Journal articles: 'Paper basis for rubber'

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Valášek, Petr, Jozef Žarnovský, and Miroslav Müller. "Thermoset Composite on Basis of Recycled Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 801 (September 2013): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.801.67.

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The paper describes the mechanical qualities of thermoset – epoxy resin filled with recycled rubber in the form of micro-particles. Such an application of waste can be regarded as material usage which should be preferred to other ways of waste handling. Micro-particles of recycled rubber affect the mechanical qualities of polymer in which they are dispersed. The paper quantifies cohesive and adhesive properties of the filled epoxy resin. Filling polymers – thermosets with waste fillers saves costs, it does not burden the environment, and it is inexpensive. The results described in this paper can lead to enlarging the application areas of recycled rubbers. As the filler, recycled rubber gained by the process of an ecological disposal of tyres by Gumoeko, s.r.o. (private limited company) was used.

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Wang, You Shan, Wei Wang, Qiang Liu, Zhi Bo Cui, and Jun Wang. "Analysis on the Non-Arrhennius Life Prediction Method of Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 683 (April 2013): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.683.366.

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In the present paper, butadiene rubber is analyzed. The activation energy variation of butadiene rubber material has been studied and found that non-Arrhenius behavior. On this basis, the life prediction model of the rubber sealing material has been established, in which the activation energy is the characterization parameters. The storage lifetime of the conducted rubber seal material has been calculated. Under the same conditions, the storage lifetime are 7 years, while according to the GB the storage life are 20.25 years, with comparing the actual storage of the material life of 3-5 years, could prove more accurate modeling and prediction methods established in this study. This would provide a theoretical basis for more accurate life prediction of rubbers.

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Sukhareva, K. V., I. A. Mikhailov, and E. E. Mastalygina. "Properties of Elastomeric Adhesive Composition Based on Chlorinated Isobutylene Isoprene Rubber Obtained by Mechanochemical Halide Modification." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.308.

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This paper is devoted to the main characteristics of adhesive composites based on chlorinated isobutylene isoprene rubber with different content of chlorine obtained by the novel technology of mechanochemical halide modification of rubbers based on mechanical initiating of the combination reaction of halide in liquid phase. In the work the basic properties characterizing adhesive, protective and paint coatings have been studied with the main focus on dependence of the materials properties on chlorine content in chlorinated isobutylene isoprene rubber used as polymer basis of adhesive compositions under investigation. Based on the study results of the technological properties of elastomeric adhesive composition, the optimal adhesive composition has been recommended.

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Diao, B., A. I. Isayev, and V. Y. Levin. "Basic Study of Continuous Ultrasonic Devulcanization of Unfilled Silicone Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538784.

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Abstract The present paper describes a basic study of the devulcanization of unfilled model silicone rubber vulcanizates using a continuous ultrasonic reactor. The devulcanization was conducted under several processing conditions. Cure behavior, rheological properties, structural characteristics of the devulcanized rubber, and mechanical properties of revulcanized rubbers were studied. Gel fraction and crosslink density measurement indicate that the rubber is partially devulcanized. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results imply that the creation of a branched structure in the network is a possibility after devulcanization. Under the optimal devulcanization condition, the mechanical properties of revulcanized rubber are better than those of the virgin rubber. Devulcanized silicone rubber was also blended with the virgin one. The blends show the same tensile strength and modulus as the virgin rubber but higher elongation.

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Pugacheva, Inna N., Nadezhda S. Nikulina, and Sergey S. Nikulin. "TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECT OF PRODUCTION AND USE OF OIL-OLIGOMERIC ADDITIVE ON BASIS OF SECONDARY OLIGOMERS IN PRODUCTION OF EMULSION RUBBER." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 4-5 (April 17, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186104-05.5688.

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The paper shows the perspective direction of using by-products and wastes of the petrochemical industry in the production of rubber products. It was revealed that oligomers synthesized from petrochemical by-products can be used as promising additives. The technological aspects of the use of additives based on PN-6 oil and its combination with an oligomer synthesized from by-products of polybutadiene production in the technology of obtaining filled emulsion rubbers were studied. It has been found that the best way to combine oligomeric additives with the matrix of synthetic rubbers is to introduce them into latex in the form of dispersions. The influence of coagulants of different nature on the process of emulsion rubber release filled with oil oligomeric anthioxidant dispersion was investigated. It was found that the change in the mass ratio of oil-oligomeric-anthioxidant dispersion components did not significantly affect the consumption of the coagulant used. It has been shown that the introduction of an oil-oligomeric-anthioxidant additive into the elastomeric compositions at the stage of their creation provides an even distribution of the components in the rubber matrix. The effect of manufactured additives on the properties of the resulting composites was estimated. It has been found that vulcanizates obtained on the basis of rubber with a high content of oligomeric component in the composition of the additive have a higher resistance to thermal oxidative aging. Increasing the stability of vulcanizates to the thermal and oxidative effects indicates a decrease in the losses of the antioxidant in the process of obtaining rubbers and elastomeric compositions. It is shown that the introduction of oily oligomerically antioxidant dispersion in latex at the stage of creation of elastomeric compositions makes it possible to improve the technical and economic efficiency and environmental friendliness of their production. Evaluation of the effect of manufactured oligomeric additives on the properties of the resulting composites revealed their multifunctionality.Forcitation:Pugacheva I.N., Nikulina N.S., Nikulin S.S. Technological aspect of production and use of oil-oligomeric additive on basis of secondary oligomers in production of emulsion rubber. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 4-5. P. 105-110

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Zhang, Chuan Wei, Ming Yu Wang, and Ying Ying Wan. "Design of Ultracapacitor-Battery Composite Power System for Coal Mine Trackless Rubber Tyre Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 1116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.1116.

