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Journal articles on the topic 'Panic Disorder'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Başoǧlu, Metin, Isaac M. Marks, and Seda Şengün. "A Prospective Study of Panic and Anxiety in Agoraphobia with Panic Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 1 (January 1992): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.160.1.57.

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The features of panic and anxiety in the natural environment were studied by prospective self-monitoring in 39 patients with chronic agoraphobia and panic disorder. Panics overlapped greatly with anxiety episodes but were more intense. Panics occurred more often in public places than did anxiety episodes, but had otherwise similar symptom profile, time of occurrence, and antecedents. Most panics surged out of a pre-existing plateau of tonic anxiety which lasted most of the day. Spontaneous panics were less frequent than situational panics and occurred more often at home but were otherwise similar. These findings do not support the sharp distinction between panic and anxiety in DSM–III–R, not its emphasis on spontaneous panic in classifying anxiety disorders. Thoughts of dying and ‘going crazy’/losing control accompanied only a minority of panic/anxiety episodes and seemed to be a product of intense panic rather than a cause.

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2

Okasha, A., Z. Bishry, A. H. Khalil, T. A. Darwish, A. Seif El Dawla, and A. Shohdy. "Panic Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 6 (June 1994): 818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.6.818.

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We compared three groups of patients with panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder and major depressive episode with a control group. Methods of comparison included a clinical profile of the patients, assessed by the Arabic version of the Present State Examination (PSE), a psychological battery of tests measuring personality traits and depressive and anxiety states, and the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) as a biological marker. Our data showed that psychological assessment and DST did not significantly differentiate between the three disorders. Despite a symptom overlap between the disorders, however, some symptoms were associated significantly more often with one disorder than another. Patients with panic disorder differed from patients with major depressive episode in showing more situational, avoidance and free floating anxiety, and more anxious foreboding. They showed less self-negligence, ideas of guilt, early awakening and social withdrawal. Compared with patients with generalised anxiety disorder, patients with panic disorder showed more loss of interest and muscle tension and less anxious foreboding, restlessness, inefficient thinking, social withdrawal and delayed sleep. Our conclusion is that the clinical course and the symptom profile of panic disorder justifies its existence as an independent diagnostic category.

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3

Richards, Jeffrey C., Vanessa Richardson, and Ciaran Pier. "The Relative Contributions of Negative Cognitions and Self-efficacy to Severity of Panic Attacks in Panic Disorder." Behaviour Change 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.19.2.102.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the degree to which fearful and catastrophic cognitions, and self-efficacy for managing panic predicted various panic attack characteristics in panic disorder. The cognitive variables consisted of anxiety sensitivity, the frequency of fearful agoraphobic cognitions and measures of catastrophic misinterpretation of symptoms. The panic parameters were number and severity of panic symptoms, distress associated with panic attacks, worry about future panics, duration of panic disorder, and life interference due to panic disorder. These variables were measured in 40 people with panic disorder, 31 of whom also had significant agoraphobia. The frequency of fearful agoraphobic cognitions was the strongest predictor of panic attack symptomatology, predicting number of symptoms, symptom severity and degree of anticipatory fear of panic. Catastrophic misinterpretation of symptoms and anxiety sensitivity did not independently predict any panic parameters. Only self-efficacy for managing the rapid build-up of panic symptoms was specifically related to panic severity. The results therefore suggest that cognitive behaviour therapy for panic symptoms in panic disorder should reduce fearful cognitions rather than focus on panic coping strategies. The results offer little support for the contribution of the expectancy or catastrophic misinterpretation theories to the maintenance of panic disorder.

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4

Rinasari, Nur, Agus Ari Pratama, I. Ketut Pasek, and Made Yos Kresnayana. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANXIETY DISORDER AND PANIC ATTACK TOWARD FINAL YEAR STUDENTS AT STIKES BULELENG." MIDWINERSLION : Jurnal Kesehatan STIKes Buleleng 8, no. 2 (September 30, 2023): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52073/midwinerslion.v8i2.333.

