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Sartorio, Carolina. "PAP-Style Cases." J PHILOSOPHY INC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625953.
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Over the years, two models of freedom have emerged as competitors: the alternative-possibilities model, which states that acting freely consists (at least partly) in being able to do otherwise, and, more recently, the actual-sequence model, which states that acting freely is exclusively a function of the actual sequence of events issuing in our behavior. In general, a natural strategy when trying to decide between two models of a certain concept is to look for examples that support one model and undermine the other. Frankfurt-style cases have been used for this kind of purpose, to challenge the alternative-possibilities view and support the actual-sequence view. In this paper I examine the prospects of the counterparts of Frankfurt-style cases: “PAP-style” cases, or cases that could be used to support the alternative-possibilities view and challenge the actual-sequence view. I argue that there are no successful PAP-style cases.
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Poyet, Jean-Luc. "Etude des protéines antivirales de la plante Phytolacca americana (PAPs) : caractérisation et expression chez E. coli des gènes codant pour la PAP I, la PAP II et la PAP-S : Etude du mécanisme réactionnel de la PAP II : mise en évidence d'un complexe protéique dans lequel l'activité de la PAP est inhibée." Besançon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BESA2025.
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La plante pokeweed (phytolacca americana) produit en grande quantite plusieurs toxines appelees paps (pokeweed antiviral proteins), trouvees dans les feuilles (pap i et pap ii) ou dans les graines (pap-s). Les paps, qui appartiennent a la famille des ribosome-inactivating proteins (rips), possedent a la fois une activite antivirale a large spectre et un effet inhibiteur tres prononce sur la traduction grace a leur activite arn n-glycosidase. Nous avons clone puis exprimes chez e. Coli les genes codant pour les differentes paps. Les paps recombinantes purifiees (de l'ordre de 10 mg de proteines recombinantes par litre de culture bacterienne) possedent les memes fonctions biologiques que les toxines purifiees de la plante. Nous avons montre que, contrairement aux autres paps, un gene de la pap ii comporte un intron ; ceci permet de suggerer que la pap ii represente la forme ancestrale des paps. Une etude preliminaire du mecanisme reactionnel des rips a ete realisee en utilisant deux approches complementaires. Nous avons procede a une modelisation moleculaire de la structure tridimensionnelle de la pap ii. Parallelement, des experiences de mutagenese dirigee ont ete realisees sur le gene de la pap ii. L'analyse des resultats obtenus permet de proposer un mecanisme reactionnel de l'activite n-glycosidase des rips. Nous avons mis en evidence une forme complexee de la pap i dans un extrait de feuilles de pokeweed. Cette forme complexee, appelee papi, possede un pi inferieure a celui de la toxine libre, ce qui permet leur separation par electrophorese en conditions non denaturantes. L'activite de la pap i impliquee dans ce complexe proteique est fortement ou totalement inhibee mais cette activite est restauree apres denaturation thermique du complexe. Des experiences preliminaires de caracterisation de la papi nous ont permis de suggerer que la papi pourrait correspondre soit a un homodimere de la toxine soit a un complexe pap i-proteine de 21 kda. La finalite de ce complexe pourrait etre la protection des ribosomes la plante vis-a-vis des toxines qu'elle synthetise
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Gómez, Sandra. "Synthetic 3D Pap Smear Nucleus Generation." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129471.
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In this project we present a 3D Pap smear cell nucleus generator. The shape and the texture are the important features for a realistic synthetic nucleus. For the first one, the shape, a deformed distance transform is used in order to generate deformed spheres. For the second one, the texture, a pseudo random noise algorithm, Perlin noise, is applied to the shape in order to generate the most realistic texture of a cell. As a result, we obtain synthetic 3D cell nuclei as they appear in Pap smear tests.
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Desvoyes, Bénédicte. "Etude des protéines antivirales de Pokeweed (PAP) : production et caractérisation d'anticorps monoclonaux spécifiques de la PAP : mise en évidence d'un complexe protéique dans lequel l'activité de la PAP est inhibée." Besançon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BESA2024.
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La plante phytolacca americana synthetise plusieurs toxines appartenant a la famille des ribosome inactivating proteins (rips). Ces toxines inhibent la traduction grace a une activite arn-n-glycosidase. Elles possedent egalement une activite antivirale a large spectre contre de nombreux virus animaux et vegetaux. Ces proteines appelees pap (proteines antivirales de pokeweed) ont ete isolees a partir des feuilles (pap et pap ii) ou des graines (pap-s). L'objectif de notre travail etait d'etudier les mecanismes utilises par la plante pour se proteger de l'action de ces toxines qu'elle synthetise en grande quantite, en utilisant des sondes immunologiques specifiques. Des anticorps monoclonaux specifiques de la pap ont ete produits et caracterises. Ils ne presentent pas de reactions croisees avec l'isoforme pap ii. Un des anticorps reagit egalement avec la pap-s, son epitope a pu etre localise sur le domaine c-terminal de la pap. Un clone secreteur d'anticorps specifiques de la pap ii a egalement ete obtenu. Un dosage immunologique de la pap dans un extrait brut de feuilles a ete developpe et permet de quantifier la pap dans une gamme de concentrations allant de 1 a 100 ng/ml. Des observations, en microscopie photonique, de coupes de feuilles, apres immunomarquage par des anticorps polyclonaux, ont montre que la pap semblait plus concentree dans les cellules de l'epiderme et dans les nervures. Nous avons montre l'existence, dans un extrait de feuilles, d'un complexe proteique contenant la pap (papi). Cette papi a un pi inferieur a celui de la pap, ce qui a permis leur separation par electrophorese en conditions non denaturantes. L'action du sds seul ne permet pas la dissociation du complexe, celle-ci est obtenue par action de la chaleur, de ph acides ou alcalins et de l'uree. La masse moleculaire du complexe, determinee en western blot apres sds-page a ete estimee a 57 kda. L'activite de la pap dans le complexe est fortement inhibee mais peut etre restauree apres sa dissociation par la chaleur. La purification par chromatographie d'affinite a anticorps de la papi suggere qu'elle correspondrait soit a un dimere de pap forme de deux polypeptides de 29 kda, soit a un complexe pap-proteine de 21 kda. Nous avons ainsi mis en evidence un complexe dans lequel la pap est inhibee et qui pourrait intervenir dans un processus de protection de la plante contre les rips qu'elle synthetise
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Barth, Jasper. "The PAP-state : housing, health, and resilient authoritarianism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:551a83bf-f0a6-4a28-b682-e36e4019bc92.
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The thesis aims to explain the continued durability of state authoritarianism in Singapore. This durability is usually attributed to citizens acquiescing to Singapore's authoritarian state on account of the prosperity it has delivered. The thesis argues that the contemporary resilience of authoritarianism and undergirding stability of state-citizen relations is better accounted for by two factors. First, the state is apparently able to address evolving policy demands brought forward by citizens. Addressing contemporary 'hot button' issues through policy change produces popular support for the regime and eliminates the basis for serious political challenges. The thesis stresses the increasing role played by the state's provision of social protection and nation-building with respect to regime legitimation. Second, citizens are often able to sidestep authoritarian state practices in everyday life. The thesis argues that this can make authoritarian state practices more bearable for Singaporeans and thus further abates the emergence of pressures for political liberalisation. The thesis analyses economic and social policy to make these arguments while focussing on the public housing and healthcare programmes as central case studies. It also draws on fieldwork data about state interventions, and how these interventions pan out 'on the ground' in Singapore. Beyond the case of Singapore, the thesis speaks to the resilience and re-emergence of state authoritarianism in other countries. The thesis also contributes to state theory and discussions about the reconfiguration of states' economic and social functions in the face of economic globalisation.
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Baba, Awonke. "The impact of the colonial legacy on African institutions: A case study of the Pan-African Parliament (PAP)." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8273.
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Masters of CommerceAfter Independence in Africa, vast institutions were established in order to deal with the legacy of colonialism and to encourage development in the continent. Decades later, some of these institutions are said to be ineffective due to a number of constraints – one of which is the colonial legacy which has rendered them almost dysfunctional. This study assesses the impacts of colonialism on these African institutions and uses the Pan-African Parliament (PAP) as a case study. Guided by Post-colonial theory and Institutional theory, and using Content Analysis (CA) as a tool for data analysis, this study has found that African institutions are operating under the influence of ex-colonial countries. This is evidenced by how these institutions are using European languages as their medium of communication and receive more than half of their funds from international bodies which then control their operations. This contributes to their inability to make decisions due to conflicting interests within the representatives and member states. Based on these findings, this study concludes that the colonial legacy plays a major role in delaying the development of African institutions. Therefore, this study provides recommendations or a way forward by arguing that these institutions which include the AU should tie/tighten the knots on their programmes such as the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) so as to strengthen democracy within member states. They should revive or reconsider constitutions that focus on the penalties for member states that do not pay their membership contribution as agreed and on those member states that fail to obey agreed to protocols. Lastly, this study recommends that fund-raising programmes should be established in selected member states so as to prevent financial dependency on international bodies that weaken African institutions.
