Academic literature on the topic 'Panicum miliaceum L'

Panicum miliaceum L. is a medicinally effective plant used in indigenous system of medicine for a variety of ailments. However, there is no comprehensive study explaining its effectiveness in gastrointestinal tract, respiratory, and cardiovascular system ailments. This study was designed to validate the pharmacological basis for the folkloric use of Panicum miliaceum L. in diarrhea, asthma, and hypertension. Panicum miliaceum extract was analyzed to detect the presence of bioactive compounds by HPLC. The isolated rabbit jejunum, trachea, and aorta were used for in vitro experiments using tissue bath assembly coupled with Power Lab data acquisition system to explore their relative effects. In-vivo experiments were performed for anti-diarrheal activity. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, catechin, and quercetin. Concentration dependent activities were observed by relaxing K+ (low) induced contractions having spasmolytic effect with EC50 = .358 ± .052, bronchodilator (EC50 = 2.483 ± .05793), and vasorelaxant (EC50 = .383 ± .063), probably due to the ATP dependent potassium channel activation. It was confirmed through pre-exposure of glibenclamide (specific ATP-dependent K+ channel blocker) having similarities with cromakalim. Pm.Cr revealed its antidiarrheal via in vivo experiments on rats. This study indicates that Panicum miliaceum has antidiarrheal, spasmolytic, bronchodilator, and vasorelaxant activities probably due to the ATP dependent K+ channel activation.

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), also known as common millet or broomcorn millet, is an important ancient crop mostly grown for food, feed, and fodder purposes largely in China, Russia, India, and the USA. It is an under-researched and under-utilized crop. Over 29,000 germplasm accessions have been conserved in genebanks globally. Five races (miliaceum, patentissimum, contractum, compactum, ovatum) have been recognized in proso millet based on panicle morphology and shape. The genebank at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics conserves 849 accessions of proso millet originating from 30 countries and represents all five races. Characterization of these germplasm accessions revealed large variability for morpho-agronomic traits, including for days to 50% flowering (26 to 50 days), plant height (20 to 133 cm), and inflorescence length (22 to 400 mm). On average, the race miliaceum was tall (62 cm) with long panicles (209 mm) and ovatum had short plants (46 cm) with small panicles (108 mm). The average Gower’s distance based on 18 morpho-agronomic traits on 841 accessions was 0.261. The race miliaceum had the highest among accessions within race average pairwise distance (0.254), while the distance was the lowest in ovatum (0.192). The races miliaceum and ovatum showed the highest divergence with each other (0.275), while the lowest divergence was observed between compactum and ovatum (0.229). Trait-specific sources were identified for early maturity, tall plants, long inflorescences, and greater seed size. The information on variability and trait-specific sources identified could potentially support proso millet improvement.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) are the fifth and sixth most important cereal crops in the world. Gluten-free grains, therefore persons with coeliac disease could consume them also. In addition, they have a lot of positive effects due to their phenolic compounds (phenol acid, flavonoid, tannin). The total phenol content of sorghum is high, but Panicum miliaceum and Eleusine coracana have higher antioxidant activity. Fiber and mineral contents are also high, the protein contents are also higher than in standard cereals. Sorghum use is similar to corn: starch, glucose, syrup, and oil can be produced. Moreover, it can be used in preparing whole grain products, bread, pancake, dumpling, mush, cake, pasta and beer from sorghum. Broom and forage are also can be prepeared from them. Millet used such as mush, steamed food, cake, bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.

Puffed grains of the varieties of proso millet (Penicum miliaceum L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) were evaluated as a source of nutritional compounds. The process of grain puffing was performed in prototype equipment of the “Szarłat” company. The analysed mean values for puffed grains were starch (proso millet 72.58%, amaranth 55.53%), fat (proso millet 8.43%, amaranth 8.99%), proteins (proso millet 13.89%, amaranth 14.04%), amino acids (proso millet 48.30 g/kg, amaranth 54.03 g/kg), crude fibre (proso millet 4.29%, amaranth 4.47%), and its fractions, as well as the total polyphenol content (proso millet 0.98%, amaranth 0.19%). Based on the results, puffed proso millet grains had the highest amounts of phenolic compounds and starch, and the lowest amount of crude dietary fibre and fat. Furthermore, both products were the sources of micro- and macrocomponents, primarily potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.

