Dissertations / Theses: 'Panic Disorder'

1

Hamilton, Gia Renee. "Nonclinical panic: A useful analogue for panic disorder?" CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2155.

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The objective of this study is to see if nonclinical panickers with unexpected panic attacks (NCPs-U) may be a more useful panic disorder (PD) analogue than nonclinical panickers with expected panic attacks (NCPs-E).

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2

Hammel, Jacinda Celeste McGlynn F. Dudley. "Meta worry and generalized anxiety disorder." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/HAMMEL_JACINDA_58.pdf.

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3

Duinen, Marlies Alice van. "The stress of panic neuroendocrinological and neuroimmunological studies in panic disorder /." [Maastricht] : Maastricht : UPM, Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2005. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6447.

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4

Hodges, Laura M. "Candidate gene analysis of panic disorder." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3311346.

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5

Petrowski, Katja, and Rupert Conrad. "Comparison of Cortisol Stress Response in Patients with Panic Disorder, Cannabis-Induced Panic Disorder, and Healthy Controls." Karger, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71642.

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Background/Aims: Little research effort has so far been dedicated to the analysis of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of aetiologically differing subgroups of patients with panic disorder (PD). The current study aimed at a deeper understanding of the cortisol stress response in cannabis-induced PD (CIPD) patients. Methods: Matched groups of 7 PD patients (mean age ± SD: 32.95 ± 9.04 years), 7 CIPD patients (31.94 ± 8.40 years), and 7 healthy controls (HC) (31.13 ± 8.57 years) were included in the study. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was used for stress induction. Salivary cortisol samples were collected and panic- and depression-related questionnaires were applied. Results: A stress response to the TSST was found in 28.6% of PD patients, in 51.1% of CIPD patients, and in 100% of HC subjects. Statistical analyses revealed a cortisol hyporesponsiveness in PD and CIPD patients. While cortisol values of PD patients and HC participantsdiffered significantly, CIPD patients’ cortisol courses balanced between those of PD patients and HC subjects. Conclusions: Current findings show a distinctive pattern of the stress-induced cortisol reaction in CIPD patients, which is markedly different from the hormonal response in PD patients as well as HC subjects. Previous findings of cortisol hyporesponsiveness in PD patients compared to HC subjects were confirmed.

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6

Gräsbeck, Anne. "The epidemiology of anxiety and depressive syndromes a prospective, longitudinal study of a geographically defined, total population : the Lundby study /." Lund : Dept. of Psychiatry, Lund University Hospital, 1996. http://books.google.com/books?id=sw9sAAAAMAAJ.

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7

Richter, Jan, Alfons O. Hamm, Christiane A. Pané-Farré, Alexander L. Gerlach, Andrew T. Gloster, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Thomas Lang, et al. "Dynamics of Defensive Reactivity in Patients with Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Implications for the Etiology of Panic Disorder." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-120100.

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Background: The learning perspective of panic disorder distinguishes between acute panic and anxious apprehension as distinct emotional states. Following animal models, these clinical entities reflect different stages of defensive reactivity depending upon the imminence of interoceptive or exteroceptive threat cues. The current study tested this model by investigating the dynamics of defensive reactivity in a large group of patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia (PD/AG). Methods: Three hundred forty-five PD/AG patients participated in a standardized behavioral avoidance test (being entrapped in a small, dark chamber for 10 minutes). Defense reactivity was assessed measuring avoidance and escape behavior, self-reports of anxiety and panic symptoms, autonomic arousal (heart rate and skin conductance), and potentiation of the startle reflex before and during exposure of the behavioral avoidance test. Results: Panic disorder and agoraphobia patients differed substantially in their defensive reactivity. While 31.6% of the patients showed strong anxious apprehension during this task (as indexed by increased reports of anxiety, elevated physiological arousal, and startle potentiation), 20.9% of the patients escaped from the test chamber. Active escape was initiated at the peak of the autonomic surge accompanied by an inhibition of the startle response as predicted by the animal model. These physiological responses resembled the pattern observed during the 34 reported panic attacks. Conclusions: We found evidence that defensive reactivity in PD/AG patients is dynamically organized ranging from anxious apprehension to panic with increasing proximity of interoceptive threat. These data support the learning perspective of panic disorder.

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8

Richter, Jan, Alfons O. Hamm, Christiane A. Pané-Farré, Alexander L. Gerlach, Andrew T. Gloster, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Thomas Lang, et al. "Dynamics of Defensive Reactivity in Patients with Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Implications for the Etiology of Panic Disorder." Technische Universität Dresden, 2012. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27104.

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Background: The learning perspective of panic disorder distinguishes between acute panic and anxious apprehension as distinct emotional states. Following animal models, these clinical entities reflect different stages of defensive reactivity depending upon the imminence of interoceptive or exteroceptive threat cues. The current study tested this model by investigating the dynamics of defensive reactivity in a large group of patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia (PD/AG). Methods: Three hundred forty-five PD/AG patients participated in a standardized behavioral avoidance test (being entrapped in a small, dark chamber for 10 minutes). Defense reactivity was assessed measuring avoidance and escape behavior, self-reports of anxiety and panic symptoms, autonomic arousal (heart rate and skin conductance), and potentiation of the startle reflex before and during exposure of the behavioral avoidance test. Results: Panic disorder and agoraphobia patients differed substantially in their defensive reactivity. While 31.6% of the patients showed strong anxious apprehension during this task (as indexed by increased reports of anxiety, elevated physiological arousal, and startle potentiation), 20.9% of the patients escaped from the test chamber. Active escape was initiated at the peak of the autonomic surge accompanied by an inhibition of the startle response as predicted by the animal model. These physiological responses resembled the pattern observed during the 34 reported panic attacks. Conclusions: We found evidence that defensive reactivity in PD/AG patients is dynamically organized ranging from anxious apprehension to panic with increasing proximity of interoceptive threat. These data support the learning perspective of panic disorder.