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Javad, J. M. S. "Development of prostrate cancer vaccine using PAP as target antigen." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2014. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/59/.
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Treatment options for patients with advanced prostate cancer (PC) still remain limited and rarely curative. The prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is prostate specific protein over-expressed in more than 90% of prostate tumours. Although an FDA-approved vaccine for the treatment of advanced prostate disease, PROVENGE® (sipuleucel-T), has been shown to prolong survival, the precise sequence of the PAP protein responsible for the outcome remains unknown. As the PAP antigen is one of the very few prostate-specific antigens for which there is a rodent equivalent with high homology, pre-clinical studies using PAP have the potential to be directly relevant to the clinical setting. The current study identified HLA-A2 and HLA-DR1 PAP-derived peptides using the transgenic HHDII/DR1 and C57Bl/6 mice. The PAP-114-128 (15-mer) peptide was shown to elicit CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell-specific responses in C57Bl/6 mice. Furthermore, when immunised in a DNA vector format (ImmunoBody), PAP-114-128 was able to prevent and reduce the growth of TRAMP C1 prostate cancer cell-derived tumours in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. This anti-tumour effect was associated with an enhanced infiltration of CD8+ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the generation of high avidity T cells secreting elevated levels of IFNγ. Importantly, PAP-114-128 specific IFNγ response was also seen in PBMC isolated from PC patients. Also, immunisation of C57Bl/6 and HHDII/DRI mice with the analogue peptide epitope (obtained by altering the second amino acid of PAP-114-128) showed significantly enhanced IFNγ response compared to PAP-114-128 epitope. Collectively, PAP-114-128 appears to be a highly relevant peptide on which to base vaccines for the treatment of advanced PC.
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Hancock, Andrew P. "EFFECT OF POST-ACTIVATION POTENTIATION (PAP) ON SWIM SPRINT PERFORMANCE." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1346001907.
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Adegboyega, Adebola Olamide. "DETERMINANTS OF PAP SCREENING AMONG SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN IMMIGRANT WOMEN." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/nursing_etds/33.
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The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the determinants of Pap screening completion among sub-Saharan African immigrant women. Cervical cancer is a public health problem globally. The risk of invasive cervical cancer remains high among sub- Saharan African immigrant women in the US despite being a preventable cancer. Early detection through Pap screening is crucial for prevention, treatment and prognosis. The specific aims of this dissertation were to 1) examine Pap screening practices among African immigrant women and to identify gaps to guide future research; 2) explore barriers and motivators that influence Pap screening decisions among African immigrant women; and 3) explore African immigrant men’s knowledge of Pap screening and attitudes about supporting their wives/female partners to utilize Pap screening, and 4) explore predictors of Pap screening use among sub-Saharan African immigrant women,
Specific aim one was addressed by a review and synthesis of literature focused on Pap screening among African immigrant women. Common factors influencing Pap screening completion included immigration status, health care interactions, knowledge deficiency, religiosity, and certain personal characteristics. Specific aim two was addressed by the conduct of a qualitative descriptive study of barriers and motivators contributing to Pap screening decisions in 22 African immigrant women. Women experienced different barriers including low knowledge of screening, cultural beliefs, fear and communication issues. Addressing knowledge gaps and other barriers related to Pap screening may improve Pap screening participation in this group. Specific aim three was addressed by a qualitative descriptive study of men’s attitudes and beliefs regarding Pap screening and support for their wives for Pap screening participation. African immigrant men demonstrated suboptimal knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer screening. Most men had a lack of knowledge regarding HPV and its link with cervical cancer. Despite knowledge deficiency men showed significant interest in supporting their wife/female partners. Specific aim four was addressed by conducting an analysis of cross sectional data collected from 108 sub-Saharan African women. Predictors of Pap screening completion was determined using logistic regression while controlling for age and education. Pap screening awareness and provider’s recommendations were independent predictors of Pap screening.
Given the unequitable burden of cervical cancer experienced by this population, the findings from this dissertation point to the need for a multilevel targeted health interventions directed toward African immigrant population are needed to increase the rates of Pap screening among African immigrant women. Prevention efforts should focus on individual level factors and develop culturally relevant strategies that will effectively provide educational outreach interventions and alleviate barriers to Pap screening. Engaging spousal support and addressing social norms related to spouses/partners’ roles that may influence partaking in cervical cancer screening is important among African immigrant women. Cervical cancer is preventable; Pap screening will lead to early detection of cervical cancer in female African immigrants.
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Braun, Sabine [Verfasser], and Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Ringwald. "Gepaarte Studie zur Validierung des neuen Thrombozytenaggregometers PAP-8® und zur Untersuchung des Einflusses der Einstellung der Thrombozytenkonzentration des plättchenreichen Plasmas auf die Ergebnisse der Thrombozytenaggregationstestung mit PAP-8® und PAP-4® / Sabine Braun. Betreuer: Jürgen Ringwald." Erlangen : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025963873/34.
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Freislich, Elizebeth. "Human papillomavirus detection and typing in patients with abnormal pap smears." Thesis, University of Limpopo ( Medunsa Campus ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/220.
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Thesis (M Med.(Obstetrics and Gynaecology))--University of Limpopo, 2010.STUDY RATIONALE: Cervical cancer is the most common cancer of women on the African continent and the second most common cancer of women worldwide and in South Africa ’. It has been estimated in 1997 that, among women who received no cervical screening in South Africa, 1 in 26 women were likely to develop cervical cancer . Screening will probably decrease the incidence of cervical cancer by 60% or more . There is a direct relationship between the number of women screened by Pap smears and the decreased incidence of cervical cancer. In Iceland, where more than 90% of women were screened in that time, the incidence decreased by 80%. In Norway, where only 5% of the women were screened, the incidence only decreased by 10% . In South Africa, it is estimated that Pap smears were taken in 18.8% of white women and only 2.6% of black women in 2002 . Real-world obstacles to successful cervical cancer prevention in develo- ping countries involve people more than technologies 3. This can be ma- naged by focusing on system quality management 3. The root causes of poor quality must be examined. Suba et al 3 found causes such as obso- 7 lete supplies, poorly maintained microscopes, insufficient training and suboptimal working conditions. Successful follow-up for screen-positive women has been achieved through the allocation of budgets for dedicated personnel to recontact women with positive test results 3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is known to cause cervical can- cer. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is also regarded as the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide, with an estimated life- time risk of 79% for women to contract at least one infection between the ages of 20 and 79 years . Although some men have anal or genital lesions associated with HPV 16 and 18, most men serve as vectors of oncogenic HPV. Male partners may be important contributors to their female partners’ risk of cervical cancer . The 15 HPV types, which are classified as high risk virus types, cause 95 % of all cervical cancer. The High Risk HPV Genotypes are: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73 and 82. HPV 16 and 18 together cause around 70 % of all cervical cancer ’. Squamous cell cervical cancer constitutes approximately 80% of cervical cancers . Adenocarcinoma is the second most common histological type and shows a rising incidence, even in developed countries . 8 There is geographical variation in type-specific HPV prevalence 9. HPV16 is the most common type associated with adenocarcinomas, except in Southeast-Asia, where the prevalence of HPV 18 exceeds that of HPV 16. HPV 16, 18, 35, 45and 59 are present in 96% of adenocarci- nomas of the cervix 10. A pooled analysis by Clifford et al 9 showed that the prevalence of high risk HPV types is around 18 % in sub-Saharan Africa, with HPV 16 and HPV 35 present in 8% of women. HPV 31 and HPV 33 were present in 7% of women and HPV 18 was present in 4% of women. Sub- Saharan Africa had the highest prevalence of all HPV types and Europe the lowest. The variation in prevalence of HPV 16 across regions was smaller for HPV 16 than for the other high-risk types. The next common high- risk types were HPV 33 and HPV 56 in Asia, HPV 58 in South America and HPV 31 in Europe 9. This study’s rationale was to ascertain the HPV types prevalent in pa- tients with abnormal Pap smears seen at the Gynaecological Outpatients Clinic at Dr. George Mukhari Hospital, the Gynaecological Oncology Clinic at Dr. George Mukhari Hospital, the Tshepang Clinic at Dr. George Mukhari Hospital and the Setshaba Research Centre of the University of Limpopo – Medunsa Campus in Soshanguve. 9 This study can also act as a pilot study for future studies to test the ef- fectiveness of using high risk HPV types screening as a primary screening method, instead of Pap smears, to identify patients who are at a higher risk to develop cervical cancer and who need further investigations such as Colposcopically directed biopsies.
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Ari, Galal Nour Mohamed. "Influence of contextual factors on translation shifts case study : English to Arabic translation of reports from the Pan African Parliament (PAP)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65576.