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Introduction: Anxiety disorder or anxiety disorder is an individual's condition in which persistent fear is difficult to control. Panick attack or panic attack is a condition of panic attack that no one expects. Panic attacks often cause excessive fear and possible recurrence, which also affects changes in individual behavior in everyday life. Students in the course of scripting face a variety of psychological disorders such as stress, depression, and frequent anxiety. Method: The research design used in this study is a cross sectional approach. The population in this study is all final-level students at STIKes Buleleng,. The sample size used was 70 respondents selected using random sampling techniques. Data collection techniques using the DASS questionnaire. Result: the results of a statistical chi square test of this study show a p-value = 0.000 which is 00.05 so that it can be interpreted that there is a relationship between Anxiety Disorder and Panic Attack of End-Level Students at STIKes Buleleng. Conclusion: there is a relationship between Anxiety Disorder and Panic Attack at STIKes Buleleng towards final year students who are preparing their thesis.

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5

Başoglu, Metin, Isaac M. Marks, Cengiz Kiliç, Richard P. Swinson, Homa Noshirvani, Klaus Kuch, and Geraldine O'Sullivan. "Relationship of Panic, Anticipatory Anxiety, Agoraphobia and Global Improvement in Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia Treated with Alprazolam and Exposure." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 5 (May 1994): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.5.647.

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In a controlled trial of alprazolam and exposure in 154 patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia, relations between panic, anticipatory anxiety, and phobic avoidance were examined. The three symptoms were independent of one another at baseline and improved largely independently during treatment; only early improvement in avoidance predicted global improvement after treatment. Global improvement was more related to reduction of avoidance than a decrease in panics. Panic was not a valuable outcome measure in panic disorder with agoraphobia.

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6

Szabo, C. P. "Panic Disorder." South African Journal of Psychiatry 19, no. 3 (August 30, 2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v19i3.949.

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<div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 324.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05793);" data-canvas-width="422.862">Panic disorder (PD) is a prevalent anxiety disorder with lifetime</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 344.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965287);" data-canvas-width="419.39699999999993">prevalence rates ranging from 1.1% to 3.7% in the general population</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 364.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.963513);" data-canvas-width="211.17">and 3.0% to 8.3% in clinic settings.</div><div style="left: 282.064px; top: 365.947px; font-size: 9.00733px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.974443);" data-canvas-width="10.231649999999998">[1]</div><div style="left: 292.296px; top: 364.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979702);" data-canvas-width="198.32849999999996">The presence of agoraphobia in</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 384.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990626);" data-canvas-width="420.45899999999983">patients with PD is associated with substantial severity, comorbidity</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 404.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01867);" data-canvas-width="421.6035">(e.g. major depression, other anxiety disorders, alcohol abuse) and</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 424.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00463);" data-canvas-width="142.19699999999997">functional impairment.</div><div style="left: 213.067px; top: 425.947px; font-size: 9.00733px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.958178);" data-canvas-width="12.216764999999999">[1]</div>

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7

UESHIMA, KUNITOSHI. "Panic disorder." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA 17, no. 2 (1997): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2199/jjsca.17.95.

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8

Johnson, Michael R., R. Bruce Lydiard, and James C. Ballenger. "Panic Disorder." Drugs 49, no. 3 (March 1995): 328–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199549030-00002.

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9

Katerndahl, David A. "Panic disorder." Postgraduate Medicine 101, no. 1 (January 1997): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.1997.01.146.

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10

Ware, Michael R., C. Lindsay DeVane, and Karen L. Hall. "Panic disorder." Postgraduate Medicine 91, no. 7 (May 15, 1992): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1992.11701347.

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11

Katon, Wayne J. "Panic Disorder." New England Journal of Medicine 354, no. 22 (June 2006): 2360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp052466.

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12

Malison, Robert T., and Lawrence H. Price. "Panic disorder." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 4, no. 2 (April 1991): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199104000-00012.

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13

Rapee, Ronald M. "Panic disorder." International Review of Psychiatry 3, no. 2 (January 1991): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540269109110396.

