Relevant bibliographies by topics / Papacy – History – 19th century

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Papacy – History – 19th century'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Papacy – History – 19th century"

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Pilch, Jeremy. "Vladimir Solov’ev and the 19th-Century Pioneers of Catholic-Orthodox Reunion." Downside Review 135, no. 1 (January 2017): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0012580616684413.

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This article examines the life and work of the Russian thinker Vladimir Solov’ev (1853-1900) and his involvement in a circle of Catholics committed to the work of Catholic-Orthodox re-union in the late-nineteenth century. It analyses the intellectual influences on his thought in the early 1880s when he became an apologist for the Papacy and the work of reunion. Particular attention is given to the Catholic sources which helped shape Solov’ev’s views. Solov’ev’s own position on the reunion is considered, especially in the light of his relationship with Bishop Strossmayer. Other Catholic friendships are also examined, including those with the Jesuit priests Pirling and Martynov, the Russian convert Princess Volkonsky, and the French journalist Eugene Tavernier. In addition, the importance of lesser known figures such as the Barnabite Fr Tondini and the Polish Jesuit Marian Morawski is explored, as is Solov’ev’s reception of communion from the Byzantine-rite Catholic priest, Fr Nikolai Tolstoi. Far from being an isolated pioneer, Solov’ev emerges as one of a closely connected circle of Catholics committed to Catholic-Orthodox reunion.
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JOHN, SIMON. "The Papacy and the Establishment of the Kingdoms of Jerusalem, Sicily and Portugal: Twelfth-Century Papal Political Thought on Incipient Kingship." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 68, no. 2 (February 9, 2017): 223–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046916000622.

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This article examines the political thought of the twelfth-century papacy, considering how popes of this era responded to the establishment of the kingdoms of Jerusalem, Sicily and Portugal. It compares the intellectual strategies used by popes to justify why these three polities were kingdoms rather than any other type of political unit. It is suggested that, to make their cases, popes advanced a range of arguments, many of which echoed the political ideas of Gregory VII. The article concludes by linking its findings to the wider question of how the twelfth-century papacy responded to the expansion of Latin Christendom.
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Driel, Lodewijk van. "19th-century linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 15, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 155–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.09dri.

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Summary In this paper an attempt has been made to draw a picture of linguistics in the Netherlands during the 19th century. The aim of this survey is to make clear that the influence of German linguistics on Dutch works of the period is characteristic of the development of Dutch linguistics in that century. Emphasis has been placed on the period 1800–1870; three traditions are distinguished: First of all there is the tradition of prescriptive grammar and language instruction. Next attention is drawn to the tradition of historical-comparative linguistics. Finally, by about the middle of the century, the linguistic views of German representatives of general grammar become prominent in Dutch school grammars. Successively we point to the reception by the schoolmasters of K. F. Becker’s (1775–1849) work; then Taco Roorda (1801–1874) is discussed, and the relationship between L. A. te Winkel (1809–1868) and H. Steinthal (1823–1899) is presented. In conjunction with Roorda’s work on Javanese the analysis of the so-called exotic languages is mentioned, an aspect of Dutch linguistics in the 19th century closely connected with the Dutch East Indies. It is obvious that the German theme is one of the most conspicuous common elements in 19th-century Dutch linguistics, as Dutch intellectuals in many respects took German culture as a model.
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Wilson, Robin. "19th-Century Mathematical Physics." Mathematical Intelligencer 40, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-018-9836-0.

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Rockenbach, Stephen, and William L. Barney. "A Companion to 19th-Century America." Journal of Southern History 74, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27650332.

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Kahlow, Andreas. "Materials in 19th century Germany." History and Technology 7, no. 3-4 (July 1991): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341519108581779.

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Nicholls, E. Henry. "Snaphots of 19th-century science." Endeavour 29, no. 3 (September 2005): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2005.07.003.

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Moore, R. "Reform and the Papacy in the Eleventh Century: Spirituality and Social Change." English Historical Review CXXI, no. 494 (December 1, 2006): 1516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cel324.

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FORRESTAL, ALISON. "Making Bishops in Tridentine France: The Episcopal Ideal of Jean-Pierre Camus." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 54, no. 2 (April 2003): 254–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002204690200564x.

