Journal articles on the topic 'Pamplona (Spain) – History – 16th century'
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González-Peñas, Vettorazzi, Lizarraga, Azqueta, and López de Cerain. "Report of the IVth Workshop of the Spanish National Network on Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi and Their Decontamination Processes (MICOFOOD), Held in Pamplona, Spain, 29–31 May 2019." Toxins 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11070415.
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The present publication collects the communications presented in the IV Workshop of the Spanish National Network on Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi and their Decontamination Processes (MICOFOOD), held in the School of Pharmacy and Nutrition of the Universidad de Navarra (Pamplona, Spain) from the 29 to the 31 May 2019. More than 70 professionals from academia, the industry and public services have participated. The scientific program included: five sessions: sponsors (presentation and services), toxigenic fungi, toxicology, analysis and control, and reduction and prevention strategies. In total, 18 oral communications and 24 posters were presented. It is worth mentioning the high participation and quality of the communications from PhD students. The invited conference, entitled: “Mycotoxins within the framework of exposure assessment: past present and future”, was given by Dr. Barbara de Santis (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy). The meeting ended with the roundtable: “From feed to fork: safe food without mycotoxins”, where representatives of feed and agrofood companies and public administrations discussed about the current situation and problems related with mycotoxins. Different prizes were awarded for the best oral presentation (Effect of Staphylococcus xylosus on the growth of toxigenic moulds in meat substrates, by E. Cebrian et al., University of Extremadura), and the best posters (Combined toxicity of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A: A systematic review by M. Alonso-Jaúregui et al., Universidad de Navarra; and Application of natamycin in products affected by toxigenic fungi by Torrijos et al., Universitat de València). The participants had the opportunity to learn about the history and gastronomy of Pamplona. Situated in the north of Spain, Pamplona is a city of Roman origin featuring a large gothic cathedral complex and a Vauban citadel of the 16th century.
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McEwan, Bonnie G. "The role of ceramics in Spain and Spanish America during the 16th century." Historical Archaeology 26, no. 1 (March 1992): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03374164.
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Bilgin, Feridun. "Justifications for the Spanish Invasion of North Africa (16th Century)." Journal of Al-Tamaddun 16, no. 2 (December 13, 2021): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jat.vol16no2.2.
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The process called Reconquista (Reconquest) in history of Spain succeeded with the occupation of Granada (1492). In order to prevent its lands from becoming “Andalusia” again, the Spanish government established the country’s lines of defense outside the country in North Africa. Considering religious, commercial, political and military reasons a limited occupation policy was implemented in North Africa. Places on strategic North African coasts such as Ceuta, Melilla, Oran and Merselkebir were occupied, and military garrisons (Presedios/Plazas) were established here. With the help of these garrisons, the Spain’s Mediterranean and Atlantic trade has been secured for decades.
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Hermanns, Marcus Heinrich. "16th-Century Ship Graffiti on the Town Walls of Eivissa, Balearic Islands, Spain." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 39, no. 1 (March 2010): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00250.x.
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Vaquero, José M. "Ball lightning: a Renaissance account from Zafra (Spain)." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 8, no. 1 (June 12, 2017): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-53-2017.
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Abstract. An analysis is given of the account of a globe of fire observed in Zafra (Spain) in the middle of the 16th century. During a strong storm, Conde Don Pedro observed what he described as a globe of fire that was directed against the city and abruptly changed course. He attributed the change in course to a miracle. He described neither any damage nor sound.
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Borghese, A. "THE LIPIZZANER IN ITALY." Animal Genetic Resources Information 10 (April 1992): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900003308.
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SUMMARYThe Lipizzaner is one of Europe's most ancient breeds; its history goes back to the early 16th century The original stock came from the North of Italy and Spain; six male lines introduced in the second half of the 18th century and the early 19th century, from Naples, the Austro-Hungarian empire, Denmark and Arabia upgraded the breed to its actual standard. The Italian national stud of Montemaggiore is perpetrating the Lipizzaner tradition. The horses are kept under extensive grazing conditions and all six “families” (Napolitano,Conversaro, Favory, Pluto, Maestoso and Siglavy) are present.
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Batista, E., and J. Hernandez. "The drainage of lake ‘L'Estany’ in Spain." Water Supply 18, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.105.
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Abstract In the 18th century, the practice of drying up the wetlands, marshy or stagnant water areas expanded throughout Europe in order to avoid the malaria fevers that the population periodically suffered and to recover land for farming. This communication describes the current knowledge about the history of the process of drying in various hydrological basins as well as the works in the endorheic lake close to the village of L'Estany, located in the district of the Moianès (Catalonia), in the northeast of Spain. The drying began in the 16th century with drainage channels driven by the Monastery of Santa Maria de L'Estany, and culminated in the 18th century with the construction, using the dry stone technique, of a 425 m long, 2.14 m high and 1.20 m wide drainage mine that diverted water to the basin of the Llobregat River. Now the mine and the canals are conserved for use in times of rain as well as a touristic objective that complements the cultural and religious concerns of the Monastery of Santa Maria with its magnificent Romanesque cloister.
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Santana Pérez, Germán. "Spanish maritime experience in Southern Africa during the Early Modern Period." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 4 (November 2018): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418808498.
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Apparently, the Treaty of Tordesillas dismissed the possibility of Spanish shipping via Africa and the Cape of Good Hope. The preferred route to Asia was via Cape Horn or Acapulco. In this article we will show that access to Southern Africa was not entirely closed to the Spanish between the 16th and 18th centuries. We will analyse shipping in this period and, above all, we will discuss the enlightened reforms of the 18th century that changed the connecting routes between Spain and the Philippines, making them pass through Cape Town, as well as the hostility shown to the Hispanic presence in those waters by great powers like the Netherlands. Based on these connections, we will discuss the exchange of plants between Spain and Southern Africa.
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Starr-LeBeau, Gretchen D., and Benzion Netanyahu. "The Marranos of Spain: From the Late 14th to the Early 16th Century According to Contemporary Hebrew Sources." Sixteenth Century Journal 31, no. 1 (2000): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2671318.
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Moya-Olmedo, Pilar, and María Núñez-González. "Converso Houses in the 16th Century in the Former Jewish Quarter of Seville." Heritage 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 4174–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040216.