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9

Rees, Clare S. "Panic disorder : symptomatology, medical utilisation and treatment." Thesis, Curtin University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2184.

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The overall aim of this project was to investigate the nature and structure of the physiological symptoms of panic attacks and the relationship between these symptoms and use of the health care system by people with a clinical diagnosis of panic disorder. Cioffi's model of somatic interpretation was explored in relation to this issue as it had been previously applied to predominantly physiological conditions and appeared to offer a potentially useful framework for understanding the behaviour of people with panic disorder.The first study consisted of a principal components analysis of 153 panic attack symptom checklists from the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule - Third Edition - Revised (ADIS-III-R).Five separate physiological components emerged from the analysis which mirrored common medical conditions. A cluster analysis of the symptoms of 153 individuals indicated that the sample formed five separate groups corresponding to the five physiological components identified. The results of this study supported suggestions put forward in the literature regarding the possible clustering of the physiological symptoms of panic attacks. The study also found evidence to suggest that individuals with panic disorder can be identified in distinct sub-groups according to the most predominant physiological symptoms reported.The second study was made up of two parts. Part one investigated the health utilisation behaviour and associated costs for people with panic disorder and compared them with people with social phobia. Significantly higher costs and rates of utilisation were found for the panic disorder group compared to the group with social phobia. Part two of this study investigated the relationship between a person with panic disorder's most predominant physiological panic symptoms and the type of medical specialists consulted. Fifty three individuals with panic disorder were included in the study and the proposed relationship was analysed using a bi-partial regression analysis. The respiratory group was significantly related to the type of specialist seen.The third study was aimed at clarifying the interpretation of ambiguous symptoms in panic disorder. Thirty eight people with panic disorder completed a questionnaire requiring them to give explanations as to the cause of a number of ambiguous somatic sensations. It was hypothesised that there would be a relationship between the persons highest component score (as identified in the first study) and the interpretation of threat made in response to the items on the questionnaire. No such relationship was found although significantly more threat-interpretations were made when the individual's cognitive threat schema was activated.Study four investigated the influence of the type of panic recording measure upon the severity and number of panic symptoms reported. A secondary aim was to compare panic symptoms recorded following a panic provocation procedure in the clinic with those recorded following naturally occurring panic attacks. Thirty seven people with panic disorder recorded the symptoms of panic attacks experienced in the natural environment and those induced via hyperventilation in the clinic. It was hypothesised that there would be an effect for recording measure on the dependent variables of symptom severity and number. This hypothesis was supported with the structured recording measure producing significantly more symptoms of a greater severity than the unstructured or descriptive measure. An interaction effect was found for the neurological group of symptoms whereby the severity of symptoms was significantly higher in the clinic setting than in the natural environment with the descriptive measure resulting in significantly greater severity ratings.The final study investigated the efficacy of information-giving as an intervention for panic disorder. Forty individuals with panic disorder were randomly assigned to either receive two sessions of information-giving as well as self-monitoring of their symptoms or self-monitoring only. As hypothesised the group receiving information as well as self- monitoring had significantly lower levels of general anxiety and depression as well as anticipatory anxiety at the end of the intervention period.Several important implications emerge from these results. The finding that people with panic disorder can be identified according to the predominant set of physiological symptoms they report provides some useful information for identification of the problem in general medical settings. This project demonstrated the need for a screening measure for panic disorder in Australian medical settings as well as the potential effectiveness of the provision of information relating to anxiety and panic. In addition, Cioffi's model of somatic interpretation was found to be a useful framework with which to consider underlying processes relating to the interpretation of panic sensations.

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10

Dijkman-Caes, Chantal Irma Mauricette. "Panic disorder and agoraphobia in daily life." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Rijksuniversiteit Limburg] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1993. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6673.

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11

Rees, Clare S. "Panic disorder : symptomatology, medical utilisation and treatment." Curtin University of Technology, School of Psychology, 1997. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=10805.