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This research set out to study the influence of contextual factors on the occurrence of translation shifts through the case study of English to Arabic translation of reports from the Pan African Parliament (PAP). The phenomenon of translation shifts has not yet been dealt with extensively in the field of translation and in particular in the combination of English and Arabic. Therefore, this research intends to contribute positively to fill this gap in the body of knowledge. The main objective of the research is to explore the nature of contextual factors that impact on the occurrence of the phenomenon of translation shifts and how this very phenomenon is manifested in translation strategies that are used to overcome translation problems at the word and above word levels. To achieve the objectives of the research, a quantitative and qualitative study was designed to explore the correlation among three related variables which are: translation problems, translation strategies and translation shifts. As a case study the data focuses on reports (ST and TT) of the Permanent Committees of the PAP produced between 2010 and 2016. The research found that at the word level, both the stylistic and contextual factors had an influence on the occurrence of the translation shifts, but the influence of the contextual factors is less than that of the stylistic factors. On the other hand, the research found that the contextual factor is the main factor that impacts on the same phenomenon above word level. The main conclusions of the research are that because of the inherent structural differences between English and Arabic, the occurrence of translation shifts is inevitable. There are also many other factors, such as stylistic and contextual factors, which govern the structure of different languages. Therefore, the research emphasises that the occurrence of this phenomenon is natural and it should be expected between any two languages. Finally, due to specific limitations in the study, the research recommends that the scope of the study be widened in future research. The research further strongly advocates for the study of translation shifts in various contexts, and therefore recommends that the study of this phenomenon should form part of any translation course.Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
African Languages
MA
Unrestricted
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Chan, Heng Kong Humanities & Social Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "PAP Singapore: a case study of stationary bandit in a market economy." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38649.
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This study investigates the role of the state in Singapore???s political economy. The conventional methodology in the neoclassical economics tradition is essentially apolitical and is thus inadequate to appraise the inner working mechanism of the Singapore polity, given the pervasive influence of politics in policy decisions. This study therefore synthesizes a new analytical methodology, drawn from neo-institutionalism, to analyse the interrelations of state, market and social institutions in the Singapore of the People???s Action Party (PAP). Ronald Coase???s theorem of transaction costs, Steven Cheung???s economics of property rights and Douglass North???s theories of institutions and institutional change, collectively, provide a theoretical framework that allows this study to examine the intrinsic nature and characteristics of the Singapore polity. Three major areas are investigated using this research paradigm. The first is the post-war political transition from colony to self-rule and the eventual emergence of an independent Singapore in the context of Cold War politics. The second is the process of social engineering through reconstitution, resettlement and socialization, a process that has aimed to alter the institutional environment that regulates the state and people and has tended to generate a submissive social ethos. The focus of the third is the redefining of property rights through nationalization, industrialisation, and privatisation that, in effect, has resulted in the extensive transfer of private wealth to the state. Four case studies are offered to demonstrate the impact of politics in the making of economic policy, the general effect of which has been to eradicate entrepreneurs in favour of state-owned entities. The analysis concludes that Singapore is essentially to be characterised as a predatory state, and adopts Mancur Olson???s ???stationary bandit??? theory to reconcile the state???s predatory behaviour with Singapore???s record of positive economic development. The study identifies nine unique features that have characterised the Singapore polity, the single most important feature being the emergence of ???Lee???s Law??? which amounts to the paramount Singapore informal rule in regulating all aspect of social exchange. It is paramount because without reference to this rule the inner working mechanism of Singapore???s political economy cannot be explicated. But the predominance of PAP control imposes a heavy social cost as it risks Singapore???s long-term viability as a national state because of the likely emergence of distributional collusion and institutional sclerosis. Singapore???s long-term viability is therefore contingent upon the kind of political reformation that would reinstitute a low transaction cost mediation mechanism that would then facilitate incremental institutional change.
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Picciafuoco, Paula Regina Di Francesco. "O supervisor do Programa de Aprimoramento Profissional (PAP): quem é esse formador?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6135/tde-21092009-094756/.
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Introdução O modelo de aprendizagem em serviço é um elemento do processo educativo presente nos cursos destinados aos profissionais da área da saúde. O Programa de Aprimoramento Profissional (PAP), pertencente à Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo (SES/SP) e administrado pela Fundação do Desenvolvimento Administrativo (Fundap), órgão do governo do Estado de São Paulo, desde sua criação em 1979, apresenta-se como formador de recursos humanos para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O programa ocorre em instituições públicas e privadas do Estado de São Paulo e oferece bolsas para profissionais recém-formados da área da saúde, denominados aprimorandos. Esse Programa de treinamento em serviço, conta com um supervisor que planeja as atividades que serão desenvolvidas ao longo do curso e orienta os aprimorandos no desenvolvimento das atividades propostas. Objetivo Caracterizar os supervisores do Programa de Aprimoramento Profissional e compreender seu desenvolvimento profissional, a influência e o significado dessa atividade na sua trajetória profissional. Procedimentos metodológicos A população do estudo foi constituída pelos supervisores credenciados no PAP em 2006, por meio do credenciamento e recredenciamento dos programas realizado pela SES/SP e pela Fundap. Para obtenção dos dados de caracterização, foram solicitadas aos referidos órgãos as informações sobre os supervisores, contidas no banco de dados do credenciamento 2006. Para os dados relativos ao exercício da supervisão e a questão da atualização do supervisor no processo de treinamento em serviço foi utilizado um formulário com perguntas abertas, enviado por e-mail. As respostas foram tratadas em uma abordagem centrada na análise de conteúdo de BARDIN (1977). Resultados Os resultados obtidos com o estudo revelaram que o supervisor do PAP possui o seguinte perfil: a maioria é constituída por mulheres, concentradas em uma faixa etária entre 41 e 50 anos, formadas em diferentes áreas da saúde, com predominância na área da medicina e enfermagem, com titulação acadêmica altamente qualificada, com título de mestrado e doutorado; algumas delas foram aprimorandas, estando na função há mais de quinze anos. Em relação aos resultados das respostas das perguntas abertas. foram criadas quatro categorias de análise, a saber: 1 - Os caminhos de chegada do supervisor, 2 O que aconteceu com o profissional ao exercer a supervisão , 3 - Entraves e dificuldades no exercício da supervisão e 4 - A construção do papel de educador no exercício da supervisão.Introduction In-service learning models are part of the educational process available in courses directed to health professionals. The Professional Improvement Program (PAP), offered by the Health Department of São Paulo State (SES) and managed by the Administrative Development Foundation (Fundap), a São Paulo State\'s governmental agency, since his creation in 1979, presents itself as a human resource developer for the National Health System (SUS). The program takes place in public and private institutions at São Paulo State and offers grants for recent health/medical graduates called in-developers. This in-service program has a supervisor who plans the activities to be performed throughout the course and guides the in-developers to carry out the planned activities. Objective To characterize the Professional Improvement Program s supervisors and understand their professional development, the influence and the meaning of this activity in their professional career. Methodology Study population consists of the certified supervisors in the PAP in 2006 through the Accreditation and Re-accreditation of programs offered by the Health Department of São Paulo State and by the Administrative Development Foundation (Fundap). Data for the characterization was requested from SES and Fundap about the supervisors information in the data bank of the Accreditation 2006. For data regarding supervision performance and the issue about updating the supervisor in the training process, a form with open questions was sent by email to them. The answers were treated using the approach centered in content analysis by BARDIN (1977). Results: The results obtained with the study revealed that PAP supervisors has the following profile: women majority, concentrated in age group between 41 and 50 years old, graduated in different health areas, mainly in medicine and nursery, with academy title highly qualified, with doctor and master degree, been some of them improvement themselves, acting in function more than 15 years. In relation to answer results to open questions, were created four categories of analyses, to mention: 1 Arrival ways to supervisor. 2 Acting supervision what happens to professional, 3 Restraints and difficults in doing supervision e 4 Building educator role in doing supervision.
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Evangelista, Maria do Socorro de Oliveira. "Tecendo Pap?is:viagem pelos saberes e pr?ticas do ensino de arte." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2005. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13580.