AC Prairie Gold is a cultivar of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). It has early maturity with seed yields 12% greater than Crown, a registered forage cultivar. The large, smooth, shiny, yellow-gold colored seed is suitable for the birdfeed market.Key words: Proso millet, cultivar description, birdfeed

The aim of the work was to study the impact of drought on the millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) seed germination and morphological parameters of seedlings and to identify millet genotypes with balanced rhizo- and organogenesis under arid conditions. Since the soil drought weakens plant immunity during seed germination and provokes development of various diseases, especially smut (Sorosporium destruens (Schlecht) Yanki), it is necessary to identify plant genotypes with high resistance to virulent smut races. We studied resistance of 28 millet varieties to 13 smut races registered in Ukraine. The osmotic PEG 6000 (23 %) was used to simulate soil drought during the seed germination. After six days of incubation, seed germinability was assessed and the length of shoots and roots of seedlings was measured. The stress resistance of millet varieties was evaluated by the root length/shoot length ratio (R/S). Water deficit in the soil decreased seed germinability to 50.12 %. Morphological changes were more pronounced in shoots (decrease in length by 77.3 %) than in roots (decrease by 37.7 %). Under favorable weather conditions, the rhizo- and organogenesis in seedlings was even (R/S=0.75±0.02). In case of soil drought, the ratio R/S dropped to 2.19±0.03. Most of the varieties were resistant to smut races Rs 1, Rs 5–Rs 7, and Rs 9–Rs 11; in addition, around 10 % of the studied varieties was highly resistant (9–8 points) to smut races Rs 2, Rs 8, Rs 12, and Rs 13. Millet genotypes resistant to Rs 3 smut race were not found. Thus, the varieties with R/S ratio around one and higher should be considered the most valuable genetic material in selection for drought resistance. High R/S ratios were observed in the varieties Zapovitne (1.77), Zolushka (1.54), Olitan (1.4), Skado (1.79) and Danilo (1.79). The varieties Olitan and Danilo were highly resistant to the smut races Rs 1, Rs 4, Rs 7, Rs 9–Rs 11, while the varieties Novokyivske 0.1 (2.17) and Konstantynivske (2.22) to the smut races Rs 1, Rs 4–Rs 7, Rs 9–Rs 12. The variety Bila Altanka was not affected by the most virulent smut races Rs 2, Rs 8 and Rs 13. We recommend to include these millet genotypes in selection for drought and smut resistance.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Vegetais germinados podem ser consumidos frescos em qualquer época do ano, este processo pode melhorar a palatabilidade, o valor nutricional além de alterar o teor dos compostos bioativos em germinados e/ou brotos. Alguns fatores podem influenciar na composição destes produtos, tais como tempo de germinação, espécie e variedade da planta. Portanto, objetivou-se investigar as modificações no perfil de compostos minoritários, especialmente de interesse biológico, resultantes do processo de germinação de linhaça e painço, ao longo do tempo. O experimento foi instalado na Estação Experimental Terras Baixas da Embrapa Clima Temperado, no Município de Capão do Leão, RS. As sementes de linhaça e painço foram adquiridas de produtores comerciais no Estado do RS e distribuídas uniformemente em caixas tipo gerbox contendo duas folhas de papel germitest umedecidos com água destilada (equivalente a 2,5 vezes a massa do papel seco). Em seguida, as caixas foram acondicionadas em germinador regulado com temperatura constante de 21 ºC (±2) para a linhaça e 25 ºC (±2) para o painço, umidade relativa do ar de 80 % (±5) e luminosidade de 24 horas. As coletas dos germinados foram efetuadas 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas após a germinação, além da testemunha, sem germinar (0 hora). Foi considerada a emergência da radícula como indicador da germinação e forma de padronizar a coleta. O trabalho está estruturado em dois artigos, sendo: ARTIGO 1 – Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar a composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos nas sementes e os teores de clorofilas, carotenoides, fenóis e a capacidade antioxidante nos germinados de linhaça e painço em diferentes tempos de germinação. Para isso, foi realizado um experimento em delineamento experimental completamente casualizado, arranjado em esquema bifatorial, com três repetições. Ao fator A foi atribuído o tipo de semente (linhaça e painço) e ao fator B, os tempos de germinação (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas após a germinação). A semente de linhaça apresentou maior percentual de lipídios em comparação com a semente de painço. O ácido graxo majoritário na linhaça foi o linolênico, enquanto que os ácidos palmítico, palmitoleico, linoleico e araquídico foram os principais no painço. Houve diferença entre linhaça e painço, em clorofilas, carotenoides totais, fenóis totais e capacidade antioxidante nos tempos 72, 96 e 120 horas após a germinação. ARTIGO 2 - Objetivou-se avaliar a composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos nas sementes e os teores de clorofilas, carotenoides, fenóis e a capacidade antioxidante, presentes em germinados de Panicum miliaceum L. ao longo da germinação, em duas safras consecutivas. Para isso, foi realizado um experimento em delineamento experimental completamente casualizado, arranjado em esquema bifatorial, com três repetições. Ao fator A foi atribuído a safra (2012/13 e 2013/14) e ao fator B, os tempos de germinação (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas após a germinação). Os resultados demonstraram que a composição centesimal da semente varia em função da safra. O ácido graxo majoritário na semente de painço foi o linoleico, no entanto, foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos teores de ácidos graxos entre as safras, o que decorre das condições climáticas características de cada ano. Houve aumento nos teores de carotenoides totais, compostos fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante em função do tempo de germinação para ambas as safras. As sementes germinadas de linhaça e painço contêm diversos compostos que podem ser benéficos à saúde, como alguns carotenoides, compostos fenólicos, o que potencializa a capacidade antioxidante das mesmas. Portanto, o consumo de germinados de linhaça e painço pode ser uma boa alternativa para aumentar o fornecimento destes compostos na dieta humana.
Sprouted vegetables can be eaten fresh at any time of year, this process can improve palatability, nutritional value and alters the content of bioactive compounds in germinated and / or shoots. Several factors can influence the composition of these products, such as time of germination, species and variety of the plant. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the changes in the profile of minor compounds, especially biological, interest resulting from germination of flaxseed and millet process over time. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station Lowlands Embrapa Temperate Climate in the City of Capon Lion, RS. The flaxseed and millet were acquired from commercial producers in the state of RS and evenly distributed in boxes type gerbox containing two sheets of paper germitest moistened with distilled water (equivalent to 2.5 times the mass of dry paper). Then the boxes were placed in a germination chamber set at a constant temperature of 21 ° C (± 2) for flaxseed and 25 ° C (± 2) for millet, relative humidity of 80% (± 5) and 24 hours of light . The collections were made from sprouted 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after germination, and a control without germinate (0 hours). Was considered the emergence of the radicle and germination as an indicator of the way to standardize the collection. The paper is structured in two articles, namely: ARTICLE 1 -In this study aimed to evaluate the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of the seed and the contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenolics and antioxidant capacity in sprouted flaxseed and millet in different times of germination. For this, an experiment in a completely randomized experimental design, arranged in a factorial scheme with three replications was conducted. The factor was attributed to the type of seed (linseed and millet) and factor B, the germination time (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after germination). Flaxseed had a higher percentage of lipids compared to the seed of millet. The major fatty acids in linseed was linolenic, whereas palmitic, palmitoleic, linolenic and arachidic were the main millet. Was no difference between flaxseed and millet in chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity at times 72, 96 and 120 hours after germination. ARTICLE 2 - This study aimed to evaluate the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of the seed and the contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenolics and antioxidant capacity present in Panicum miliaceum L. sprouted along the germination in two consecutive harvests. For this, an experiment in a completely randomized experimental design, arranged in a factorial scheme with three replications was conducted. The factor was attributed to the (2012/13 and 2013/14) and the crop factor B, the germination time (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after germination). The results demonstrated that the chemical composition of the seed varies according to the season. The major fatty acid in the seed of millet was linoleic, however, significant differences were found in levels of fatty acids between crops, which is climate conditions typical of each year. There were increased levels of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity as a function of germination time for both harvests. Germinated seeds and linseed millet contain various compounds that can be beneficial to health, as some carotenoids, phenolic compounds, which enhances the antioxidant capacity of same. Therefore, the consumption of sprouted flax millet and can be a good alternative for increasing the supply of these compounds in the human diet.