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Vital scenarios in the old Jewish quarter of Seville (Spain) in the 16th Century are analyzed. The objectives of this paper are first, to gather up a brief history of the property of some houses of Conversos (Jews who converted to Christianity in the face of the Inquisition); secondly, to study their layout and their construction relating them to emotions in architecture in a transversal way; thirdly, to make hypothetical plans and elevations (including some digital reconstructions); and, finally, to report their current state of preservation. For these purposes, documents have been consulted in Sevillian archives. To analyze these buildings, it was essential to consult the little-known texts called apeos, which were official documents drawn up by the master builders (alarifes) that the owners requested in order to know the conservation of the buildings. An innovative methodology of translating written descriptions into graphics has been developed. Likewise, among the characteristic spaces of the Sevillian houses, more singular ones, such as the reception courtyards, the main rooms, and the women’s quarters, have been thoroughly analyzed. The alteration of the entrance of one of the houses due to the historical and emotional context and the importance of the women’s quarters (as a religious and vital refuge) are also highlighted.
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Arbo, Desiree, and Desiree Arbo. "Defining 'Movement' in Global History: The Early Modern Iberian World in a Global Frame (16th-18th centuries)." Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 5, no. 1 (October 29, 2017): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v5i1.195.
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On 9 June 2017, scholars from a range of disciplines across the United Kingdom and Spain met at the University of Warwick to discuss the ways in which taking a global perspective can enrich research on early modern Iberia and colonial Spanish America. Coming at a time when Spanish exceptionalism is being increasingly challenged but the Americas are still being side-lined in the writing of global history, the presenters addressed gaps in current historiography and challenged Eurocentric narratives of early modern history which have predominated since the Enlightenment. The final roundtable called for definition in the language of movement in global history and concluded that we need to rethink global history as a project that began in the sixteenth century with conceptions of an Iberian or Catholic globe, an orbe hispano.
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Castro, Filipe, Miguel San Claudio Santa Cruz, Nigel Nayling, and Adolfo Miguel Martins. "The Ribadeo I Shipwreck, Galleon “San Giacomo di Galizia”—From Excavation to Interpretation." Heritage 6, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 2079–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020112.
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The Ribadeo shipwreck, identified as the San Giacomo di Galizia, lost in 1597 at Ribadeo, Galicia, Spain, is a unique example of a late 16th century Spanish warship. Brought to Ribadeo in the winter of 1597, this ship was salvaged, all the crew saved, and its remains abandoned. It was found in November 2011 during dredging operations, and it has been studied since. Excavated slowly at the pace allowed by the conservation budget, this site is revealing its secrets as the excavation progresses. This paper is an introduction to the ship’s history and a first report on the archaeological excavation of its hull remains.
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Calatrava, Javier, and Samir Sayadi. "Evolution of Farming Systems in the Mediterranean High Mountain: The Case of the Alpujarra Alta (Spain)." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030704.
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In mountainous Mediterranean areas, even at high elevations, the landscapes are generally strongly transformed by humans. Agriculture is a key factor in this because, until very recent times, farming has been the main occupation of its inhabitants and has dominated their history and culture. This study examines the evolution of agroecosystems in the Alpujarra Alta (a set of mountain valleys and ravines, located in south-eastern Spain, within the Penibetic Range), from the Neolithic revolution and the Roman period until the present emphasizing the eight centuries under Muslim rule and the serious agrarian crisis induced by the expulsion of the Moorish from the area in the last third of the 16th century. This provoked profound transformations leading to the so-called “evolved farming system” in the early nineteenth century. This system continued until the middle of the twentieth century, when a massive rural exodus, prompted by the industrialization of the country, made farming unfeasible, triggering a phase of gradual system degradation. Finally, the current situation is discussed, resulting from the degradation of the established system as well as from new opportunities arising from the processes of endogenous local development induced in the area during the last quarter of a century.
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Védyushkin, Vladimir. "Madrid in the Late 16th Century: Paradoxes of a City that Suddenly Became a Capital." ISTORIYA 12, no. 9 (107) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017054-8.
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The article analyzes the historical experience of Madrid, which became the capital of Spain in 1561. The reasons for Philip II’s reluctance to establish the capital in Valladolid or Toledo, which previously often served as royal residences, are considered. The analysis of the ideas about Madrid in the texts of such authors of the 16th — early 17th centuries as Luis Cabrera de Córdoba, Lucio Marineo Siculo, Pedro de Medina shows that even before acquiring the capital status, it was a notable city of Castile, which had significant advantages, so that the choice in its favour was logical, although not predetermined. By the time the Court was transferred to Madrid, on the initiative of Philip II, a large-scale program of urban reforms was prepared, in which the features of Renaissance urbanism are clearly visible. The unusually rapid and uncontrolled growth of the city’s population after 1561 required the authorities to establish mechanisms for billeting courtiers and officials into the houses of Madrid residents and then standards for housing construction; the article analyzes the royal decree of 1567 dedicated to this matter. The most important tasks of the authorities were also to provide citizens with food, clean the streets and fight crime. The Royal decree of 1585 shows the attention of the authorities to these issues; the content and role of this decree are also discussed in the article. In general, the conceived program of urban reforms faced great difficulties, but the transformations that were carried out played an essential role in the history of Madrid.
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Egío García, José Luis. "Alonso de la Vera Cruz’s Manuals and the University of Mexico in 16th Century: Teaching Theology and Arts from a Missionary Perspective." Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura 22, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 75–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_22-1_3.
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The creation of the University of Mexico (1553) favoured the intensification of the processes of translation of normative knowledge between Europe and America, which had already begun with the arrival of the first Spanish conquistadores and missionaries to the New World. This article offers a synthesis of the recent historiography on the University of colonial Mexico, to be profiled as a missionary Studium, clearly differentiated from the European models with which it has tended to be compared (in particular, Salamanca). Focusing on the printed works of the Augustinian friar Alonso de la Vera Cruz (1507-84), one of the first teachers at the University of Mexico, we find representative examples of the type of propaedeutic teaching of the Arts (Logic, Natural Philosophy) which was common in the particular academic context of 16th-century New Spain. On the other hand, the theological production of Vera Cruz illustrates well the strategies of flexibilization and localization that were put into practice in order to successfully translate the preexisting Christian normativity to unforeseen and challenging contexts.
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García García, Francisco, Manuel Ramírez Blanco, Isabel Rodríguez Abad, Rosa Martínez Sala, Isabel Tort Ausina, Javier Benlloch Marco, and Jose Luis Montalvá Conesa. "GPR technique as a tool for cultural heritage restoration: San Miguel de los Reyes Hieronymite Monastery, 16th century (Valencia, Spain)." Journal of Cultural Heritage 8, no. 1 (January 2007): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2006.10.005.