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Previous issue date: 2005-07-16Nowdays, recycling became a relevant social and educational aim among many other factors, which involve balance between man and nature. This study relates the experiences with the production of recycled handmade paper directed at the teaching in Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte UFRN, and through workshops of carnauba recycled handcrafts papers as a pioneer activity accomplished at the Felix Rodrigues Foundation, in the city of Pend?ncias, A?u Valley, Rio Grande do Norte. A bibliographic review was done about the history of handmade paper and a discussion about carnauba?s paper artistic possibilities in art-education. Analyses within the context of art teaching, accordingly to Ana Mae Barbosa?s triangle propose and, also, Buoro, Ostrower and Nachmanovitch?s pedagogy of art. It deals with a group of artisans in order to establish the nature of their relationship and the possibilities of achieving more ecological awareness. Finally, we intend to realize a dialogue with Morin and other authors
Na contemporaneidade, a quest?o da reciclagem tem se destacado pela sua import?ncia social e educativa, entre tantos outros fatores que envolvem o equil?brio do homem e da natureza. Relata-se a experi?ncia de ensino de arte na Extens?o Universit?ria com a produ??o de papel reciclado artesanal, direcionado ao ensino no laborat?rio de artes pl?sticas da UFRN e em oficinas de papel artesanal com fibras de carna?ba, como atividade pioneira realizada na Funda??o F?lix Rodrigues, na cidade de Pend?ncias, munic?pio do Vale do A?u, no Rio Grande do Norte. Recomp?e-se a hist?ria do papel artesanal e um di?logo reflexivo sobre as possibilidades art?sticas do papel de carna?ba. Elabora-se ainda, uma discuss?o sobre o aproveitamento desse papel para a cria??o art?stica como elemento complementar no ensino da arte, conforme sugest?es das propostas de ensino de Ana Mae Barbosa, e outros autores da pedagogia do ensino de artes como Buoro, Ostrower, Nachmanovitch. Analisa-se a natureza das rela??es sociais estabelecidas nesses grupos numa perspectiva de renova??o da consci?ncia ecol?gica. Pretende-se trilhar os caminhos de religa??o entre saberes cient?ficos e da tradi??o, ? luz de um di?logo com Edgar Morin e outros autores
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Holt, Jim, Lynetta Stiltner, and Barbara Jamieson. "Should a Nylon Brush Be Used for PAP Smears from Pregnant Women?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6489.
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Excerpt: Use of a nylon brush (Cytobrush and others) with spatula to obtain Papanicolaou (Pap) smears from pregnant women is more likely to obtain sufficient endocervical cells, without adverse consequence for the mother or for the fetus.
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Ogunleye, Olushola O., Bethesda J. O'Connell, Megan Quinn, Lea C. Florence, and Kaitlyn Shirely. "Pap Utilization Survey in Nueva Vida, Nicaragua: Professional and Health Promotoras Partnership." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6869.
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Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer affecting women in developing countries and accounted for 84% of the global incidence of cervical cancer in 2012. Nicaragua is one country illustrating this disparity, with an annual cervical cancer mortality six times the U.S. rate. This may be explained by lack and poor utilization of effective screening programs, especially the Papanicolaou, or Pap, smear. This study resulted from a partnership formed by faculty and students from two U.S. universities and a Nicaraguan nonprofit organization to conduct projects to benefit a community in Nicaragua. To promote a free Pap smear program provided by the local clinic, a community-wide survey regarding Pap smear utilization was conducted with local health promotoras (promoters). Of 1,117 women, 78.4% reported ever having a Pap smear, of whom 11.1% had not received their results, while results were reported as normal by 78.9%, and abnormal by 10%. The most common reasons for not having a Pap smear were refusal to test, fear, and pain. Proportions of women who ever had a Pap smear varied by etapa (stage/neighborhood, p < .001). Findings are useful for policy development to improve the clinic’s screening services and encourage full utilization of Pap smears.
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Liu, Moon-ping. "Study of Pap smear attendance and the abnormal rate in the past ten years." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2510133x.
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Rogers, Susan L. "Fear of Cancer and Theory of Planned Behavior as Predictors of Pap Screenings." Thesis, Northcentral University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10634620.
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Cervical cancer can be detected and successfully treated through recommended Pap screenings, but it remains the second most diagnosed type of cancer among women, due in large part, to lack of participation in recommended screening. Researchers utilize different theories when attempting to predict health behaviors, such as theory of planned behavior (TPB). TPB remains a primary lens through which health studies are conducted. However, TPB does not take into account the affective components that have been shown to influence decision making and behavior, such as fear. Fear of cancer has been shown to influence decision making with respect to preventative healthcare. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to attempt to determine to what extent fear of cancer served as a predictor of Pap screening behaviors, over and above the predictive value of TPB. A convenience sample of women between the ages of 21 - 65 years, with a mean age of 46.6 years, was recruited via social media to participate in an online survey which is the demographic for whom Pap screening is recommended. Independent variables included TPB components (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control) and fear of cancer. Demographic variables (age, race, and socioeconomic status) were controlled during hierarchical regression analysis in order to predict the dependent variable - intention to get Pap screenings. Multiple regression analysis showed that TPB components were all significant predictors of pap screen intention. Perceived behavior control (PBC) (t (85) = 4.357, p < .001), attitudes (t (85) = 2.046, p < .05), and subjective norms (SN) (t (85) = 2.550, p < .05) were all significant predictors of PSI. Demographics and fear of cancer (FOC) were not significant within this coefficient model. However, in terms of generalizing results to the larger population of women between 21 – 65 years, the model summary showed that demographics only accounted for .02% predictability, but when TPB components were added to the model, they accounted for 43% of the variance. Finally, when FOC was subsequently introduced to the model, predictability of pap screen intention increased from 43% to 44.5%. Albeit a small increase, these results suggest that while FOC may not be a better predictor over and above the predictive value of TPB components, a combination of affective components and TPB components may be beneficial for future health care studies.
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Angulo-Olaiz, Francisca. "The pap smear paradox understanding social and sexual contexts of Latinas' health decisions /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1495959371&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Mandelson, Margaret T. "Cervical cancer : associations with HPV infection, barrier contraceptive use, and Pap smear screening /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10919.
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O'Brien, Andrea Jayne. "Message framing and cervical cancer screening : a test of deviance regulation theory /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16864.pdf.
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廖滿萍 and Moon-ping Liu. "Study of Pap smear attendance and the abnormal rate in the past ten years." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970709.
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Vierimaa, O. (Outi). "Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) and Pituitary Adenoma Predisposition (PAP) in Northern Finland." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514288227.
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Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an inherited syndrome characterized by parathyroid, gastroenteropancreatic and pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. In Northern Finland, two founder mutations of the MEN1 gene (1466del12, 1657insC) accounting for the majority of the MEN1 cases, have common ancestors born in the 18th and 19th centuries, respectively. Three small clusters of familial pituitary adenoma have also been detected, two of which could be linked by genealogy to a common ancestral couple born in the 18th century.
Clinical evaluation of 82 MEN1 mutation carriers showed that age was a risk factor for most of the MEN1-related manifestations. In the whole group, nonfunctional pancreatic tumour (NFPT) was more common in the frameshift/nonsense mutation carriers (odds ratio 3.26; 95% confidence interval 1.27–8.33, P = 0.014), whereas gastrinoma was more common in the in-frame/missense mutation carriers (OR 6.77, CI 1.31–35.0, P = 0.022). In the founder mutation carriers, the 1657insC mutation predicted the risk for NFPT (OR 3.56, CI 1.29–9.83, P = 0.015), while the 1466del12 mutation was associated with the risk for gastrinoma (OR 15.1, CI 1.73–131.9, P = 0.014).
The mean ages at death of the 32 obligatory MEN1 founder mutation carriers born between 1728 and 1929 were compared to those of the 29 spouses and sex-matched life expectancy estimates derived from Finnish national statistics. The ages at death of the mutation carrier males (61.1 ± 12.0 years) and females (67.2 ± 10.7 years) did not differ from the control groups.
PAP (pituitary adenoma predisposition) locus was mapped in the chromosome region 11q12–11q13 by whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Combining the linkage and the gene expression array data, AIP (aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein) was chosen for sequencing. The nonsense mutation Q14X was identified in the affected (acromegaly, gigantism, prolactinoma) family members and in four other patients. Loss of heterozygosity was detected in pituitary adenomas of AIP mutation carriers.
Mutation analysis of MEN1, HRPT2 (hyperparathyroidism 2), CASR (calcium-sensing receptor), CDKN1B (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B) and AIP genes was performed in primary hyperparathyroidism patients with features of inherited predisposition. One out of 29 patients was found to have the 1466del12 mutation, while no mutations were detected in other genes.
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Chapman, Lambert Crystal L. "Factors Predicting Pap Smear Adherence in HIV-infected Women: Using the Health Belief Model." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4453.
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Women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus are at increased risk for developing cervical cancer. Current guidelines reflect that Pap smears should be performed twice during the first year after diagnosis with HIV and annually thereafter. However, women with HIV are not obtaining Pap smears per the current guidelines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate HIV-infected women's attitudes toward cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening. The research design is an exploratory, cross-sectional, quantitative design. The sample of convenience consisted of participants recruited from two ambulatory HIV clinics in Florida. Attitudes were assessed using Champion's Health Belief Model and Self-efficacy scales. Knowledge was evaluated with an updated HPV/Cervical Cancer Knowledge scale. Sociodemographic variables were assessed using a Demographic Data form. The results indicate that HIV-infected women in the study were not knowledgeable about HPV or cervical cancer. They did not perceive that cervical cancer was serious, nor did they feel that they were susceptible to cervical cancer. Overall, HIV-infected women were confident in their ability to request a Pap smear, and they perceived fewer barriers and more benefits to Pap smears. Despite, perceptions of fewer barriers and more benefits a chart review revealed that approximately 43% of the study participants received a Pap smear during the past year. Perceived barriers was a significant predictor of Pap smear adherence (OR = 0.93, CI: 0.90 to 0.96, p < .01). Findings from the exploratory study provide important information to clinicians and researchers that will assist in the development of effective interventions to increase Pap test adherence. Additional research is needed to further understand factors that influence cervical cancer screening in this at-risk population.