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14

Sargent, Marilyn. "Panic Disorder." Psychiatric Services 41, no. 6 (June 1990): 621–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.41.6.621.

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15

Taylor, C. Barr. "Panic disorder." BMJ 332, no. 7547 (April 20, 2006): 951–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7547.951.

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16

Rickels, Karl, and Edward Schweizer. "Panic Disorder." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 18 (December 1998): 12S—18S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199812001-00004.

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17

Roy-Byrne, Peter P., Michelle G. Craske, and Murray B. Stein. "Panic disorder." Lancet 368, no. 9540 (September 2006): 1023–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69418-x.

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18

Peters, D., M. Kane, M. J. Mordin, and C. A. Martin. "Panic disorder." Complementary Therapies in Medicine 4, no. 4 (October 1996): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-2299(96)80081-1.

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19

Schenberg, Luiz Carlos. "Panic disorder." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 46 (October 2014): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.004.

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20

Byrne, Peter Roy, and Deborah S. Cowley. "Panic disorder." Lancet 353, no. 9149 (January 1999): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)74897-2.

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21

Klein, Donald F. "Panic disorder." Lancet 353, no. 9149 (January 1999): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)74898-4.

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22

Milev, R., N. Kovacheva, and V. Stefanoff. "Panic disorder." Journal of Affective Disorders 107 (March 2008): S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.12.166.

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23

FRIEDLANDER, ARTHUR H., STEPHEN R. MARDER, ERIC C. SUNG, and JOHN S. CHILD. "Panic disorder." Journal of the American Dental Association 135, no. 6 (June 2004): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0306.

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24

Chandra, Prakash, and Sepehr Hafizi. "Panic disorder." BMJ 336, Suppl S4 (April 1, 2008): 0804166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.0804166.

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25

Dick, C. L., R. C. Bland, and S. C. Newman. "Panic Disorder." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 89, s376 (January 1994): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05790.x.

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26

KATON, WAYNE, PETER P. VITALIANO, JOAN RUSSO, MICHAEL JONES, and KATHLEEN ANDERSON. "Panic Disorder." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175, no. 1 (January 1987): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198701000-00003.

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27

Rapaport, Mark Hyman, and Cristin Barrett. "Panic disorder." Current Psychiatry Reports 3, no. 4 (August 2001): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-001-0022-1.

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28

Torpy, Janet M. "Panic Disorder." JAMA 305, no. 12 (March 23, 2011): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.305.12.1256.

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29

Rogers, Malcolm P., Kerrin White, Meredith G. Warshaw, Kimberly A. Yonkers, Fernando Rodriguez-Villa, Grace Chang, and Martin B. Keller. "Prevalence of Medical Illness in Patients with Anxiety Disorders." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 24, no. 1 (March 1994): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/txm9-evx8-q4wt-g03j.

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Objective: This investigation examines the prevalence and characteristics of medical illness in 711 patients enrolled in the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Disorders Research Program (HARP), a multi-center, longitudinal study of anxiety disorders. Method: Elligible subjects were those with present or past index anxiety disorders: panic disorder without agoraphobia, panic disorder with agoraphobia, agoraphobia without panic disorder, social phobia, or generalized anxiety disorder. They were assessed by trained raters using structured diagnostic interviews and the Medical History Form II. Results: Patients with panic disorder and co-morbid major depressive disorder had significantly higher rates of reported medical illness than anxiety disorder patients without depression. When the rates of medical illness for all subjects were compared with those from the Rand Health Insurance Experiment, we found the prevalence of several medical problems to be disproportionately increased. Conclusions: Although our results are preliminary, it appears that patients with panic disorder have more reported medical problems than the public at large, in particular, more ulcer disease, angina, and thyroid disease. Somatic complaints in patients with panic disorder, therefore, need to be carefully considered.

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30

Chignon, J. M., and J. P. Lépine. "Trouble Panique et Alcoolisme: Influence de la Comorbidité." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 38, no. 7 (September 1993): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379303800705.