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The overall aim of this project was to investigate the nature and structure of the physiological symptoms of panic attacks and the relationship between these symptoms and use of the health care system by people with a clinical diagnosis of panic disorder. Cioffi's model of somatic interpretation was explored in relation to this issue as it had been previously applied to predominantly physiological conditions and appeared to offer a potentially useful framework for understanding the behaviour of people with panic disorder.The first study consisted of a principal components analysis of 153 panic attack symptom checklists from the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule - Third Edition - Revised (ADIS-III-R).Five separate physiological components emerged from the analysis which mirrored common medical conditions. A cluster analysis of the symptoms of 153 individuals indicated that the sample formed five separate groups corresponding to the five physiological components identified. The results of this study supported suggestions put forward in the literature regarding the possible clustering of the physiological symptoms of panic attacks. The study also found evidence to suggest that individuals with panic disorder can be identified in distinct sub-groups according to the most predominant physiological symptoms reported.The second study was made up of two parts. Part one investigated the health utilisation behaviour and associated costs for people with panic disorder and compared them with people with social phobia. Significantly higher costs and rates of utilisation were found for the panic disorder group compared to the group with social phobia. Part two of this study investigated the relationship between a person with panic disorder's most predominant physiological panic symptoms and the type of medical specialists consulted. Fifty three individuals with panic disorder ++
were included in the study and the proposed relationship was analysed using a bi-partial regression analysis. The respiratory group was significantly related to the type of specialist seen.The third study was aimed at clarifying the interpretation of ambiguous symptoms in panic disorder. Thirty eight people with panic disorder completed a questionnaire requiring them to give explanations as to the cause of a number of ambiguous somatic sensations. It was hypothesised that there would be a relationship between the persons highest component score (as identified in the first study) and the interpretation of threat made in response to the items on the questionnaire. No such relationship was found although significantly more threat-interpretations were made when the individual's cognitive threat schema was activated.Study four investigated the influence of the type of panic recording measure upon the severity and number of panic symptoms reported. A secondary aim was to compare panic symptoms recorded following a panic provocation procedure in the clinic with those recorded following naturally occurring panic attacks. Thirty seven people with panic disorder recorded the symptoms of panic attacks experienced in the natural environment and those induced via hyperventilation in the clinic. It was hypothesised that there would be an effect for recording measure on the dependent variables of symptom severity and number. This hypothesis was supported with the structured recording measure producing significantly more symptoms of a greater severity than the unstructured or descriptive measure. An interaction effect was found for the neurological group of symptoms whereby the severity of symptoms was significantly higher in the clinic setting than in the natural environment with the descriptive measure resulting in significantly greater severity ratings.The final study ++
investigated the efficacy of information-giving as an intervention for panic disorder. Forty individuals with panic disorder were randomly assigned to either receive two sessions of information-giving as well as self-monitoring of their symptoms or self-monitoring only. As hypothesised the group receiving information as well as self- monitoring had significantly lower levels of general anxiety and depression as well as anticipatory anxiety at the end of the intervention period.Several important implications emerge from these results. The finding that people with panic disorder can be identified according to the predominant set of physiological symptoms they report provides some useful information for identification of the problem in general medical settings. This project demonstrated the need for a screening measure for panic disorder in Australian medical settings as well as the potential effectiveness of the provision of information relating to anxiety and panic. In addition, Cioffi's model of somatic interpretation was found to be a useful framework with which to consider underlying processes relating to the interpretation of panic sensations.

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12

Queen, Alexander Harrison. "Screening for Adolescent Panic Disorder in Pediatrics Settings." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/68.

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Although the prevalence rate of panic disorder (PD) among adolescents is relatively low, epidemiological research suggests that panic attacks and subclinical panic disorder symptoms occur in a substantial portion of the adolescent population. Retrospective and prospective studies also suggest that adolescence is a critical developmental period for the onset of PD symptoms. Given the negative academic, social, and emotional outcomes associated with undetected and untreated PD, effective prevention and intervention are warranted. Identifying adolescents with current PD or who may be at-risk for future PD is an important step in such treatment efforts. Among professionals working with youth, physicians and medical staff may be at a particularly advantageous position to screen for adolescent panic symptoms, given the high utilization of medical services among those experiencing such PD symptoms. Although limited time and resources within primary care settings frequently hinder effective mental health screening procedures, the use of time-and cost-effective screening instruments may aid professionals in detection efforts. With this in mind, the current study sought to validate a brief screening tool previously studied with adults for use with adolescents seen at pediatrics primary care practices. The screening instrument was evaluated both in terms of its ability to effectively detect adolescents with PD and in terms of the association between positive screen status and cognitive, symptom, and broader impairment variables associated with PD. Participants included 165 adolescents (57% male) ages 12 to 17 (M = 14.40; SD = 1.77) recruited from two general pediatrics clinics in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The sample was 42.3% White, Non-Hispanic, 41.1% Hispanic, 7.9% Black (African-American and Caribbean American), 1.2% Asian American, 7.4% mixed ethnicity or other, and 1.2% unknown. At Time 1, while in the waiting room of a pediatrics clinic, participants completed the Autonomic Nervous System Questionnaire (ANS; Stein et al., 1999), a five-item screening measure of panic symptoms. Of this larger sample, 45 participants (25 screening positive for potential panic disorder and 20 with negative screens, matched by age and gender to the positive screen group) completed telephone-administered follow-up measures at Time 2. Follow-up measures included a more comprehensive diagnostic assessment of PD and agoraphobia, as well as adolescent-report measures of anxiety sensitivity, interpretive biases, overall anxiety and depression, and functional impairment. At Time 1, 65 participants (39.4%) screened positive on the ANS, as indicated by endorsing the first and/or second item on the measure. Of those screening positive, roughly one-third of participants (33.84% of positive screens) endorsed moderate to severe anticipatory anxiety about future panic attacks. The ANS displayed excellent sensitivity (Se = 1.00), with two participants from the positive screen group meeting criteria for PD, and no control participants meeting criteria. However, as expected, specificity of the ANS was lower (Sp = .43), indicating a high degree of false positives (e.g., those screening positive but not meeting criteria for PD). In addition, as hypothesized, the ANS demonstrated good test-retest reliability (r = .74). Independent samples t-tests revealed that positive screen participants had significantly higher self-reported anxiety sensitivity, interpretive biases, anxious and depressive symptoms (including panic), and functional impairment than negative screen participants. This difference remained significant for overall symptom T-scores on the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scales (RCADS; Chorpita et al., 2000), even after controlling for group differences in anxiety sensitivity and interpretive biases. Finally, further analyses revealed that participants endorsing both starter items on the ANS (n = 7) had higher elevations on self-reported anxiety sensitivity and panic symptoms, compared to those not endorsing either item or those endorsing the first item (e.g., "In the past six months, did you ever have a spell or an attack when all of a sudden you felt frightened, anxious, or very uneasy?"), but not higher than those endorsing only the second item ("In the past six months, did you ever have a spell or attack when for no reason your heart suddenly began to race, you felt faint, or you couldn't catch your breath?"). These findings offer preliminary validation for the ANS as a screening measure for PD in adolescence, given its high sensitivity and ability to adequately "catch" patients with PD (e.g., low false negative rate). Perhaps even more importantly, those screening positive on the ANS demonstrated higher scores on cognitive correlates of PD and elevated internalizing symptoms and functional impairment, compared to participants screening negative. Based on these analyses, current recommendations for physicians and medical staff are to monitor and follow-up with adolescents screening positive on the ANS for the development of anxiety and panic disorder symptoms, particularly among those who endorse both starter items. However, given the relatively small sample size, replication of these findings in a larger sample is needed to further validate these recommendations. Finally, implications for prevention and intervention within pediatrics settings are discussed.

