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1
Teakle, DS, S. Hicks, RM Harding, RS Greber, and RG Milne. "Pangola stunt virus infecting pangola grass and summer grass in Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 6 (1988): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9881075.
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A widespread disease of pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) and summer grass (D. ciliaris) in south-eastern Queensland was characterized by a bunched and stunted growth habit, yellow or red discolouration of the foliage, seed heads with crimped, distorted racemes, and sometimes premature plant death. Virus-like particles present in extracts of diseased plants were unstable, 50-70 nm in diameter, had a core and outer coat and were morphologically similar to particles of viruses in the genus Fijivirus, family Reoviridae. The particles were shown by immune electron microscopy to be serologically closely related to pangola stunt and maize rough dwarf viruses, but unrelated to oat sterile dwarf virus. Similar virus-like particles were observed in crystalline arrays in ultrathin sections of cells in vein enations of D. ciliaris. Extracts of diseased pangola grass and summer grass contained 10 double-stranded RNA species, which were somewhat similar in size to those reported for pangola stunt virus. A planthopper, Sogatella kolophon, which is related to the South American vector of pangola stunt virus, S. furcifera, was associated with diseased pangola grass and summer grass in the field, and was shown to be a vector. However, efforts to infect maize, a major host of maize rough dwarf virus, were unsuccessful. On the basis of these properties the Australian virus is considered to be pangola stunt virus.
2
Hunter, R. A., and B. D. Siebert. "Utilization of low-quality roughage byBos taurusandBos indicuscattle." British Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 3 (May 1985): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850074.
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1. In a number of experiments voluntary food intake of three low-quality roughages, either alone or supplemented with rumen-degradable nitrogen and sulphur and minerals, was measured in Brahman (Bos indicus) and Hereford (Bos taurus) steers. The chaffed hays were Spear grass (Heteropogon conform) (6.2 g N/kg organic matter (OM)), Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) (7.9 g N/kg OM), and Pangola grass (12.0 g N/kg OM). Rumen characteristics relating to rate of fluid outflow from the rumen were also determined.2. There was no significant difference between breeds in the dry-matter intakes of the unsupplemented diets which ranged from 11.3 to 17.8 g/kg body-weight (BW) by Herefords and from 11.8 to 16.1 g/kg BW by Brahmans.3. Supplementation of Spear grass with N and S significantly (P < 0.05) increased intake by Herefords (24%) but not by Brahmans. When the lower-N Pangola grass was supplemented there was a significant increase in intake by both breeds with the magnitude of the response in Herefords (42%) (P < 0.001) being greater than that in Brahmans (15%) (P < 0.05). The intakes of both the supplemented Spear grass and the lower-N Pangola diets were significantly (P < 0.05) greater by Herefords than Brahmans. There was no breed difference in intake when the higher-N Pangola grass was supplemented. Both breeds recorded an 8% intake response to supplementation, although the increase was only significant (P < 0.05) in Herefords.4. The mean retention time of fluid in the rumen on the unsupplemented Pangola grass diet of lower N content was 12.7 h in Brahmans compared with 17.5 h in Herefords (P < 0.01). When the higher-N Pangola was fed, both alone and supplemented, the mean retention times were similar on both diets (10.5 and 9.9 h for Herefords; 9.5 and 8.1 h for Brahmans for unsupplemented and supplemented diets respectively).5. Plasma urea concentrations were higher in Brahmans than in Herefords on all diets. Rumen ammonia concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in Brahmans than Herefords when the lower-N Pangola grass diet was unsupplemented.6. The intakes and the variable intake responses to supplementation between breeds and diets are discussed in relation to a number of animal and dietary factors.
3
Teakle, DS, S. Hicks, M. Karan, JB Hacker, RS Greber, and JF Donaldson. "Host range and geographic distribution of pangola stunt virus and its planthopper vectors in Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 5 (1991): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910819.
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Natural hosts of pangola stunt virus (PaSV) in eastern Austalia were found to be Digitaria eriantha ssp. pentzii (pangola grass), D. ciliaris (summer grass) and D. milanjiana. Transmission tests using the planthopper vector, Sogatella kolophon, showed that D. polevansii, D. eriantha ssp. eriantha, D. swazilandensis and the Australian native, D. divaricatissima were also susceptible, whereas D. didactyla was not infected. In tests of 22 species in 15 other genera, only Urochloa panicoides (annual urochloa grass) was infected. In field surveys, PaSV was commonly found in pangola grass in near-coastal districts from Grafton, N.S.W. to Walkamin, N. Qld and was detected up to 100 km inland at Toowoomba. The virus was not detected in either pangola grass or D. eriantha ssp. eriantha in subhumid areas west of Toowoomba or at Gayndah. Sogatella kolophon was collected from Bamaga, N. Qld to Murwillumbah, N.S.W. It was commonly associated with both PaSV-infected and PaSV-free digitgrass pastures. It is concluded that PaSV poses a threat to many digitgrasses in near-coastal districts of Qld and subtropical N.S.W., but so far is unknown in inland Australia.
4
Elliott, R., B. W. Norton, and C. W. Ford. "In vivocolonization of grass cell walls by rumen micro-organisms." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 2 (October 1985): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600056343.
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SUMMARYCell wall preparations from stems of four mature grass species, pangola grass, setaria, sugar cane and barley straw were incubated in nylon bags in sheep fitted with rumen cannulae and fed chopped pangola grass at hourly intervals. After varying incubation times D.M. loss, and incorporation of35S into microbial cystine on the fibres, were measured. Pangola and barley straw were digested to a much greater extent (ca.48 and 44%) than sugar cane and setaria (ca.29 and 23% respectively) and digestion was still continuing after 60 h. With the exception of setaria, microbial colonization of the cell wall preparations peaked after 24 h incubation and then declined. In setaria only a small amount of [35S]cystine was measured, the level of which did not change appreciably after 18 h.After 24 h incubation, microbial colonization on pangola fibre was about three times that on barley straw and sugar cane. Only on pangola fibre did cystine accumulation, and its subsequent rapid decline, coincide with the development and detachment of fungal sporangia. There was no relationship between the extent of microbial colonization and D.M. loss from the fibres. Sulphur concentrations, both in the plant fibres and rumen fluid, could not explain the greater fungal growth on the pangola cell walls in preference to the other species.
5
Panjaitan, T., S. P. Quigley, S. R. McLennan, T. Swain, and D. P. Poppi. "Intake, retention time in the rumen and microbial protein production of Bos indicus steers consuming grasses varying in crude protein content." Animal Production Science 50, no. 6 (2010): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09197.
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Feed intake, rumen function, microbial protein (MCP) production and the efficiency of MCP production were determined in steers fed four different forage hays varying markedly in crude protein content. Low quality tropical forage (speargrass and Mitchell grass) hays had lower crude protein content, higher neutral detergent fibre content and lower digestibility than a medium quality tropical forage (pangola grass) hay and a temperate forage (ryegrass) hay. Steers fed speargrass and Mitchell grass hays had lower MCP production (80 and 170 g MCP/day, respectively) and efficiency of MCP production [78 and 79 g MCP/kg digestible organic matter (DOM), respectively] than steers fed pangola grass (328 g MCP/day; 102 g MCP/kg DOM) and ryegrass (627 g MCP/day; 135 g MCP/kg DOM) hays, which was directly related to the supply of DOM and rumen degradable protein. Intake was greatest for ryegrass hay, followed by pangola grass, Mitchell grass and speargrass hays [17.6, 15.6, 10.1 and 5.5 g DM/kg W.day, respectively]. The retention time of DM in the rumen was 72.1, 47.7, 28.6 and 19.1 h for speargrass, Mitchell grass, pangola grass and ryegrass hays, respectively, with a similar trend apparent for the retention time of neutral detergent fibre, lignin, chromium-EDTA and ytterbium labelled digesta. The difference in the protein : energy ratio of absorbed substrates (measured as efficiency of MCP production) did not appear to account for all the differences in intake, nor did a purely physical mechanism.
6
Hunter, R. A., and S. D. Siebert. "Utilization of low-quality roughage by Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle." British Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 3 (May 1985): 637–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850073.