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The experience of Jean-Pierre Camus, a reforming bishop in seventeenth-century France, highlights the problematic ambivalences present within French Catholic reform after the Council of Trent: the persistent tensions between bishops, the papacy and lower clergy over the most effective means of achieving renewal and the most appropriate forms of ecclesiastical government, as well as the growing emphasis upon episcopal perfection within an episcopate that was, paradoxically, closely linked to politics and secular society. His publications on episcopacy provide an insight into the motivations and beliefs of a prominent episcopal reformer and into the ecclesiastical culture of seventeenth-century France. This article seeks to demonstrate that Camus' episcopal ideal was a coherent adaptation of traditional and contemporary views produced in response to post-Trent circumstances and that the bishop's published views had a significant impact upon his fellow prelates and their relationship with the papacy.
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Battaner Moro, Elena. "A 19th-century speaking machine." Historiographia Linguistica 34, no. 1 (June 18, 2007): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.34.1.03bat.

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Summary The Tecnefón is a speaking machine developed in Spain in the 1860s by Severino Pérez y Vázquez. Pérez’s main book on the Tecnefón was published in 1868. Within the context of speaking machines designed from the 18th century onwards, the Tecnefón is built on an acoustical basis; hence it is different from W. von Kempelen’s device, which tried to ‘replicate’ the phonatory system. The Tecnefón has three main parts: a drum that generates sound (the source), an air chamber to hold such sound, and a set of tubes, chambers, and other artefacts propelled by a keyboard. Pérez created a prototype of a speaking machine that performed five vowels and six consonants, so it could ‘speak’ many sentences in Spanish. To this he added accent and intonation with a lever. However, the Tecnefón was never finished due to institutional circumstances that prevented Pérez from pursuing his research.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Papacy – History – 19th century"

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Silva, Ana Carolina Feracin da. "De "papa-peculios" a tigre da abolição : a trajetoria de Jose do Patrocionio nas ultimas decadas do seculo XIX." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280643.

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Orientador: Maria Clementina Pereira Cunha
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T19:29:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_AnaCarolinaFeracinda_D.pdf: 8854133 bytes, checksum: a8eacb45bf03f1b3e991c4b6780f42c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: Esta tese estuda a trajetória social do jornalista José Carlos do Patrocínio (1854- 1905). Reconhecido como um dos baluartes da clli.ilpanha abolicionista na corte imperial, Patrocínio teve uma vida intensa e basta 11te at..ribulada no mundo da imprensa do fim do século XIX. Além de jornalista, folhetinista, e cronista político, ele também foi proprietário e editor de dois jornais da Corte entre as décadas de 1880-1890. Profundamente envolvido nas questões políticas e sociais de seu tempo e inserido em várias polêmicas, Patrocínio é uma çhave de acesso à problematização e compreensão de algumas circunstâncias históricas do período. Além de todo debate em torno da abolição e da campanha pela república, a experiência pessoal de Patrocínio torna-se o próprio foco de análise. Desta maneira, um dos principais objetivos da pesquisa é recuperar e tentar compreender os caminhos efetivamente percorridos e os possíveis de serem trilhados por um jovem negro, pobre, f1lho de um vigário com uma de suas escravas, num mundo marcado pelo trabalho compulsório. Por outro lado, a análise também se volta a atravessar o denso cipoal de imagens que se cristalizou sobre Patrocínio ao longo de um processo de embates e acomodações da memória. Neste sentido, atenção especial tem sido dedicada às principais biografias e memórias sobre ele de forma a entender os mecanismos pelos quais a sua legenda "abolicionista" ficou perenizada em tais obras - sendo recorrente também na histo.riografia
Abstract: This essay studies the social path of the journalist José Carlos do Patrocínio (1853- 1905). Recognized as one of the epitomes of the abolítionist campaign in the imperial court, Patrocínio had an intense and complicated lífe within the press world in the end of the 19th centur.y. Besides being a journalist, a political critic, and writing feuilletons, he was also the owner and editor of two newspapers between the 1880's and 1890's. Profoundly involved both in the polítical and social questions of his time and in some polemical issues, Patrocínio is a key to access, I and comprehend some historical circumstances of that period. This analysis focuses not only on the debate on the abolition and campaign for the republic, but also - and main1y - on the personal experience of Patrocínio. Therefore, one of the core issues of the research is to recover and try to understand the paths that were effectively traced afid the possible ones to be followed by a poor, young, black son of a vicar and one of his slaves in a world marked by compulsory work. Gn the other hand, this thesis also aims at analysing a myriad of crystallized images about Patrocínioduring a process of contests and accommodations of memory. Gn this mater, a special attention was dedicated to the main bibliographic works and memories about him in a way to understand the mechanisms by which his "abolitionist" legend was eternalized on such works - being recovered also in the historiography
Doutorado
Historia Social
Doutor em História
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Mayo-Bobee, Dinah. "Shaping the Nation: Early 19th Century America." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/731.