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Mahas, Rachel. "The Psychosocial Antecedents that Predict Women’s Failure to Meet Pap Test Screening National Recommendations." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1470403291.
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Lamont, Hugh S., Christopher J. MacDonald, Jay G. Garner, Harrish Chandler, Jeremy A. Gentles, and Ashley Kavanaugh. "Impact of Baseline NetPVGRF/kg Ability Upon PAP of CMVJ’S During 12 Different Treatments." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3978.
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Cook, Nicole Jill. "A Multi-Level Approach to Understanding Pap Smear Compliance Across Community Health Centers in Florida." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/203.
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Community Health Centers (CHCs) are the nation's primary care safety-net for vulnerable populations, including racial/ethnic minorities, migrant workers and the uninsured. Women from these populations contribute disproportionately to cervical cancer morbidity and mortality, largely due to underutilization of Pap smear screening. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify factors that may be related to Pap smear screening compliance among a large cohort of women seen at 10 Community Health Centers in Florida. Building upon an ecologic framework, this research went beyond patient-level risk factors, which are generally well-known, and explored provider and organizational variables that may also be associated with Pap smear screening compliance in this population. Ten CHCs in Florida met study inclusion criteria of having at least four complete years of claims and patient registration data stored in an Electronic Health Record (HER) data system maintained at HCN. EHR data were merged with provider gender obtained from a credentialing database and with data from a short organizational survey administered to the Medical Directors of the CHCs. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared analysis, and multiple logistic regression were used to examine Pap smear screening rates for women (n=71,234) in relation to a variety of patient, provider and organizational variables. Younger, Hispanic and insured women were most likely to have had a screening in the past three years compared to older, white non- Hispanic and uninsured women. Among providers, patients who received care from female providers generally had higher Pap smear compliance rates, but these findings differed by patient insurance and race/ethnicity group. Organizational factors that appeared to be associated with higher Pap compliance rates included diffusion of an EHR system, implementation of "Care Model Principals", and having recently implemented a Pap smear screening process improvement project. Results demonstrated that multi-level factors, operating on the patient, provider and organizational levels, contribute to Pap smear compliance among women seen at CHCs. Results suggested that improving screening compliance within this population of women requires interventions that are ecologic in scope, incorporate targeted education to high-risk women and providers, and include organizational strategies that can optimize care delivery at point-of-care.
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Maier, Christophe. "Wirkung eines synthetisch hergestellten Pheromonanalogs (PAP) auf das Wohlbefinden von Mastschweinen beim Transport zum Schlachthof." Diss., lmu, 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-38805.
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Siyam, Amani Abdel Fattah Mohamed. "An analytical study of child survival using the Sudan, Egypt and Yemen PAP-CHILD surveys." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2004/.
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The thesis is a comparative study of, Egypt, Sudan and Yemen, three countries with similar social and economic profiles, yet with a variable dynamic in achieving reductions in child mortality levels. The study begins with a consideration of the individual country backgrounds and then presents comparative findings on population health and child survival. Empirical results on the correlates of child survival are presented, together with a selective review of the related techniques of analysis. The analyses of survival to age five was based on data from the PAPCHILD surveys carried-out in Egypt (1991), Sudan (1992/93) and Yemen (1991/92). The aim was to investigate the determinants of child survival with the innovation of adjusting for the effect of a family's "child mortality background". Methods of analysis included life-table analysis, logistic (marginal and multilevel) and Cox regression models. The transition to better child survival could further benefit from the spacing of births, the avoidance of higher-order births, and the concentration of childbearing in the central reproductive ages. Unequivocally, deaths of older siblings prior to the birth of every index child were strong predictors of poor survival settings. Deaths of older siblings after the birth of the index child were rare, yet captured "immediate" risk spells. Events of conception, birth and death of a subsequent sibling entailed time-varying excess risks. Evidently, adjusting for measures of familial child losses explains much of the "between-households" variation in mortality risks and spell-out "within-households" inter-dependencies of survival. Households further correlate in risks to child survival when they belonged to the same geographical cluster. The novelty in representing the latter correlation with a "regional" component of unmeasured effects was in aid of pertinent policy recommendations. Further, the study makes recommendations on reducing reporting errors of demographic data collected from mothers. Critical findings and policy implications are: for Egypt, better child survival rates are achievable by narrowing "regional" socio-economic gaps and sustaining lower fertility rates; in Sudan, the slowing pace of declines in child mortality were not best explained by relations with observed correlates, and appears further underpinned by the country's economic crisis; in Yemen, child mortality levels can be reduced by a third if the timing between successive births could be extended to two years, net of key promotive socio-economic interventions.
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Litthauer, Suzanne. "Analysing the role of SAL1/PAP retrograde signalling within the circadian system of Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/21465/.
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Plants have developed an internal timing mechanism, the circadian system, that serves to synchronise physiological and metabolic functions with daily, predictable cues such as dawn and dusk. This endogenous oscillator is comprised of biochemical and transcriptional rhythms that are entrained by environmental signals, particularly light and temperature, through the action of input pathways. The circadian system provides plants with an adaptive advantage, and techniques that allow in vivo monitoring of circadian rhythms give valuable insights into the components and mechanisms employed by plants to optimally respond to abiotic signals. This study shows that chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging can be used to describe circadian rhythms of PSII operating efficiency (Fq’/Fm’) in the chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana. These circadian rhythms in Fq’/Fm’ are influenced by the well-defined rhythmic transcriptional feedback loops that comprise the central oscillator in the nucleus, and are maintained under constant blue light by the action of phototropin photoreceptors. Using chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging, the chloroplast-localised enzyme SAL1 was identified as impacting circadian oscillations both in chloroplasts and in the nucleus. SAL1 is a redox-sensitive component of the SAL1-PAP-XRN retrograde signalling pathway, and influences nuclear gene expression in response to stress by modulating the levels of its substrate, 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphate (PAP). PAP accumulates in chloroplasts under abiotic stress and inhibits the activity of 5’→3’ exoribonucleases (XRNs). This study shows that genetically inducing the SAL1-PAP-XRN pathway in plants lacking SAL1 function induces a long circadian period in a blue light-dependent manner. Application of exogenous PAP or osmotic stress lengthens circadian period, and period lengthening correlates with increases in endogenous PAP levels. Furthermore, plants lacking functional XRNs exhibit a similar long circadian period phenotype. The SAL1-PAP-XRN pathway is therefore proposed to regulate nuclear circadian rhythms in response to changes in chloroplast redox poise, and serves as a possible link between molecular timekeeping and abiotic stress response mechanisms.
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Wilhelm, Susanne [Verfasser], and Heinrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Becker. "Atemarbeit bei druckentlastendem PAP im Vergleich zur konventionellen CPAP-Therapie / Susanne Wilhelm. Betreuer: Heinrich Becker." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1095766031/34.
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Dawood, Shanaaz. "Barriers and facilitators to colposcopy attendance following an abnormal pap smear: patient and provider perspectives." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13135.
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Includes bibliographical references.Cervical cancer is a public health problem particularly in developing countries where incidence of cervical cancer remains high, either due to a lack of screening or poorly organised screening programmes. Cytology based cervical screening is only beneficial if women with abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smears are appropriately investigated. Colposcopy attendance following an abnormal Pap smear is a major problem in South Africa. The aim of this study was to explore barriers and facilitators to colposcopy attendance following an abnormal Pap smear result. A qualitative study was conducted at a public sector tertiary hospital colposcopy service and two primary health care clinics in Cape Town, South Africa. Data collection included 32 semi-structured interviews: 12 face-to-face interviews with colposcopy clinic attendees, 12 telephonic interviews with colposcopy clinic non- attendees and 8 face-to-face interviews with health care providers. Client interviews explored barriers and facilitators to colposcopy attendance; knowledge and experiences of Pap smears, cervical cancer and the colposcopy procedure; scheduling of colposcopy appointments; provider communication; reasons for non-attendance; and community support and beliefs. Provider interviews explored barriers and facilitators to colposcopy attendance from a provider’s perspective, the colposcopy referral process, and provider challenges in the provision of Pap smear or colposcopy services. Results from this study highlighted that the main barriers to colposcopy attendance were: poor levels of knowledge of the importance of a Pap smear and the colposcopy procedure; a lack of awareness of cervical cancer as a disease; a fear of cancer; the asymptomatic nature of the disease; and transport costs. Health system factors that impacted negatively on colposcopy clinic attendance included: the inadequate feedback of Pap smear results – clients were not informed of Pap smear results or colposcopy appointments and therefore did not attend; a disjointed system of colposcopy scheduling; and staff shortages which resulted in less time for client tracking. Factors which promoted colposcopy attendance included experiencing symptoms; a family history of cancer due to the experience with death; colposcopy services situated closer to clients; and social support receive d from family members. Addressing these barriers requires promoting client knowledge with educational materials and improving provider communication with clients. In addition, establishing colposcopy services closer to clients and standardising the system of colposcopy scheduling can improve colposcopy adherence.