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1. Six Hereford and six Brahman steers were fed ad lib. Pangola grass (Digztaria decumbens) and Spear grass (Heteropogon contortus) hay alone and supplemented with rumen-degradable nitrogen and sulphur and minerals. The rumen digestion of the two feeds was determined by reference to the disappearance of substrate from nylon bags suspended in the rumen and withdrawn after intervals ranging from 8 to 120 h.2. The digestion of the unsupplemented Pangola grass diet occurred more rapidly in Brahmans than in Herefords and was associated with higher rumen ammonia concentrations in Brahmans (40 v. 16 mg/l). The rumen NH3, concentrations were increased to over 100 mg/l by supplementation. The digestion rate increased in both breeds after supplementation and the breed difference disappeared. Increases in digestion rate were not achieved above NH3, concentrations of 60–80 mg/l.3. Spear grass, especially the cell-wall-constituent fraction, was more resistant to digestion than Pangola grass. Digestion of the unsupplemented Spear grass diet proceeded more rapidly in Brahmans than in Herefords. The digestion rate in Brahmans were similar irrespective of whether the diet was supplemented or not. Supplementation increased digestion rate in Herefords.
7
Tjandraatmadja, M., I. C. MacRae, and B. W. Norton. "Digestion by sheep of silages prepared from mixtures of tropical grasses and legumes." Journal of Agricultural Science 120, no. 3 (June 1993): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600076577.
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SUMMARYFour silage diets were prepared from tropical grass and legume mixtures and fed to intestinally fistulated sheep to determine the sites and extent of digestion of the different silage components in the digestive tract. Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) was ensiled either alone or with the addition, 33% (w/w), of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. Caloona). All forages were grown at the University of Queensland farm in 1985. All silages were well preserved as indicated by low pH (< 4·1), ammonia N (< 9% total N), acetic acid (< 13 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and ethanol (< 19 g/kg DM) contents, and high DM (> 290 g/kg) and lactic acid (> 41 g/kg DM) contents. The inclusion of leucaena and gliricidia significantly increased the total N content of the silages. The addition of legumes at ensiling significantly increased rumen ammonia N (pangola 59 mg N/l, legume diets 110–115 mg N/l) and the proportion of propionic acid in rumen fluid. Sheep given pangola + leucaena silages had significantly higher DM intakes (66·3 g/kg W0·75 per day) than sheep given pangola and pangola + cowpea silages (52·4 and 53·2 g/kg W0·75 per day respectively). The inclusion of gliricidia significantly depressed silage intake (43·1 g/kg W0·75 per day). There were no significant effects of diet on DM (551–609 g/kg) and organic matter (550–612 g/rkg) digestibility. Sheep given pangola + leucaena silages had higher N intakes, N balances, rates and efficiencies of microbial N synthesis and total non-ammonia N (NAN) flows to the small intestine than did sheep given the other silages. Apparent degradabilities of silage N in the rumen were similar for all diets (0·491–0·559 g N/kg N intake), but sheep given pangola + leucaena silages had lower true (corrected for endogenous N) N degradabilities (0·648 g N/kg N intake) than those given the other diets (0·751–0·775 g N/kg N intake). The values obtained in this experiment were compared with those reported for temperate grass silages, and it was concluded that whilst the digestibility of tropical grass/legume silages was low, intakes and rumen fermentation characteristics were similar to those found for temperate grass silages.
8
Evans, TR, and JB Hacker. "An evaluation of the production potential of six tropical grasses under grazing. 2. Assessment of quality using variable stocking rates." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 1 (1992): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920029.
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The potential quality of the 6 pasture grasses Setaria sphacelata var. sericea cvv. Nandi, Kazungula and Narok and var. splendida, Digitaria eriantha ssp. pentzii (pangola grass), and Pennisetum clandestinum cv. Whittet (kikuyu grass) was assessed in terms of liveweight gain of beef cattle, using a leader and follower grazing system. Pasture management was designed to provide adequate quantities of young leaf to the leaders throughout the year. This was achieved by rotational grazing and weekly adjustment of the number of followers, depending on quantity of feed available. Annual liveweight gain of the leaders (kg/steer.year) ranged from 135 (kikuyu grass) to 159 (cv. Narok) (540-636 kg/ha.year). Differences between grasses on an annual basis and over summer were not statistically significant (P = 0.12), although significant differences in liveweight gain of leaders - - - were obtained during the winter. This was associated with differences between grasses in growth at lower temperatures, and in frost tolerance. Liveweight gain of the follower group was markedly higher for pangola grass and var. splendida (272 kg/ha.year) than for the other varieties (77-140 kg/ha.year). This difference was associated with differences in number of grazing days and in the superior liveweight gain per head of followers grazing pangola grass and splendida. Liveweight gain of leaders per annum was comparable for years 1 and 2 but fell dramatically from February to August in year 3. This was associated with high rainfall, reduced solar radiation, and a decrease in in vitro digestibility of plucked leaf of all setaria varieties but not of pangola or kikuyu grasses. The relatively low liveweight gains obtained in year 3 were not associated with any overall mineral or protein deficiency.
9
Norton, BW, CA Wilde, and JW Hales. "Grazing management studies with Australian cashmere goats. 1. Effect of stocking rate on the growth and fleece production of weaner goats grazing tropical pastures." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 6 (1990): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900769.
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Australian cashmere weaner goats were continuously grazed on either nitrogen (N) fertilised Pangola grass or mixed tropical legume-pangola grass pastures at 3 stocking rates (15, 30, 60 goats/ha). Grazing commenced in January and was terminated in May (18 weeks). Three parasite control treatments (Seponver, Avomec, Systemex) were superimposed on each treatment. Parasite egg counts, liveweight change, cashmere growth and changes in pasture components were measured. Intestinal parasite burdens were low (<400 eggs/g faeces) in all animals throughout the trial, and there were no significant effects of parasite control treatment on goat productivity. The liveweight gain of goats decreased with increasing stocking rate and time on pasture. Mean values for the liveweight change of goats on the legume-grass pasture were 66, 37 and 14 g/day at stocking rates of 15, 30 and 60 goats/ha, respectively. Comparable values for goats grazing N-fertilised pangola grass were 40, 39 and 23 g/day for stocking rates of 15, 30 and 60 goats/ha. Goats grazing the legume-grass pastures at the lowest stocking rate (15 goats/ha) had significantly higher liveweight gains than did goats on all other treatments. There were no significant effects of stocking rate, pasture type or worm control treatment on fleece growth in these goats. Mean values were 191 g, 39 g and 15.0 �m for fleece weight, cashmere weight and mean cashmere fibre diameter respectively. The major legume in the legume-grass pasture was siratro, with axillaris, greenleaf desmodium and cassia forming minor components (10-300 kg/dry matter (DM)/ha). During the first 6 weeks of grazing, all legume components increased under stocking rates of 15 and 30 goats/ha. Thereafter, there was a significant decline in siratro yield to less than 200 kg DMha at all stocking rates. During this same period, the yields of the other legumes generally increased, suggesting that at low stocking rates the goats preferred grass to legume, and when grass was limiting, siratro was the legume preferred over all others. Weed yields increased with time in all except the high stocking rate treatments. It was concluded that weaner goat growth can be maximised on tropical legume-pangola grass pastures when stocking rates and intestinal parasite burdens are low. Protein intake may be limiting growth on N-fertilised grass pastures.
10
Lowe, KF, RJ Moss, RT Cowan, DJ Minson, and JB Hacker. "Selecting for nutritive value in Digitaria milanjiana. 4. Milk production from an elite genotype compared with Digitaria eriantha ssp. pentzii (pangola grass)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 5 (1991): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910603.
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An elite genotype of Digitaria milanjiana, which had been selected on the basis of improved leaf digestibility, was compared with pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha ssp. pentzii, formerly Digitaria decumbens) in terms of milk production, at Mutdapilly in south-eastem Queensland. Unsupplemented Holstein-Friesian cows grazed nitrogen-fertilised, irrigated swards of 2 grasses using a switch-back experimental design. Pasture management and stocking rate were adjusted to provide the animals with 15 kg of green leaf (on a dry matter basis) per cow per day, so that any differences in milk yield could be attributed to differences in leaf quality rather than to total dry matter yield. Cows grazing the selected genotype produced 0.9 kg more milk, 0.07 kg more butterfat and 0.05 kg more protein per cow per day (5.8, 13.0 and 10.9%, respectively) than those grazing pangola grass. These increases were associated with a small increase in leaf digestibility, a faster rate of breakdown of leaf (in an artificial masticator) and a higher proportion of leaf in the diet chosen by the cows grazing the selected genotype. The results of this experiment demonstrate that a tropical grass selected on the basis of digestibility increased milk production of grazing cows. However, factors other than higher digestibility (such as leafiness) contributed to the improvement in production over that from pangola grass.