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Heron, Jason Andrew. "The Analogia Communitatis: Leo XIII and the Modern Quest for Fraternity." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1481178007118711.

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Bloom, Kelly. "Orientalism in French 19th Century Art." Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/477.

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Thesis advisor: Jeffery Howe
The Orient has been a mythical, looming presence since the foundation of Islam in the 7th century. It has always been the “Other” that Edward Said wrote about in his 1979 book Orientalism. The gulf of misunderstanding between the myth and the reality of the Near East still exists today in the 21st century. Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798 and the subsequent colonization of the Near East is perhaps the defining moment in the Western perception of the Near East. At the beginning of modern colonization, Napoleon and his companions arrived in the Near East convinced of their own superiority and authority; they were Orientalists. The supposed superiority of Europeans justified the colonization of Islamic lands. Said never specifically wrote about art; however, his theories on colonialism and Orientalism still apply. Linda Nochlin first made use of them in her article “The Imaginary Orient” from 1983. Artists such as Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Eugène Delacroix and Jean-Léon Gérôme demonstrate Said's idea of representing the Islamic “Other” as a culturally inferior and backward people, especially in their portrayal of women. The development of photography in the late 19th century added another dimension to this view of the Orient, with its seemingly objective viewpoint
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Fine Arts
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Schulz, Carsten-Andreas. "On the standing of states : Latin America in nineteenth-century international society." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05459d05-0dfa-4220-bbdc-42e3df63d71a.

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The present dissertation offers a critical examination of the place accorded to Latin American states in the English School account of the expansion of international society. It pursues two aims. First, the study contributes to understanding the nature and scope of international order, and its historical transformation over the course of the 'long nineteenth century'. Because of the profound impact that European colonization had on the region, the English School has conventionally treated the entry of Latin American states into international society as an unproblematic historical fact achieved with diplomatic recognition in the 1820s. The crucial cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, however, indicate that more attention needs to the paid to the hierarchical nature of the international order. The central argument of this historical-comparative study posits that the three Latin American states were recognized diplomatically, but they were not regarded as fully-fledged members of the community of 'civilized' states. Second, the dissertation examines the implications of hierarchy in international politics. Building on a critique of the legal-formalist conception of 'standing' in English School theorizing, three ideal-typical dimensions of international stratification are identified: the distribution of material capabilities (stature), the function states perform in international society (role), and estimations of honour and prestige (status) among states. The interpretative framework sheds light on how agents understand international society, and the way in which they deal with its hierarchical nature. The study analyzes how Latin American elites perceived the standing of their state, and how these perceptions shaped politics through their corresponding 'logics of social action'. The study finds that nineteenth-century elites in Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil conceived of the standing of their states predominantly in terms of status, and demonstrates how these perceptions informed politics.
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Schneider, Ulrich Johannes. "Teaching the history of philosophy in 19th-century Germany." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-161196.

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What does it mean to do philosophy historically, and when does the legend of philosophy begin? When Hegel tried to give a logical explanation of philosophy's history, was he doing the same thing as Eduard Zeller in his account of Creek thought, or Kuno Fischer in his narrative of modern philosophy? l do not believe so, and I shall sugges t in the following that we should carefully differentiate between the different activities commonly referred to as the history of philosophy. I will point out the enormous productivity of the 19th century in terms of printed books devoted to the history of philosophy. I will also point to the context in which these were produced and used rather than examining individual works or authors. There is an entirely new context in the 19th century, which is the study of philosophy. A proper culture developed around the historical interest in philosophy, and it is this culture I want to sketch here.
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Schneider, Ulrich Johannes. "Teaching the history of philosophy in 19th-century Germany." Teaching new histories of philosophy / ed. by J. B. Schneewind. Princeton 2004, S. 275 - 295 ISBN 0-9763726-0-6, 2004. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A12120.