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Both epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of panic disorder among alcoholic patients. In contrast, little attention has been given to studying alcohol abuse and/or dependence in patients suffering from panic disorder. One hundred and fifty-five consecutive referrals for treatment for panic disorder were interviewed using a modified version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Lifetime Version, modified for the study of anxiety disorders. Thirty-two patients (20.7%) had a lifetime history of alcohol abuse and/or dependence. Although the lifetime comorbidity rate of either agoraphobia and/or social phobia seems without any influence on the risk of alcohol-related disorder, alcoholic patients suffering from panic disorder appear to be more likely to have a history of depression and other addictive disorders. The majority of patients with primary alcoholism were male, and those who became alcoholics after they developed panic disorder were more likely to be female. The comparison between patients with primary and secondary alcoholism did not indicate any difference in the comorbidity rate with other psychiatric disorders nor the severity of panic disorder.

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31

Angst, J. "Panic disorder: History and epidemiology." European Psychiatry 13, S2 (1998): 51s—55s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(98)80014-x.

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SummaryPanic has not always been recognised as an exclusively psychiatric condition. Research in this area continued along separate medical and psychological axes until 1980, when the development of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III criteria established the overall concept of panic disorder. The lifetime prevalence of DSM-III panic disorder and repeated panic attacks, defined as the average of individual estimates from six studies, are 2.7% and 7.1% of the general population, respectively. Females are almost twice as likely as males to suffer panic disorder, and about seven times as likely to suffer repeated panic attacks. Overall, panic disorder or panic attacks occur in up to one in ten of the general population. The prevalence of panic disorder and panic attacks, their associations with other conditions, and their time courses have been investigated in a prospective epidemiological study in Zurich, Switzerland, in which 591 individuals were followed for 15 years. The validity of panic disorder and panic attacks as genuine psychological phenomena are attested to by their positive associations with a family history of panic disorder, elevated risk of suicide, lifetime treatment for psychiatric disorders, and especially treatment with prescribed medication and substantial work and social impairment. Strong comorbidity exists between panic states and other psychiatric conditions, including depression (major depression, bipolar disorder and recurrent brief depression), agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disease. A lower degree of comorbidity is seen with alcohol and tobacco dependence. Comorbid conditions usually precede panic, except for alcohol abuse, which is usually secondary to episodes of panic. The prognosis of panic states is often optimistic, and chronic disease is present in less than half of sufferers. Both panic disorder and repeated panic attacks are common, serious and disabling conditions. Effective diagnosis and treatment of repeated panic attacks and panic disorder are of equal importance.

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32

GOODWIN, R., J. D. LIPSITZ, T. F. CHAPMAN, S. MANNUZZA, and A. J. FYER. "Obsessive–compulsive disorder and separation anxiety co-morbidity in early onset panic disorder." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 7 (October 2001): 1307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004366.

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Background. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between anxiety co-morbidity and age of onset of panic disorder.Methods. Age of onset of panic disorder and co-morbid anxiety disorders were assessed among 201 panic disorder probands with childhood separation anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, social phobia and specific phobia as part of a clinician-administered lifetime diagnostic interview. A generalized linear model was used to test the association between each anxiety co-morbidity and age of panic disorder onset while simultaneously controlling for the potential confounding effects of sociodemographic characteristics and other psychiatric co-morbidity.Results. Earlier onset of panic disorder was found in patients with co-morbid obsessive–compulsive disorder, obsessive–compulsive symptoms and separation anxiety disorder, but not simple phobia or social phobia. Patients with both childhood separation anxiety disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder had an even earlier panic onset than those with either childhood separation anxiety disorder or obsessive–compulsive disorder.Conclusions. The association between anxiety co-morbidity and earlier onset of panic disorder is specific to obsessive–compulsive disorder and childhood separation anxiety disorder.

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33

Pollack, M. H., and P. C. Marzol. "Panic: Course, Complications and Treatment of Panic Disorder." Journal of Psychopharmacology 14, no. 2_suppl1 (March 2000): S25—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02698811000142s104.