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Tjandraatmadja, M., I. C. MacRae, and B. W. Norton. "Effect of the inclusion of tropical tree legumes, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala, on the nutritive value of silages prepared from tropical grasses." Journal of Agricultural Science 120, no. 3 (June 1993): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600076565.
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SUMMARYSilages were prepared from the tropical grasses, pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) and setaria (Setaria sphacelata), with the addition of molasses (4% w/w) and/or leaves (33%) from the leguminous trees leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium). All forages were grown at the University of Queensland farm in south eastern Queensland during 1985. These silages, together with hays made from these grasses and sorghum silage (13 diets) were fed to sheep to assess their nutritive value. All silages were well preserved, as indicated by low pH (3·5–4·4), low ammonia N (26–57 g/kg total N) and high lactic acid (73–95% total acids) contents. The addition of legumes increased both the dry matter (DM) and total N (TN) contents of silages to the same extent as the addition of both legumes and molasses at ensiling. Sheep given silages prepared from pangola grass and legumes (±molasses) consumed similar DM intakes (22·9–25·4 g/kg0·75 per day) as sheep given pangola grass hay (23·9 g/kg0'75 per day). Silage made from pangola grass + molasses was of low palatability (16·1 g/kg0·75 per day). The digestibilities of silage DM (DMD) and its fibrous components were significantly (P<0·05) lower (DMD 53·3–60·6%) than that of pangola hay (DMD 64·7%). Silages and hay made from setaria, and sorghum silage, were of lower nutritive value than those from pangola grass. The addition of leucaena and molasses increased silage DM intakes (21·1 g/kg0·75 per day) above those for setaria hay and setaria + molasses silage (16·7 and 19·0 g/kg0·75 per day respectively). The intakes of silages made from gliricidia (17·1 g/kg0·75 per day) were significantly (P <0·05) improved when molasses was included at ensiling (21·8 g/kg0·75 per day). The digestibilities of silage DM were significantly (P<0·05) higher (DMD 53·6–60·4%) than that of setaria hay (DMD 40·6). Liveweight change in sheep was significantly (P<0·05) correlated with intakes of digestible DM (r2= 0·74) and with N intake (r2= 0·82). The inclusion of legumes in the silages increased N retention and, for setaria silages, also increased rumen ammonia concentration. It was concluded that tropical grasses can be effectively ensiled by the addition of legumes alone and, with the exception of setaria/gliricidia silages, the resultant silages were of sufficiently high quality to merit their use in tropical animal production systems.
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Masaoka, Y., JR Wilson, and JB Hacker. "Selecting for nutritive value in Digitaria milanjiana. 3. Relation of chemical composition and morphological and anatomical characteristics to the difference in digestibility of divergently selected full sibs, and comparison with D. eriantha ssp. pentzii." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 5 (1991): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910631.
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Comparisons were made of the dry matter digestibility (DMD) and yield of plant fractions harvested from long-established swards of 6 genotypes of Digitaria milanjiana selected from 3 F1 families for high and low leaf digestibility, and D. eriantha ssp. pentzii (pangola grass). Defined leaf blade, sheath and stem internode fractions were collected at different sward development stages and analysed for DMD, chemical composition, and tissue morphological and anatomical characteristics. The leaf blade of each high-digestibility genotype was consistently superior (1.9-4.5 percentage units) in DMD to that of its low digestibility counterpart, and to pangola grass, at both vegetative and reproductive -- stages. For leaf sheath and stem, the superiority in DMD of the high digestibility group was not evident or was less pronounced. The high DMD selections had green leaf dry matter yields comparable to those of the low DMD group but higher than those of pangola grass. The gain in DMD for leaf blade of the high over the low digestibility selection was consistently correlated with a decrease in cell wall content, acid detergent fibre or lignin, and poorly correlated with other chemical and leaf morphological characteristics. High and low DMD genotypes did not differ in the proportion of cell types in leaf or stem, or in other measured anatomical characteristics.
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de VEGA, A., and D. P. POPPI. "Extent of digestion and rumen condition as factors affecting passage of liquid and digesta particles in sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 128, no. 2 (March 1997): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859696004078.
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Two experiments were carried out at Mt. Cotton, The University of Queensland, from November 1992 to July 1993, to study the effect of extent of digestion or feed type (grass or legume) on particle kinetics in the rumen. Small (0·5–1·18 mm) Yb-labelled grass or legume particles, either digested or undigested, were injected into the rumen of sheep fed on different diets, and their retention time in the reticulo-ruminal compartment measured. In Expt 1, four intact wethers were fed on either pangola grass hay, chaffed lucerne hay, pelleted lucerne hay or commercial pelleted concentrate. Digested particles from the faeces of animals fed on pangola or lucerne and undigested material from the same diets were wet-sieved and the fraction 0·5–1·18 mm collected, labelled with Yb-acetate and injected into the animals together with a solution of Cr-EDTA. Faecal samples were taken and analysed for marker concentrations. In Expt 2, four similar animals, fitted with duodenal and ruminal cannulae, were fed on different proportions of pangola grass hay and lucerne hay, and Cr-EDTA and the above mentioned labelled particles were injected through the rumen cannula. Samples were taken from the duodenum and analysed for marker concentrations.The results indicated that diet characteristics rather than extent of digestion or particle type had the greatest influence on rates of passage of both liquid and particulate phases. Different proportions of pangola and lucerne did not result in marked differences in either the volumes of rumen contents or the rates of passage of the solid phase marker but altered the rates of passage of Cr-EDTA. Increasing the proportion of legume increased intake and decreased retention time markedly, with no additive effects on digestibility.Particles of the same small size escaped with the same fractional passage rate within each diet, irrespective of type (grass or legume) or status (undigested or digested), indicating identical kinetics within each rumen type.It was concluded that rumen conditions as influenced by diet type have most influence on water and particle kinetics and that extent of digestion of the small particles used in our experiments was not important. Particles of legume or grass of the same size behaved similarly within a diet type.
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Tikam, Kanitta, Chirawat Phatsara, Choke Mikled, Therdchai Vearasilp, Wirapon Phunphiphat, Jeerasak Chobtang, Anusorn Cherdthong, and Karl-Heinz Südekum. "Pangola grass as forage for ruminant animals: a review." SpringerPlus 2, no. 1 (2013): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-604.
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Hacker, JB, and TR Evans. "An evaluation of the production potential of six tropical grasses under grazing. 1. Yield and yield components, growth rates and phenology." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 1 (1992): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920019.
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Fertilised pastures of 4 varieties of Setaria sphacelata (var. splendida and cvv. Nandi, Narok and Kazungula), pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha ssp. pentzii) and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum cv. Whittet) were grazed rotationally over a 3-year period at Beerwah, south-eastern Queensland. Each variety was grazed on a 5-weekly rotation by 2 leaders for 7 days; a follower herd including 2 testers grazed the regrowth for 7 days. The numbers of followers were subjectively adjusted weekly, depending on feed available. The experiment was designed to provide adequate quantities of forage of maximum potential quality to the leaders throughout the year. There were large and frequently consistent differences between the grasses in yield and its various components, leafiness, leaf and forage density, rate of development of leaf dry matter, and time and intensity of flowering under the management system imposed. Of particular interest were the high leaf yield of Narok, high overall yield of Narok and var. splendida, low rate of development of leaf area index of pangola grass and kikuyu grass, and high forage density of kikuyu grass. These differences might be expected to have an effect on pasture quality, carrying capacity and optimal management strategy.
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Minson, DJ, and JB Hacker. "Selecting for nutritive value in Digitaria milanjiana. 2. Intake and digestibility of divergently selected full-sibs compared with Digitaria decumbens." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 5 (1986): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860551.
