduzidas normas diretamente associadas ao processo de expansão urbana e ao papel dos Municípios na respectiva regulação jurídica. Este atual panorama jurídico tem reflexos importantes nos Municípios abrangidos pela zona costeira brasileira. Nas últimas décadas estes territórios, especialmente o Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo, têm sido submetidos a conflitos de uso e a pressões econômicas que geraram uma urbanização desordenada. A análise da realidade aponta que esta região encontra entraves de natureza geográfica, ambiental e jurídica para a delimitação de áreas de expansão urbana, pois nela se localizam espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos pela legislação federal e estadual (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar e Lei da Mata Atlântica) e, ainda, submete-se ao Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro estabelecido pela União e pelo Estado-Membro. A análise empreendida propõe a abordagem integrada das normas jurídicas de ordenamento territorial incidentes na zona costeira, advindas das competências legislativas exercidas pelos três entes federativos e seus reflexos na competência dos Municípios para a regulação jurídica da política de expansão urbana, sempre relacionando os aspectos e dados da realidade do Litoral Norte paulista. Adotado o método analítico e propositivo, enfrentamos as seguintes questões: a) A partir da análise dos possíveis conflitos normativos decorrentes da aplicação das normas editadas pela União e Estado-Membro, sobrepostas ou contrapostas ao plano diretor municipal, propusemos alguns caminhos que assegurem a cooperação federativa e minimizem estes potenciais desajustes; b) E partindo da análise da Constituição Federal de 1988 e das normas e diretrizes do Estatuto da Cidade, em especial as regras legais introduzidas pela Lei Federal nº 12.608/2012, expusemos os conteúdos mínimos necessários para a disciplina da política municipal de expansão urbana, delineamos o papel do plano diretor e traçamos os contornos da Competência legislativa dos Municípios

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This Guide of Preservation & Security of the National Library of Brazil to safeguard the holdings and the building aims to present guidelines, pathways and routes to procedures and attitudes towards questions of such nature, which are important and vital in an era full of uncertainties. As a base, we consider the knowledge acquired in the field of cultural property preservation and in the field of security policy adopted for bibliographical and documental holdings, researches and the buildings that stores them. The interdisciplinary character related to these fields of knowledge signals the educational improvement of the population as a whole and to our cultural memory. It aims at a changing in the role of man as a critic of nature, as a transforming agent of reality and of himself.
Este Guia de Preservação & Segurança da Biblioteca Nacional para salvaguarda do seu acervo e do seu edifício tem por objetivo apresentar orientações, caminhos e rotas para procedimentos e atitudes relativas as questões desta natureza, importantes e vitais nesta era de tantas incertezas. Como base toma-se o saber adquirido no campo da preservação de bens culturais e no campo da política de segurança adotada para acervos bibliográficos e documentais, para usuários e para os edifícios que os abriga. O caráter interdisciplinar que concerne a estes campos do conhecimento sinaliza para o aprimoramento educacional da população como um todo e para nossa memória cultural. Visa a mudança do papel do homem como crítico da natureza, como agente transformador da realidade e de si próprio.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
文化資產維護系
104
Ni-Jin paper is beautiful and slightly bright because of the gold is on that paper. However the Ni-Jin paper get outside damage the surface will lost the gold. Losing the gold out of Ni-Jin paper let the surface look bad. In this study is trying to resolve the problem about the paper's surface. In order to let the paper looks beautiful, the study will focus on the inpainting materials and will try different paints to decide which one is good for the visual effect. The study takes visual effect as the major goal and resolve the other damage on the Ni-Jin paper. The study will follow the raw of paper conservation and provide the methods.

This work examined the use of passivation polymers in the conservation of severely damaged paper. It specifically investigated the use of this functional polymer treatment to address the issues of damage to paper caused by waterlogging, mold, and internal acidity. Several experiments were designed and conducted to examine the effects of the polymers in the conservation of papers compromised by these conditions. Paper artifacts from the Bonfire Memorabilia Collection were selected and conserved using treatment protocols that included the use of the passivation polymers. The conservation of some of the damaged papers from this culturally important site demonstrated the effectiveness of the polymer treatment in real-world conservation situations. This dissertation established that the use of passivation polymers adds strength and stability to severely damaged paper.