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This paper introduces the characteristics of ultracapacitor, designs the ultracapacitor-battery composite power system of coal mine trackless rubber tyre electric vehicle. Then the composite power system’s structure and working principle are discussed. Moreover, the driving range of coal mine trackless rubber tyre electric vehicle is improved, and this provides the scientific basis and technical basis for coal mine trackless rubber tyre electric vehicle’s application has a certain value.

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Leng, Dingxin, Kai Xu, Liping Qin, Yong Ma, and Guijie Liu. "A Hyper-Elastic Creep Approach and Characterization Analysis for Rubber Vibration Systems." Polymers 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11060988.

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Rubber materials are extensively utilized for vibration mitigation. Creep is one of the most important physical properties in rubber engineering applications, which may induce failure issues. The purpose of this paper is to provide an engineering approach to evaluate creep performance of rubber systems. Using a combination of hyper-elastic strain energy potential and time-dependent creep damage function, new creep constitutive models were developed. Three different time-decay creep functions were provided and compared. The developed constitutive model was incorporated with finite element analysis by user subroutine and its engineering potential for predicting the creep response of rubber vibration devices was validated. Quasi-static and creep experiments were conducted to verify numerical solutions. The time-dependent, temperature-related, and loading-induced creep behaviors (e.g., stress distribution, creep rate, and creep degree) were explored. Additionally, the time–temperature superposition principle was shown. The present work may enlighten the understanding of the creep mechanism of rubbers and provide a theoretical basis for engineering applications.

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Kalistratova, Lyubov F. "Structure and Phase Composition of the Surface Layer of Elastomers Modified by Tungsten Magnetron Sputtering." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Engineering & Technologies 14, no. 5 (August 2001): 572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1999-494x-0334.

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This paper contains the results of studies of the structure and composition of the surface layer of the tungsten coating of a rubber substrate. The rubber substrate is prepared on the basis two rubbers: polychloroprene rubber Denka RS‑40A (Bypass 611) with a mass fraction of 0.70; the rest-BNKS‑28 AMN. The deposition of tungsten on the substrate surface was carried out by magnetron sputtering on the installation «ADVAVAC VSM‑200». Microscopic studies of the surface layer of the samples, decoding of X‑ray images and elemental chemical analysis allowed us to determine the structure and phase composition of the surface layer depending on the time of sputtering of tungsten. It is shown that the surface layer of elastomers has a granular structure, which includes cluster formations of tungsten in the atomic state in the form of a β-modification of tungsten (W5) and individual inclusions of atomic elements that are part of the rubber substrate

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Koibuchi, Hiroshi, Chrystelle Bernard, Jean-Marc Chenal, Gildas Diguet, Gael Sebald, Jean-Yves Cavaille, Toshiyuki Takagi, and Laurent Chazeau. "Monte Carlo Study of Rubber Elasticity on the Basis of Finsler Geometry Modeling." Symmetry 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2019): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11091124.

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Configurations of the polymer state in rubbers, such as so-called isotropic (random) and anisotropic (almost aligned) states, are symmetric/asymmetric under space rotations. In this paper, we present numerical data obtained by Monte Carlo simulations of a model for rubber formulations to compare these predictions with the reported experimental stress–strain curves. The model is defined by extending the two-dimensional surface model of Helfrich–Polyakov based on the Finsler geometry description. In the Finsler geometry model, the directional degree of freedom σ → of the polymers and the polymer position r are assumed to be the dynamical variables, and these two variables play an important role in the modeling of rubber elasticity. We find that the simulated stresses τ sim are in good agreement with the reported experimental stresses τ exp for large strains of up to 1200 % . It should be emphasized that the stress–strain curves are directly calculated from the Finsler geometry model Hamiltonian and its partition function, and this technique is in sharp contrast to the standard technique in which affine deformation is assumed. It is also shown that the obtained results are qualitatively consistent with the experimental data as influenced by strain-induced crystallization and the presence of fillers, though the real strain-induced crystallization is a time-dependent phenomenon in general.

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Matsuzawa, Keita, Yuta Shimizu, Yasuhiro Kakinuma, Tojiro Aoyama, Masaki Yoshino, and Jun Aoto. "D014 Basic Study on the Application of a New Electro-adhesive Rubber for Paper Handling Devices." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2013.7 (2013): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2013.7.515.

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Yang, Ye, Jing Yi Tian, Si Zhang, and Chun Guang Zhang. "Theoretical Model Research of Metal Rubber Material." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 2183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.2183.

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Metal rubber is a kind of pure metal structure of the porous material. The paper, starting from the internal structure of metal rubber, based on the theory of porous, based on dry friction nonlinear theory, establishing the unit model of porous metal rubber material, for the development of product design and application of the metal rubber material to provide a theoretical basis.

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Wang, Bao Min, Wei Liu, and Li Yan Zhao. "An Experimental Research on Basic Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Used Rubber Powder." Key Engineering Materials 477 (April 2011): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.477.239.

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How to deal with used rubber has become a difficult problem worldwide. Adding powdered used tires in certain grain sizes to cement concrete can modify cement concrete, which is also a nuisance-free treatment and rational utilization thereof. In the early stage of research work, the author found that the rubber concrete mixed with fine used rubber powder whose grain diameters are 80, 100, 120 meshes showed a good anti-freeze durability. Based on these, the basic mechanical properties of rubber concrete within that grain size range are studied in this paper. The relations between axial compressive strength and cubic compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and cubic compressive strength are established to provide a design basis for engineering applications.

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13

Wang, Jian Ning, Gang Wu, Wei Yi Xie, Xin De Han, and Ming Chao Gang. "Analysis of Packer Rubber Mechanics Properties." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.380.

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Abstract: The packer rubber stress in the bottom hole is more complex. Based on constitutive model of the packer rubber material, this paper determines such parameters as model constants, Poisson's ratio of rubber materials and elastic modulus by using experimental method, to build up the finite element model of center tube-rubber cylinder-casing for the purpose of stress analysis. Finally, the distribution regularity of rubber cylinder-casing contact stress and packer setting travel distance with varying loads is concluded. The results can provide the theoretical basis for further analysis of packer rubber sealing performance.