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We compare the voluntary intake and digestibility of 6 genotypes selected from 3 F1 families of Digitaria milanjiana for high or low leaf digestibility, and D. decumbens (pangola grass). Swards were harvested on 6 occasions (4 by 4-week regrowths, 1 by 10-week and 1 by 14-week regrowth) and fed to sheep in metabolism cages. Averaged over families and regrowths, high digestibility selections were significantly superior to low digestibility selections in digestibility, voluntary dry matter intake and intake of metabolisable energy. There was a large range in leafiness of the genotypes. Correlations between leafiness and in vivo digestibility, dry matter (DM) intake and intake of metabolisable energy were positive and statistically significant. Comparison of full-sibs at the same percentage stem (80 and 100%) suggested a higher DM intake, digestibility and intake of metabolisable energy of stem from genotypes selected for high leaf digestibility. Averaged over harvests, none of the selected genotypes was significantly superior to pangola grass in digestibility but all were superior in DM intake and 5 in intake of metabolisable energy. The best selected genotype was 35% better than pangola grass in terms of intake of metabolisable energy. Differences in in vitro digestibility of young leaves from vegetative tillers of full sibs, the characteristic on which the genotypes had been selected, were maintained under sward conditions, although differences were reduced.
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Panjaitan, T., S. P. Quigley, S. R. McLennan, A. J. Swain, and D. P. Poppi. "Digestion of forages in the rumen is increased by the amount but not the type of protein supplement." Animal Production Science 54, no. 9 (2014): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14326.
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Three polyester bag experiments were conducted with fistulated Bos indicus steers to determine the effect of the amount and type of nitrogen (N) supplement on the digestion rate of forages different in quality. In Experiment 1, test substrates were incubated in polyester bags in the rumen of steers fed ryegrass, pangola grass, speargrass and Mitchell grass hays in a 4 by 4 Latin-square design. In Experiment 2, test substrates were incubated in polyester bags in the rumen of steers fed speargrass hay supplemented with urea and ammonium sulfate (US), branched-chain amino acids with US (USAA), casein, cottonseed meal, yeast and Chlorella algae in a 7 by 3 incomplete Latin-square design. In Experiment 3, test substrates were incubated in polyester bags in the rumen of steers fed Mitchell grass hay supplemented with increasing amounts of US or Spirulina algae (Spirulina platensis). The test substrates used in all experiments were speargrass, Mitchell grass, pangola grass or ryegrass hays. Digestion rate of the ryegrass substrate was higher than that of the speargrass substrate (P < 0.05) in Experiment 1. Supplementation with various N sources increased the degradation rate and effective degradability of all incubated substrates above that apparent in Control steers (P < 0.05; Experiment 2). Supplementation of US and Spirulina increased degradation rate and effective degradability of ryegrass, pangola grass and Mitchell grass substrates above that apparent in Control steers (P < 0.05; Experiment 3). However, there was no further response on digestion rate of the substrates in increasing supplementation levels either for US or Spirulina. In conclusion, rate of digestion was affected by forage physical and anatomical properties. Supplementation with various N sources increased rate of digestion when the Control forage ration was very low in N but once a minimum level of N supplementation was reached, irrespective of form of N or other potential growth factors, there was no further increase in rate of digestion.
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Hunter, RA, and BD Siebert. "The effect of supplements of rumen-degradable protein and formaldehyde-treated casein on the intake of low-nitrogen roughages by Bos taurus and Bos indicus steers at different stages of maturity." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 1 (1987): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870209.
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The response in voluntary feed intake, firstly to supplements of rumen-degradable protein and then to additional supplements of formaldehyde-treated casein (FTC) was studied in Aberdeen Angus (Bos taurus) and Brahman (Bos indicus) steers fed long-chopped spear grass (Heteropogon contortus) and pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens). The intake responses were measured at four stages of maturity of the steers ranging from soon after weaning to near maturity. On diets deficient in nitrogen the magnitude of the intake response to rumen-degradable protein was greater in Angus than in Brahmans. With the exception of the Angus steers fed spear grass soon after weaning, there was no significant response to FTC with either diet beyond that achieved with rumen-degradable protein. From published values of the digestible protein supplied by the diets and the protein requirements of cattle for maintenance, it was calculated that pangola grass, prior to supplementation with FTC, supplied sufficient digestible protein for maintenance. On the other hand, that supplied by spear grass, prior to supplementation with FTC, was substantially below that required for maintenance. These experimental and calculated data are discussed in terms of factors limiting feed intake, and conclusions drawn about protein requirements for the expression of maximum feed intake of roughage diets.
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Whiteman, PC, NR Halim, BW Norton, and JW Hales. "Beef production from three tropical grasses in south-eastern Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850481.
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A grazing trial with beef cattle was conducted on three grasses, Paspalum plicatulum cv. Rodd's Bay, Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk (signal grass) and Panicum maximum cv. Hamil, in the first year. P. maximum was replaced by Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass) in the second and third years. There were three stocking rates (3.0, 3.75, and 5.0 steers/ha), plots were fertilized with 300 kg N/ha, in two replicates. Animal liveweight gain was low; maximum values were 650 kg/ha for pangola grass, 640 kg/ha for signal grass and 400 kg/ha for P. plicatulum. Liveweight gain was only poorly correlated with rainfall, because low winter temperatures retarded pasture growth. Correlations between liveweight gain and individual green leaf percentage in each species were high, particularly for P. plicatulum, which had only 2% green leaf in winter. Weight loss on plicatulum was therefore high in winter, and overall performance poor, even though this species had the highest percentage of green leaf in summer. Signal grass showed a higher tolerance to grazing at 5.0 steers/ ha than the other grasses. Over most of the year, except in winter when only small amounts of green leaves were available, plicatulum had the lowest phosphorus percentage, sometimes below the 0.12% suggested as the critical dietary phosphorus percentage for cattle. Over all grasses, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were linearly related (r = 0.98). From this experiment, P. plicatulum was shown to be a poor grass for beef production and, for this grass and the other two species at this site, beef production using 300 N kg/ha could not be financially viable.
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Norton, BW, and MJ Deery. "The productivity of Angora goats grazing improved and native pastures in south-eastern Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 1 (1985): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850035.
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Two groups of Angora wether goats were grazed over 1 year on replicated areas (0.4 ha each) of either pure N-fertilized Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens Stent.) pasture or native pastures containing Acacia, Eucalyptus and groundsel (Baccharis halimfolia L.) regrowth. Half of the goats in each group were given a cobalt bullet and their health, liveweight change and fleece growth were monitored. When adequate levels of native pasture were available (>800 kg green matter/ha) performance of goats on the different pastures was similar over the spring and summer grazing periods. In the winter period, fleece growth rate and yield were significantly (P<0.05) lower and liveweight loss (11 g/day) occurred in goats grazing native pastures. In the same period, goats on Pangola grass pastures supplemented with cobalt continued to grow (39 g/day) and maintained high fleece yields while unsupplemented goats on the same area lost weight rapidly (84 g/day), indicating the onset of cobalt deficiency. Over a 9-month period, the population of regrowth acacias and eucalypts less than 1.5 m high were markedly reduced, and groundsel was completely eliminated from the area. In this period, the palatable native grasses were selected in preference to blady grass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.), which increased as a proportion of declining total grass yield.
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Ford, Clive W. "Deacylation and cleavage of cell walls of pangola grass with borohydride." Phytochemistry 28, no. 2 (January 1989): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80019-6.
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Sanchez, Jose E., Laura Mejia, and Daniel J. Royse. "Pangola grass colonized with Scytalidium thermophilum for production of Agaricus bisporus." Bioresource Technology 99, no. 3 (February 2008): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.067.
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Hunter, RA, and BD Siebert. "Digestion of mature pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) by Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 6 (1986): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9860665.
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The digestion of mature pangola grass (Digitaria decurnbens) by Hereford (Bos taurus) and Brahman (Bos indicus) steers was studied. There was no significant difference between breeds in the digestion of organic matter (OM) and cell wall constituents (CWC). The OM digestibility in the whole tract was 0.59 with 90% of the digestion occurring in the stomachs. There was a significantly (P < 0.05) greater nonammonia nitrogen flow through the abomasum in Herefords (66 g/day) than Brahmans (59 g/day). Likewise the ratio of crude protein digested in the intestines to digestible OM (DCPi:DOMI) was higher (P < 0.05) in Herefords (0.120) than in Brahmans (0.102). In both breeds 66% of the nitrogen associated with the CWC was digested in the whole tract, essentially all digestion occurring in the stomachs. These results for pangola grass, especially the DCPi:DOMI ratios, are compared with the digestion characteristics of other tropical grasses and are discussed in terms of the capacity of tropical grasses to meet the protein requirements of growing cattle.