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Reinoso-Gordo, Juan, Antonio Gámiz-Gordo, and Pedro Barrero-Ortega. "Digital Graphic Documentation and Architectural Heritage: Deformations in a 16th-Century Ceiling of the Pinelo Palace in Seville (Spain)." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10020085.
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Suitable graphic documentation is essential to ascertain and conserve architectural heritage. For the first time, accurate digital images are provided of a 16th-century wooden ceiling, composed of geometric interlacing patterns, in the Pinelo Palace in Seville. Today, this ceiling suffers from significant deformation. Although there are many publications on the digital documentation of architectural heritage, no graphic studies on this type of deformed ceilings have been presented. This study starts by providing data on the palace history concerning the design of geometric interlacing patterns in carpentry according to the 1633 book by López de Arenas, and on the ceiling consolidation in the 20th century. Images were then obtained using two complementary procedures: from a 3D laser scanner, which offers metric data on deformations; and from photogrammetry, which facilitates the visualisation of details. In this way, this type of heritage is documented in an innovative graphic approach, which is essential for its conservation and/or restoration with scientific foundations and also to disseminate a reliable digital image of the most beautiful ceiling of this Renaissance palace in southern Europe.
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Piscos, James Lotero. "“Humanizing the Indios” Early Spanish missionaries’ struggles for natives’ dignity: Influences and impact in 16th Century Philippines." Bedan Research Journal 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 158–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.58870/berj.v7i1.36.
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Spanish conquest in the New World has two sides, evangelization, and colonization. The former was carried by the missionaries who were heavily influenced by Bartolome de Las Casa and Vitoria, while the latter by conquistadores, the defenders of the conquest. Early missionaries fought for the dignity of the Indios where they clashed with the motives of the conquistadores to exploit human resources. The problematic part was they have to work under the Spanish crown where their point of contact was also their area for friction. When they arrived in the Philippines, that social solidarity and dynamics of social relation continued where it became complex due to the involvement of various groups including the natives and their leaders, the religious orders, and most of all the Spanish Royal Court that had the history of having a heart for the Indians. King Philip II created a space for debates within his agenda of social conscience. Using Durkheim’s structuralist-functionalist approach, historical narratives about early missionaries’ struggles for natives’ dignity in the 16th century Philippines were examined. Durkheim’s social solidarity, dynamics of social relations, and his concepts of anomie as disruptions due to dramatic changes and conflicts were utilized as tools to analyze the quest for total well-being. The achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) is authenticated in amplifying the value of human dignity, equality, and respect for each individual. With this, the 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines is worth the celebration.ReferencesAbella, G. (1971) From Indio to Filipino and some historical works. Philippine Historical Review. (Vol. 4).Arcilla, J. S. S.J. (1998). The Spanish conquest. Kasaysayan: The story of the Filipino people. (Vol. 3). C & C Offset Printing Co., Ltd.Bernal, R. (1965). “Introduction.” The colonization and conquest of the Philippines by Spain: Some contemporary source documents. Filipiniana Book Guild.Burkholder, M. (1996). “Sepulveda, Juan Gines de.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture. (Vol.5). Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum. Macmillan Library Reference.Burkholder, S. (1996). “Vitoria, Francisco de.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture. (Vol.5). Macmillan Library Reference.Tenenbaum, B. (ed). (1996). “Sepulveda Juan Gines de” in Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture (Vol. 5) Macmillan Library Reference.Cabezon, A. (1964) An introduction to church and state relations according to Francisco Vitoria. University of Sto. Tomas. Cathay Press Ltd. (1971). Spain in the Philippines: From conquest to the revolution.Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) (2020). Pastoral letter celebrating the 500th Year of Christianity in the Philippines. https://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/wp-content/uploads/2021/ 03/500-YOC-CBCP-Pastoral-Statement-Final.pdf.Charles V. (1539) De Indis, Letter of Emperor Charles V to Francisco Vitoria, Toledo.Cushner, N. (1966). The isles of the west: Early Spanish voyages to the Philippines, 1521-1564. Ateneo de Manila Press.Dasmarinas, G. (1591). Account of Encomiendas in Philipinas. Blair, E. and R. (1903) (Vol. 8) (eds. at annots). The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Vol.3: Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest conditions with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century. Arthur H Clark. Hereinafter referred to as B and R.De la Costa, H. (1961). Jesuits in the Philippines. Harvard University Press.De la Rosa, R. (1990). Beginnings of the Filipino Dominicans. UST Press.De Jesus, E. (1965). “Christianity and conquest: The basis of Spanish sovereignty over the Philippines.” The beginnings of Christianity in the Philippines. Philippine Historical Institute.Digireads.com. (2013). The division of labor. https://1lib.ph/book/2629481/889cf4Donovan, W. (1996). “Las Casas, Bartolome.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture (Vol.3). Macmillan Library Reference.Durkheim, E. (2005). Suicide: A study on sociology. Routledge.Durkheim, E. Mauss, M., & Needham, R. (2010) Primitive Classification. Routledge.Duterte, R. (2018). Executive Order No.55. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/05may/20180508-EO-55-RRD.pdf.Ferrante, J. (2015). Sociology, a global perspective. Cengage Learning.Gutierrez, L. (1975). “Domingo de Salazar’s struggle for justice and humanization in the conquest of the Philippines.” Philippiniana Sacra 14.Harvard University. (1951). Jurisdictional conflicts in the Philippines during the XVI and XVII.Lavezaris, M. (1569) Letter to Felipe II in B and R (1903) (Vol. 3).Licuanan, V. and Mira J. (1994). The Philippines under Spain: Reproduction of the original spanish documents with english translation (Vol. 5). National Trust for Historic and Cultural Preservation of the Philippines.Lietz, P. (Trans). (1668). Munoz Text of Alcina’s History of the Bisayan Islands. Philippine Studies Program. XXV(74). National Quincentennial Committee (2021). Victory and Humanity. https://nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/victory-and-humanity/Lukes, S. (ed) (2013) The rules of sociological method. Palgrave Macmillan.National Trust for Historic and Cultural Preservation of the Philippines. (1996). The Philippines under Spain: Reproduction of the original Spanish documents with English translation (Vol 6).Piscos, J.L. (2017). Human Rights and Justice Issues in the 16th Century Philippines. Scientia, The international journal on the liberal arts. San Beda College. https://scientia-sanbeda.