碩士
國立臺南藝術大學
博物館學與古物維護研究所
103
Lining is an important part of paper-painting repairing and mounting, which could support and increase the conservation of painting. This study- used paper P as painting and paper A, B, C as lining-explored after the aging by moist heat treatment, how the paper fiber direction and paste concentration affected the lining sample physically, chemically, and optically. The result showed, the four types of handmade paper had fiber directionality obviously, which made great influences on physical teat result, including size expansion rate, hardness, folding endurance, tensile index, percent elongation, and the number of creases. The result showed, the L.D. directionality had the best strength of hardness, folding endurance, tensile index, and percent elongation, the W.D. directionality had the worst, and the vertical directionality was at the middle. The size expansion rate of W.D. was better than L.D., and L.D. in pairs made the most creases. The concentration of paste affected folding endurance, hardness, and the number of creases. Concentration of 3% brought the best folding endurance and hardness, and the least creased number. It made the least creasing number of paper P and B, and the most of paper P and A. The expansion rate of paper, the wet expansion rate of aging paper was more than unaging one, but the wet-dry shrinkage rate of aging paper was less than the unaging one, which paper B had the highest shrinkage rate. The expansion rate was related with the two papers’ expansion rate and papers’ fiber direction, and the vertical direction would receive the more equal expansion rate. The paper B had the most maintain rate of folding endurance after aging, which up to 54.9%, and the paper P and A still had 46% above, but the paper C had only 10%. At the chemical part, the ash content of samples were all above 2%, which the paper B contained 15% as the most, and the paper C were the least. The pH degrees were above pH 9 before aging and maintained at pH 8.8 after aging. Paper C had the biggest differences of aging and unaging. The XRF test result showed the most elements containing in samples were Calcium. The optical test showed, the overall samples showing the trend of reddish and yellowish after aging. And the lining paper paired with different papers affected the papers’ colour and discoloration, which the paper C’s color changing degree was the most. Based on the finding above, suggesting the future studies could survey and document the basic equalities of handmade papers which using at paper-artifact repairing for reference.

碩士
國立臺南藝術大學
博物館學與古物維護研究所
106
Abstract This paper discussed the treatment of filling losses with paper pulp by hand in paper conservation, especially applied to Asian material. There is a great deal of literature about the technique of filling losses in paper whether in Asian or western conservation treatment. For the past few years, people use filling losses with paper pulp by hand for treating antiquarian books. Compared this method with traditional Asian technology, it has lots of advantage like fast, easily control thickness by yourself and it didn’t use adhesives. But it has two major problems, pulp’s color toning and after treatment. This research is discussing the flatness of filling losses with paper pulp by hand. The only tool use in this experiment is dropper. The material is bamboo and gampi (Wikstroemia spp.) Taking CSF (Canadian Standard Freeness) test first and taking paper strength properties test. The conclusion is the C.S.F value is smaller, the paper is stronger. Mixing different kinds of C.S.F value paper pulp to conducting manual drip, we find out that the C.S.F value is smaller; the paper is stronger and smoother. Part two in this research is about making a steady to conducting other experiment like pulp concentration, how high pulp drip …etc. Than we have a lot of data to compare and get a conclusion. The results is, the best proportion of pulp is paper: dispersant: water=1g：1g：500mL, using juicer mixing them in 2 minutes, and keeping steady in 2 cm high above the table. Under this situation, draw 1.5 or 2 mL pulp, can drop them in ideal shape and evenness. Keywords: Paper fill, Pulp, Dropper, CSF, Paper strength properties, flatness