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13

Prince, Mary. "Effects of cognitive-behavioral treatment on panic disorder." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1994. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2761.

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The effectiveness of an integrated treatment program utilizing group-administered cognitive-behavioral therapies for panic disorder was examined. Treatment was based upon the cognitive model of panic disorder. Subjects meeting the DSM-III-R criteria for panic disorder received six 1.5 hour sessions of outpatient group therapy over an 8-week period. Subjects were given an extensive rationale of the deve1opment and maintenance of panic disorder, breathing retraining, progressive relaxation training, cognitive therapy to identify and modify maladaptive beliefs and dysfunctional cognitive schemas, as well as training in imagery desensitization. An assessment battery which included measures of panic, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and self-efficacy was given at pre-and post-treatment and at 1-and 2-month follow-up. All subjects were free of spontaneous panic attacks at post-treatment, and 50 percent of subjects showed improvement in the areas of anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy.

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14

Dawson, Cheri Meadows Bernacchio Charles P. "Panic disorder consumer preferences and implications for rehabilitation counselors /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2838.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 4, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Division of Rehabilitation Counseling and Psychology." Discipline: Rehabilitation Counseling and Psychology; Department/School: Medicine.

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15

Kroeze, Sabine. "On the origin of bodily sensations in panic disorder." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1999. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=8631.

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16

Goodwin, Renee D., Carlo Faravelli, S. Rosi, F. Cosci, E. Truglia, Ron de Graaf, and Hans-Ulrich Wittchen. "The epidemiology of panic disorder and agoraphobia in Europe." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-110237.

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A literature search, in addition to expert survey, was performed to estimate the size and burden of panic disorder in the European Union (EU). Epidemiologic data from EU countries were critically reviewed to determine the consistency of prevalence estimates across studies and to identify the most pressing questions for future research. A comprehensive literature search focusing on epidemiological studies in community and clinical settings in European countries since 1980 was conducted (Medline, Web of Science, Psychinfo). Only studies using established diagnostic instruments on the basis of DSM-III-R or DSM-IV, or ICD-10 were considered. Thirteen studies from a total of 14 countries were identified. Epidemiological findings are relatively consistent across the EU. The 12-month prevalence of panic disorder and agoraphobia without history of panic were estimated to be 1.8% (0.7–2.2) and 1.3% (0.7–2.0) respectively across studies. Rates are twice as high in females and age of first onset for both disorders is in adolescence or early adulthood. In addition to comorbidity with agoraphobia, panic disorder is strongly associated with other anxiety disorders, and a wide range of somatoform, affective and substance use disorders. Even subclinical forms of panic disorder (i.e., panic attacks) are associated with substantial distress, psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment. In general health primary care settings, there appears to be substantial underdiagnosis and undertreatment of panic disorder. Moreover, panic disorder and agoraphobia are poorly recognized and rarely treated in mental health settings, despite high health care utilization rates and substantial long-term disability.

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Goodwin, Renee D., Carlo Faravelli, S. Rosi, F. Cosci, E. Truglia, Ron de Graaf, and Hans-Ulrich Wittchen. "The epidemiology of panic disorder and agoraphobia in Europe." Technische Universität Dresden, 2005. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26823.

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A literature search, in addition to expert survey, was performed to estimate the size and burden of panic disorder in the European Union (EU). Epidemiologic data from EU countries were critically reviewed to determine the consistency of prevalence estimates across studies and to identify the most pressing questions for future research. A comprehensive literature search focusing on epidemiological studies in community and clinical settings in European countries since 1980 was conducted (Medline, Web of Science, Psychinfo). Only studies using established diagnostic instruments on the basis of DSM-III-R or DSM-IV, or ICD-10 were considered. Thirteen studies from a total of 14 countries were identified. Epidemiological findings are relatively consistent across the EU. The 12-month prevalence of panic disorder and agoraphobia without history of panic were estimated to be 1.8% (0.7–2.2) and 1.3% (0.7–2.0) respectively across studies. Rates are twice as high in females and age of first onset for both disorders is in adolescence or early adulthood. In addition to comorbidity with agoraphobia, panic disorder is strongly associated with other anxiety disorders, and a wide range of somatoform, affective and substance use disorders. Even subclinical forms of panic disorder (i.e., panic attacks) are associated with substantial distress, psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment. In general health primary care settings, there appears to be substantial underdiagnosis and undertreatment of panic disorder. Moreover, panic disorder and agoraphobia are poorly recognized and rarely treated in mental health settings, despite high health care utilization rates and substantial long-term disability.