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2-piscos.pdfPorras, J.L. (1990). The synod of Manila of 1582. Translated by Barranco, Carballo, Echevarra, Felix, Powell and Syquia. Historical Conservation Society.Munoz, H. (1939). Vitoria and the Conquest of America.Rada. M. (1574) Opinion regarding tributes to the Indians in B and R (1903) (Vol.3).Rafael, V. (2018) Colonial contractions: The making of the modern Philippines, 1565–1946. https://www.academia.edu/ 41715926/Vicente_L_Rafael_Colonial_Contractions_The_ Making_of_the_Modern_Philippines_1565_1946_Oxford_Modern_Asia.Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias. (1943). Tomo I.Roberts, D. (2021) The church and slavery in Spain. https://www.academia. edu/49685496/THE_CHURCH_AND_SLAVERY_IN_NEW_SPAIN.San Agustin, G. (1998). Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas: 1565-1615. Translated by Luis Antonio Maneru. Bilingual Edition. San Agustin Museum.Schaefer, R. (2013). Sociology matters. McGrawHill.Scott, J.B. (1934) Francisco de Vitoria and his law of nations. Oxford Press.Scott, W.H. (1991). Slavery in the Spanish Philippines. De la Salle University Press.Szaszdi, I. (2019). The “Protector de Indios” in Early Modern Age America. University of Valladolid: Journal on European History of Law, Vol. 10. https://www.academia.edu/43493406/The_Protector_de_Indios_in_early_Modern_Age_America on August 4.United Nations Development Program (2015). What are the SustainableDevelopment Goals?. https://www.undp.org/sustainabledevelopment-goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_English&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAjwgr6TBhAGEiwA3aVuITYSRlHJDYekFYL-lXHAxzBAO5DWwd2kUCDjhvuRglDj Z1F6dFIUFxoCoOwQAvD_BwEUniversity of Santo Tomas. (1979). “Domingo de Salazar, OP, First Bishop of the Philippines (1512-1594): Defender of the Rights of the Filipinos at the Spanish Contact” Philippiniana Sacra XX.University of Santo Tomas. (2001). Domingo de Salazar, OP, First Bishop of the Philippines, 1512-1594.University of Santo Tomas. (1986). “Opinion of Fr. Domingo de Salazar, O.P. First bishop of the Philippines and the major religious superiors regarding slaves.” Philippiniana Sacra. 22(64).University of Santo Tomas. (1986). “Domingo de Salazar’s Memorial of 1582 on the status of the Philippines: A manifesto for freedom and humanization.” Philippiniana Sacra 21(63).University of Santo Tomas. 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Hernàndez-Cardona, Francesc Xavier, Rafael Sospedra-Roca, and Josep Ramon Casals-Ausió. "Virtual and didactic approach to the defensive heritage of the 16th century Fort of the Trinitat (Roses, Girona)." Virtual Archaeology Review 13, no. 26 (January 21, 2022): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2022.15733.
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The Trinitat Fort, built in the mid-16th century, is an extraordinary example of European military architecture from the mid-16th century, conceived as an artillery machine, whose mission was to protect the natural port of Roses (Girona, Spain). The fortification had a long history of warfare that ended with the Peninsular War (1808–1814), which turned it into ruins. In 2002, the Roses city council planned an ambitious architectural intervention to recover the fortification. The works restored the overall exterior volumetry, with current construction materials. The large interior spaces resulting from the intervention had little in common with the original structures. Starting in 2016, the museum projected to open the fort to the public. The strategy focused on 3D works, which were used to plan museographic proposals and to make an interior space understandable, with an aspect very distant from that of the original construction. It entailed extensive fieldwork analyzing the sources and structural remains that were preserved and surmising the possible architectural solutions the fortress originally contained. Based on evidence and hypotheses, the group carried out a reconstruction from virtual archeology, and it developed a didactic iconography to explain the artifact to a broad spectrum of visitors and students. This iconography was applied on the panels, in the scenography and audiovisuals of the museum, and in the dissemination materials. The museography was implemented between 2019 and 2021. Considering the variables and comprehensive needs for a wide range of users and visitors, we completed the virtual archeology proposal based on realistic criteria, giving importance in 3D to textures and colors. It incorporated the anthropic and movable factors through matte painting techniques and images obtained with the support of re-enactment groups.Highlights: - The Fort of the Trinitat, built in the middle of the 16th century, is an extraordinary poliorcetic piece, conceived as an artillery machine, whose mission was to protect the natural port of Roses (Girona, Spain). - Between 2019 and 2021, an ambitious reconstruction of virtual archaeology has been carried out, developing a didactic iconography aimed at broad-spectrum visitors and formal education students. - The didactic iconography proposal developed in the Fort of the Trinitat does not try to compete with the large market productions, but it does try to explore sustainable intervention models to make the past and its heritage known.
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Esper, Jan, Claudia Hartl, Ernesto Tejedor, Martin de Luis, Björn Günther, and Ulf Büntgen. "High-Resolution Temperature Variability Reconstructed from Black Pine Tree Ring Densities in Southern Spain." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070748.
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The presence of an ancient, high-elevation pine forest in the Natural Park of Sierras de Cazorla in southern Spain, including some trees reaching >700 years, stimulated efforts to develop high-resolution temperature reconstructions in an otherwise drought-dominated region. Here, we present a reconstruction of spring and fall temperature variability derived from black pine tree ring maximum densities reaching back to 1350 Coefficient of Efficiency (CE). The reconstruction is accompanied by large uncertainties resulting from low interseries correlations among the single trees and a limited number of reliable instrumental stations in the study region. The reconstructed temperature history reveals warm conditions during the early 16th and 19th centuries that were of similar magnitude to the warm temperatures recorded since the late 20th century. A sharp transition from cold conditions in the late 18th century (t1781–1810 = −1.15 °C ± 0.64 °C) to warm conditions in the early 19th century (t1818–1847 = −0.06 °C ± 0.49 °C) is centered around the 1815 Tambora eruption (t1816 = −2.1 °C ± 0.55 °C). The new reconstruction from southern Spain correlates significantly with high-resolution temperature histories from the Pyrenees located ~600 km north of the Cazorla Natural Park, an association that is temporally stable over the past 650 years (r1350–2005 > 0.3, p < 0.0001) and particularly strong in the high-frequency domain (rHF > 0.4). Yet, only a few of the reconstructed cold extremes (1453, 1601, 1816) coincide with large volcanic eruptions, suggesting that the severe cooling events in southern Spain are controlled by internal dynamics rather than external (volcanic) forcing.