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Shi, Pei Cheng, and Yang Min Sun. "Simulation and Test for Nonlinear Dynamic Specialty of Rubber Mounting." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.30.

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On the basis of a newly-built mechanical model of rubber mounting and nonlinear mathematical model, the dynamic characteristics of rubber mounts were simulated and contrastively tested in frequency domain by using simulation software.Results indicate that the nonlinear simulation model of rubber mounts built in this paper can apply to the research of the low and high frequency vibration of rubber mounts.This model can also be applied to the design of rubber mounting products, which has certain engineering application value.

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Nikulina, N., T. Bulatetskaya, N. Patrusheva, L. Vlasova, N. Sannikova, and S. Nikulin. "THE PROSPECT OF USING THE BICOMPONENT COAGULANT OF MOLLASES "SODIUM CHLORIDE" WNEN PRODUCTION OF OIL-FILLED RUBBERS." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 5, no. 9 (October 3, 2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2020-5-9-81-88.

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Currently, special attention is paid to improving the production technology of synthetic rubbers. Synthetic rubbers are in great demand in the tire and rubber industry, in the manufacture of composite materials for various purposes, etc. Every year, the requirements for both the quality of manufactured products and the environmental friendliness of their production are increasing. One of the problematic stages in the production of rubbers by emulsion polymerization is the stage of their separation from latex. The paper considers the possibility of using a bis-compound coagulant consisting of a by-product of beet sugar production of molasses and traditional sodium chloride in the process of obtaining oil-filled rubbers. It was found that the use of this bis-compound coagulant to reduce the agricul-ture stability of synthetic latexes reduces the consumption of coagulating agents by 3-4 times. It is shown that the main coagulating component of molasses is betaines, which are present in its composition. Sodium chloride contributes to the coagulation process by the concentration mechanism, and betaine – by the neutralization mechanism, based on the chemical interaction of surfactant anions with the positively charged ammonium group of the betaine molecule. The use of a bis-compound coagulant reduces environmental pollution by components of the emulsion system. The water phase remaining after the rubber is extracted from latex can be used to prepare a solution of molasses and sulfuric acid. Rubber mixtures prepared on the basis of experimental samples of rubber meet the requirements in terms of their parameters.

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Zhu, Cong Ling, C. H. Zhu, and C. C. Li. "Design of Equipments for Nonlinear Static Experiment of Rubber Damping Materials." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.64.

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In this paper, the static constitutive model of rubber damping materials, the equipment needed in experiment and the method of experiment design optimization are studied, providing new experiment design and theoretical basis for accurate design and application of vehicle rubber damper.

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Wang, Yeqin, Yuan Zhang, Yiguo Deng, Lijiao Wei, and Shengli Liu. "Research and Application of Rubber Tree Quantitative Fertilization System Control Based on PLC." MATEC Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817601013.

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In this paper, the quantitative control method and system control process of the natural rubber forest quantitative fertilization system are introduced on the basis of the demand for the quantitative fertilization of natural rubber forest and the application process of the rubber forest fertilizing machine. The selection of PLC, frequency converter type selection and software design process are described in detail.

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Kumar, P., Y. Fukahori, A. G. Thomas, and J. J. C. Busfield. "Recycled Rubber: The Rubber Granulate - Virgin Rubber Interface." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 80, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548167.

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Abstract Reusing granulates derived from old tire stock and other sources in high tech engineering applications is still considered a high risk option. In addition to ensuring that the granulates are correctly identified, it is important to know how the incorporation of these materials alters the intrinsic flaw size of a finished product and to see how much the strength of the interface between these materials and the virgin materials compares to the basic strength of the virgin stock and the granulates. This paper explores possible techniques that can examine both properties so that an informed evaluation of the effect of reincorporating granulates can be established in practice.

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Abrukov, Viktor S., Konstantin V. Efimov, Nikolai A. Tarasov, and Nikolay I. Kol'tsov. "STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF STABILIZERS ON BURNING OF SILICONE RUBBER WITH HELP ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186101.5559.

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Silicone rubbers are used for manufacturing fireproof insulating sheaths for cables and high voltage insulators. Highly oil-resistant silicone rubber of brand IRP 1338 of JSC “Kazan plant of synthetic caoutchouc” production should be singled out among silicone rubbers. This rubber is made from synthetic caoutchouc SKTV and contains Aerosil A-300, titanium oxide, fumed silica U-333 curing agent Perkadox BC-FF and anti-structuring agent ND-8 - α,ω-polydimethyl-siloxanediol. Previously we investigated the kinetics of combustion process of this rubber containing anti-structuring agent ND-8 as well as Ca/Zn-stabilizer Kompanoks (2,6-bis((3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)cyclohexane-1-one) and their combination which are used to enhance the thermal stability of the rubbers on the basis of carbon-chain caoutchoucs. In given paper using artificial neural networks (ANN) the computational multifactor model of combustion of rubber IRP 1338 has been obtained. The influence of selected stabilizers on the combustion rate of silicone rubber IRP 1338 has been studied. The combustion process was investigated by measuring at different points in time the relative height of the unburned portion of the rubber samples in the form of standard rectangular bars with a size of 10x2x2 mm. Combustion occurred under the action of the infrared beam (wavelength 10.6 μm) of laser LG-25 at three temperatures radiation (800, 900, 1000°C). As the main factors influencing the combustion of rubber, the laser radiation temperature was chosen, under which the forced combustion of rubber occurred. The nature of the stabilizers introduced into the rubber and the combustion temperature of the rubber was measured by a thermocouple placed on the surface of combustion rubber. The objective function of ANN-model was the relative height of the unburned portion of the rubber samples. Moreover, it was believed, the greater the relative height of the unburned portion of the rubber samples, the lower the burning rate and the higher the efficiency of the stabilizer. The received ANN-model has allowed to reveal three stages of combustion of rubber and to investigate features of influence of stabilizers on process of combustion. It was established that from the three stabilizers studied, the Ca/Zn stabilizer most effectively slows down the combustion of rubber due to the interaction of calcium oleates and zinc of this stabilizer with caoutchouc molecules. Thus, the possibility of increasing the fire resistance of rubber based on the silicone rubber SKTV by replacing the anti-structuring agent ND-8 on the Ca/Zn stabilizer has been established.Forcitation:Abrukov V.S., Efimov K.V., Tarasov N.A., Koltsov N.I. Study of influence of stabilizers on burning of silicone rubber with help artificial neural networks. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 1. P. 84-88

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Chen, Qi Dong, Chun Yan He, and Tao Meng. "Experimental Study on Seepage Model of Rubber-Plastic Porous Tube." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.311.