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18

Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Agnes Nocon, Katja Beesdo, Daniel S. Pine, Michael Höfler, Roselind Lieb, and Andrew T. Gloster. "Agoraphobia and Panic." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-100091.

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Background: The relationship of panic attacks (PA), panic disorder (PD) and agoraphobia (AG) is controversial. The aim of the current study is to prospectively examine the 10-year natural course of PA, PD and AG in the first three decades of life, their stability and their reciprocal transitions. Methods: DSM-IV syndromes were assessed via Composite International Diagnostic Interview – Munich version in a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study of 3,021 subjects aged 14–24 years at baseline. Results: (1) Incidence patterns for PA (9.4%), PD (with and without AG: 3.4%) and AG (5.3%) revealed differences in age of onset, incidence risk and gender differentiation. (2) Temporally primary PA and PD revealed only a moderately increased risk for subsequent onset of AG, and primary AG had an even lower risk for subsequent PA and PD. (3) In strictly prospective analyses, all baseline groups (PA, PD, AG) had low remission rates (0–23%). Baseline PD with AG or AG with PA were more likely to have follow-up AG, PA and other anxiety disorders and more frequent complications (impairment, disability, help-seeking, comorbidity) as compared to PD without AG and AG without PA. Conclusions: Differences in incidence patterns, syndrome progression and outcome, and syndrome stability over time indicate that AG exists as a clinically significant phobic condition independent of PD. The majority of agoraphobic subjects in this community sample never experienced PA, calling into question the current pathogenic assumptions underlying the classification of AG as merely a consequence of panic. The findings point to the necessity of rethinking diagnostic concepts and DSM diagnostic hierarchies.

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19

Abplanalp, Bart Solomon. "Prospective evaluation of the efficacy of a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention on the development of panic disorder and anxiety in a high-risk, nonclinical college population." Thesis, Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008262.

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20

Malan, Jeffrey R. "Characteristics of women with clinical and non-clinical panic disorder." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0013/NQ52429.pdf.

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21

Zandbergen, Jan. "Respiratory regulation and consequences of CO2 changes in panic disorder." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Rijksuniversiteit Limburg] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1992. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5658.

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22

Angle, Susan Pugh. "Perceptions of College Students Diagnosed with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia: Academic, Psychosocial, and Environmental Views of their College Experience." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28107.

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The number of reported students with psychiatric disabilities who are seeking services and/or accommodations is steadily increasing on college campuses. Much of the research and documentation that surround the study of college students with psychiatric disorders is extremely broad in focus and tends to group all psychiatric diagnoses together when reporting outcome studies. The research literature that is devoted to the study of the college student diagnoses with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia is limited in scope and nature. The majority of the literature is devoted to the physiological and behavioral ramifications of the disorder or treatment modalities. a review of the extant literature reveals that there is no substantive research available that provides insight into the college experiences of the student diagnoses with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. In summary, it is safe to say that there is not enough pertinent information readily available to enlighten college and university faculty and staff about the experiences of college students diagnosed with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. specifically, little is known about: (1) the academic, psychosocial, and environmental needs of these students (2) what disability related barriers these student may have experienced (3) what coping mechanisms are typically employed, and (4) what services and accommodations these students have found to be the most effective while they were enrolled in college. The purpose of this study was to examine the nature and the scope of the college experiences of students who were diagnosed with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. The subjects for this study consisted of a select group of upperclassmen at Virginia Tech. Gender or age was not a factor in the selection process. For purposes of this study, the qualitative in-depth interview method was considered the most appropriate form of data collection. Analysis of the data revealed the following common experiences among the subjects in the study: (1) All subjects experienced difficulties in the classroom due to their Panic Disorder. (2) All of the subjects had concerns with the physical setting of the campus (i.e. preferential seating, avoidance of large classrooms and auditoriums, and anxiety-like symptoms as the result of bright or fluorescent lighting). (3) A lack of social contacts both in and out of the classroom was a common experience. (4) While all subjects had tried medication to control their Panic Disorder, two of the subjects stopped their medication even though they reported an improvement I their symptoms. The majority of the subjects stated that they did not want to remain on the medication for fear of addiction or using the medication as a "crutch." (5) All of the subjects sought out counseling while attending Virginia Tech. All of the subjects, with the exception of one, did not seek any treatment for their anxiety of Panic Attacks until after they arrived at Virginia Tech. (6) All of the subjects, with the exception of one suffered with either chronic anxiety, or Panic Attacks for over one year before seeking any medical relief or counseling. (7) All of the subjects reported that counseling was helpful and for the most part, they all tried to use relaxation techniques when experiencing a Panic Attack. (8) All of the subjects are still having difficulty with chronic anticipatory anxiety and occasional Panic Attacks. (9) While the majority of the subjects interviewed were optimistic about their career options, it was evident that all of the subjects have encountered significant anxiety-related barriers that have impacted their choice of major and possible future jobs. the majority of the subjects reported that it was important to have a job where the workload was not too stressful and the workplace was viewed as a "safe" environment.
Ph. D.

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23

Edwards, D. J. A. "From panic disorder to complex traumatic stress disorder : retrospective reflections on the case of Tariq." Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007784.