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Marcos, Sylvia. "Indigenous Eroticism and Colonial Morality in Mexico: the Confession Manuals of New Spain." Numen 39, no. 2 (1992): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852792x00014.
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AbstractThis article explores the impact of the Conquest on eroticism and the place of the feminine in 16th century indigenous society in Mexico. It shows how this most intimate area of human experience became the battleground of a war that amounted in part to a cultural annihilation. The article analyses one aspect of the missionaries' well-intentioned "battle to save people's souls". Like in previous, internal forms of violent subjugation of one culture by another, the Spaniards destroyed local gods and temples. However, unlike previous "conquerors" who superimposed their beliefs upon local customs, the newcomers demanded a complete eradication of those customs, as if they only could save the Indians by destroying their identity, their culture's relation to reality and their very concept of time, space and of the person. By condemning indigenous erotic practices and imposing unprecedented restraints on them, the missionaries altered the roots of ancient Mexican perceptions of the body and the cosmos. Particuliar attention is paid to the confession manuals, written as an answer to the Spaniards' discovery "that lust was the Indian's most frequent sin". These manuals are considered here as instruments of the alteration of indigenous perceptions. In these manuals the repetition of the same excruciating questions tended to graft guilt onto the Mesoamerican conscience and thus eradicate the Indians perception of eroticism in its sacred and vitalizing dimension. Commentaries of the old song of the women of Chalco attempt to recapture, through the playful voices of women speaking openly, some of the flavor of a very different symbolic universe.
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Yanar, Omur. "La epidemia de peste a fines del siglo XVI: un análisis comparativo de los Imperios Otomano y Español." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 20 (June 30, 2022): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n20p227.
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Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It has been responsible for widespread pandemics in the world throughout history. In this regard, the plague began to affect the Ottoman Empire in phases from the middle of the 15th century and reached its peak in almost the entire empire at the end of the 16th century. Since it is not possible to deal with this whole process in one article, this article focuses on the end of the 16th century, when the plague intensified in almost the whole empire. However, this article aims to mainly analyse the process, conditions, dynamics and effects of this epidemic based on the Spanish Empire with the comparative historical method. The plague appeared in the Ottoman Empire from the 1570s and intensified between 1591-1596. In the same period, the epidemic also appeared in Spain. The outbreak hit Spain in particular between 1596-1602. The plague caused decline in agricultural production, disrupted supply chains in the Ottoman and Spanish Empires, and thus aggravated the famine conditions experienced in this period. The total number of deaths caused by the plague in the Ottoman Empire is unclear. In contrast, it is estimated nearly 500,000 people died from this epidemic, equivalent to 6-6.5% of the total population (around 8-8.5 million) in Spain. All this reveals that the plague at the end of the 16th century, at least based on Spain, did not affect only the Ottoman Empire and that this epidemic was part of an epidemic in the Mediterranean.
La peste, que es una enfermedad infecciosa producida por la bacteria Yersinia pestis, ha alcanzado la dimensión de pandemia en el mundo varias veces a lo largo de la historia. En este sentido, la peste comenzó a afectar también al Imperio otomano por etapas desde mediados del siglo XV y alcanzó su punto máximo en casi todo el imperio a finales del siglo XVI. Dado que no es posible abordar todo este proceso en un artículo, el presente artículo se centra a finales del siglo XVI, cuando la peste se intensificó en casi todo el imperio. Sin embargo, este artículo pretende analizar principalmente el proceso, las condiciones, la dinámica y los efectos de esta epidemia basada en el Imperio español con el método comparativo de la historia. La peste surgió en el Imperio otomano desde la década de 1570 y se intensificó entre 1591- 1596. En el mismo período, la epidemia también surgió en España. El brote asoló a España especialmente entre 1596-1602. La peste provocó la caída de la producción agrícola, interrumpió las cadenas de suministro a los otomanos y en España y, por lo tanto, agravó las condiciones de hambre experimentadas en este período. No se puede presentar el número total de muertos causados por la peste en el Imperio otomano. Por el contrario, se ha calculado el número de muertos por la peste en unas 500.000 personas, equivalente al 6-6,5 % del total de la población (alrededor de 8-8,5 millones) en España. Todo ello revela que la epidemia de peste de finales del siglo XVI, al menos sobre la base de España, no afectó únicamente al Imperio otomano, y que esta epidemia era parte de una epidemia en el Mediterráneo.
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Duve, Thomas. "V. Salamanca in Amerika." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 132, no. 1 (August 1, 2015): 116–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/zrgga-2015-0108.
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Salamanca in America. Legal History has been interested in the ‘School of Salamanca’ mainly because of its contributions to systematic and dogmatic legal thought. The School was seen as part of the history of legal scholarship. It was because of this perspective that it was considered to be a European phenomenon. In this article, I am proposing a complementary vision of the School. Drawing on an example of how the problem of usura was dealt with in late 16th century New Spain, I call attention to the practical dimension of the School; I intend to highlight its place in a history of ‘finding the law’ (Rechtsfindung); I want to point out that the School can be seen as a producer of erudite practices, especially considering its particular casuistry, which does not fit easily into the traditional history of continental European law as a history of systematization. Looking at these dimensions, the School of Salamanca seizes to be a European phenomenon, but turns out to be a network which stretches over continents. Thus, ‘Salamanca’ was also a part of Amerika.
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García-Ahumada, Francisco, and Cristina Gonzalez-Gaya. "The Contribution of the Segovia Mint Factory to the History of Manufacturing as an Example of Mass Production in the 16th Century." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 7, 2019): 5349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245349.
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A new means of minting currency was first used at the Hall Mint in Tyrol in 1567. This new minting process employed a roller instead of a hammer and used hydropower to fuel the laminating and coining mills, as well as ancillary equipment, such as the forge or the lathe. In 1577, Philip II of Spain expressed his interest in the new technology and, after a successful technology transfer negotiation with the County of Tyrol, Juan de Herrera was commissioned to design a factory to accommodate this new minting process. The resulting design seamlessly integrated this new technology. The architectural layout of the factory was derived from the integration of different trades related to the manufacturing workflow, and their effective distribution within a more effective workplace allowed for better use of the hydraulic resources available, and, thus, improvements in the productivity and reliability of the manufacturing process, as well as in the quality of the finished product. Juan de Herrera’s design led to the creation of a ground-breaking manufacturing process, unparalleled in the mint industry in Europe at the time. Segovia Royal Mint Factory (SRMF), as one of the first examples of mass production in the proto-industrial stage, represents a historic landmark in its own right. The objective of this article is to analyse the design of the SRMF to highlight its main innovations. For this purpose, the abundant literature on this project will be reviewed.