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What does it mean to do philosophy historically, and when does the legend of philosophy begin? When Hegel tried to give a logical explanation of philosophy''s history, was he doing the same thing as Eduard Zeller in his account of Creek thought, or Kuno Fischer in his narrative of modern philosophy? l do not believe so, and I shall sugges t in the following that we should carefully differentiate between the different activities commonly referred to as the history of philosophy. I will point out the enormous productivity of the 19th century in terms of printed books devoted to the history of philosophy. I will also point to the context in which these were produced and used rather than examining individual works or authors. There is an entirely new context in the 19th century, which is the study of philosophy. A proper culture developed around the historical interest in philosophy, and it is this culture I want to sketch here.
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Bennett, Joshua Maxwell Redford. "Doctrine, progress and history : British religious debate, 1845-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:299ba472-2a9c-488c-a8de-12ac55acc4ea.

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Religion and history became closely related in new ways in the Victorian imagination. This thesis asks why this was so, by focusing on arguments within British Protestant culture over progress and development in the history of Christianity. In an intellectual movement approximately beginning with the 1845 publication of John Henry Newman's 'Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine', and powerfully spreading and developing until the earlier years of the twentieth century, British intellectuals came to treat the history of religion - both as a past and present process, and as a didactic genre - as a vital element of broader attempts to stabilise or reconstruct religious belief and social order. Religious revivalists, determined to use church history as a raw material for the inculcation of exclusive confessional identities and dogmatic theology, were highly successful in pressing it on the attention of early Victorian audiences. But they proved unable to control its meaning. Historians rose to prominence who instead interpreted the history of Christianity as a guide to how religious culture, which many treated as indistinguishable from society as a whole, might eventually supersede denominational and dogmatic divisions. Humanity's spiritual development in time, which numerous British critics assessed with the aid of German Idealist thought, also became an attractive apologetic resource as the epistemological basis of Christian belief came under unprecedented public challenge. A major part of that danger was perceived to come from rival, avowedly secularising interpretations of human social progress. Such accounts - the ancestors of twentieth-century secularisation theory - were vigorously opposed by historians who understood modernity as involving not the decline, but the purification of Christianity. By exploring the ways in which Victorian critics - clerical and lay, religious and secular - approached religious history as a resource for solving the problems of their own age, this thesis offers a new way of understanding the importance of history, claims to knowledge, and the nature and ends of 'liberalism' in the long nineteenth century.
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Milewicz, Przemysław. "Visions of nation in Poland, 1815-1831." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609456.

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Ng, Kin-yuen. "Constitutional developments in China and Japan from the mid 19th century to the early 20th century." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13280181.

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Books on the topic "Papacy – History – 19th century"

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The papacy in the 19th century: A part of "The history of Catholicism since the restoration of the papacy". New York: G.P. Putnam, 1986.

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Britain and the papacy in the age of revolution, 1846-1851. Rochester, NY: Royal Historical Society, 2003.

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Macdonald, Fiona. 19th century Europe: Women in History. London: Chrysalis, 2003.

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Michael, Gibson. 19th century lustreware. [Woodbridge]: Antique Collectors' Club, 1999.

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Phyllis, Freeman, and McKee Bob, eds. 19th-century sculpture. New York: Abrams, 1985.

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Reclaiming Rome: Cardinals in the fifteenth century. Leiden: Brill, 2009.

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1913-, Janson H. W., ed. 19th century art. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2005.

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Hawkins, J. B. 19th century Australian silver. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Antique Collectors' Club, 1990.

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Kalman, Bobbie. 19th century clothing. New York: Crabtree Pub. Co., 1993.

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Kalman, Bobbie. 19th century clothing. New York: Crabtree Pub. Co., 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Papacy – History – 19th century"

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Hall, Robert A. "19th-Century Italian." In The History of Linguistics in Italy, 227. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.33.11jal.

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Driel, Lodewijk van. "19th-Century Linguistics." In The History of Linguistics in the Low Countries, 221. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.64.10dri.

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Roberts, Adam. "Early 19th-Century SF." In The History of Science Fiction, 121–49. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56957-8_6.

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Vannatta, Seth. "The 19th Century and History." In Conservatism and Pragmatism, 57–73. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137466839_4.

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Gallarotti, Giulio M. "The 19th century conferences." In A History of International Monetary Diplomacy, 1867 to the Present, 49–75. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315732435-3.

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Green, Michael D., and Theda Perdue. "Native-American History." In A Companion to 19th-Century America, 209–22. Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470998472.ch16.

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Kay, A. Barry. "Landmarks in Allergy during the 19th Century." In History of Allergy, 21–26. Basel: S. KARGER AG, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000358477.