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Panic disorder is a chronic condition typically associated with significant distress and disability. In addition to the acute distress associated with the panic attack itself, the disorder often leads to distressing anticipatory anxiety and phobic avoidance. Affected individuals experience significant impairment in social and vocational functioning, high utilization of medical resources, constriction of function, premature mortality and diminution in overall quality of life. Panic disorder is frequently comorbid with other conditions, particularly depression, as well as alcohol and other substance abuse, and other anxiety disorders including social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. A number of pharmacological agents and cognitive-behavioural treatments have been shown to be effective in the treatment of panic disorder, with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) becoming first-line pharmacotherapy for this condition. Among these, the SSRI sertraline appears effective not only in improving symptoms of panic, but also in reducing anticipatory anxiety and improving multiple aspects of quality of life. For patients who remain partly or fully symptomatic despite adequate first-line treatment, a variety of strategies are emerging for the management of refractory conditions. We provide an overview of the prevalence, presentation and associated complications of panic disorder, review the therapeutic options and discuss the management of refractory patients.

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34

Baldwin, DS. "Depression and panic: Comorbidity." European Psychiatry 13, S2 (1998): 65s—70s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(98)80016-3.

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SummaryPanic disorder is a common condition. Epidemiological studies throughout the world consistently indicate that the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) is between 1.5% and 3.5%. Panic disorder shows substantial comorbidity with other forms of mental illness. Major depressive disorder occurs in 50 to 65% of individuals with panic disorder and there is considerable cross-sectional and longitudinal comorbidity with recurrent brief depression and dysthymia. Phobic anxiety disorders, most notably social phobia and generalised anxiety disorder, commonly occur with panic disorder, especially in individuals with more severe agoraphobia. Approximately 35 to 50% of individuals with panic disorder in community settings also have agoraphobia. Panic disorder also shows significant comorbidity with physical illness. Compared with individuals without or with some other psychiatric diagnosis, patients with panic disorder have an increased risk of suffering from multiple medically unexplained symptoms and are associated with high use of medical services and increased mortality from both cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.

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35

Lydiard, R. Bruce. "Increased Prevalence of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Panic Disorder: Clinical and Theoretical Implications." CNS Spectrums 10, no. 11 (November 2005): 899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900019878.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are a group of disorders characterized by recurrent gastrointestinal distress for which no structural or biochemical cause can be discerned. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an FGID estimated to affect 10% to 25% of the United States population. IBS occurs in over 40% of individuals with panic disorder, and in patients with IBS, 25% to 30% have panic disorder, which has led to speculation about possible shared pathophysiology between the two. Less is known about the prevalence of other FGID in individuals with panic disorder.Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of IBS and all the other FGID in patients with current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) panic disorder.Introduction:We assessed FGIDs in 73 treatment-seeking DSM-IV panic disorder patients via the Diagnostic Interview Questions for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and made descriptive comparisons with a large convenience sample from an already-completed United States Household Survey (USHS), which employed the same diagnostic criteria.Results:The prevalence of IBS and other FGIDs in both men and women with panic disorder were substantially higher than in the USHS respondents. Women with panic disorder had significantly more functional chest pain than men, but there was no gender difference in IBS. With the exception of functional anorectal and biliary disorders, the FGID prevalences were comparatively higher in panic disorder versus the USHS respondents.Discussion:This survey supports earlier reports of a high prevalence of IBS in individuals with panic disorder and also suggests that the prevalence of several other FGIDs were comparatively high as well. Methodological limitations precluded direct statistical analysis. It may be that commonly overlapping psychiatric and often-painful FGIDs, and extra-intestinal disorders increase the risk for comorbidity in already-affected individuals via shared pathophysiology. One potential model for which there is some evidence for a role in stress, panic disorder, FGIDs and several extra-intestinal functional conditions is dysregulation of corticotropin-releasing factor function.Conclusion:The prevalence of FGIDs in DSM-IV panic disorder was comparatively higher than in USHS respondent community sample, which used similar FGID diagnostic criteria. The cause for the apparent close association of panic disorder with FGID may represent shared pathophysiology. Increased understanding of the mechanism of the overlap may allow for improved treatment of the significant proportion of the population suffering from comorbid psychiatric and functional medical conditions.