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This paper analyses seepage model of rubber-plastic porous tube by the Darcy law based on its material characteristics. Integrating seepage examinations the seepage law of porous tube was found ,providing theoretical basis for actual application of rubber-plastic porous tube in drip irrigation、aeration and so on .

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Jaszak, Przemysław, Janusz Skrzypacz, and Konrad Adamek. "The design method of rubber-metallic expansion joint." Open Engineering 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0065.

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Abstract The paper present the method of designing a rubber expansion joints, intended for operation in the pressure class 25 bar. During the design used a numerical analysis,which based on the finite element method (FEM). The results from experimental test were used to correctly modeled the rubber or polyamide reinforcement. Basis on the obtained results, the hyperelastic model of the rubber was prepared, then the design of the rubber expansion joint was tested in different load case, i.e tensile or compressive deflection and pressurization.

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Siciński, Mariusz, Ewa Korzeniewska, Mariusz Tomczyk, Ryszard Pawlak, Dariusz Bieliński, Tomasz Gozdek, Karolina Kałuzińska, and Maria Walczak. "Laser-Textured Rubbers with Carbon Nanotube Fillers." Polymers 10, no. 10 (October 2, 2018): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101091.

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This paper describes a method of laser ablation for improving the hydrophobic properties of vulcanized rubber. The treatment was tested on acrylonitrile rubber (NBR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) containing carbon nanotubes and soot as fillers. The surface layer of the vulcanizates was modified using a nanosecond-pulsed laser at 1060 nm wavelength. The parameters of the ablation process were congruent, so no chemical changes in the polymeric material were observed. Evaluation of the surface condition of the laser-textured samples was performed using a Leica MZ6 stereoscopic microscope, operating with MultiScan 8.0 image analysis software. The contact angles were determined for all the samples before and after the surface modification process. Following modification of the surface morphology, with the best parameters of laser ablation, the contact angle increased, reaching 147°, which is very close to the threshold of superhydrophobicity (150°). On the basis of the results from several tests, laser ablation with a fiber-pulsed laser can be considered a very useful method for producing rubbers with superhydrophobic surfaces.

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Wang, Yu, Li Jia Liu, Tian Yu Ma, Cheng Yang Xu, and Duan Yang Hou. "Study on Spring Rubber Parameter Optimization in Damping Boring Bar." Key Engineering Materials 589-590 (October 2013): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.589-590.696.

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Passive dynamic damping system in damping boring bar is made of rubber, damping blocks and damping liquid. These parameters ,which including the elasticity of the spring rubber, the mass of the damping blocks and the characteristic of the damping liquid, will have influence on damping property. This paper mainly studies the influence of spring rubber parameter on damping property. Frequency response curve of spring rubber can be got by simulation, spring rubber static analysis by ANSYS and damping boring bar vibration simulation by ADAMS. After verification by simulation, the model and resolving method of parameters can provide theoretical basis of actual application and design.

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Liu, Jian Hua. "Study on the Dynamic Lubrication Characteristics of Water Lubricated Rubber Bearing." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3707.

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Adopted the coupling method and considered the elastic deformation，the paper did the numerical calculation for a water lubrication rubber bearing used horizontal installation. And by means of the finite element analysis software, the nonlinear contact was studied. The results of water film pressure, water film thickness, carrying capacity and deformation of rubber bush are analysed, and draw some useful conclusions. The results provide design basis and reference information for the dynamic calculation to rubber bearing.

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Kloppenburg, H., D. Hardy, A. Lucassen, T. Groß, J. Kroll, and A. Lissy. "Processing Behaviour of High-cis Polybutadiene in Rubber Compounds." International Polymer Science and Technology 37, no. 6 (June 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1003700601.

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Compounding and extrusion are critical steps in the production of rubber compounds of a reliable quality within a given timeframe and hence at a reasonable cost. The materials used - including the rubber types -are varied in order to obtain improvements in product performance. One of the most important of the synthetic rubbers is neodymium polybutadiene (NdBR) which, because of its exceptional microstructure and macrostructure, offers outstanding properties. Through the use of high-cis NdBR, marked improvements have been obtained in end products in terms of dynamic performance and good fatigue and wear characteristics. At the same time, however, the processing behaviour of this type of rubber requires adjustments to be made at the compounding and extrusion stage. This can lead to problems in the handling of the milled sheet and profiles, resulting for example in severe surface roughness or die swell. In extreme cases the benefits of NdBR can be masked altogether if no adjustments are made to the processing stages. This paper presents countermeasures to improve the processability of NdBR by adapting the compounding and extrusion conditions to its specific requirements. The ratio of viscosity and elasticity is specific to each type of rubber and therefore requires individual adjustment of the processing conditions. We show that under appropriately adjusted conditions, even using NdBR grades with the highest molecular weights (e.g. Buna CB22), short compounding times and smooth milled sheets and extrusion profiles with a glossy surface can be obtained. Under these conditions neodymium polybutadiene rubbers provide a basis for an ideal combination of excellent material properties and improved processing behaviour. The positive characteristics of NdBR are retained when it is used in blended rubbers such as an SSBR/BR blend. The rules regarding the optimisation of process conditions for pure NdBR systems apply here too.