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Schlick, Jean-Luc. "Etude des protéines antivirales de phytolacca americana (pokeweed) : mise en évidence d'un complexe protéique dans lequel l'activité de la PAP est inhibée ; réalisation de protéines chimériques associant la gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) à la PAP." Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA2029.
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La plante Phytolacca americana, plus communément appelée pokeweed, produit en grandes quantités des toxines protéiques appelées PAPs pour Pokeweed Antiviral Proteins. Ces toxines font partie de la famille des ribosomes inactivating proteins (RIPs). Elles bloquent la traduction en inactivant les ribosomes par dépurination de l'adénine 4324 dans une région très conservée de l'ARN ribosomal 28S. Ces RIPs confèrent une résistance virale aspécifique aux plantes qui les produisent suggérant leur participation aux mécanismes de défense antivirale. La grande sensibilité des ribosomes de la pokeweed vis-à-vis de la PAP implique l'existence de moyens de protection de la plante contre ses propres toxines. Nous avons mis en évidence au laboratoire, à l'aide d'anticorps monoclonaux, une forme complexée de PAP (PAPi) dans des extraits de feuilles de pokeweed. La PAPi possède un pI inférieur à celui de la PAP ce qui permet leur sépration par électrophorèse en condition non dénaturantes. La capacité de la PAP, sous sa forme complexée, à inhiber la traduction in vitro, est fortement réduite. Elle est cependant restaurée par dénaturation thermique du complexe. . .
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Urrutia, Maria Teresa. "Development and Testing of a Questionnaire: Beliefs about Cervical Cancer and Pap Test in Chilean Women." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/309.
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Every year 33,000 women die of cervical cancer in Latin American and the Caribbean. Cervical cancer has been the leading cause of potential years of life lost in Chile. Identifying factors that increase Pap test adherence will be extremely useful for developing interventions to increase the use of the Pap test and to reduce the prevalence of cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire to examine women's beliefs about cervical cancer and the Pap test in Chilean women. The questionnaire, developed following the guidelines by Robert de Vellis, is based on the Health Belief Model. The content validity index was 0.93 after 10 Chilean expert's review. A cross-sectional design was implemented to validate the questionnaire. The sample included 333 women recruited from a women's health care center in Santiago, Chile. Exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate validity and coefficient alpha to evaluate reliability. After six models were computed, the questionnaire was reduced from 53 to 28 items. The new questionnaire,"CPC-28" includes six domains: the barriers domain to take a Pap test considers problems related with a health care center, lack of knowledge and time, being afraid, and embarrassment; the cues to action domain considers cues from family, the health care professional, friend and media; the severity domain considers cervical cancer as a serious problem, the possibility to have a hysterectomy, radiation and chemotherapy, and to die from this disease; the susceptibility domain to take a Pap test considers symptoms, having children, and intercourse; the susceptibility to cervical cancer domain considers the risk to have the disease, age, and possibility to die; and the benefit domain includes to save a life, feel good, and to take care of health. An unexpected salient factor "need to have a Pap test" was found as part of the susceptibility domain. This finding is an important topic for future research. The CPC-28 questionnaire explained 49% of the total variance, and the reliability was .735. It was concluded that the CPC-28 questionnaire will have important implications on research, educative, and administrative role of nursing.
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Eaker, Sonja. "Optimization of compliance in epidemiologic research and disease prevention : with special emphasis on PAP-smear screening /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-454-2/.
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Maia, Kadma Lanubia da Silva. "Trabalho e fam?lia: um estudo da intera??o de pap?is com secret?rios executivos." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12204.
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Previous issue date: 2012-08-28The balance between the demands of two important spheres of human life, work and family, has become a challenge due to the pressures of the contemporary that is expanding around the difficulties of reconciling these two com?nios. In this sense, this research aimed to understand the work-family interaction in the perception of executive secretaries. The analysis approach used was qualitative research, by worrying about a reality that can not be quantified due to the subjectivity of his goal. The data collection technique used was the semistructured interview to twenty executive secretaries, servants of a Federal Institution of Higher Education. For the understanding and interpretation of the data, we used the technique of content analysis. The results of both analyzes identified the existence of conflict as enrichment in this interaction. The time was identified as the largest generator of conflict work. The overload, relationship stress and conflict emerged as elements common to both domains. As main implications of labor disputes, were revealed: problamas health for secretaries and stress. As main implications of family conflicts emerged: motivation for work, lower performance and lack of concentration. The attempt at balance was identified as the strategy most used by secretaries to minimize work-family conflict. The work-family enrichment was seen as resources that contribute to improving the lives of the secretary in both domains. The opportunity to add knowledge was highlighted as enriching element of work and family values ??as elements enriching family. The support and experience emerged as enrichment items common to both domains. Regarding the implications of enrichment resulting from the interaction of work and family, the more perceived by respondents were: increased knowledge and skills, material and psychological benefits, improved quality of life and personal and professional fulfillment. From the perception of executive secretaries, work and family spheres of human life are essential and complementary, and that help is contrary, however, this relationship is the primary management of conflicts, ie, how the individual sees and manages the negative side of the work-family
O equilibrio entre as demandas de duas esferas importantes da vida humana, o trabalho e a fam?lia, tornou-se um desafio em decorrencia das press?es do contempor?neo que vem ampliando as dificuldades em torno da concilia??o entre esses dois com?nios. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa objetivou compreender a intera??o trabalho-fam?lia na percep??o de secret?rios executivos. A abordagem de an?lise utilizada foi a pesquisa qualitativa, por preocupar-se com uma realidade que n?o pode ser quantificada devido ? subjetividade do seu objetivo. A t?cnica de coleta de dados utilizada foi a entrevista semiestruturada, aplicada a vinte secret?rios executivos, servidores de uma Institui??o Federal de Ensino Superior. Para a compreens?o e interpreta??o dos dados, foi utilizada a t?cnica de an?lise de conte?do. Os resultados das an?lises identificaram a existencia tanto de conflito quanto de enriquecimento nessa intera??o. O tempo foi identificado como o maior gerador de conflito do trabalho. A sobrecarga, o relacionamento e o estresse emergiram como elementos de conflito comuns aos dois dom?nios. Como principais implica??es dos conflitos de trabalho, foram revelados: problamas de sa?de para os secret?rios e estresse. Como principais implica??es dos conflitos da fam?lia, emergiram: desmotiva??o para o trabalho, queda no rendimento e falta de concentra??o. A tentativa de equil?brio foi identificada como a estrat?gia mais utilizada pelos secret?rios para minimizar o conflito trabalho-fam?lia. O enriquecimento trabalho-fam?lia foi entendido como recursos que contribuem para a melhoria da vida do secret?rio em ambos os dom?nios. A oportunidade de agregar conhecimentos foi destacada como elemento enriquecedor do trabalho e os valores da fam?lia como elementos enriquecedor da fam?lia. O apoio e a experiencia emergiram como elementos de enriquecimento comuns aos dois dom?nios. Quanto ?s implica??es do enriquecimento resultante da intera??o trabalho-fam?lia, as mais percebidas pelos entrevistados foram: aumento de conhecimento e habilidades, benef?cios materiais e psicol?gicos, melhoria da qualidade de vida e realiza??o pessoal e profissional. A partir da percep??o dos secret?rios executivos, fam?lia e trabalho s?o esferas da vida humana essenciais e complementares, que se ajudam e se contrar?am, contudo, o primordial nessa rela??o ? o gerenciamento dos conflitos, ou seja, a maneira como o indiv?duo encara e administra o lado negativo da rela??o trabalho-fam?lia
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Orelle, Béatrice. "Pancreatitis associated protein (PAP) : clonage, séquençage et expression de l'ARN messager chez le rat et l'homme." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10069.
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La pancreatitis associated protein ou pap est une proteine secretoire mise en evidence au cours de la pancreatite aigue experimentale chez le rat. Le clonage et le sequencage de son adnc ont permis de mieux caracteriser sa structure et d'etudier l'expression de son gene. Cette expression est tres faible dans le pancreas sain et augmente considerablement (environ 300 fois) au cours de l'inflammation, alors que celle des enzymes digestives diminue. L'adnc de la pap de rat nous a permis de cloner l'adnc de la pap humaine. La sequence en acide amine deduite de la proteine presente 69% d'homologie avec la pap de rat. L'expression du gene de la pap humaine est tres importante lors d'une pancreatite necro-hemorrhagique severe. Son expression est beaucoup plus faible dans les pancreatites obstructives et chroniques, et reste indetectable chez les individus sains, dans les adenocarcinomes du pancreas et dans les tumeurs endocrines. L'expression de la pap semble correlee avec la reponse a l'inflammation. Son induction possede les caracteristiques de l'expression des proteines de stress dans d'autres tissus: elle est rapide, intense et transitoire. La pap pourrait donc etre un marqueur specifique de l'inflammation pancreatique. Son role est pour l'instant inconnu. L'analogie structurale de la pap avec les lectines de types c, calcium dependantes, suggere cependant que la proteine agirait en se fixant a un sucre specifique
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Quinn, Megan. "Raising Awareness About Cervical Cancer in Nicaragua: Working With Health Promoters to Increase Pap Smear Uptake." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6817.