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This is a phenomenological-hermeneutic case study of Tariq who initially presented with panic disorder. It documents how, as therapy proceeded, the underlying meaning of his initial panic deepened as its roots in traumatic memories of childhood emerged. There were four spaced phases of treatment over four years. The first focused on anxiety management; the second was conceptualized within schema-focused therapy, and evoked and worked with childhood memories using inner child guided imagery; in the third and fourth phases insights gained led to an authentic re-engagement with family members in relationships that had been problematic. The panic attacks resolved and there were two dreams representing a reconfiguring of his relationship with his deceased father. The first two phases were the focus of an unpublished case study presented at a conference in 1995. This article incorporates material from that study and looks back at the case both in light of developments in phases two and three and also in light of theoretical developments in our understanding of complex trauma since the initial presentation.

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Lüken, Ulrike, Markus Mühlhan, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Thilo Kellermann, Isabelle Reinhardt, Carsten Konrad, Thomas Lang, et al. "(Don't) panic in the scanner! How panic patients with agoraphobia experience a functional magnetic resonance imaging session." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-120053.

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Although functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has gained increasing importance in investigating neural substrates of anxiety disorders, less is known about the stress eliciting properties of the scanner environment itself. The aim of the study was to investigate feasibility, self-reported distress and anxiety management strategies during an fMRI experiment in a comprehensive sample of patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia (PD/AG). Within the national research network PANIC-NET, n = 89 patients and n = 90 controls participated in a multicenter fMRI study. Subjects completed a retrospective questionnaire on self-reported distress, including a habituation profile and exploratory questions about helpful strategies. Drop-out rates and fMRI quality parameters were employed as markers of study feasibility. Different anxiety measures were used to identify patients particularly vulnerable to increased scanner anxiety and impaired data quality. Three (3.5%) patients terminated the session prematurely. While drop-out rates were comparable for patients and controls, data quality was moderately impaired in patients. Distress was significantly elevated in patients compared to controls; claustrophobic anxiety was furthermore associated with pronounced distress and lower fMRI data quality in patients. Patients reported helpful strategies, including motivational factors and cognitive coping strategies. The feasibility of large-scale fMRI studies on PD/AG patients could be proved. Study designs should nevertheless acknowledge that the MRI setting may enhance stress reactions. Future studies are needed to investigate the relationship between self-reported distress and fMRI data in patient groups that are subject to neuroimaging research.

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Rayment, Patricia A. "Panic parameters, fear of anxiety, and use of coping strategies as predictors of agoraphobic avoidance in panic disorder /." Adelaide, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR.PS/09ar.psr267.pdf.

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Bickel, Kelly Woolaway. "An empirical test of calm for PD a computer-administered learning module for panic disorder /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1187198889.

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Casey, Leanne M. "Looking beyond the negatives : cognitive change and the working alliance in CBT for panic disorder /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16368.pdf.

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Lüken, Ulrike, Markus Mühlhan, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Thilo Kellermann, Isabelle Reinhardt, Carsten Konrad, Thomas Lang, et al. "(Don't) panic in the scanner! How panic patients with agoraphobia experience a functional magnetic resonance imaging session." Technische Universität Dresden, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27099.

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Although functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has gained increasing importance in investigating neural substrates of anxiety disorders, less is known about the stress eliciting properties of the scanner environment itself. The aim of the study was to investigate feasibility, self-reported distress and anxiety management strategies during an fMRI experiment in a comprehensive sample of patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia (PD/AG). Within the national research network PANIC-NET, n = 89 patients and n = 90 controls participated in a multicenter fMRI study. Subjects completed a retrospective questionnaire on self-reported distress, including a habituation profile and exploratory questions about helpful strategies. Drop-out rates and fMRI quality parameters were employed as markers of study feasibility. Different anxiety measures were used to identify patients particularly vulnerable to increased scanner anxiety and impaired data quality. Three (3.5%) patients terminated the session prematurely. While drop-out rates were comparable for patients and controls, data quality was moderately impaired in patients. Distress was significantly elevated in patients compared to controls; claustrophobic anxiety was furthermore associated with pronounced distress and lower fMRI data quality in patients. Patients reported helpful strategies, including motivational factors and cognitive coping strategies. The feasibility of large-scale fMRI studies on PD/AG patients could be proved. Study designs should nevertheless acknowledge that the MRI setting may enhance stress reactions. Future studies are needed to investigate the relationship between self-reported distress and fMRI data in patient groups that are subject to neuroimaging research.

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LaMattina, Stephanie M. "Examining the Role of Stress in Binge Eating Disorder." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LaMattinaSM2008.pdf.

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30

Bell, Caroline Jane. "Investigation of the role of serotonin in anxiety and panic disorder." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396654.

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31

Iurato, Stella [Verfasser], and Carsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Wotjak. "DNA methylation signatures in panic disorder / Stella Iurato ; Betreuer: Carsten Wotjak." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1156533589/34.

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Wittmann, A., F. Schlagenhauf, A. Guhn, U. Lueken, C. Gaehlsdorf, M. Stoy, F. Bermpohl, et al. "Anticipating agoraphobic situations: the neural correlates of panic disorder with agoraphobia." Cambridge University Press, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A39008.