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Chen, Yun Xin. "Bridge with Lead Rubber Bearing Finite Element Analysis Based on ANSYS." Advanced Materials Research 937 (May 2014): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.937.428.

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In this paper, using finite element analysis software, the bridge with lead rubber bearing are analyzed, using parametric technology combined with finite element simulation, the parametric modeling and solving complex combination structure. After the analysis, the stiffness matrix of different parameters of the lead rubber bearing, provides a numerical basis for the overall quantitative analysis for bridges.

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Zhang, Zhiqiang, Wenlin Wang, Cheng Feng, Peng He, Jingcheng Yang, Zhensheng Wu, and Haitao Yang. "Research on Aging Dielectric Properties and Physical Testing of Electric Vehicle Insulating Silicone Rubber under First Principles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022007.

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Abstract Aiming at the aging problem of insulating silicone rubber for new energy vehicles, this paper studies the equations of the aging of silicone rubber and its dielectric properties based on first-principles calculations. First, through the analysis of the microscopic mechanism of silicone rubber aging, the equations of the aging of silicone rubber and the rupture of the molecular main chain is obtained. Then the equations of silicone rubber molecular length and dielectric constant are solved by density functional theory. Ultimate, a molecular chain scission model of silicone rubber was built, and the micro-dielectric relationship was extended to the macroscopic level. The equation of the norm molecular length of silicone rubber and the dielectric constant is obtained. It provides an important theoretical basis for the aging detection of insulating silicone rubber for new energy vehicles based on electromagnetic waves.

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Gu, Cheng Zhong, Xin Yue Wu, and Ping Hao Zhang. "Experimental of Energy Dissipation Characteristics of Metal Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.194.

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The metal rubber is a kind of material for vibration control. In this paper, experimental research on characteristics of energy dissipation of metal rubber is exploited, and the relation between metal rubber stiffness and the amplitude of relative density and load. The relative between relative density and characteristics of energy dissipation is researched, in the excitation of displacement and load respectively. By comparing variation of the deformation and load with time, we found that the cycle of deformation and load is the same, but the deformation is still lag behind load. The research provided a basis for the application of metal rubber.

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Fu, Ping. "Double-Rotor Continuous Mixer Mixing Rubber Components of a Computer Simulation Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 665 (October 2014): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.665.597.

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In this paper, using the finite element software of ADINA to analyze and simulate the meshing rotor element of the double rotor in the block rubber continuous mixer in the computer, the paragraphs games pressure, viscosity, shear stress field are analyzed. Through simulation analysis we found that mesh mixing rotor element type in rubber mixing process has strong shear, tensile, compression, stirring, mixing and the axial reciprocating cutting action on the rubber, realize the better dispersion and distribution mixing all kinds of material, reached good mixing effect. Rubber mixing rotor continuous component of three dimensional flow field’s simulation provides reliable theoretical basis and technical parameters for optimal design of rubber mixing rotor.

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Frydrych, Iwona, Feng Xu, Qing Duo Duan Mu, Li Juan Li, Ding Yang, and Baolin Xia. "Nondestructive Evaluation of Rubber Composites Using Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 26, no. 1(127) (February 28, 2018): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7799.

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In recent years, with the progress of science, more and more detection methods are being used in various fields. However, the nondestructive testing of nonmetallic materials still needs further study. In this paper, an analysis of the time domain characteristics of rubber materials using terahertz detection technology was carried out, obtaining different defect rubber material spectral characteristics as well as imaging results and data. The results show that the THz spectrum imaging technique can detect the thickness of rubber material in the 0.1 ~ 4.0 terahertz band, and the image is clear and the resolution high. Meanwhile the time domain waveform obtained is sensitive to the debonding defects of the sample rubber, is suitable for judging the overall performance of the rubber inner defect detection, and can provide the scientific basis for rubber material performance.

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31

Aleshchenko, V. V., and I. A. Eychler. "RAW RESOURCES’ FORMATION RESEARCH IN THE BUSINESS PROCESS OF RUBBER PRODUCTION." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 15, no. 6 (January 11, 2019): 934–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2018-6-934-945.

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Introduction. The paper presents the thesis about the advantages of the process approach in the development of measures aimed at improving the efficiency of rubber products, using rubber-containing waste as raw materials. In addition, the insufficiency of existing approaches to the definition of business processes using typical raw materials, on the basis of which the author’s definition of the business process is proposed, is substantiated. The main approaches to improving the efficiency of such business processes is formulated, defined on the construction of the participants’ interaction system to meet their basic requirements. Moreover, the importance of studying the information space is highlighted, in which the formation of business processes is displayed.Materials and methods. The research of the influence of information space on the formation of business processes for the production of rubber is carried out on the basis of such methods as the analysis of industry statistics, the study of legal acts that determine various aspects of the functioning of production and economic systems. The determination of the current state of the information space requires the research of materials of the state statistics service, marketing agencies and large enterprises of the rubber industry, using worn rubber products as raw materials. The requirements of suppliers of raw materials are also determined by an expert survey.Results. As a result, the list of the main participants and the main requirements are identified. The authors show the significant impact of the resource factor on the efficiency of business processes for the rubber production. Therefore, The authors present the model of the participants’ interaction at the stage of collecting raw materials.Discussion and conclusions. The list of the main factors hindering the development of the rubber products production is determined and ways to overcome the negative impact of factors by reviewing the mechanism of the business processes formation are considered.

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Ding, R., and A. I. Leonov. "An Approach to Chemorheology of a Filled SBR Compound." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 361–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538808.

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Abstract Three steps in complex chemorheological studies are necessary for complete rheological characterization of filled rubbers during cross-linking reaction. They include: (i) kinetic studies of cross-linking reaction, (ii) rheological studies of green rubber compounds, and (iii) correlation between the rheological parameters and the degree of cure. Basic experiments in the steps (i)–(iii) and their modeling are presented in this paper on the example of a filled SBR compound with sulfur accelerated vulcanization. The approach provides a unique possibility to trace therheological properties of rubber compounds from the green to completely cured states.