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Dr. Megan Quinn, an assistant professor in the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology in the College of Public Health, will discuss “Raising Awareness about Cervical Cancer in Nicaragua: Working with Health Promoters to Increase Pap Smear Uptake” in the second of five “Women on Wednesdays” lectures sponsored this spring by the Women’s Studies Program. A light lunch will be provided. The lecture series promotes the research, scholarship and community engagement of women at ETSU; provides a venue where women on campus and in the community can discuss and support each other’s work; and gives students an opportunity to meet faculty who could become mentors for their studies.
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Gnirke, Andrea U. "Studien zur zellbiologischen Funktion des „Progressions-assoziierten Proteins“ (PAP) und dessen Bedeutung für die Invasivität von Mammakarzinomzellen." Diss., lmu, 2000. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-388.
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Kavanagh, Anne Marie. "Accounts of abnormal Pap smears." Phd thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/142459.
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Wang, Ren-Hong, and 王仁宏. "Analysis Parameters for Pap Smear Cell." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83431855506484553056.
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碩士中原大學
醫學工程研究所
94
Cervical cancer is a disease of highly incidence and death rate in Taiwan, and the largest age group for the women must take precautions. At present, Pap smear screening is the most effective way to prevent cervical cancer. This study detects abnormal cells according to features of stained cells and parameters of each nucleus. Features of stained cells obtained via RGB proportions of the Nucleus and Cytoplasm of cells in each lesion. In parameters for each nucleus, we use image quantification and region growing to chose Nucleus contour, herewith we obtain color, area, and textures. Then, ROC analysis ( Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis ) was used to obtain parameters threshold in order to choose cell type. In this study, we analyze color and nucleus parameters for cells chosen from 40 Pap smear images, then automatically detect and class cells of each lesion, at last accomplish an automatic process for Pap smear. Preliminary result shows the G/B ratio of nucleus color is smaller than 1, and abnormal cell has the higher blue percentage value. In discriminating result, it is obvious to differentiate between normal and abnormal nucleus according to their RGB and area parameters. However stain or bloods on the Pap smear were easily considered abnormal nucleus, so using other stain characteristics of cell to reduce error. In test for 10 normal and 30 abnormal images, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were 0.975,1, and 0.9, respectively. It indicated our study's process has a good identification in distinguishing normal and abnormal pap smears. In discriminating cell's lesion degree, HSIL syncytium detection can stand on nucleus's aggregate number, and we use texture parameters to choose HSIL and LSIL while nucleus has the similar color and area. Quarter of LSIL images were considered HSIL accordingly. In test for 10 LSIL and 20 HSIL images, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were 0.933,1, and 0.8, respectively. It indicated our study's process has a good identification in high grade lesion pap smears. In conclusion, this system can provide an automatic process serves and identify abnormal nucleus efficiently. Moreover, both positions and parameters of nucleus can provide users compare resources and compile data through the interface of system. Image quantification and region growing which can reduce process cost were used in this study, we expect this can process large image more efficiently.
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Chou, Chi-Ting, and 周季庭. "Third-Person Effect in Pap Smear Advertisements." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8e7x5d.
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碩士國立中山大學
傳播管理研究所
99
This study explores whether the third-person effect caused by the Pap smear advertisements appear & if they turn viewers into actions. The degree that the advertisements effect on third-person effect is focused, as a reference for the government when they’d like to make more effective advertisements, instead of putting all the slogans & appeals together. The result shows: Advertising appeal（positive / negative） & direct / indirect wording influences third/first-person effect ,while sexual attitude of audience doesn’t. Because of the privacy of pap smear test, the research didn’t find the relation between third/first person perception & behavior intention.
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Ho, Tzu-I., and 何姿儀. "Cluster Cells Segmentation in Pap Smear Image." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72hfd3.
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碩士國立中興大學
資訊科學與工程學系所
107
In 2017, cervical cancer is one of the sixth most common cancers among the top ten women in the National Health Service. In recent years, the technology for detecting cervical cancer has improved and the technology of fully automatic analysis has not been updated and it is impossible to automatically segment cervical cells for identification. Automatic segmentation of single cells requires consideration of the nucleus and cytoplasm and the segmentation results can have good results. However, when multiple cells are encountered, the structure of the cluster cells is more complicated and it is less likely to be segmented after dividing the cells. Unlike the single cell segmentation, only the nuclei are considered when dividing the cluster cells. The purpose of this study was to automatically segment the cells of the Pap smear-cervical smear to help the doctors identify later. The experimental image was to select 5 images from 4543 Pap smear images and the impurities, single cells and cluster cells in the cervix image were cut out in the image. The study focused on cluster cells. The results show that this study has a good effect of segmentation.
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Huang, Yao-Ching, and 黃耀慶. "THE OVERVIEW AND EXAMPLES OF PAP SMEAR INTERPRETATION." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/y766k2.
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碩士大同大學
生物工程學系(所)
102
Since 1995, Taiwan implemented "National Health Insurance" and provided free Pap smear to women over 30 years old once a year. In addition, that "Protecting Your Life in 6 Minutes" was used as a slogan for the prevention and treatment of gynecological cancer advocacy has a very significant effect till now. The cervical cancer incidence and mortality have already substantially decline. The Pap smear interpretation in Taiwan is using The Bethesda System (TBS) as reporting system and according that design a " Pap smears for women check table". This article is the overview of Pap smear interpretation by the table. Under the Pap smear result normal or not, the government have a follow-up recommendations about abnormal Pap smear interpretation. Research shows human papilloma virus (HPV) is the pathogenic culprit of cervical cancer. Recent years, in the medical field the first HPV vaccine listed was a big breakthrough in the prevention of cervical cancer. The cervical cancer vaccine in conjunction with Pap smear screening will be the best way to prevent cervical cancer at present.
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Kao, Ying-Hsia, and 高瑛霞. "The relationships between Pap smear strategies and outcome." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25137447435616196449.
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碩士國立陽明大學
社區護理研究所
95
Cervical cancer has been taking place with high morbidity and resulting in high mortality among Taiwanese women. How to enhance women’s participation in the Pap smear screening to cut down the morbidity and mortality caused by cervical cancer has hence become a critical issue. The objective of this study is to explore the correlation between the promotional strategy of the Pap smear screening and its results in public health centers. This study is based on a cross-sectional design, taking public health centers in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu as the subjects. Samples selected were the top 25% of the public health centers of 366 urban and rural townships who had higher Pap smear screening rate in 2005, totaling 186 outfits. The data was retrieved from the nursing personnel employed by public health centers and questionnaires issued totaled 1,245 copies with 1,070 copies returned. After deletion of the unqualified ones, the valid copies numbered 924, accounting for a return rate of 74.2%, of which included 163 public health centers as the analytic units. The results discovered: 1) For the promotion of the Pap smear screening, public health centers have applied many strategies, averaging 41.51 varieties out of a total of 47 varieties. The total number of strategies employed by the clusters with high screening rate is higher, of which the frequently used top 10 strategies covered individual sanitation education, poster promotion and single-sheet health flyer, postal cards, telephone conversation, and dispatch of activity notices to inform the general public of the scheduled screening. For the screening site, it was mostly held in public health centers with the nursing personnel playing a key role in the process. Besides, gifts were handed out and a disposable speculum as the sample-collecting tool was used for the promotion. The strategy of drawing was used for clusters with less screening rate. On the whole, strategies used for clusters with high or low screening rate are more or less the same. 2) Factors that affected employment of the promotional strategies by public health centers were the type of the public health center, average number of community residents that the nursing personnel of the public health centers served, average married rate, the ratio of pre-job training for the Pap smear screening activity and the average score for the attitude of the Pap smear screening promotion. 3) Factors that affected the screening rate of the Pap smear screening that public health centers have promoted included the type of the public health center, average number of community residents that the nursing personnel of the public health center served, average educational background, average total length of nursing seniority, and the average score for knowledge for employment of the Pap smear screening strategy. 4) Total number of strategies the public health centers used to prompte the Pap smear screening had obviously direct relationship with the screening rate although contents of the strategies used did not show any significant difference.
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Huang, Chun-Kuei, and 黃俊魁. "Computer-aided Diagnosis System for Pap Smear Cells." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35310182165766544785.