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36

Skapinakis, P., G. Lewis, S. Davies, T. Brugha, M. Prince, and N. Singleton. "Panic disorder and subthreshold panic in the UK general population: Epidemiology, comorbidity and functional limitation." European Psychiatry 26, no. 6 (September 2011): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.06.004.

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AbstractObjectiveThe epidemiology of panic disorder has not been investigated in the past in the UK using a nationally representative sample of the population. The aim of the present paper was to examine the epidemiology, comorbidity and functional impairment of subthreshold panic and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia.MethodWe used data from the 2000 Office for National Statistics Psychiatric Morbidity survey (N = 8580). Panic disorder and agoraphobia were assessed with the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R).ResultThe prevalence of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia was 1.70% (95% confidence interval: 1.41–2.03%). Subthreshold panic was more common. Economic inactivity was consistently associated with all syndromes. The comorbidity pattern of the panic syndromes and the associated functional impairment show that panic-related conditions are important public health problems, even in subthreshold status.ConclusionsThe findings show that efforts to reduce the disability associated with psychiatric disorders should include detection and management of panic disorder.

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37

Bonevski, Dimitar, and Antoni Novotni. "Child abuse in panic disorder." Medical review 61, no. 3-4 (2008): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0804169b.

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Introduction Numerous authors associate child abuse with serious long-term consequences to the general and psychological well-being in particular. Clinical research to date reveals strong correlation between childhood abuse and neglect and anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder. Material and Methods This study was conducted in order to assess the level of emotional, physical and sexual childhood abuse as well as the physical and emotional childhood neglect in 40 adult patients suffering from panic disorder, diagnosed in accordance with the 10th International Classification of Disorders diagnostic criteria, compared with the control group of 40 healthy test subjects without a history of psychiatric disorders, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The severity of the clinical manifestation in patients with panic disorder was assessed using the Panic Disorder Severity Scale. Results and Discussion There were no significant differences between the groups as to the level of sexual abuse and physical neglect, whereas in the group of patients with panic disorder, the level of physical and emotional abuse was significantly higher, with emphasis on emotional neglect. With regards to the correlation between the severity of the clinical manifestation in patients with panic disorder and the severity of suffered abuse and neglect in childhood age, significant correlation was found in the physical and emotional abuse as well as emotional neglect. There was no significant correlation in the aspect of the physical neglect and sexual abuse. Conclusion Our research underlines the importance of childhood physical abuse, and especially emotional abuse and emotional neglect in the occurrence of panic disorder later in life.

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38

Cosci, Fiammetta, Koen R. J. Schruers, Kenneth Abrams, and Eric J. L. Griez. "Alcohol Use Disorders and Panic Disorder." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68, no. 06 (June 15, 2007): 874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v68n0608.

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39

Bourin, Michel, and Eric Dailly. "Cholecystokinin and panic disorder." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 16, no. 2 (April 2004): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2004.0076.x.

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Evidence for implication of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the neurobiology of panic disorder is reviewed through animal and human pharmacological studies. The results of these investigations raise two issues: (i) selectivity of action of CCK-2 agonists in anxiety disorders; and (ii) aberrations of the CCK system in anxiety disorders, both of which are discussed.

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PUŞUROĞLU, Meltem. "Investigation of Thought Control and Obsessive Beliefs in Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder." Journal of Contemporary Medicine 13, no. 5 (September 30, 2023): 866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1347443.