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Chang, Wen-Zhi, Fei Du, Jian-Gang Bi, Shuai Yuan, Yan-Peng Gong, and Yuan Yang. "Assessment of creeping discharge initiated by metal particles on the silicone rubber/XLPE interface in cable joints." Journal of Electrical Engineering 70, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2019-0068.

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Abstract Creeping breakdown caused by metal particles on the silicone rubber/XLPE interface of prefabricated cable joints often happens. Study on the development process of such insulation defect-led partial discharge (PD) can serve as a basis for the assessment of its severity level. In this paper, metal particles are sandwiched on the rubber/XLPE interface of a 35 kV prefabricated cable joint to simulate a creeping defect.

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Ye, Pei, Chang He Wu, and Zhan Fang Liu. "Dynamic Compressive Properties of Vulcanized Rubber Material from a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Experiment in Rubber Manufacturing." Advanced Materials Research 583 (October 2012): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.583.318.

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In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the dynamic mechanic properties of vulcanized rubber material which is used for industrial structure. A split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) is utilized to obtain uniaxial compression response of the vulcanized rubber material under different strain-rate and temperatures loading conditions. The stress-strain curves under different conditions are obtained, which can be used as a basis for the data analysis procedure. It is found that the dynamic compressive strength of vulcanized rubber improves with the increase of strain-rate. And it is also significantly higher at low temperature than that at normal temperature，which is opposite from stiffness. Vulcanized rubber exhibits excellent superelasticity at temperature of -40°C that is noted as well.

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Lv, Jing, Tianhua Zhou, Kunlun Li, and Kai Sun. "Shrinkage Properties of Self-Compacting Rubber Lightweight Aggregate Concrete: Experimental and Analytical Studies." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 4059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244059.

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The shrinkage properties of self-compacting rubber lightweight aggregate concrete (SCRLC) were investigated by experimental and analytical studies in this paper. Rubber particles were used to substitute the sand in SCRLC by volume and rubber particles substitution percentages were 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The experimental results showed that the shrinkage strains of SCRLC increased with an increase of rubber particles substitution percentage. On the basis of China Academy of Building Research model and experimental data, a predictive model for describing the shrinkage strains of SCRLC was established. After analytical study, it was revealed that rubber particles substitution percentage of 80% in SCRLC might be the upper limit of substitution percentage; if the rubber particles substitution percentage was larger than 80%, the shrinkage strains of SCRLC would exceed the limiting value stipulated in JGJ51-2002 and the durability of SCRLC would drop to a worse status.

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Wang, Chuang, Qing Sun, Kang Lei, Chi Chen, Lixiao Yao, and Zongren Peng. "Effect of Toughening with Different Liquid Rubber on Dielectric Relaxation Properties of Epoxy Resin." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020433.

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Liquid rubber is a common filler introduced to epoxy resin to improve its toughness for electrical insulation and electronic packaging applications. The improvement of toughness by adding liquid rubber to epoxy resin leads to the variation of its dielectric properties and relaxation behaviors and it has not been systematically studied yet. In this paper, four kinds of liquid rubber with different polarity were selected and the corresponding epoxy/liquid rubber composites have been prepared. By analyzing the temperature and frequency dependence of dielectric spectra, we found that a lower relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the epoxy/liquid rubber composites could be achieved by reducing the polarity of liquid rubber filler. These results also confirm that the polarity of liquid rubber plays a critical role in determining the α transition relaxation strength of rubber molecules at about −50 °C, as well as the relaxation time of interfacial polarization. In addition, the conductivity of rubber phase with different polarity were investigated by studying the apparent activation energy of interfacial polarization calculated from the Arrhenius plot. This study can provide a theoretical basis for designing high-performance epoxy/liquid rubber composite insulating materials for industrial use.

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Zhang, Fuying, Xiangmin Jiang, Honghao Wang, Nana Song, Jianlei Chen, and Jingying Duan. "Mechanical analysis of sealing performance for compression packer rubber tube." Mechanics & Industry 19, no. 3 (2018): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2017045.

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The compression packer rubber is one of the core components of the packer. According to the sealing mechanism of the compression packers rubber, the deformation of rubber between the central tube and casing tube is analyzed in the initial and working stages. The compression rubber is also strained radially against the support ring by means of a controlled tubular expansion process. In this paper, the theoretical model for the deformation analysis is established by the structure and working characteristics of rubber tube. In addition, the nonlinear relationship between the material, geometry and stress in the constrained and stable deformation stages is analyzed by application of pressure methods. The analytical results show the contact pressure and shear stress distribution on the sealing surface of the rubber and the effect of rubber geometry and its material properties on sealing performance in terms of maximum sealing pressure. Then, the criterion of sealing performance evaluation of the rubber is established by the numerical results. This analytical model will provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the structural design of the compression packer rubber and it will be of great significance to improve the sealing performance and reliability of packer rubber.

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38

Borsacchi, Silvia, Umayal Sudhakaran, Lucia Calucci, Francesca Martini, Elisa Carignani, Massimo Messori, and Marco Geppi. "Rubber-Filler Interactions in Polyisoprene Filled with In Situ Generated Silica: A Solid State NMR Study." Polymers 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080822.

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In this paper we used high- and low-resolution solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques to investigate a series of polyisoprene samples filled with silica generated in situ from tetraethoxysilane by sol-gel process. In particular, 1H spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times allowed us to get insights into the dynamic properties of both the polymer bulk and the bound rubber, and to obtain a comparative estimate of the amount of bound rubber in samples prepared with different compositions and sol-gel reaction times. In all samples, three fractions with different mobility could be distinguished by 1H T2 and ascribed to loosely bound rubber, polymer bulk, and free chain ends. The amount of bound rubber was found to be dependent on sample preparation, and it resulted maximum in the sample showing the best dispersion of silica domains in the rubber matrix. The interpretation of the loosely bound rubber in terms of “glassy” behaviour was discussed, also on the basis of 1H T1 and T1ρ data.