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Ford, C. W., and R. Elliott. "Biodegradability of mature grass cell walls in relation to chemical composition and rumen microbial activity." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 1 (February 1987): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600064273.
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SummaryCell walls from mature stems of three tropical grass species (Digitaria decumbens(pangola),Setaria anceps(cv. Kazangula) and sugar cane), and temperate barley straw, were analysed for lignin, carbohydrate, and the maj or acyl groups ferulate, ρ-coumarate and acetate. Samples were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of sheep in a 4 x 4 latin-square design, and rates of disappearance of cellulose, hemicellulose, xylose, arabinose, ferulate, ρ-coumarate and acetate were determined during 60 h incubation. Interspecies differences in cell-wall chemistry appeared largely in the variable degree of acylation with p-coumaric acid (1·0–3·3%) and acetate (0·5–3·6%), and the high glucose concentration in the hemicellulose from pangola (17%) andSetaria(9%). Barley had much lower concentrations of these components than the tropical species. After 24 h incubation, losses of cellulose and acyl groups were greatest from pangola, whereas hemicellulose and its major components xylose and arabinose were degraded to the greatest degree from barley straw.Setariacell-wall components were generally more resistant to degradation than the other species. No relationship was found between the concentration of any cell-wall constituent and degradability measurements. Nor were changes in microbial population, indicated by measuring the accumulation of cystine on the fibres, related to the rate or degree of degradation of any of the measured cell-wall constituents. Lignin was fractionated with alkali into insoluble and soluble fractions. The latter (25–50% of original lignin) gave high interspecies correlations with the degradability of total hemicellulose and its component monosaccharides. It was concluded that variability in the biodegradability of the cell walls was more likely due toin situstructural features, such as cross-linking between polymers, than to the concentration of any particular cell-wall constituent.
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Petty, S. R., and D. P. Poppi. "Effect of muddy conditions in the field on the liveweight gain of cattle consuming Leucaena leucocephala - Digitaria eriantha pastures in north-west Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07416.
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Cattle grazing leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham)–pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha cv. Steudel) pastures in the Ord River Irrigation Area in north-west Western Australia, sometimes exhibit higher liveweight gains in the dry season when temperature and humidity are lower. Two factors have been suggested as causing this seasonal difference: the combined effect of the temperature and humidity, and the effect of the muddy conditions in the field associated with rainfall in the wet summer season. An experiment over 81 days, from August to October 1995, was conducted to evaluate the effect of muddy conditions on the liveweight gain of cattle grazing a leucaena–pangola grass pasture. Replicated paddocks were grazed in a normal irrigated system during this dry season whereas other paddocks were flood irrigated twice weekly to create muddy conditions. Cattle grazing the muddy paddocks had a liveweight gain of 0.29 kg/steer.day, which was lower (P < 0.001) than the animals in the dry paddocks (0.57 kg/steer.day). These cattle spent less time grazing (41.9 v. 67.6% of animals grazing at three observation times, 0600, 1100 and 1500 hours, on each day over the whole 81 days; P ≤ 0.001). It was suggested that the muddy condition of the paddock was the primary factor causing this difference in liveweight gain and grazing behaviour.
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Tedesco, M., M. Ligo, C. Gianello, and Z. Simon. "Subsurface Injection of Activated Sludge: Response of two Grass Species." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0043.
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Excess activated sludge produced at SITEL, the integrated effluent treatment plant of Pólo Petroquímico do Sul (South Petrochemical Complex), Triunfo, Brazil, is disposed of by subsurface injection on pangola grass fields at average rates of 24 tons/year (dry basis). Until now no definite destination has been found for the hay, due to its poor commercial value. With the purpose of investigating the behavior of more commercially valuable species under sludge application, a growth-leaching pot experiment is being conducted at the Soils Department of UFRGS (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Oats (Avenastrigosa) and rye grass (Loliummultiflorum) were the first species to be tested. Sludge application rates varied from 0 to 6 times the recommended operational values. The following topics were studied to date: (a) uptake of mineral nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and S; (b) translocation of heavy metals Cd, Pb and Cr to shoots; (c) leaching of nutrients and metals. Initial results showed that: (i) Sludge applied at rates up to 24 t/ha (dry basis) did not cause any phytotoxic effect. However, plant macronutrients released by sludge into soil did not reach the quantities required for proper agronomic management of the crops. (ii) Nitrogen was the growth limiting nutrient and also phosphorus to a lesser extent. Potassium was supplied mainly by the soil. (iii)Some constituents that appeared in leachate from chemically-treated pots did not leach from sludge-treated pots, showing an environmental benefit from sludge over mineral amendments in that respect. (iv) Mineral nitrogen, mainly nitrate, was detected in leachate for about 45 days, decreasing with time. (v) Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr did not appear in plant tops and leachate from sludge-treated pots in worrysome amounts. The investigation proceeds with cultivation of pangola grass and millet.
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Pramono, Ahmad, Kustono Kustono, Diah Tri Widayati, P. P. Putro, and Hari Hartadi. "EVALUASI PAKAN SUPLEMEN MINYAK IKAN LEMURU DAN HIDROLISAT DARAH TERPROTEKSI BERDASARKAN KECERNAAN BAHAN KERING DAN KECERNAAN BAHAN ORGANIK DI DALAM RUMEN DAN PASCA RUMEN." Sains Peternakan 14, no. 1 (March 11, 2016): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.v14i1.8776.
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<pre><em>Increased of ruminants energy intake can be conducted by increasing the energy density of feed by using fat (oil). Protein intake can be enhanced by increasing of protected protein that escapes degradation by rumen microbes. The Aim of this research was to evaluate protected of feed supplement based on dry matter digestibility (KcBK), organic matter digestibility (KcBO) in vitro in the rumen and post-rumen. Protected feed supplement was produced from sardine fish oil and hydrolyzed blood , throught two protection methodes. It was saponification and microencapsulation. This research uses a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (feed supplements protected, soybean meal and pangola grass), which each treatment was repeated 5 times. </em><em>The results in the first step (rumen) of the protected feed supplement showed that has dry matter digestibility</em><em> 24.46% and organic </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 57.17%, soybean meal has dry </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 75.20% and organic </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 75.66%, and pangola grass has dry </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 50 , 81% and organic </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 59.21%. In the second step (post rumen) the digestibility of protected feed supplement has dry matter digestibility 69.04% and organic matter digestibility 66.71 72.76%, soybean meal has dry </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 90.38% and organic </em><em>matter digestibility</em><em> 88.23%, and the grass pangola have KcBK 63.24% and KcBO 59.21%. The results could be concluded that in the rumen protected feed supplementation is the most microbial degradation resistant compared the other and it can be degraded and digested in the abomasum to the small intestine.</em></pre><p> </p>
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Simon, Z., M. J. Tedesco, and C. Gianello. "Long-Term Land Application of Activated Sludge from a Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment Plant: I - Leachate Quality." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 11 (December 1, 1991): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0333.
Full textAbstract:
Excess activated sludge from SITEL, the wastewater treatment plant of Polo Petroquímico do Sul (South Petrochemical Complex), Triunfo, State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, is disposed of by subsurface injection on pangola grass and rye grass fields at an average annual rate of 24 tons/ha (dry basis). In order to assess absorption of sludge constituents by plants, modifications of soil properties and leachate quality, a microplot growth-leaching experiment is being conducted at the Department of Soils of UFRGS since 1985. Pangola grass (Digitariadecumbens, Stent) and rye grass (Loliummultiflorum, Lam) are grown in summer and winter respectively. Some microplots have been loaded with sludge enriched with Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb and Hg since 1988. Plant nutrients such as K, Cu, Zn and B did not increase in leachate, even at the higher application rates employed. Ammonium and pH were not affected either, whilst nitrates increased at the highest application rates. Ca and Mg increased in leachate during the third and the fourth years of the experiment, probably due to the liming of the microplots. Electrical conductivity of leachate increased with sludge application. Na, chloride and sulphate, the more soluble ions, increased slowly during the first year and more rapidly during the subsequent years. Heavy metals Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb and Hg in leachate were not consistently affected by application of pure sludge or metals-enriched sludge. The concentrations of these constituents in leachate were found to be generally below accepted limits for potable water. Exacerbation of loading of metals, bringing about introduction of total amounts that exceed current limits of addition of metals to soil, did not produce significant alterations in leachate quality. This suggests that these limits are very safe with respect to protection of aquifers. The determination of nitrates in leachate at different sludge application rates made possible the adoption of 40 tons/ha.year as the maximum allowable sludge loading rate (on dry basis) for the real sludge farms at SITEL. This figure is approximately double the operational sludge application rate at SITEL.