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Aims: Obsessive beliefs and thought control are often thought to be associated with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. However, the relationship with anxiety disorders has recently been investigated in the literature. In this study, Obsessive Beliefs and Thought Control levels in patients diagnosed with Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder were investigated. It is aimed to contribute to the literature on the cognitive aspects of anxiety disorders. Material and Method: According to DSM 5 diagnostic criteria, 71 patients diagnosed with Generalised Anxiety Disorder, 63 patients diagnosed with Panic Disorder and 63 healthy controls were included in the study. The participants were applied the Thought Control Questionnaire and Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire. In addition, Beck Anxiety Scale was applied to patients diagnosed with Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Panic Agoraphobia Scale was applied to patients diagnosed with Panic Disorder. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in Distraction (F=11.383; p=

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Garcia de Miguel, Berta, David J. Nutt, Sean D. Hood, and Simon JC Davies. "Elucidation of neurobiology of anxiety disorders in children through pharmacological challenge tests and cortisol measurements: a systematic review." Journal of Psychopharmacology 26, no. 4 (July 19, 2010): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881110372818.

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Anxiety disorders are common both in adults and children. While there have been major advances in understanding the neurobiology of anxiety disorders in adults, progress has been more limited in the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these disorders in childhood. There is a need to delineate childhood biological models, since anxiety represents a significant clinical problem in children and is a risk factor for the subsequent development of anxiety and depression in adulthood. We conducted a review of the literature regarding pharmacological challenge tests and direct hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis measurement in children with anxiety disorders, with emphasis on panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. Studies identified were contrasted with those in adult panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. Despite this broad approach few studies emerged in children, with only 22 studies meeting inclusion criteria. When contrasted with adult neurobiological models of panic disorder and social anxiety disorder, children studied showed some abnormalities which mirrored those reported in adults, such as altered baseline respiration, altered responses to CO2 challenge tests and blunted growth hormone response to yohimbine. However, results differed from adults with panic disorder and social anxiety in some aspects of noradrenergic and serotonergic function. For endpoints studied in panic disorder children, unlike adults, displayed a lack of baseline end-tidal CO2 abnormalities and a different hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal pattern response under low-dose CO2. The biology of these anxiety disorders in children may only partially mirror that of adult anxiety disorders. However, caution is required as the evidence is limited, and many studies combined patients with panic disorder and social anxiety disorder with other disorders or non-specific anxiety. Further research is required to fully understand the biology and progression of childhood anxiety disorders.

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Fernandes, C. Pedro, B. Jorge, and D. Freitas. "Depersonalization and a severe form of agoraphobia: A case report and review." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S187—S188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.496.

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IntroductionDepersonalization during panic attacks may be a feature of a subgroup of Panic disorder. Several studies suggest that such subgroup corresponds to a more clinically severe form of Panic Disorder, with earlier onset and a higher rate of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. It is also hypothesized that depersonalization during panic attacks may lead Panic disorder to evolve into Agoraphobia.ObjectivesTo present the case report of a patient with severe Agoraphobia, whose only symptom of Panic disorder was depersonalization.MethodsDescription of a case report.ResultsWe describe the case of a 20-year-old woman who developed Agoraphobia after a single panic attack, during a physical education class, at the age of 13, with depersonalization symptoms only. After the attack, the patient stopped playing sports and engaging in any kind of activity in the absence of a trusted person. At the age of 20, the patient will only travel alone in the immediacies of her home, sometimes missing classes, because she cannot get a ride from trusted acquaintances. She justifies such avoidances with her fear of feeling depersonalized again. Over the course of her illness, she denied having experienced any other symptoms of a panic attack. She was treated with Paroxetine 40mg daily and cognitive behavioral therapy, having improved.ConclusionsWe believe this case provides good insight into depersonalization in panic attacks, supporting the view that Panic disorder with depersonalization may be a distinct and more severe subgroup of Panic Disorder.

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Hornig, Christopher D., and Richard J. McNally. "A Reanalysis of Data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 1 (July 1995): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.1.76.

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BackgroundAnalysing data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study, Weissman and colleagues reported that panic disorder was strongly associated with suicide attempt. However, they did not control optimally for comorbid disorders known to increase suicide risk.MethodReanalysing the ECA data, we controlled for comorbid disorders in the aggregate rather than one at a time when we estimated the association between panic disorder and suicide attempt.ResultsPanic disorder was not associated with an increased risk of suicide attempt.ConclusionsComorbid conditions strongly influence whether people with panic disorder are at especial risk of suicide attempt.