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39

Tikhov-Tinnikov, D. A., V. S. Baradiev, A. I. Fedotov, and A. V. Alekseev. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE FUNCTIONING PROCESS OF A RUBBER BUSHING ON THE HOOKE AND SAINT-VENANT ELEMENTS’ BASIS." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 16, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2019-6-706-716.

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Introduction. Rubber bushings are important parts of the spring systems of modern vehicles. The properties determine not only the comfort of car movement, but also affect the elastic suspension characteristics. When a bushing is deformed, linear sections appear in characteristics. It is advisable to describe such characteristics using a mathematical model based on the classical elements of Hooke and Saint-Venant. The paper presents a mathematical description of the bushing simulation functioning results, accuracy of approach, areas of application of the mathematical model.Materials and methods. The initial data was the experimental characteristic of a cylindrical automobile rubber bushing, obtained in harmonic mode at the 0.03 to 51 Hz frequency and the 0.4 to 10 mm amplitude. The force balance of the two Hooke elements and one Saint-Venant element interacting with each other determined the mathematical model description. The authors carried out the calculations using numerical and optimization methods.Results. As a result, the authors determined functions characterizing the change in the parameters of the Hooke and Saint-Venant elements from the rubber bushings’ deformation amplitude. Moreover, the authors calculated power characteristics in the form of dependences of the rubber bushing effort and also found quantitative indicators of the reliability of the experimental data approximation by the developed mathematical model.Discussion and conclusions. The analysis of the operating modes shows the possibility of the model application to describe the rubber bushing functioning in a stationary harmonic mode with small and medium strain amplitudes. The simulation results of the Hooke’s and Saint-Venant’s parameters reveals the theoretical prerequisites for the possibility of using the model to calculate the bushing force in an unsteady mode.The authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

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Yao, Zhong Ping, Zhen Bei Chen, Gong Liang Zhang, and Meng Li. "Research on Large Partical Size and Porous Rubber Modified Asphalt Mixture Repairing Techniques Used in “White and Black” Pavement." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.386.

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The paper Introduces the structure composition and performance characteristics of the large partical size and porous rubber modified asphalt mixture, analyses the road performance of mixtures, on the basis of the characteristics of higher proportion of coarse aggregate and poriness, puts forward the practical and feasible construction scheme. It will be a beneficial exploration for the development and application of the large partical size and porous rubber modified asphalt mixture in the "white and black" pavement structure.

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Wang, Chuan Sheng, Qing Guo Xie, and Hui Guang Bian. "Research of Low-Temperature Regeneration of Waste EPDM." Key Engineering Materials 501 (January 2012): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.501.311.

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In this paper, the research of regeneration of waste EPDM has been done on the basis of a lot of reading of literature and collecting of information. It has neither the pollution of gas emission during the recycling of rubber in dynamic desulfurization tank under high temperature and pressure, nor the high energy consuming during the recycling of rubber using regenerant under normal temperature and pressure. Eventually, the regeneration of waste EPDM under low-temperature became a reality.

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Li, Yu Yan, Xie Qing Huang, and Fu Lin Li. "Prediction for Constitutive Relationship of Metallic Rubber with Various Parameters by BP Neural Net." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 3705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.3705.

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Constitutive relationship of metallic rubber was nonlinear. Considering the constitutive relationship’s complication and BP neural net’s good ability to dispose of nonlinearity, it was necessary that constitutive relationship of metallic rubber on basis of BP neural net was studied. In this paper, coefficients of constitutive relationship for metallic rubber were studied and trained by BP neural net for the two conditions, in which shape factor is only various, density and shape factor are both various, and then coefficients of constitutive relationship were obtained. Coefficients from net prediction were compared with coefficients from experimental data fitted, and they had better consistence. It was proved that prediction for constitutive relationship of metallic rubber by BP neural net was reasonable for the two conditions, in which shape factor is only various, density and shape factor are both various.

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43

Du, X. W., W. Qu, Z. M. Wan, H. Ma, M. Yao, and J. Y. Jiang. "Reinforcing Function of Polymer Cords Embedded in Rubber under Compression." Tire Science and Technology 20, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139519.

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Abstract Whether polymer cords embedded in rubber under compression have a reinforcing function is still an important question in the analysis of tire structures. In this paper, on the basis of experimental results, it is confirmed that polymer cords embedded in rubber present some stiffness, thus playing a reinforcing role to a certain extent. When the cord volume fraction in the cord-rubber composite is sufficiently large, the reinforcing function of the polymer cords is so significant that the properties of the cord-rubber composite are mainly influenced by those of the cord. When the compressive stress reaches a certain value, the cord-rubber composite specimen yields by buckling if the cord volume fraction is large enough and the cord angle is within a certain small range. The buckling stress, which may be considered to be a failure stress, decreases with an increase in temperature. On the other hand, the effect of the cord angle on the buckling stress is found to be insignificant.

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Liu, Huandui, Haiming Liu, Wenyun Ding, and Hongtao Xie. "Dynamic Characteristics of the Rubber-Tailings Mixture Based on Dynamic Triaxial Test." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (December 19, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6653385.

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The liquefaction of tailings is a common failure mode under earthquake actions. The traditional treatment measures of waste rubber have the disadvantages of environmental pollution and occupying soil resources. The combined treatment of waste rubber and tailings is very likely to have important engineering application and theoretical value, and the dynamic characteristics of the rubber-tailings mixture (RTM) are essential and indispensable for handling them together. In this paper, the dynamic triaxial test was used to study the dynamic mechanical characteristics of the RTM. The test was divided into 5 groups with 54 valid samples. The effects of the rubber particle size, rubber content, consolidation pressure, pH value, and soaking time on the dynamic characteristics of the RTM were studied and discussed. The results show that the liquefaction cycle number of the RTM is 50% higher than that of tailings, and the particle cluster effect theory of the RTM is put forward. It will provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the treatment of the waste rubber and tailings.