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碩士中原大學
醫學工程研究所
94
Abstract Cervical cancer is one of deadly diseases of cancers with highest occurrence rate for women in Taiwan. Pap smear is the best inspection examination to prevent cervical cancer. In viewing the pap smear, normal cells and abnormal cells which including Low grade Squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and High grade Squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) were distinguished by physician. The purpose of this study is applied the information technology to develop a system that can analyze the cell types and characteristic parameters of cervical cancer, and assist physicians to diagnosis cervix cancer in earlier stage. Some techniques such as: image processing, Back Propagation Networks (BPN) training, database storage, suitability assessment and analyzing, and interface development were used in this study. First of all, color cell images were transformed into gray level images. Through noises removed, morphology, and chain code techniques, the contour of image was circled and recorded. Then the gray and color cell images were segmented into three areas which are background, cytoplasm, and nuclear. Feathers that include RGB, HIS, Entropy, Contrast, and Nuclear/Cytoplasm (N/C) ratio were acquired from images, and the result from statistical analysis were served as distinguish parameters for the development of BPN. In order to train the BPN model, 120 image cases including 60 normal and 60 abnormal cases were used in this study. Then, 32 testing images including 11 normal and 21 abnormal cases and clinical diagnosis results were used to evaluate the accuracy of system. Moreover, according to the opinions from doctors, a friendly interface was developed for increasing the practicality of this system. Results show that P values from statistical analysis and the training result from BPN is highly correlated. For training images, the system perform well in distinguish cell type with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity were 1. For the testing images, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and kappa value were 0.97, 1, 0.91 and 0.93, respectively. Moreover, the N/C ratio for normal cells is less 0.1, for LSIL is between 0.1 and 0.2 , and for HSIL is between 0.2~1. Although the weighting value for N/C ratio is highest in BPN model, the color and other gray parameters are also play important roles to diagnose. Color, gray level, and the distribution of N/C ratio were used to distinguish normal and abnormal cells which include LSIL and HSIL. During this study, only one normal inflammatory cell case in test image was misjudged, because of some effects like noisy background, mucus and other complexities effects that can affect the results of diagnosis. In conclusion, compared with previous study this system is improved in efficient and accuracy. This system could not only segment and analyze multiple cells at one time, but also provide better result with new parameters selection. In the near future, we hope this system can provide more useful diagnosis information from cells for physicians, and can solve any relational problems about pap smear more efficiently thru database communication.
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Wang, Meei-Ren, and 王美仁. "Characteristics of the Women Without Receiving Pap Smear." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28812334940990667989.
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碩士國立成功大學
公共衛生研究所
90
Cervical cancer is one of the most important female cancers in Taiwan. Papnicolaou (Pap) smear is a useful screening test to detect cervical cancer. Pap smear rate in Taiwan is still low compared with that in the developed countries. Our purpose is to investigate the factors that affected women, aged more than 30 years old, without receiving Pap smear for more than three years or never in A-Lein Township in southern Taiwan. The study was performed from July to October 2001. In this township, 1400 of the 4121 women who had not received Pap smear for more than three years and 600 of the 1879 women who had taken the test within the last three years were chosen using the systematic random sampling method. There were totally 1669 questionnaires completed by telephone interview and the response rate was 83.5%. In univariate analysis, regular breast self-examination, having received breast clinical examination by medical personnel, regular exercise (≧ 3 times per week), having a fixed clinic for regular visits, and having received Pap smear suggestions from doctors or nurses were highly associated with receiving Pap smear within three years, P<0.05. Moreover, family violence and depressive mood were strongly associated with not taking Pap smear for more than three years, P<0.05. The result of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that family violence [odds ratio (OR)= 2.07, 95% confidence interval (C.I.)=1.45-2.95] and depressive mood (for more than 2 weeks), [OR= 1.4, 95% C.I.=1.02-2.05] were significantly associated with not receiving Pap smear within three years. Other significant factors associated with not receiving Pap smear for more than three years were breast self-examination [ OR=0.47，95%C.I.=0.35-0.63], regular exercise (≧ 3 times per week) [OR=0.62，95% C.I.=0.46-0.83], having watched Pap smear advertisements on TV [OR=0.66，95% C.I.=0.48-0.91], having read articles about Pap smear [OR=1.67，95% C.I.=1.20-2.33], and suggestions from family doctors[OR=0.23，95% C.I=0.17-0.31] and gynecologists [OR= 0.65，95% C.I.=0.43-0.98]. Between woman who had never receiving Pap smear and took it every year, in multiple logistic regression analysis showed that woman who had never received Pap smear that family violence [odds ratio (OR)= 4.94, 95% confidence interval (C.I.)=2.69-9.08] and depressive mood (for more than 2 weeks), [OR= 2.38, 95% C.I.=1.30-4.37] were also significantly associated with receiving Pap smear every year. Other significant factors associated with never receiving Pap smear were breast self-examination [ OR=0.43, 95%C.I.=0.24-0.79], and suggestions from family doctors[OR=0.08，95% C.I=0.03-0.17] and gynecologists [OR= 0.21，95% C.I.=0.07-0.62]. Conclusions: Except increasing reminders from mass media and physicians, appropriate counseling is needed for those suffering from family violence and depressive mood.
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Feng, Ling-Yi, and 馮齡儀. "Computer-aided Recognition for Abnormal Cells in Pap Smear." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jm4ukq.
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碩士中原大學
醫學工程研究所
92
Cervical cancer is the one of the deadly diseases of cancers in Taiwan, and its occurrence rate is the top of five women cancers. Traditionally, Pap smear is the best treatment for preventing cervical cancer. Originally cooperation with cervical colposcopy to provide doctors cell types, degree of cancer or whether to apply tissue section. This study is focused on the primarily study of Pap smear abnormal cells recognition. We hope to analyze cell types and characteristics parameters relation to cervical cancer via the allocations in image processing to provide diagnostic assistant for clinicians in cervical pre-cancer. Pap smear images were caught to analyze in two different models. In color images, the parameters obtained via RGB and HIS model calculating provided the difference performance between different degree lesion cells. In grey images, histogram equalization was applied to images to enhance the contrast of images and co-occurrence matrix was used to analyze the textures of images. Finally by applied the active contour model to circle the interested cell, and then its cell nucleus’s size, N/C Ratio and cytoplasm’s path were calculated. To totally 30 phantom images and standard plates were used to train this system and 149 clinical cases were used to test the accuracy and feasibility of the system. Furthermore, through the help of clinicians, the comparison between the system and traditional method for the differences in distinguishing the normal and abnormal cells also done. Preliminary results showed the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were 1 in distinguishing normal and abnormal cells for ThinPrep and Pap smear images. It indicated the system has good identification in distinguishing normal and abnormal cells. In discriminating cells’ type, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of ThinPrep were 0.9, 1 and 0.8 individually which due to a FN case caused by its high N/C Ratio, and the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of Pap smear were 0.841, 0.905 and 0.783 individually which due to two HSIL cases’ features are similar to LSIL. To compare our system with artificial detection can observe our system can diagnose abnormal cells identified by naked eyes. In conclusion, the accomplishment of system can provide the cervical cancer cells’ type analysis and preliminary diagnosis, and practically assist the clinical cervical cancer cells’ discrimination diagnosis. The developed database also can provide the estimation of the treatment before and after. In the future, to increase cases and other characteristic parameters collection can make the Bayesian’s training more meaningful to improve the accuracy of the system, and also can add automatically detect for abnormal cells to raise the system’s efficiency.
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Yu-Tun and 王鈺惇. "Factors associated with the women receiving Pap smear screening." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27906320761364335871.
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碩士中山醫學大學
醫療產業科技管理學系碩士班
100
The NIH in Taiwan had included Pap smear screening for cervical cancer for women aged 30 or above since 1995 in order to lower the incidence and mortality from cervical cancer. In recent years, the screening rate has raised gradually but still couldn’t meet the expectation. Therefore, it’s became an important public health issue to understand the factors that influence the willingness to receive continuous Pap smear. Our study discuss the factors that affect women to receive Pap smear using the PRECEDE model. The goal of the study is to understand the current condition of the Pap smear screening in Taiwan by comparing the differences among the knowledge and cognition for cervical cancer between women who has different screening frequency and usage. Self-designed structured questionnaires were used for this study which includes predisposing factors, enabling factors, reinforcing factors and characteristics of Pap smear usage. Women aged 35 and above who visited Gynecology clinics in middle-Taiwan were interviewed. From Feb 2012 to April 2012, a total of 350 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. After analysis, the screening rate and screening frequency were both low among women who were elder, younger, unemployed, single, those unnotified by phone or letter, and those who don’t know the health policy of cervical cancer screening. At the same time, the knowledge and attitude towards Pap smear influence the willingness and frequency greatly. Women who have received other preventive medical intervention or who have specific caregivers have higher willingness and frequency for cervical cancer screening. The propagation through the media didn’t enhance the motivation to receive a Pap smear. The factors that influence the frequency of Pap smear screening were the predisposing factor and the enabling factors; while the reinforcing factor influence the willingness to receive cervical cancer screening.