碩士
弘光科技大學
化妝品科技研究所
104
In this study we wanted to evaluate the antioxidant and whitening capability about water extraction method of P. miliaceum L.At the same time, was studied for its chemical composition.We found five components were identified by high performance liquid chromatography, including gallic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid.The results showed that P. miliaceum L. in the DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and DMPD radical scavenging activity IC50 were, 0.78, 3.37, 5.65, 30.07, and 4.22 mg/mL. In reducing powder experiment, when the sample concentration range of 0.0625~10 mg/mL, absorbance range 0.093~1.058; in the FRAP test, when the sample at 1 mg/mL, equivalent to 0.029 mg/mL of gallic acid; in the total phenolic content, when the sample at 10 mg/mL, equivalent to 76.08 μg/mL of gallic acid. P. milliaceum L. extract have tyrosinase inhibition activity IC50 was 14.66 mg/mL, and was determined to be a mixed-type inhibitor by enzyme kinetics.Therefore, in this thesis we can sew the P. miliaceum L. have antioxidant and whitening effect.

Nowadays, the need to increase crop production and sustainability of farming systems is a main issue at global level, involving private and public sectors. Consequently, the future challenge of agriculture will be to improve food production while maintaining high nutritional quality and counteracting the effects of climate change already underway in the Mediterranean basin. The scientific community is pushing for the development and cultivation of climate resilient crops (CSC) that may be able to efficiently utilize the natural resources ensuring improved nutritional values and crop diversification for a sustainable rotational program. Among these crops, proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) might be a promising candidate thanks to its heat stress resistance, its limited water demand and its high-quality nutritional traits, although it is characterized by low yields. To date, the only way to increase the grain yield and improve other agronomic important traits is through an efficient breeding program based on a wide genetic variability of parental germplasm. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the impact and re-introduction of this minor cereal in the agricultural systems of the Mediterranean basin as renewal crop. For this purpose, agronomic and genetic traits of a germplasm collection of wild and domesticated proso millet accessions, obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) bank, was cultivated over 2 years’ field experiment under Mediterranean pedoclimatic conditions. The agronomic traits characterization of the germplasm collection resources is considered an important step to select genotypes adaptable to such environment and with desirable productive traits to be used in future breeding programs for the constitution of new improved varieties. The first study showed a morphological characterisation and a preliminary evaluation of the agronomical performances of a world collection of 80 proso millet (P. miliaceum) accessions. Overall, all the germplasm resources evaluated exhibited a wide range of variability for plant height, grain yield, total dry biomass, Harvest Index (HI), Growing Degree Days (GDD) to flowering and days to maturity, providing valuable information that could support future researchers. The second study was carried out to research the genomic base of the phenotypic seed traits diversity through a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Phenotypic diversity of seed size, shape, and colour has been evaluated in the fields, to characterise the diversity on germination physiology, nutrient quality, and yield of the different accessions studied. Then DNA of each accession was extracted from a pool of seed and analysed with a RAD sequencing approach to 8 screen and identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) markers. Association between phenotypic and molecular markers were than carried out using the model implemented in the R package qqman The high variation and strong association signals obtained for some of these traits, support the use of genomics and phenotypic screening to rapidly detect marker-trait associations (MTAs) to be employed in specific breeding program. Although the size of the population used in our study was small and this may shrink a bit our results. In the third study we evaluated the agronomic performances of proso millet varieties Sunrise in two consecutive cultivation years (2018 and 2019) under Mediterranean pedoclimatic conditions. Different Plants Densities (D) and Nitrogen Fertilisation (N) were tested, and plants performance were evaluated measuring several agronomic traits. The identification of the best combination of D and N represented an important information to set up an optimised protocol to improve proso millet yields.