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Fujita, H., and L. R. Humphreys. "Variation in seasonal stocking rate and the dynamics of Lotononis bainesii in Digitaria decumbens pastures." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 1 (February 1992): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960006799x.
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SUMMARYPastures of Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass) previously oversown with Lotononis bainesii at Mount Cotton, south-east Queensland, Australia, were grazed by sheep for 3 years (1985–87), using a factorial combination of seasonal variations in stocking rate.Lotononis behaved as a short-lived plant with a mean half-life of 4·2 months (range 1·6–10·3); rate of mortality was positively related to initial seedling density. The proportion of lotononis remained very low for the first 2 years of the experiment, when conditions were unsuitable for large-scale seedling regeneration, which was also limited by the hardness of the seed reserves. Subsequently, lotononis regenerated well in treatments which combined the following features: (i) light grazing (5 sheep/ha) during the main flowering period of spring-early summer, (ii) heavy short-duration grazing in mid-summer to create a ‘gap’ and (iii) medium or heavy (18 or 27 sheep/ha) grazing during late summer-autumn to reduce competition from pangola grass.The ecological niche of lotononis and the possible use of complementary pastures are discussed.
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Mullahey, J. Jeffrey, John A. Cornell, and Danny L. Colvin. "Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum) Control." Weed Technology 7, no. 3 (September 1993): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0003760x.
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Hexazinone (1.12 kg ai/ha), triclopyr (1.12 kg ai/ha), metsulfuron (0.008 kg ai/ha), dichlorprop + 2,4-D, glyphosate (2.8%), and triclopyr (2%) + diesel oil (98%), applied as a broadcast or spot (individual plant) treatment, were evaluated over two years in south Florida for tropical soda apple (TSA) control and their effects on grass ground cover. For broadcast treatments, triclopyr (98%) and hexazinone (93%), had significantly (P < 0.05) higher percent control of marked TSA plants 90 d after herbicide application. However, triclopyr (99%) had significantly higher grass ground cover than hexazinone (78%). Hexazinone severely damaged Pangola digitgrass, but had no effect on bahiagrass. For spot treatments, dichlorprop + 2,4-D (100%) had the highest percent total control of TSA and least effect on grass ground cover (96%) 90 d after herbicide application, followed by glyphosate (96% control) and triclopyr + diesel oil (95% control). Based on acceptable (>90%) TSA control and grass ground cover, triclopyr broadcast or dichlorprop + 2,4-D spot provided the greatest control. With either application method, repeated herbicide applications will be necessary to eliminate TSA because of rapid seedling emergence following control of existing plants.
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Aumont, G., G. Saminadin, P. Cerneau, and A. Xandé. "Effects of sample preparation on nitrogen degradability of pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) and tropical tree legumes." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 1 (August 1994): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067769.
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SummaryThe effects of particle size on the nitrogen degradability of four tropical forages were studied in 1991 in Guadeloupe. Samples of pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) 22 and 47 days old, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala were prepared as follows: grasses were (1) freshly cut with scissors to 0·5–1·0 cm in length and frozen at – 18 °C; or for later study were dried at 80 °C and ground to pass a (2) 0·5 mm, (3) 10 mm or (4) 20 mm screen. Nitrogen degradability (ND) was determined by placing samples in nylon bags with two different pore sizes (25 and 46 μm) which were then put into the rumen of cows for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. The kinetics of nitrogen degradation were examined using Ørskov's model. Particle losses through the nylon bags, dry matter (DM) and nitrogen solubility of the samples were also measured in vitro. The sample preparation and the type of forage were the main sources of variation in the rapidly degradable nitrogen fraction, the slowly degradable nitrogen fraction, the degradation rate, the potentially degradable nitrogen fraction and ND. Nitrogen degradability was 55·8,46·7, 640 and 46·5% for pangola grass (at 22 and 47 days regrowth), Gliricidia and Leucaena samples, respectively. Mean ND was 47·9, 59·4, 56·1 and 49·6% for freshly cut and 0·5, 1·0 and 2·0 mm dried ground samples, respectively. Sample preparation had little effect on nitrogen solubility. For samples dried and ground at 0·5 and 1·0 mm, particle losses were 18·8 and 15·0% of DM, respectively. The insoluble but degradable fraction was 60·8, 51·9, 42·5 and 42·7% for freshly cut and 0·5, 1·0 and 2·0 mm dried ground samples, respectively. The freshly cut material appeared to be suitable for the estimation of ND in tropical forages.
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Ford, Clive W. "A feruloylated arabinoxylan liberated from cell walls of Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass) by treatment with borohydride." Carbohydrate Research 190, no. 1 (July 1989): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(89)84153-9.
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Evans, TR, and JB Hacker. "An evaluation of the production potential of six tropical grasses under grazing. 3. Responses to set stocking rates under continuous grazing." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 6 (1992): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920693.
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The response of 3 setaria cultivars, the setaria variety splendida, kikuyu grass, and pangola grass to stocking rates of 4-6 steers/ha under continuous grazing was evaluated over a 3-year period. On a year-round basis, averaged over stocking rates, liveweight gain per ha ranged from 822 kg on Narok (164 kg/steer) to 568 kg on Kazungula (114 kg/steer). Narok produced the highest weight gains in summer and winter (142 and 23 kg/steer, respectively). The greatest winter weight loss was from steers grazing Nandi and Kazungula (both -15 kg/steer). Animal production in a year of above-average rainfall, in both summer and winter periods, was markedly reduced overall, even though the quantity of feed on offer was increased. The year x grass interaction was statistically significant in summer, but year x stocking rate and grass x stocking rate were not. Species response to stocking rate showed a linear relationship between stocking rate and liveweight gain per steer, declining with increasing stocking rate, except for Narok setaria where the reverse occurred over the range of 4-6 steers/ha. The results of this experiment support those previously published on these 6 grasses and demonstrate the species potential for good levels of animal production per ha and their ability to withstand high grazing pressures and to maintain weed-free pastures.
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Bowen, M. K., D. P. Poppi, and S. R. McLennan. "Effect of quantity and source of rumen nitrogen on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in steers consuming tropical forage." Animal Production Science 58, no. 5 (2018): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15739.
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Low values for the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) in cattle consuming tropical forages are related to low rumen degradable crude protein (RDP) intakes. This study examined the effect on the EMPS of the quantity and source of nitrogen (N) supplied to the rumen of eight entire and four rumen-fistulated Brahman steers consuming mature tropical grass hay (57.3 g crude protein/kg DM). Four treatment diets were fed in a Latin square design and included a basal diet of mature pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha) hay (control) and hay plus supplements estimated to provide 150 g RDP/kg digestible organic matter intake (DOMI), as urea or casein, or 300 g RDP/kg DOMI as casein. The EMPS was only increased (P < 0.05) above that for the control diet (167 vs 123 g microbial crude protein (MCP)/kg DOMI) when RDP was provided at the highest rate of 293 g/kg DOMI. This increase was also associated with an ~4-fold increase in the concentration of NH3-N (277 vs 73 mg/L) and of branched-chain volatile fatty acids (44 vs 10 mmol/mol of total volatile fatty acids) in rumen fluid of the steers. However, the source of rumen degradable N (urea or casein) had no effect on the EMPS (109–115 g MCP/kg DOMI) when supplied at ~150 g RDP/kg DOMI. There was no effect of treatment on in vivo neutral detergent fibre digestibility (599 g/kg DM) or the rate (0.037/h) or extent (potential degradable fraction: 636 g/kg OM) of in sacco disappearance of pangola grass hay. In addition, rumen particle dilution rate was unaffected by treatment (0.022/h) and rumen fluid dilution rate, although showing some treatment differences (0.048–0.062/h), was poorly correlated with EMPS. It was concluded that only high amounts of RDP supply to the rumen, in the form of true protein, resulted in increased EMPS whereas at the lower intakes of RDP formulated to achieve EMPS in the range suggested in the feeding standards (130–170 g MCP/kg DOMI) there was no difference in providing the RDP as non-protein N or degradable-protein.