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Background: Panic disorder with agoraphobia is characterized by panic attacks and anxiety in situations where escape might be difficult. However, neuroimaging studies specifically focusing on agoraphobia are rare. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with disorder-specific stimuli to investigate the neural substrates of agoraphobia. Method. We compared the neural activations of 72 patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia with 72 matched healthy control subjects in a 3-T fMRI study. To isolate agoraphobia-specific alterations we tested the effects of the anticipation and perception of an agoraphobia-specific stimulus set. During fMRI, 48 agoraphobia-specific and 48 neutral pictures were randomly presented with and without anticipatory stimulus indicating the content of the subsequent pictures (Westphal paradigm). Results: During the anticipation of agoraphobia-specific pictures, stronger activations were found in the bilateral ventral striatum and left insula in patients compared with controls. There were no group differences during the perception phase of agoraphobia-specific pictures. Conclusions: This study revealed stronger region-specific activations in patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia in anticipation of agoraphobia-specific stimuli. Patients seem to process these stimuli more intensively based on individual salience. Hyperactivation of the ventral striatum and insula when anticipating agoraphobiaspecific situations might be a central neurofunctional correlate of agoraphobia. Knowledge about the neural correlates of anticipatory and perceptual processes regarding agoraphobic situations will help to optimize and evaluate treatments, such as exposure therapy, in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia.

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Alvarenga, Marlies. "An analysis of autonomic nervous system fuctioning in panic disorder and its relation to negative affect / Marles E. Alvarenga." Thesis, The Author [Mt. Helen, Vic.] :, 2002. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/45141.

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"The present studies investigated the issue of potential explanatory mechanisms for the observed association between panic disorder (PD) and the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Specifically, this research aimed to elucidate more clearly the contribution of psychological variables. physical processes and social relations to the onset of cardiopathology."
Doctor of Clinical Psychology

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Sharp, Donald MacFie. "The psychological and pharmacological treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21521.

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Following a review of treatment outcome study methodology, a comparative study of psychological versus pharmacological treatments was conducted; subsidiary studies investigated aspects of treatment outcome in more detail. 193 patients with DSM III-R panic disorder with or without agoraphobia were randomly allocated to; fluvoxamine, placebo, fluvoxamine + CBT (cognitive behaviour therapy), placebo + CBT, or CBT alone. Patients received no concurrent treatments and were treated to the same schedule, with therapist contact balanced across groups. Treatments were conducted in the primary care setting. Outcome at treatment end-point and 6 month follow-up, assessed in terms of both statistical and clinical significance, showed patients receiving active treatments improved significantly, with improvement better preserved over follow-up in the groups receiving CBT. The CBT alone and fluvoxamine + CBT groups showed the most consistent gains, the latter group showing gains earliest in treatment. Outcome was also investigated using brief global ratings of symptom severity, change in symptoms following treatment, general wellbeing and social disruption, completed by psychologist, referring GPs, and patients. Using these measures all active treatments showed statistical advantage over placebo with the groups employing CBT showing the most robust and consistent response. Overall there were no significant differences in drop-out rates between groups although the drop-out rate for patients receiving CBT alone was higher than that for placebo + CBT. Agreement with main outcome measures was demonstrated for psychologist and patient ratings, but not for GP ratings. An investigation of panic attack variables as treatment outcome measures indicated that these did not function as discriminative treatment outcome measures with all treatment groups showing significant reductions in panic attack variables over treatment with few significant differences between treatment groups on any variable throughout treatment. An investigation of prognostic indicators of treatment outcome indicated good prediction of post treatment response using pre-treatment measures of anxiety level, frequency of panic attacks, extroversion and treatment group. Predictions of outcome at 6 month follow-up were less robust. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance to wider clinical practice.

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Lowry, Kirsten A. "Interpersonal problems, adult attachment, and emotion regulation among college students with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social phobia." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3316376.

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Ranslow, Elizabeth. "Treatment Acceptability of a Well-Established Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder in a Passamaqyoddy Community." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/RanslowE2004.pdf.

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37

Mayoh, Lyndel Elizabeth. "Synchronous Internet Therapy for Panic Disorder: How Does it Compare to Face-to-face?" Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1603.

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The current study aimed to test the efficacy of individual, synchronous Internet Therapy for panic disorder compared to traditional face-to-face therapy. Thirty participants diagnosed with panic disorder were randomly allocated to either Internet Therapy or face-to-face therapy, and received a manualised cognitive-behavioural treatment program. When analysed separately, results indicated that face-to-face treatment significantly reduced panic symptomatology overall, however significant gains were not shown for the Internet Therapy condition. However, a direct comparison of the two active treatments failed to show significant differences, as measured by a Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) on pre- and post-treatment variables. Internet Therapy did, however, significantly reduce certain symptoms of panic disorder, indicating that Internet Therapy may be useful as an adjunctive treatment to face-to-face therapy. Intention-to-treat analyses suggested that face-to-face treatment may be more effective than Internet Therapy for treating panic disorder. Additionally, there were no differences between treatment conditions in levels of working alliance, indicating that among those who stay in treatment, working alliance can be established online at a similar level to that of face-to-face therapy. However a high number of dropouts in the Internet Therapy condition warranted consideration. A thorough explanation of the results is offered in addition to recommendations for the future directions of the research and clinical implementation of Internet Therapy.

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38

Mayoh, Lyndel Elizabeth. "Synchronous Internet Therapy for Panic Disorder: How Does it Compare to Face-to-face?" University of Sydney. Science. School of Psychology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1603.