Cyclododecane (CDD) is a waxy, solid cyclic hydrocarbon (C12H24) that sublimes at room temperature and possesses strong hydrophobicity. In paper conservation CDD is used principally as a temporary fixative of water-soluble media during aqueous treatments. Hydrophobicity, ease of reversibility, low toxicity, and absence of residues are reasons often cited for its use over alternative materials although the latter two claims continue to be debated in the literature. The sublimation rate has important implications for treatment planning as well as health and safety considerations given the dearth of reliable information on its toxicity and exposure limits. This study examined how the rate of sublimation is affected by fiber type, sizing, and surface finish as well as delivery in the molten phase and as a saturated solution in low boiling petroleum ether. The effect of warming the paper prior to application was also evaluated. Sublimation was monitored using gravimetric analysis after which samples were tested for residues with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) to confirm complete sublimation. Water absorbency tests were conducted to determine whether this property is fully reestablished. Results suggested that the sublimation rate of CDD is affected minimally by all of the paper characteristics and application methods examined in this study. The main factors influencing the rate appear to be the thickness and mass of the CDD over a given surface area as well as temperature and ventilation. The GC-FID results showed that most of the CDD sublimed within several days of its disappearance from the paper surface regardless of the application method. Minimal changes occurred in the water absorbency of the samples following complete sublimation.
Thesis (Master, Art Conservation) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-27 09:00:28.77

Great part of the History of mankind is registered in the form of documents or works of art on paper support. Paper can be deteriorated due to physical, chemical and biological agents. Within microorganisms, fungi are the major paper biodeteriogens. Throughout history, several toxic methods have been used to prevent and stop fungal deterioration on paper based materials. More recently, a growing concern about environmental and health issues has led to the research on new antifungal alternatives, with lower toxicity. However, the existent antifungal methods and compounds still have drawbacks in terms of efficacy, health hazards, damaging effects on paper, or lack of thorough testing. In this context, the present thesis focused on testing and developing accessible antifungal treatments with low toxicity, which could prevent the long term paper deterioration. The selection of antifungal compounds was made taking into account the results from a literature review on antifungals used on paper conservation, a survey to paper conservators, and a review of antifungals used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, having as a basic premise their low toxicity. Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium corylophilum were selected as test fungal species. Fungal growth on paper was evaluated by measuring colonization areas and biomass dry weight determination. A formulation containing parabens and calcium propionate (PBs+CP) presented the best antifungal activity on paper samples, followed by a formulation containing clotrimazole and calcium hydroxide nanoparticles (CLT+NPs), and ultimately 70% ethanol (70%EtOH). Before application on cultural heritage materials, conservation treatments have to be thoroughly tested to assess if they can cause any damage on the treated materials in the short and long term. The effects of the tested formulations on paper were evaluated in terms of pH, colourimetry, folding endurance and molecular alterations, using moist heat artificial ageing. Besides plain paper, paper previously biodeteriorated by A. niger was tested in order to evaluate the potential of each compound to prevent further deterioration caused by fungal metabolites. The obtained results on biodeteriorated samples illustrate how tremendously damaging the products excreted by fungi can be in the long term. PBs+CP formulation was the only one capable of preventing long term acidification, loss of folding endurance, and discoloration caused by fungal metabolites, but on the other hand, on plain samples, this formulation caused paper discoloration. CLT+NPs formulation significantly prevented the acidification and loss of folding endurance, although causing a minor discoloration on paper at a long term. 70%EtOH had a mild positive impact in the chemical stabilization of paper and did not cause any paper discoloration. The information provided in this thesis contributes to a deeper understanding on safer options for preventing and treating paper deterioration by fungi and opens the way for further research in this challenging field of heritage conservation.