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Franco, Raquel Campos, Lili Wang, Pauric O’Rourke, Beth Breeze, Jan Künzl, Chris Govekar, Chris Govekar, et al. "Civil Society History V: 19th Century." In International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, 358–61. New York, NY: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_529.

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DiCristina, Bruce. "Criminology in 19th-Century France." In The Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Criminology, 67–83. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119011385.ch4.

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Poettinger, Monika. "Economic crises in 19th-century Italy." In Metaphors in the History of Economic Thought, 21–50. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003144601-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Papacy – History – 19th century"

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Ismail, Amnah Saay, B. Jalal, M. Md Saman, and Wan Kamal Mujani. "19th Century Pahang Islamic Scholars in 'A History of Pahang'." In 2017 International Conference on Education, Economics and Management Research (ICEEMR 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceemr-17.2017.49.

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NECHITA, Constantin. "DECLINE HISTORY OF OAKS IN 20TH CENTURY FOR ROMANIAN EXTRA-CARPATHIAN REGIONS." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/3.2/s14.087.

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Badaeva, Larisa Alaudinovna, Iman Salmirzaevna Batsaeva, and Fatima Getagashevna Kunacheva. "On History Of Idea Of Federal Union With Highlanders In 19Th Century." In International Conference on Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.245.

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Tleubekova, G. "Late 19th – early 20th century European travelers account of the nomadic people of Central Asia." In Scientific dialogue: Questions of philosophy, sociology, history, political science. ЦНК МОАН, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/spc-01-07-2020-05.

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Hartatik, Hartatik, Eko Herwanto, and Bambang S. W. Atmojo. "The Industry and Iron Trade on Barito Watershed in 17th-19th Century AD." In 9th Asbam International Conference (Archeology, History, & Culture In The Nature of Malay) (ASBAM 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220408.007.

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Stansfield, Billy, and William B. Ouimet. "HISTORY, MAPPING, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 18TH – 19TH CENTURY RELICT CHARCOAL HEARTHS IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT." In 54th Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019ne-328410.

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Korjova, Elena Yu, and Alexander S. Stebenev. "The late 19th-early 20th century history of psychological education: Training psychology teachers in theological academies." In The Herzen University Conference on Psychology in Education. Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33910/herzenpsyconf-2021-4-32.

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Shaidurov, Vladimir. "MIGRATIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE NORTHERN ASIAN POPULATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s10.068.

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Mitina, Rimma. "STAGES OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF OFFICIAL PERIODICALS IN RUSSIAN PROVINCES IN THE 19TH CENTURY (FOR EXAMPLE NEWSPAPERS PERM PROVINCIAL GAZETTE)." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s10.076.

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Wozniakowski, Arkadiusz. "THE EASTERN BATTERY IN SWINOUJSCIE, POLAND � HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE OF A PRUSSIAN COASTAL FORT FROM THE 19th CENTURY." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/5.3/s21.077.

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Reports on the topic "Papacy – History – 19th century"

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Flandreau, Marc, Stefano Pietrosanti, and Carlotta Schuster. Why do Sovereign Borrowers Post Collateral? Evidence from the 19th Century. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp167.

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This paper explores the reasons why sovereign borrowers post collateral. Such behavior is paradoxical because conventional interpretations of collateral stress repossession of the assets pledged as the key to securing lenders against information asymmetries and moral hazard. However, repossession is generally difficult in the case of sovereign debt and in some cases impossible. Nevertheless, such sovereign “hypothecations” have a long history and are again becoming very popular today in developing countries. To explain sovereign collateralization, we emphasize an informational channel. Posting collateral produces information on opaque borrowers by displaying borrowers’ behavior and resources. We support this interpretation by examining the hypothecation “mania” of 1849-1875, when sovereigns borrowing in the London Stock Exchange pledged all kinds of intangible revenues. Yet, at that time, sovereign immunity fully protected both sovereigns and their assets and possessions. Still, we show that hypothecations significantly decreased the cost of sovereign debt. To explain how, we stress the pledges’ role in documenting sovereigns’ wealth and the management of revenue streams. Based on an exhaustive library of bond prospectuses collected from primary sources, matched with a panel of sovereign bond yields and an innovative measure of sovereign fiscal transparency, we show that collateral minutely described in debt covenants served to document and monitor sovereign resources and development prospects. Encasing this information in contracts written by lawyers served to certify the quality of the resulting data disclosure process, explaining investors’ readiness to pay a premium.
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Blaxter, Tamsin, and Tara Garnett. Primed for power: a short cultural history of protein. TABLE, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/ba271ef5.