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Prokopiev, Andrei Yu, and Tatiana G. Tairova. "New Edition of the Travel Notes of Erich Lassota von Steblau." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 2 (2022): 648–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.220.
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The review analyzes the new edition of the travel notes of the Silesian nobleman Erich Lassota von Steblau (1550–1616). It was prepared by an international team of authors from Scandinavia and Germany led by Thomas Riis. Lassota’s travel notes are the most important source on the history of the 16th century and a number of European countries. Lassota traveled as a mercenary commander and diplomat to Spain, Portugal, Poland, Sweden, and Ukraine. Until now, only historians of these countries have been interested in his testimonies. The focus of researches was mainly on ethnographic and political aspects. Meanwhile, for the first time since 1866, the new edition has united the entire corpus of Lassota’s records known to us and enables to widen the scope of the discussion. How was the religious climate of the era reflected in his texts and to which extent? Were they written by a Catholic or a Protestant? Can we talk about the national or political preferences of the author? Finally, what was Lassota’s gentry worldview, and how did he construct his own estate identity? In addition, a nobleman from Silesia was keenly interested in military affairs, in particular, in Spanish combat tactics. His notes also demonstrate the level of book culture, the author’s acquaintance with the works of prominent contemporaries. All these aspects nowadays are noteworthy to European historians on a wide interregional material.
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Vanegas, Gabriel, and Siegfried Zielinski. "Back to the Future in a Place Called America." A Peer-Reviewed Journal About 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/aprja.v2i1.121136.
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Our media and current technologies are the result of a global form established by Western thought. This thought, as in many parts of the world was imposed particularly in The New Spain in the discovery by Christoph Columbus in the late 16th century. Before the European contact, pre-America had a different way of thinking to the West and therefore a different development and understanding of concepts such as media, technology, time, body and space. On one hand the official history shows a pre-Columbian poor picture in technological developments, but on the other hand archaeological discoveries demonstrate an illuminated past with a more sustainable and different form of “hight technology.” To get closer to this form, we have to consider the worldview of pre-Columbian cultures as the central matrix for their technological developments. The aim of this research is to extend the pre-Columbian understanding so that we could approach archaeological discoveries and access to alternative forms of knowledge to expand Western boundaries.
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Bernadó Ferrer, Gemma. "Miguel Antonio Caro and the (Trans)Formations of Classical Tradition in Colombia." Pnyx: Journal of Classical Studies 1, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55760/pnyx.2022.6.
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This paper highlights a unique phenomenon in Colombia, the entanglement between Latin and power, epitomised by the pivotal role of President and Latinist Miguel Antonio Caro. The study of Classics arrived in the territory with the first conquerors from Spain at the end of the 16th century and Caro stands on the shoulders of a long Classical tradition in New Granada. A member of the Conservative Party and a humanist, he was widely known for his work and contribution in the Political Constitution of the Republic of Colombia of 1886 and his central role in the formation of the modern state of Colombia. Besides politics, Caro co-authored a Latin Grammar, wrote many articles on translation and Latin Literature, composed poetry in Spanish and Latin, and produced the first translation of the complete works of Vergil in Spanish. Caro’s works and days aptly demonstrate the association between grammar, Classics, and state power throughout the history of Colombia. The paper contextualises the role of Classics from the colonial period until the end of the 19th century and sketches Caro as an individual and a politician. It outlines his scholarly activity, which involved grammar, translation, and scholarly publishing, and underlines his influence on other scholars and his idiosyncratic interest as a decisive political figure in re-invigorating interest in Latin language and literature.
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Bolufer, Monica. "A centuries-long enslavement? Gender and Islam in the Hispanic Enlightenment: an exploratory approach." Diciottesimo Secolo 7 (November 18, 2022): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ds-13260.
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This article explores the role of gender in the construction of images of Islam in the Hispanic Enlightenment. Although Spanish Arabism has been largely neglected in international historiography, research has proved that Spanish erudites since the 16th century had an important role in the study of the Arabic language and sources; also, interest in the Islamic world was popularized via fictional works and coverage in newspapers and journals. Spain is a distinctive and particularly interesting case within European Orientalism because Islam was part of its history and cultural legacy and a close neighbour in the north of Africa, but also because orientalization of the country by European travellers and philosophers – not yet as intense as during Romanticism – had already started, notably in relation to gender. If the Enlightenment developed a less aggressive, more open – although not devoid of stereotypes – vision of Islam, is the same true in the Hispanic world? To what extent was the tendency to bracket together the Hispanic and the Islamic either accepted or challenged by Spanish and creole intellectuals? Did the country’s own Islamic past help create more nuanced visions of the «Orient» or did it instead lead to highlighting the contrasts in order to claim a place for Spain in European modernity? This article will address in an exploratory way these questions, seldom considered from the point of view of gender, through an analysis of learned works and reformist essays.
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Espinosa Pesqueira, Manuel E., and Elsa Arroyo Lemus. "The Use of Smalt in Simon Pereyns Panel Paintings: Intentional Use and Color Changes." MRS Proceedings 1618 (2014): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.462.
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ABSTRACTThe Flemish painter Simón Pereyns travelled to New Spain in 1566 as a member of the viceroyal court. In two important paintings La Virgen del Perdón (1568) and San Cristóbal (1588) we identified wide use of blue smalt pigment, a potassium glass with cobalt oxide. The color of this material depends on its manufacture process, from pale greyish blue to violet or dark blue. The more blue color the more expensive the pigment. On the 16th century market the commerce of smalt was divided into many categories based on the material quality. Historical archive documents testify smalt imports from Seville to New Spain in two different qualities: fine and smalt woody ashes. In Pereyns` paintings the smalt was used in specific parts of the composition as the dark sky in landscapes, shadows of draperies and under layers in order to create a color background for the figures. Nowadays, in these areas, the alteration of the paint layer is evident. The blue has been changed into brown color. Optical microscopy (MO), scanning and transmission electron microscopies were performed in order to characterize the particles of smalt. The degradation of potassium glass was verified, as a consequence of aging and degradation process due to environmental conditions. These phenomena are well known and study on European paintings. In this research our aim is to explore the intentional use of smalt on Pereyns’ compositions and how color change as a consequence of microscopic materials instability can influence the contemporary reception of the paintings. Many paintings from New Spain have a dull, dark and limited palette but the original was very different. The remarks about the color of New Spain's paintings should considered the normal aging of the paint components, studied by materials science and art history.