碩士
國立臺南藝術大學
博物館學與古物維護研究所
107
The use of seals is quite common in East Asia. It is practical and artistic, so it is widely used in various cultural relics, especially on paper artifacts. The use of the seal will cause some degradation. The oil stains produced by the seal paste are one of them. However, from the domestic and foreign literatures, the research on oil stains from seal paste is very rare. Therefore, this study will focus on oil stains from seal paste . Propose relevant cleaning treatment methods. Test the possibility of it being removed on paper. Collect and organize through literature. Understand the characteristics of oil stains and the aging mechanism. The principle and characteristics of various oil treatment methods. According to the composition and characteristics of the seal paste oil , various removal schemes were proposed for testing. The test method will pass through the four aspects of "aging of oil stains", "solubility of solvents", "assisted by adsorbent materi-als" and "bleaching". Oil stains under different aging conditions, dealing with different principles and characteristics. The analysis was carried out by visual observation, ultra-violet light image, color difference data, and microscopic examination of a laser micro-scope. Compare the differences in oil treatment results and explore the feasibility of each method. According to the research results. The oil stains of seal paste through solvent treatment and bleaching has the possibility of being removable. Under different aging conditions, oil stains have different physical and chemical characteristics. The results of the reactions for the various treatments are also different. Solvents are used as a grease removal formulation whose dissolution depends on the time of solvent action. The aux-iliary adsorbent has different characteristics such as "extended solvent residence time", "fat adsorption force", and "penetration force". Affects the difference in solvent treat-ment of solvents under different aging conditions. The bleaching process removes the oil stain for further removal. Comprehensive research results. There is no single way to remove oil stains. De-tailed implementation methods are required to assess the actual condition of each grease. Find the most suitable treatment plan from the test observation.

Synthesis of new monomers from renewable resources (saccharides) and their use in the synthesis of copolymers with vinyl acetate. Hydrolysis of the vinyl acetate copolymers to vinyl alcohol copolymers. Preparation of nanocomposites between TiO2 nanoparticles and vinyl acetate copolymers. Characterization of all new products using different techniques (FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy, SEM, SEC, DSC). Applicative studies to test the applicability of the new products to the conservation of cellulosic materials (wood, paper) in the field of cultural heritage: test on the consolidation of archaeological waterlogged wood using the vinyl alcohol copolymer; test on the antimicotic effect of the nanocomposite TiO2/vinyl acetate copolymer on recent wood; colorimetric test on paper treated with the vinyl alcohol copolymers.

碩士
國立臺北大學
都市計劃研究所
96
The subject of culture heritage should be preserved or not has been discussed by everyone in recent years. The industry heritage may be consumed and sacrificed easily when they face with the land development value is high. The general reason lies in the ordinance system of cultural property in my country is not perfect. As times change, the large-scale old industry in Shihlin Paper Factory is seen as that the benefit is not agrees with to match the benefit of city growth and the rationality of land use. The government hopes that can improve the condition by the means of change, but on the process of change we find that can not give perfect protection to protect because the ordinance is not thoughtful. Consequently, this research will take Shihlin paper factory as a case to inquire the imperfection in ordinance, and give some suggest. Besides, through to the process of interview paper labor and the labor union, we can understand the delicate relation of cultural preservation and labor culture. Finally, we will make use of cultural industrial theories that was advanced by Adorno and Horkheimer to criticize that we regard culture as property and use the way of reuse to operate them. I hope to explain what valuable cultural industry is.

碩士
國立臺南藝術大學
博物館學與古物維護研究所
106
Since the Middle Ages, iron gall ink has been widely used in Western countries. It can be found in manuscripts, documents, and even maps and paintings. .It is widely used as a medium for writing in daily routine, because it is easy to obtain materials and has high coloring power. The components of the iron gall ink contain iron and acidity. According to the literature, these two main components will accelerate the catalytic acid hydrolysis of cellulose in paper and cause the paper to have serious discoloration and brittle Therefore, in this experiment, according to the recipes provided in the literature, the filter paper was used to immerse in the ink. Through the procedures of accelerated-ageing chamber with different humidity, heat and light levels. To analyze the physical, chemical, and optical properties of the paper samples. In order to compare the effect of iron gall ink on the properties of paper and deterioration characteristics. At the same time, this study also selected three chemical agents to be added to iron gall ink samples. These chemical agents including calcium phytate (CaP), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) and calcium bicarbonate solution could also be used for the deacidification. The experimental results show that if the iron gall ink samples did not add any chemical agents, it would begin to show significant changes within seven days after aging. In particular, there is a great difference in the discoloration of the paper after heat-humid aging. In addition, the mechanical strength and pH of the paper are also different. It is also lower than other samples. Among the evaluated reagents, it was found that the mechanical strength of calcium phytate was relatively less for the aged samples, TBAB efficiently suppressed the discoloration of the iron gall ink samples; the samples treated with EDTA-2Na showed a significant decrease in the discoloration and strength of the paper. The result shows that EDTA-2Na is the least suitable method for the three chemical agents. Calcium phytate and TBAB are based on the needs of the paper conservation and can be further evaluated and used.