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Protein has a singularly prominent place in discussions about food. It symbolises fitness, strength and masculinity, motherhood and care. It is the preferred macronutrient of affluence and education, the mark of a conscientious diet in wealthy countries and of wealth and success elsewhere. Through its association with livestock it stands for pastoral beauty and tradition. It is the high-tech food of science fiction, and in discussions of changing agricultural systems it is the pivotal nutrient around which good and bad futures revolve. There is no denying that we need protein and that engaging with how we produce and consume it is a crucial part of our response to the environmental crises. But discussions of these issues are affected by their cultural context—shaped by the power of protein. Given this, we argue that it is vital to map that cultural power and understand its origins. This paper explores the history of nutritional science and international development in the Global North with a focus on describing how protein gained its cultural meanings. Starting in the first half of the 19th century and running until the mid-1970s, it covers two previous periods when protein rose to singular prominence in food discourse: in the nutritional science of the late-19th century, and in international development in the post-war era. Many parallels emerge, both between these two eras and in comparison with the present day. We hope that this will help to illuminate where and why the symbolism and story of protein outpace the science—and so feed more nuanced dialogue about the future of food.
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Tyson, Paul. Sovereignty and Biosecurity: Can we prevent ius from disappearing into dominium? Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp3en.

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Drawing on Milbank and Agamben, a politico-juridical anthropology matrix can be drawn describing the relations between ius and bios (justice and political life) on the one hand and dominium and zoe (private power and ‘bare life’) on the other hand. Mapping movements in the basic configurations of this matrix over the long sweep of Western cultural history enable us to see where we are currently situated in relation to the nexus between politico-juridical authority (sovereignty) and the emergency use of executive State powers in the context of biosecurity. The argument presented is that pre-19th century understandings of ius and bios presupposed transcendent categories of Justice and the Common Good that were not naturalistically defined. The very recent idea of a purely naturalistic naturalism has made distinctions between bios and zoe un-locatable and civic ius is now disappearing into a strangely ‘private’ total power (dominium) over the bodies of citizens, as exercised by the State. The very meaning of politico-juridical authority and the sovereignty of the State is undergoing radical change when viewed from a long perspective. This paper suggests that the ancient distinction between power and authority is becoming meaningless, and that this loss erodes the ideas of justice and political life in the Western tradition. Early modern capitalism still retained at least the theory of a Providential moral order, but since the late 19th century, morality has become fully naturalized and secularized, such that what moral categories Classical economics had have been radically instrumentalized since. In the postcapitalist neoliberal world order, no high horizon of just power –no spiritual conception of sovereignty– remains. The paper argues that the reduction of authority to power, which flows from the absence of any traditional conception of sovereignty, is happening with particular ease in Australia, and that in Australia it is only the Indigenous attempt to have their prior sovereignty –as a spiritual reality– recognized that is pushing back against the collapse of political authority into mere executive power.
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Flandreau, Marc. Pari Passu Lost and Found: The Origins of Sovereign Bankruptcy 1798-1873. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp186.

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Verdicts returned by modern courts of justice in the context of sovereign debt lawsuits have upheld a ratable (proportional) interpretation of so-called “pari passu” clauses in debt contracts which, literally, promise creditors they will be dealt with equitably. Such verdicts have given individual creditors the right to interfere with payments to others, in situation where the sovereign had failed to make proportional payments. Contract originalists argue that this interpretation of pari passu clauses has no historical foundation. Historically, they claim, pari passu clauses never granted individual creditors a unilateral right to block payments to other bondholders assenting to a government debt restructuring proposal. This article shows this claim is incorrect. Drawing on novel archival research, it argues that pari passu clauses find one potent historical origin in the operation of a now forgotten sovereign bankruptcy tribunal, the London stock exchange. Under the law of the stock exchange, departure from ratable payments did create a unilateral right for individual creditors to interfere with sovereign debt discharges. In fact, ratable distributions provided the touchstone for the stock exchange sanctioned sovereign debt discharge system. What is more, sophisticated contract drafters availed themselves of the logic. The result was a weaponization of pari passu clauses, and their inscription into sovereign debt covenants in the 19th century. The article concludes that the modern debate on the role of clauses in sovereign debt contracts cannot be held without thorough reconsideration of the history of sovereign bankruptcy.
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