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Ford, Clive W. "Comparative structural studies of lignin-carbohydrate complexes from Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass) before and after chlorite delignification." Carbohydrate Research 147, no. 1 (March 1986): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(86)85010-8.
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Perez-Maldonado, R. A., and B. W. Norton. "The effects of condensed tannins from Desmodium intortum and Calliandra calothyrsus on protein and carbohydrate digestion in sheep and goats." British Journal of Nutrition 76, no. 4 (October 1996): 515–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19960060.
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A factorial experiment was conducted to study the effects of condensed tannins (CT) from the tropical legumes Desmodium intorturn and Calliandra calothyrsus on the digestion and utilization of protein and carbohydrate in sheep and goats. CT-free Centrusema pubescens was also fed for comparison with the CT legumes, and each legume was included (300 g/kg DM) in a basal diet of pangola grass (Digitmia decumbens). Pangola grass alone was used as a control diet. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences between sheep and goats for the efficiency of digestion of N (0.574, SE 0.013), organic matter (OM; 0.519, SE 0.010), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF; 0.524, SE 0.011) and acid-detergent fibre (ADF; 0.407, SE 0.016). Diets containing desmodium and calliandra were digested less well in the rumen (64 and 62% of total OM digested) when compared with the pangola and centrosema diets (74 and 73% of total OM digested in rumen). There was an apparent net gain of 30% in ADF across the digestive tract of sheep and goats given calliandra, and this gain was ascribed to the formation of ‘artifact’ fibre as a result of fibre-tannin interaction. Overall, inclusion of legume at 300 g/kg in the diet significantly increased (P>0.05) the concentration of acetic acid and decreased butyric acid concentration in the rumen fluid of sheep and goats. Significantly higher proportions of dietary N apparently reached the abomasum of animals given the diets containing desmodium (50%) and calliandra (56%) when compared with animals given the centrosema and pangola diets (35%). Sheep and goats given the CT diets also had higher excretions of faecal N. This increment of faecal N (14%) did not affect post-rumen N digestion (P>0.05) since animals given CT diets absorbed more N (19%) per kg total OM digested than those given the control diets. It was concluded that whilst the low levels of CT provided in desmodium (1.0%) and calliandra (2.3%) diets protected dietary protein from degradation in the rumen, there were no overall beneficial or detrimental effects of CT in these diets for sheep or goats. A method was developed to categorize CT into fractions representative of their forms (free, protein-bound, and fibre-bound) during the digestion process. A quantitative model of CT metabolism during passage through the digestive tract was developed from the measured exchanges of CT between free, protein-bound and fibre-bound pools in the rumen and lower digestive tract. CT interchange mainly occurred in the reticulo-rumen of both animal species. Desmodium and calliandra free CT showed net losses of 68 and 78% in the rumen respectively and 57 and 68% of the fibre-bound CT was lost in the same site for sheep and goats respectively. However, protein-bound CT increased across the rumen by 73 and 56% for both animal species. Post-rumen losses of the total CT abomasal flow were 86 and 83% (free CT) for sheep and goats respectively, 70 and 66% (protein-bound CT), whilst 28% loss of fibre-bound CT occurred in sheep and goats respectively.
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Ash, AJ, and BW Norton. "Productivity of Australian cashmere goats grazing Pangola grass pastures and supplemented with untreated and formaldehyde treated protein meals." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 6 (1987): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870779.
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The liveweight change and fleece growth Of Australian cashmere goats were studied in a 14 week grazing experiment (Mar.-June) in south-eastern Queensland. Weaner goats grazed nitro-fertilised Pangola grass (Digitavia decumbens Stent.) pastures and were supplemented every second day with a range of protein meals (60 g crude protein/goat.day), i.itht.1. untreated or fomialdehyde treated. Following high growth rates (> 90 g 1iveweight.day) by all kids early in the experiment, control animals experienced severe weight loss (-40 g/day). Goats given protein supplements performed significantly (P<0.05) better, though they only maintained weight. There were no differences (P> 0.05) in liveweight change between the untreated and formaldehyde treated protein groups. The poor growth of goats in this study was associated with declining feed availability under the high stocking rates used (80 goats/ha) and possibly with a seasonal depression in appetite. Total fleece growth was significantly (P<0.05) increased by protein supplementation, except for sunflower meal. However, cashmere growth (mean � s.e., 16.3 � 2.1 g) was largely unaffected by supplementation, with greater hair growth (64 v. 54 g) being responsible for the improved fleece weight in those goats receiving protein supplements. Kids supplemented with formaldehyde treated protein tended to grow more fleece than did kids given untreated protein meals but the differences were not significant.
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Simon, Zeno, and Marino Tedesco. "Agronomic Requirements for Soil Utilization in Liquid Waste Disposal Systems – The Case of Sitel." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0056.
Full textAbstract:
At SITEL – the integrated effluent treatment system of Pólo Petroquímico do Sul (South Petrochemical Complex), Triunfo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil – both the final effluent and the thickened excess activated sludge are disposed of on land. Thorough agronomic investigations made possible the identification of appropriate soils for receiving the wastes and the establishment of some design criteria. Profile depth, texture, infiltration rate, internal drainage, slope and availability of land covered with intact vegetation were the main factors considered in the election of areas for effluent disposal. For sludge application the following factors were taken into account: drainage, slope, chemical characteristics (mainly pH and Organic Matter), distance to the sludge loading point, suitability to agronomic management, ease of access, topography and presence of an adequate grass species (pangola grass). The results of the preliminary agronomic investigations are presented and discussed. Design assumptions are confronted with actual operational data. Comparisons are made with other reported situations. A discussion on the limitations, shortcomings and incompleteness of the available criteria and guidelines is included, with particular focus on CEC, Infiltration Rates, Maximum Permissible Loadings, Nitrogen and Organic Matter.
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de Vega, A., and D. P. Poppi. "The effect of sucrose addition on intake of a tropical grass hay by sheep." Animal Production Science 52, no. 7 (2012): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11244.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing levels of sucrose (15, 30, 45, and 60% of the total dry matter intake, DMI) were added to a Control diet of a tropical grass hay (pangola grass, Digitaria eriantha) to examine the effect on DMI and digestible organic matter intake (DOMI). A pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) diet provided a positive Control diet with a higher metabolisable energy intake. There were positive linear and quadratic effects of sucrose addition on DMI and DOMI, reflecting increasing values from Control to 45% sucrose, which then decreased for 60% sucrose. Intake values at 45% sucrose were equivalent to 49% (DMI) and 60% (DOMI) of those shown by animals fed on pelleted lucerne. At the same time there was a decrease in hay intake and neutral detergent fibre digestibility. Rumen concentration of butyric acid increased with sucrose addition. Eating pattern changed with increasing sucrose inclusion in that meals extended over the whole day rather than most food being consumed within 5 h as occurred with the high roughage diet. Intake of sucrose was similar for all diets by 5 h, but by 24 h high sucrose diets had resulted in a higher intake of sucrose. It was suggested that the underlying characteristics of the neutral detergent fibre present in the diet regulate intake by posing a limit, which cannot be overridden.
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Tikam, K., C. Phatsara, C. Sorachakula, T. Vearasilp, S. Samiprem, A. Cherdthong, K. Gerlach, and K. H. Südekum. "In vitro gas production, in vivo nutrient digestibilities, and metabolisable energy concentrations for sheep of fresh and conserved pangola grass." Small Ruminant Research 128 (July 2015): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.05.002.
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Chahomchuen, Kularbthip, Dr Prasit Prakongsri, and Dr Suradej Pholsen. "Incentives for Pangola Grass (Digitaria eriantha) Production in Paddy Land of Farmers in Changwat Khon Kaen and Changwat Maha Sarakham." Khon Kaen University Journal (Graduate Studies) 09, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5481/kkujgs.2009.09.1.8.
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Ishizaki, S. M., J. A. Silva, and W. Y. Toma. "Soil‐plant relationships in pangola grass(digit‐aria decumbensstent.) and intortum(Desmodium intortum(Mill.) Urb.) Fertilized with molybdenum and copper1." Journal of Plant Nutrition 14, no. 3 (March 1991): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169109364203.
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Jones, RJ. "Nitrogen rate and stocking rate effects on steer gains from grazed irrigated pangola grass in the Ord Valley, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 5 (1990): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900599.