Nature conservation is fundamentally about managing people. Consequently, the effectiveness of conservation interventions depends largely on people's compliance with regulations. However, noncompliance with environmental regulations is common, as illustrated by the following examples. In the worldwide timber trade, roughly 20% to 50% of all timber is of illegal origin (INTERPOL & The World Bank, 2010). Meanwhile, in the world's industrial fisheries, estimates of nearly 20% of reported catch being illegal are probably conservative (Agnew et al., 2009). Poaching has militarized the struggle between poachers and rangers (Kalron, 2013; Stiles, 2013) with deadly consequences: more than half of the world's ranger deaths can be attributed to poachers (IUCN, 2014). Financially, illegal wildlife trade, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, and illegal timber trade are amongst the largest illicit activities in the world (Haken, 2011). Noncompliance with environmental regulations is a critical problem to address because it threatens not only the environment, but also social and economic prosperity. In this thesis I investigate compliance through the lens of fishers' compliance, particularly with marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs are widely used tools for marine conservation and fisheries management (Lester & Halpern, 2008). Studies show that compliance can be a strong predictor of fish biomass within MPAs (Ayling & Choat, 2008; Cudney- Bueno & Basurto, 2009; Guidetti et al., 2008). Hence, fishers' compliance is critical for MPA effectiveness. However, although there is a growing interest on the topic, there currently few empirical studies looking into fishers' compliance with MPAs. Without such information, conservation practitioners1 have limited opportunities to provide effective interventions. Through a series of studies, mostly in Costa Rica, I contribute theoretical and practical advances in the field of compliance with nature conservation rules. The overarching research questions of my thesis are: (1) How can we better understand fishers' compliance with MPAs? and (2) How can we better manage fishers' compliance with MPAs? As it will become apparent throughout my thesis, both questions could apply to other contexts, including terrestrial conservation. This thesis is composed of six core chapters, each with specific research questions or purposes (Table 1). My interest in the field of compliance led me to approach the research questions through multiple contexts and scales: from nature conservation in general (Chapter 2), coastal MPAs and artisanal fisheries (Chapters 4 and 6), offshore MPAs and longline fishing (Chapter 5), and industrial tuna fishing (Chapter 7). Throughout my PhD I have endeavoured to make my work relevant and useful for practitioners while maintaining scientific rigour and novelty. Below I describe the core chapters of this thesis. In Chapter 2 I review and integrate key concepts and tools about compliance from different fields in an effort to guide compliance management in the conservation context. First, I address the understanding of compliance by breaking it down into five key questions: who?, what?, when?, where?, and why? A special focus is given to 'why?' because understanding the reasons for compliance (and noncompliance) is critical for designing management interventions. Second, I review compliance management strategies, from voluntary compliance to coerced compliance. Finally, I suggest a system, adapted from research on tax compliance, to balance these multiple compliance management strategies. I provide a broad yet practical perspective on theory and tools for understanding and managing compliance in the nature conservation context. In Chapter 3 I condense relevant information about Costa Rica. I provide an overview of conservation and marine protected areas in Costa Rica with the objective of giving the reader contextual information to better understand the subsequent chapters. Costa Rica has been renowned for its rich biodiversity and for being a leader in nature conservation. Even though this might be true to some extent, here I argue that the country is currently lacking the strong leadership that it had decades ago, and that the marine realm in particular is in urgent need of attention. Costa Rica's marine area is almost 11 times larger than its land area, and marine resources and services are critical for the country's development and well-being. Nevertheless, the lack of policies and actions aimed at marine conservation is now evidenced by factors such as overfishing, poorly planned conservation initiatives, a neglected nautical sector, conflict between stakeholders, and as discussed in the following chapters, illegal fishing. I anticipate, however, that the perilous state of marine affairs has created a new wave of interest in Costa Ricans for marine conservation that will lead to positive changes, resembling the similar cycle experienced in the country during the 1970s and 1980s with rampant deforestation followed by energetic terrestrial conservation. In Chapter 4 I look at enforcement in MPAs. Enforcement, although not the only tool for managing compliance, is common and usually necessary to ensure compliance. Enforcement, however, is