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Master of Science
The current study aimed to test the efficacy of individual, synchronous Internet Therapy for panic disorder compared to traditional face-to-face therapy. Thirty participants diagnosed with panic disorder were randomly allocated to either Internet Therapy or face-to-face therapy, and received a manualised cognitive-behavioural treatment program. When analysed separately, results indicated that face-to-face treatment significantly reduced panic symptomatology overall, however significant gains were not shown for the Internet Therapy condition. However, a direct comparison of the two active treatments failed to show significant differences, as measured by a Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) on pre- and post-treatment variables. Internet Therapy did, however, significantly reduce certain symptoms of panic disorder, indicating that Internet Therapy may be useful as an adjunctive treatment to face-to-face therapy. Intention-to-treat analyses suggested that face-to-face treatment may be more effective than Internet Therapy for treating panic disorder. Additionally, there were no differences between treatment conditions in levels of working alliance, indicating that among those who stay in treatment, working alliance can be established online at a similar level to that of face-to-face therapy. However a high number of dropouts in the Internet Therapy condition warranted consideration. A thorough explanation of the results is offered in addition to recommendations for the future directions of the research and clinical implementation of Internet Therapy.

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39

Blechert, Jens. "The psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder : fear conditioning, autonomous underpinnings and issues of measurement /." Basel : [s.n.], 2006. http://edoc.unibas.ch/diss/DissB_7853.

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40

Carlbring, Per. "Panic! Its Prevalence, Diagnosis and Treatment via the Internet." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4148.

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41

Tait, Glendon Ralph. "The influence of female hormones and other neuroactive steroids on panic disorder." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60504.pdf.

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Mayoh, Lyndel. "Synchronous internet therapy for panic disorder how does it compare to face-to-face therapy? /." Connect to full text, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1603.

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Thesis (D.C.P. / M. Sc.)--Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 2006.
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Clinical Psychology/Master of Science to the Faculty of Science. Title from title screen (viewed 2 August 2007). Bibliography: leaves 95-107.

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Neuger, Jolanta. "Platelet serotonin function and personality traits in affective disorder /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-181-0.

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44

Meshberg-Cohen, Sarah. "Panic Disorder, Trait Anxiety, and Risk Drinking in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1383.

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Meuret, Alicia Esperanza. "Effects of capnometry assisted breathing therapy on symptoms and respiration in panic disorder." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969872801.

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46

Ramnerö, Jonas. "Behavioral Treatments of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia : Treatment Process and Determinants of Change." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-404.

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The present dissertation comprises four empirical studies within the area of behavioral treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. The focus is on studying issues pertaining to outcome, treatment process and determinants of change. The first study is a randomized controlled treatment study of 73 patients undergoing 16 sessions of either exposure in vivo (E), or cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Both treatments showed clear improvements at post-treatment that were well maintained at 1-year follow up, and there were no significant differences between the treatments.

The second study concerned prediction of outcome in the same sample. From a variety of pre-treatment characteristics severity of avoidance was the one most related to outcome. Most predictors were found unrelated. Two approaches of prediction were also compared: treating outcome as a categorical vs. continuous variable. The different approaches yielded a somewhat dissimilar picture of the impact of pre-treatment severity of avoidance. The third study examined different aspects of the therapeutic relationship, and their relation to outcome. Clients’ perceptions of therapists and their ratings of the working alliance were generally not related to outcome at any point. On the other hand, therapists’ perceptions of patients as showing goal-direction and active participation were related to outcome from early on in therapy. The fourth study examined different aspects of change. It was found that change in indices of the frequency of panic attacks was not closely related to change in agoraphobic avoidance at post-treatment. Change in avoidance was also more related to other aspects of outcome. At one-year follow-up, a more unitary picture, regarding the different aspects of change was observed.

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Larsen, Derrick K. "An analysis of startle responses in patients with panic disorder and social phobia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ51645.pdf.

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Ramnerö, Jonas. "Behavioral treatments of panic disorder with agoraphobia : treatment process and determinants of change /." Stockholm : Department of Psychology [Psykologiska institutionen], Stockholm University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-404.

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49

Maciel, Mayra P. "Cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder| An empirically supported treatment option for Latinos?" Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1587911.

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This content analysis of existing literature explored the published research supporting cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder and assessed if the research documented a sufficient number of Latinos in the samples of participants to be generalized for success in this population. The instruments used to measure panic disorder were assessed for cultural and linguistic validity for Latinos. The findings indicated that the research supporting CBT for panic disorder included insufficient Latino participants in the samples. Therefore, the success of CBT for Latinos with panic disorder is uncertain. Furthermore, there is paucity of culturally validated instruments that measure panic disorder. Panic disorder has been associated with many cultural expressions and syndromes that need to be adequately assessed when measuring panic disorder symptomatology.

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Gould, Robert Andrew. "The use of a self-help treatment intervention for panic disorder with agoraphobia." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38543.

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A recent study suggested that bibliotherapy may be an effective intervention for panic disordered individuals with agoraphobia. The present study attempted to enhance this bibliotherapy intervention by adding audio- and videotape self-help supplements. Thirty subjects suffering panic disorder with mild to moderate agoraphobia were matched on level of avoidance and then randomly assigned to 1) a Wait-list control condition (WL). or 2) a Self-help condition (SH). The intervention lasted four weeks followed by an eight week post treatment phase. and follow-up measures at the end of this phase. Results indicated that, from pre-treatment to follow-up, SH subjects improved significantly on 11 of the 12 dependent measures used in this study. while WL subjects did not. Furthermore. SH subjects were significantly more improved than WL subjects at follow-up with regard to agoraphobic avoidance, coping with panic attacks, self efficacy for mild, moderate and severe attacks, and for two critical measures of distress: frequency of panic attacks. and total severity of each attack. Clinical outcome measures also supported the effectiveness of the self-help approach. More than two-thirds of SH subjects met the criteria for clinical improvement. While only one-quarter of WL subjects met these criteria. Implications for the treatment of panic disordered individuals are discussed, as is the role of self-efficacy in mediating clinical change.
Ph. D.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Panic Disorder'

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