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NARD, ANTONIO EGIDIO, ALEXANDRE M. VALENÇA, ISABELLA NASCIMENTO, MARCO A. MEZZASALMA, and WALTER ZIN. "Panic disorder and hyperventilation." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 57, no. 4 (December 1999): 932–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1999000600006.

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Respiratory abnormalities are associated with anxiety, particularly with panic attacks. Symptoms such as shortness of breath, "empty-head" feeling, dizziness, paresthesias and tachypnea have been described in the psychiatric and respiratory physiology related to panic disorder. Panic disorder patients exhibit both behaviorally and physiologically abnormal responses to respiratory challenges tests. Objective: We aim to observe the induction of panic attacks by hyperventilation in a group of panic disorder patients (DSM-IV). Method: 13 panic disorder patients and 11 normal volunteers were randomly selected. They were drug free for a week. They were induced to hyperventilate (30 breaths/min) for 3 minutes. Anxiety scales were taken before and after the test. Results: 9 (69.2%) panic disorder patients and one (9.1%) of control subjects had a panic attack after hyperventilating (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The panic disorder group was more sensitive to hyperventilation than normal volunteers. The induction of panic attacks by vonluntary hyperventilation may be a useful and simple test for validating the diagnosis in some specific panic disorder patients.

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Klein, DF. "Recognising panic disorder." European Psychiatry 10, S2 (1995): 61s—63s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)80326-9.

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The most important feature of panic disorder is the existence of a discrete crescendo of distress that peaks very quickly and disappears quickly (DSM-IV, 1994). However, a patient will frequently erroneously say that the panic lasted hours. When a person has a panic attack they feel tremendously overwhelmed and often seek help in accident and emergency units. An estimated one in three people who present at these units with chest pains has symptoms consistent with panic disorder (Fleet et al, 1994).

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BATELAAN, NEELTJE, RON DE GRAAF, ANTON VAN BALKOM, WILMA VOLLEBERGH, and AARTJAN BEEKMAN. "Thresholds for health and thresholds for illness: panic disorder versus subthreshold panic disorder." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 2 (November 1, 2006): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706009007.

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Background. There is increasing evidence that subthreshold forms of psychopathology are both common and clinically relevant. To enable classification of these subthreshold forms of psychopathology, it may be useful to distinguish not only a threshold for illness but also for health. Our aim was to investigate this with regard to panic.Method. Data were derived from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), which is based on a large representative sample of the adult general population (18–65 years) of The Netherlands (n=7076). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used as a diagnostic instrument. By defining two thresholds, three groups were formed: panic disorder, subthreshold panic disorder and no-panic. These groups were compared using multinomial regression analysis, χ2 and analysis of variance.Results. The 12-month prevalence of panic disorder was 2·2% while that of subthreshold panic disorder was 1·9%. Symptom profiles and risk indicators associated with panic disorder and subthreshold panic disorder were similar, and half of the risk indicators were more strongly associated with panic disorder than with subthreshold panic disorder. Subthreshold panic disorder occupied an intermediate position between panic disorder and no-panic with regard to the number of symptoms, the percentage of subjects with co-morbidity, and functioning.Conclusions. Subthreshold panic disorder is common, and seems clinically relevant, but is milder than panic disorder. These results thus support the use of a double threshold in panic. Further research should focus on the positioning of the thresholds, the course of subthreshold panic disorder and its treatment options.

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&NA;. "Panic disorder news ???" Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1208 (October 1999): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199912080-00019.

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Anonymous. "Panic Disorder Program." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 29, no. 2 (February 1991): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19910201-18.

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&NA;. "Managing panic disorder." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 914 (November 1993): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199309140-00040.

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Fleet, R. P., G. Dupuis, A. Marchand, and B. D. Beitman. "NONFEARFUL PANIC DISORDER." Psychosomatic Medicine 61, no. 1 (1999): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199901000-00087.

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