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Hadzima-Nyarko, Marijana, Emmanuel Karlo Nyarko, Naida Ademović, Ivana Miličević, and Tanja Kalman Šipoš. "Modelling the Influence of Waste Rubber on Compressive Strength of Concrete by Artificial Neural Networks." Materials 12, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040561.

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One of the major causes of ecological and environmental problems comes from the enormous number of discarded waste tires, which is directly connected to the exponential growth of the world’s population. In this paper, previous works carried out on the effects of partial or full replacement of aggregate in concrete with waste rubber on some properties of concrete were investigated. A database containing 457 mixtures with partial or full replacement of natural aggregate with waste rubber in concrete provided by different researchers was formed. This database served as the basis for investigating the influence of partial or full replacement of natural aggregate with waste rubber in concrete on compressive strength. With the aid of the database, the possibility of achieving reliable prediction of the compressive strength of concrete with tire rubber is explored using neural network modelling.

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46

Seibert, D. J., and N. Schöche. "Direct Comparison of Some Recent Rubber Elasticity Models." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 366–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547597.

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Abstract The paper compares the Arruda—Boyce model, the van der Waals model and the Reduced Polynomial model—a generic class of polynomial models of which Yeoh's cubic model is a special case—in their ability to predict multiaxial deformation states on the basis of uniaxial measurements. These models are reviewed in the light of novel experimental data, giving ample space to the derivation of the equations needed for optimization of the material parameters. The technological relevance of these findings is exemplified in the finite element analysis (FEA) of a complex membrane.

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Su, Chi-Wei, Lu Liu, Ran Tao, and Oana-Ramona Lobonţ. "Do natural rubber price bubbles occur?" Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 2 (February 27, 2019): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/151/2018-agricecon.

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In this paper, we employ the Generalized Supremum Augmented Dickey-Fuller test in order to identify the existence of multiple bubbles in natural rubber. This approach is practical for the using of time series and identifies the beginning and end points of multiple bubbles. The results reveal that there are five bubbles, where exist the divergences between natural rubber prices and their basic values on account of market fundamentals. The five bubbles are related to imbalance between supply and demand, inefficiencies of smallholders market, oil prices, exchange rate and climatic changes through analyses. Thus, the corresponding authorities are supposed to identify bubbles and consider their evolutions, which is beneficial to the stability of natural rubber price.

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Stelescu, Maria Daniela. "Polymer Composites Based on Plasticized PVC and Vulcanized Nitrile Rubber Waste Powder for Irrigation Pipes." ISRN Materials Science 2013 (August 19, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/726121.

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The paper presents the technique of production and characterization of polymer composites based on plasticized PVC and rubber powder from vulcanized nitrile rubber waste. The new polymer composites have lower hardness, higher elongation at break, a better tensile strength, and better ozone resistance, and the blend suitable for irrigations pipes for agricultural use was selected. The selected polymer composites have a good behavior under accelerated aging, repeated flexion at room temperature and at low temperature (−20°C), a very good behavior for immersion in water, concentrated acid and basis, animal fat, soya, and sun flower oil, proving their suitability for gaskets, hoses, protection equipment, rubber footwear, and so forth. The resulted thermoplastic polymer composites can be processed by injection, extrusion, and compression molding.

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Tatara, Y. "On Compression of Rubber Elastic Sphere Over a Large Range of Displacements—Part 1: Theoretical Study." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 113, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2903407.

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This paper presents one general theory of large elastic deformations of a rubber sphere in simple compression, as the removal of restrictions of the constant Young modulus and small deformation in the prevailing Hertzian theory in contact of elastic bodies. It derives a set of five equations associated with approach, radii of contact surface without and with lateral extension of free surface, the lateral extensive displacement on the contact surface and the position of the contact surface in a very large range of applied forces, on the basis of the Hertz theory (half-space elastic body model) with an extensive term, in consideration of the rubber-elastic nonlinear elasticity, the lateral extension and the symmetry of the deformed shape of the rubber sphere. In Part 2 it is shown that results calculated by the set of the equations fit experimental data for a rubber sphere.

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Zubova, N. O., V. V. Somov, and G. V. Loshmanova. "THE BASIC MANUFACTURING WAYS OF THE SEALS AND STAMPS CLICHE." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 17 (November 29, 2017): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2017.27.

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The basic ways of manufacturing of the seals and stamps cliche which prints meet now on documents are considered. The seals (stamps) concern them made: 1) by an engraving directly on metal (thuspainting substance is not used, and on a paper the relief print is formed); 2) by vulcanization of rubber with use of type-setting fonts or linotype sets; 3) with use regilon and termoflon; 4) way of vulcanization of rubber from the matrixes received by milling; 5) with use of microporous rubber in the block with a stamp pillow. The resulted ways of manufacturing of the seals cliche are labour-consuming, include many stages and have not received distribution to Ukraine. Today in Ukraine the most widespread are such ways of manufacturing of the seals and stamps cliche: a photopolymeric way; a way of a laser engraving of rubber; manufacturing of the seals and stamps from microporous rubber on flesh-technology. The photopolymeric printing form receive by image copying on a layer of a material which fotopolymerize and forms the image, with the subsequent washing away not polymerizing sites. In a way of a laser engraving of rubber energy is applied to formation of relief images on a cliche powerful, is thin the focused laser beam. Manufacturing of the seals and stamps with flesh-technology use is based on reproduction of the image of a breadboard model on special microporous thermosensitive rubber at its roasting. Microporous rubber becomes impregnated with a stamp paint which by pressing a cliche through an open time is squeezed out on a paper and forms a print. Comparison of manufacturing ways of the seals and stamps cliche allows to draw a conclusion that the photopolymeric way is today the most simple, cheap, fast and accessible.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Paper basis for rubber'

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