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HENAFF, MARCEL. "Religious Ethics, Gift Exchange and Capitalism." European Journal of Sociology 44, no. 3 (December 2003): 293–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975603001309.
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This study intends to reread Max Weber's Protestant Ethic with the following question in mind: where is the Catholic ethic with respect to “the spirit of capitalism”? The few short comments that Weber makes on this topic nevertheless suggest an interesting notion which he had developed in earlier texts, i.e., the “religious ethic of brotherhood”. I intend to show here that this notion could be further illuminated by the findings of the anthropology of gift giving since Marcel Mauss. This would enable us to understand how the problem of grace, so central to the debate between Protestants and Catholics, is linked to the history of the transformations in the gift giving practices; we will also discover that this problem was at the origin of the schism. While such a hypothesis leads to a different reading of Weber, it is confirmed by a work of the historian B. Clavero which brings out the complex links that existed in 16th century Catholic Spain between the order of business and that of charity. Besides the antagonism that has marked the two Christian traditions in the West, what seems to be at issue is the way in which economic practices weight on the social bond. These questions invite us to rethink the connections between them.
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Dubrovskaya, Dinara V. "From Papal Envoys to Martyrs of the Faith: An Attempt in Generalization of Franciscan preaching in China in the 13th– 18th Centuries." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016686-1.
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The article is an attempt to systematize the preaching of the Franciscan order in China, starting with the papal embassies to the Great Khans who conquered the Middle Empire and founded the Yuan dynasty until the end of the 20th century. The author groups the information into several major periods, suggesting a five-stage periodization of the Franciscan presence in the Far East. A change in the preaching paradigm is noted during the 700 centuries of the fickle Minorites’ presence in China. While the first reconnaissance missions, achieving modest success in preaching to non-Chinese subjects of the Mongol emperors, were mainly diplomatic in nature, in modern times the mission, enjoying the support of the Spanish Padroado system, is purposefully concentrated on preaching work, especially among the poor segments of the population. Since the 16th century begins a change in the entire logistic paradigm of the Far Eastern missionary work. If in the Middle Ages the Pope had enough to send several barefoot Franciscans to the Tatars, then in modern times the church is already forced to reckon with the countries that divided the world, initiating the Age of Exploration, first of all, with Spain and Portugal, the two then superpowers, each of which supported their own preachers, competing for influence in India, China and Japan and giving the task of preaching Christianity an additional political dimension, laden with rivalry and intrigue. The article is a continuation of the piece by the same author, focusing on theoretical foundations of the Franciscan proselytization, published earlier [Dubrovskaya, 2020(1)].
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Budi, Syah. "Akar Historis dan Perkembangan Islam di Inggris." TASAMUH: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 325–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47945/tasamuh.v10i2.76.
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This paper will reveal the historical roots and Islamic development in British. The discussion covers various areas of study pertaining to historical situations. The study tends to focus on the search for the historical roots of Islam in the 7th to 15th and 16th-17th centuries, and also the development of Islamic institutions in British contemporer.The historical roots of Islam in Britain have existed since the discovery of several coins with the words 'laa ilaaha illallah' belonging to the King of Central England, Offa of Mercia, who died in 796. The history records that this Anglo Saxon King had trade ties with the peoples Muslim Spain, France and North Africa. In addition, also found in the 9th century the words 'bismillah' by Kufi Arabic on Ballycottin Cross. Indeed, in the eighth century history has noted that trade between Britain and the Muslim nations has been established. In fact, in 817 Muhammad bin Musa al-Khawarizmi wrote the book Shurat al-Ardhi (World Map) which contains a picture of a number of places in England. In the 12th century, when the feud with Pope Innocent III, King John established a relationship with Muslim rulers in North Africa. Later, in the era of Henry II, Adelard of Bath, a private teacher of the King of England who had visited Syria and Muslim Spain, translated a number of books by Arab Muslim writers into Latin. The same is done by Danel of Marley and Michael Scouts who translated Aristotle's works from Arabic. In 1386 Chaucer wrote in his book prologue Canterbury of Tales, a book that says that on the way back to Canterbury from the holy land, Palestine, a number of pilgrims visit physicists and other experts such as al-Razi, Ibn Sina and Ibnu Rusyd. At that time Ibn Sina's work, al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, had become the standard text for medical students until the seventeenth century.The development of Islam increasingly rapidly era after. In 1636 opened the Arabic language department at the University of Oxford. In addition, it is well known that the English King Charles I had collected Arabic and Persian manuscripts. In the era of Cromwell's post civil war, the Koran for the first time in 1649 was translated in English by Alexander Ross. In the nineteenth century more and more small Muslim communities, both immigrants from Africa and Asia, settled in port cities such as Cardif, South Shield (near New Castle), London and Liverpool. In the next stage, to this day, Islam in Britain has formally developed rapidly through the roles of institutions and priests, and the existence of Islam is also widely acknowledged by the kingdom, government, intellectuals, and the public at large
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Budi, Syah. "AKAR HISTORIS DAN PERKEMBANGAN ISLAM DI INGGRIS." Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 325–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32489/tasamuh.40.
Full textAbstract:
This paper will reveal the historical roots and Islamic development in British. The discussion covers various areas of study pertaining to historical situations. The study tends to focus on the search for the historical roots of Islam in the 7th to 15th and 16th-17th centuries, and also the development of Islamic institutions in British contemporer.The historical roots of Islam in Britain have existed since the discovery of several coins with the words 'laa ilaaha illallah' belonging to the King of Central England, Offa of Mercia, who died in 796. The history records that this Anglo Saxon King had trade ties with the peoples Muslim Spain, France and North Africa. In addition, also found in the 9th century the words 'bismillah' by Kufi Arabic on Ballycottin Cross. Indeed, in the eighth century history has noted that trade between Britain and the Muslim nations has been established. In fact, in 817 Muhammad bin Musa al-Khawarizmi wrote the book Shurat al-Ardhi (World Map) which contains a picture of a number of places in England. In the 12th century, when the feud with Pope Innocent III, King John established a relationship with Muslim rulers in North Africa. Later, in the era of Henry II, Adelard of Bath, a private teacher of the King of England who had visited Syria and Muslim Spain, translated a number of books by Arab Muslim writers into Latin. The same is done by Danel of Marley and Michael Scouts who translated Aristotle's works from Arabic. In 1386 Chaucer wrote in his book prologue Canterbury of Tales, a book that says that on the way back to Canterbury from the holy land, Palestine, a number of pilgrims visit physicists and other experts such as al-Razi, Ibn Sina and Ibnu Rusyd. At that time Ibn Sina's work, al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, had become the standard text for medical students until the seventeenth century.The development of Islam increasingly rapidly era after. In 1636 opened the Arabic language department at the University of Oxford. In addition, it is well known that the English King Charles I had collected Arabic and Persian manuscripts. In the era of Cromwell's post civil war, the Koran for the first time in 1649 was translated in English by Alexander Ross. In the nineteenth century more and more small Muslim communities, both immigrants from Africa and Asia, settled in port cities such as Cardif, South Shield (near New Castle), London and Liverpool. In the next stage, to this day, Islam in Britain has formally developed rapidly through the roles of institutions and priests, and the existence of Islam is also widely acknowledged by the kingdom, government, intellectuals, and the public at large.