expensive and must be optimized. In this Chapter I present a case study of how enforcement could be optimized in Cocos Island National Park, an offshore MPA and World Heritage Site. By analysing several years of patrol records I determined the spatial and temporal distribution of illegal fishing, and its relationship to patrol effort. Illegal fishing was concentrated on a seamount within the Park and peaked during the third year-quarter, probably as a result of oceanographic conditions. The lunar cycle in conjunction with the time of year significantly influenced the occurrence of incursions. The predictability of illegal fishing in space and time facilitates the optimization of patrol effort. Repeat offenders are common in the Park and I suggest that unenforced regulations and weak governance are partly to blame. I provide recommendations for efficient distribution of patrol effort in space and time, establishing adequate governance and policy, and designing marine protected areas to improve compliance. My methods and recommendations from this Chapter could be applicable to other protected areas and managed natural resources. In Chapter 5 I study strategies that illegal fishers use to avoid being detected by authorities, and I provide countermeasures that managers can use against these strategies. Detection-avoidance strategies are common in the context of nature conservation, yet they remain largely unstudied and are scarcely addressed in the peer-reviewed literature. Even though enforcement can be greatly improved (as discussed in Chapter 5), patrol effectiveness also depends on knowing and countering detection-avoidance strategies. First, I discuss detection-avoidance strategies in the nature conservation context. Second, by drawing on evidence collected in Costa Rica, I describe a series of detection-avoidance strategies used by small-scale fishers. And third, I provide countermeasures that can help prevent or neutralize these strategies. Chapter 6 is a short account of how existing fisheries information collected by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations and coastal states can be used to expose illegal fishing. Here I draw on a little-known report, published in Spanish in Costa Rica, which reveals potential cases of illegal fishing from foreign tuna purse seiners. The cases, still pending action on behalf of the authorities, involve fishing without a licence, and the illegal use of fish aggregating devices. I discuss the broader implications of these cases, and suggest recommendations that could be adopted by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations and coastal states. In Chapter 7 I explore the levels and drivers of fishers' compliance with MPAs. By studying 12 coastal MPAs in Costa Rica, I investigate the roles of different variables in influencing fishers' compliance with MPAs. Particularly, I found that compliance levels perceived by resource users were higher in MPAs: (1) with multiple livelihoods, (2) where government efforts against illegal fishing were perceived to be effective, (3) where fishing was allowed but regulated, (4) where people were more involved in decisions, and (5) that were smaller. I also provide a novel and practical measure of compliance: a compound variable formed by the number of illegal fishers and their illegal fishing effort. This study underlines the centrality of people's behaviour in nature conservation, and the importance of grounding decision-making on the social and institutional realities of each location. Overall, my thesis features the relevance of integrating compliance management into conservation interventions. Without compliance, conservation fails. Conservation interventions such as MPAs can be effective. However, many of them are failing (Jones et al., 2011; Mora et al., 2006), and the growing interest in creating more MPAs calls for a critical evaluation of planning and management strategies, giving special consideration to compliance. My thesis builds on previous work, offering new concepts, methods and results that can contribute to enhanced nature conservation through better compliance management.

Book and paper conservation integrates several disciplines, including traditional handcrafts, hard sciences, and art and book history, each with distinct methodologies and epistemic cultures. In order to examine how book and paper conservators straddle these varied fields and methodologies, a large-scale survey was conducted to investigate information sharing within the field. This examination of both formal publication and informal, lateral communication was inspired by the work of sociologists of science such as Derek J. de Solla Price and Diana Crane, including their concept of invisible colleges. A sample of one hundred book and paper conservators was questioned on methods of information sharing and attitudes towards topics such as publication and peer review. The result shows a field with great respect for formal methods of publication but still largely centered around informal methods of information sharing. Based on the survey results, potential methods of information sharing that may be well suited to the singularities of the field are discussed.
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