Full textAbstract:
Annual liveweight gain of steers grazing flood-irrigated, fertilised pangola grass in the Ord Valley, Western Australia, was modelled as a function of nitrogen rate (90-350 kg/ha) and stocking rate (5.2-12.6 steers/ha). Steer gains decreased linearly with increasing stocking rate (SR) at each nitrogen rate (NR). Increasing NR resulted in higher steer gains, particularly at the low levels of SR. The model predicted an increase in the slope (b values) of the linear relations between steer gains and SR with an increase in NR. As a consequence, SR for maximum gain/ha.year only varied between 6 and 7 steers/ha within the NR used. Responses to SR and NR for gains/ha were both quadratic, and the model predicted a maximum gain of 1266 kg/ha when SR was 6.2 steers/ha and NR was 420 kg/ha.year. Within the experimental range, maximum gain was 1233 kg/ha when SR was 6.6 steers/ha and NR was 350 kg/ha.year. Steer gain varied seasonally, even in this tropical, irrigated environment. Gains were highest in January-March and lowest in June-July. Increasing stocking rate had the greatest depressing effect on liveweight gain during the cool season with b values, for the relation between steer gain and stocking rate at the 220 kg N rate, varying from -1 g/day in November to -94 g/day per unit of SR in July.
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Hunter, R. A. "The effect of the α2-adrenergic agonist, guanfacin, on the energy metabolism of steers fed on low-quality-roughage diets." British Journal of Nutrition 67, no. 3 (May 1992): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920039.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of the α2-adrenergic agonist, guanfacin, on the energy metabolism, feed intake and live weight (LW) change of steers was studied in three experiments. In the first, the metabolic rate of twelve steers was measured after a 72 h fast. The next day, after a 96 h fast, six steers were injected intramuscularly with 15 mg guanfacin in sterile saline (9 g sodium chloride/l) and six with sterile saline alone, and metabolic rate was measured again. Treatment significantly (P < 0.01) lowered metabolic rate by approximately 20% (53.9 v. 66.8 kJ/kg per d). In the second experiment twelve steers were fed on long-chopped, low-quality roughage (Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) hay) ad lib. for 6 weeks. Six steers were continuously infused through a jugular catheter with 15 mg guanfacin/d (about 40 μg/kg LW) in sterile saline. The other six served as controls. There was no significant effect of treatment on feed intake (g dry matter (DM)/kg LW) or the rate of LW loss. Treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased the retention time of fluid (17.9 v. 22.1 h) in the alimentary tract. In the final experiment twenty-three steers were divided into four treatment groups and fed on long-chopped, low-quality roughage (Pangola hay). Treated animals were continuously infused with guanfacin at the rate of 20, 40 or 80 μg/kg LW per d. Control steers were not infused. At the end of the 6-week feeding period metabolic rate was measured after a 72 h fast. Regardless of dose, guanfacin significantly (P < 0.01) lowered metabolic rate. Feed intake was not significantly affected by treatment but the rate of LW loss was significantly (P < 0.05) less in treated steers.
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SUZUKI, Tomoyuki, Ittiphon PHAOWPHAISAL, Pimpaporn PHOLSEN, Rumphrai NARMSILEE, Somchit INDRAMANEE, Peerapot NITIPOT, Anan CHAOKAUR, et al. "In Vivo Nutritive Value of Pangola Grass (Digitaria eriantha) Hay by a Novel Indirect Calorimeter with a Ventilated Hood in Thailand." Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 42, no. 2 (2008): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.6090/jarq.42.123.
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Ehrlich, WK, RT Cowan, and A. Reid. "Use of whole cotton seed as a dietary supplement for grazing dairy cows." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 3 (1993): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930283.
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In a 2-part preliminary experiment, groups of 6 and 9 Holstein-Friesian cows in early t o mid lactation were unsupplemented or supplemented with either 3 kg cracked sorghum grain or 3 kg whole cotton seed on a base pasture of irrigated pangola grass for 12 weeks or oats for 12 weeks. The stocking rate was 5 cows/ha. Supplementation did not affect milk yield or composition. In a second experiment a group of 20 Holstein- Friesian cows in early to mid lactation grazed on a base pasture of subterranean clover at a stocking rate of 4 or 6 cows/ha a n d w e r e either unsupplemented or supplemented with 3 kg of whole cotton seed (WCS) over 12 weeks. Milk yield averaged 20.3 kg/cow.day and there were no significant effects on milk yield or composition. We suggest the lack of a significant milk yield response was due to a high substitution rate of WCS for pasture, associated with an oil content in the diet of 7.1 % of dry matter.
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Deutschmann, Kanitta, Chirawat Phatsara, Choke Sorachakula, Therdchai Vearasilp, Wirapon Phunphiphat, Anusorn Cherdthong, Katrin Gerlach, and Karl-Heinz Südekum. "In vitro gas production and in vivo nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Thai indigenous cattle fed fresh and conserved pangola grass." Italian Journal of Animal Science 16, no. 3 (February 28, 2017): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2017.1293478.
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Galgal, K. K., N. P. McMeniman, and B. W. Norton. "Effect of copra expeller pellet supplementation on the flow of nutrients from the rumen of sheep fed low quality pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens)." Small Ruminant Research 15, no. 1 (December 1994): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(94)90056-6.
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Díaz-Martínez, Yazmín C., Griselda K. Guillén, and José E. Sánchez. "Growth-promoting thermophilic microorganisms in self-heating pasteurized substrate improve Agaricus bisporus mycelial growth." Scientia Fungorum 49 (December 31, 2019): e1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.33885/sf.2019.49.1261.
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Background: Certain microorganisms during the preparation of substrate for growing Agaricus bisporus are of great interest for the conversion of organic material and for the excretion of a wide range of metabolites with growth regulation activities that may affect the mycelial growth processes and mushroom yield. Adding beneficial microorganisms in the substrate may be a biotechnological alternative to optimize A. bisporus cultivation.
Objective: Isolate and evaluate thermophilic microorganisms from self-heating pasteurized substrate with growth-promoting effects on A. bisporus cultivation.
Methods: Different microorganisms were isolated and selected at 45 and 55 °C. They were tested for siderophore production, 1-octen-3-ol consumption, and phosphate solubilization in coculture with A. bisporus to determine their growth effects on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and on sterile pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha).
Results: Of the 106 microorganisms isolated, 88 % were able to grow in the presence of 1-octen-3-ol, while 1 % had the capacity to produce siderophores, and 55 % had the ability to solubilize phosphate. The strains Bacillus hisashii ECS-B-65, B. licheniformis ECS-B-78, Rhizomucor pusillus ECS-710 and ECS-712, Aspergillus fumigatus ECS-709, and Thermomyces sp. ECS-711 were found to have a positive effect on A. bisporus mycelial growth.
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Tedesco, M., M. Ligo, C. Gianello, and Z. Simon. "Effect of Petrochemical Activated Sludge on Soil Properties." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0125.
Full textAbstract:
Excess activated sludge produced at SITEL, the integrated wastewater treatment plant of Pólo Petroquímico do Sul (South Petrochemical Complex), situated in the municipality of Triunfo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is disposed of by subsurface injection on pangola grass fields at average application rates of 24 tons/years (dry basis). With the purpose of investigating the effect produced by the application of sludge at higher rates on the soil-plant-water system, as well as the response of more commercially valuable grass species, a growth-leaching pot experiment is being conducted at the Department of Soils of UFRGS (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), with the supervision of SITEL. After one year, comprehensive soil analyses showed the following results:Sludge decomposition in soil, worked out from evolution of CO2, amounted to 2.7% of C lost as CO2 in relation to the C added, in 50 days, 27°C (daylight temperature) and sludge application rate of 24 t/ha.Sludge application brought about an enrichment of soil C, N and P restricted to the top layer.No significant modifications were observed in soil pH and contents of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and B in the top layer of soil, even at the higher sludge application rates.Slight increases were observed in contents of Na, Cu, S and electrical conductivity of the top layer, effects compatible with the characteristics of the sludge applied.Appreciable increases were observed in soil contents of Zn, Cr, Cd and Ni, in correlation with the increasing sludge application rates. The resulting values, however, fell well below the tolerable limits.Proper management of a sludge application system that reproduces the conditions chosen for this investigation can yield a useful site life of many years without appreciable environmental risks.