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Javed, Muhammad. "A Study of Elizabethan Period (1558-1603)." IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 6, no. 2 (April 21, 2020): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v6i2.174.
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In this study, the researcher has mentioned the writers and their major works in Elizabethan age (1558-1603). The researcher has mentioned almost nineteen writers and their famous works. By reading this research paper, any general reader can easily understand that who are the major writers of the age and what are their famous works. The language and method of presenting the data are very easy. The researcher also has mentioned the major contributions of this era’s writers. As we know that University Wits also fall in this era, thus the researcher has mentioned them and their works too. S. Dutta (2014) declared that The University Wits is a phrase used to title a group of late 16th-century English pamphleteers and playwrights who were studied at the universities Cambridge and Oxford. They appeared famous worldly writers. This era has reminisced for its richness of drama and poetry. This era ended in 1603. Elizabeth turns out to be one of the greatest prominent royals in English history, mainly after 1588, when the English beat the Spanish Armada which had been sent by Spain to reestablish Catholicism and defeat England. All the way through the Elizabethan age, English literature has changed from a shell into a delightful being with imagination, creativeness, and boundless stories. It was not about mystery or miracle plays and the poetry was not nearby religion and the principles addressed in the Church.
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Конюшихина, Н. Л. "Questionnaires of 1575 and 1578 for “Topographic Relations of Philip II”." Историческая география, no. 5 (January 31, 2022): 79–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.84.92.001.
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В публикации представлен перевод двух анкет 1575 и 1578 гг. и сопутствующих им документов — одних из важнейших исторических источников по испанской истории и исторической географии второй половины XVI века. Ответы на опросники составили корпус документации, известной как «Топографические донесения Филиппа II» (исп. Las Relaciones Topográficas de Felipe II). Наряду с переводом публикация содержит предисловие и комментарии, касающиеся истории создания этого корпуса документов. Анкеты охватывают самый разнообразный круг вопросов: от географического положения населенных пунктов, времени их основания, юридического статуса, естественных ресурсов, местного производства до вопросов, посвященных религии и культу, выдающимся людям и событиям, примечательным местам и явлениям. Большинство донесений было получено от территории Новой Кастилии (провинции Мадрид, Толедо, Сьюдад Реаль, Гвадалахара, Куэнка). Оставшиеся донесения приходятся на Альбасете, Эстремадуру, Аликанте, Хаэн, Мурсию и Саламанку. The article contains a translation of two questionnaires of 1575 and 1578 and their accompanying documents. These documents are most important historical sources on Spanish history and historical geography in the second half of the 16th century. They were replies by locals in Spain, mainly in the region of New Castile. The answers to the questionnaires constitute a body of documentation known as Las Relaciones Topográficas de Felipe II ("Topographical Reports of Philip II"). Along with the translation, this publication includes a preface and commentary on the history of this corpus. The questionnaires cover a wide range of topics, from geographic location, time of establishment, legal status, natural resources, and local production to questions about religion and cult, notable people and events, and remarkable sites and phenomena. Most of the reports came from the territory of New Castile (provinces of Madrid, Toledo, Ciudad Real, Guadalajara, Cuenca). The remaining reports come from Albacete, Extremadura, Alicante, Jaén, Murcia, and Salamanca.
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Borre, Ericson. "The First Hundred Years of the Augustinians in the Philippines(1565 -1665): Daily Life, Customs, and Traditions." Philippiniana Sacra 56, no. 167 (January 1, 2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55997/1001pslvi167a1.
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Much has been written about the early missionaries in the Philippines especially about their contributions and their involvement in the country’s history. However, we know little about their daily life, customs, norms, and how they lived with the natives and evangelized them. They left their country to accompany and be of service to the spiritual needs of the voyagers, and to propagate the Christian faith to the new territories acquired by the Crown of Castile. The missionaries of the Augustinian Order arrived in 1565 and pioneered in the evangelization of the natives in the Philippines. They went from one island to another, establishing towns, building churches and convents, and continued to practice their religious vows and traditions under the new circumstances. The first hundred years of their presence reflects their ability to adopt and survive in a foreign land and demonstrate their ability to extend their influence on the lives of the 16th century Filipinos. With the extant materials available, such as the Libros de Gobierno at the archives of the Augustinian Philippine Province in the convent of Valladolid (Spain) which contain written records of the Provincial Chapters and other reports since 1572, this paper attempts to reconstruct the daily life of the Augustinians during their first hundred years (1565 – 1665) in the Philippines. This article provides perspectives on how they should be seen in their simplicity and efforts to bring Christianity to their fellow human beings regardless of race vis-à-vis the undeniable offenses committed by some of them and the vilification they received due to the mistakes of the few. The context of their quotidian life brings light on the issue and explains it.
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Velasco Molpeceres, Ana María. "Las primeras mujeres de letras en España: disidencia, aceptación y olvido = The first women of letters in Spain: disidency, acceptance and forgetfulness." FEMERIS: Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género 4, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2019.4573.
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Resumen. El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio del rol de las primeras autoras de España. La lista de escritoras que desarrollaron una obra que fue publicada, leída y admirada (así como también cuestionada) es extensa; pero sus nombres han caído en el olvido. Entre la Antigüedad y el siglo XVI, las mujeres de letras desafiaron las convenciones asociadas a su sexo aunque también se inscribieron en una nueva sociedad que permitió su admiración, a menudo desde el escepticismo. Este texto pretende recuperar a estas escritoras marginales, en el pasado y sobre todo en el presente. Para ello se propone hacer un recorrido biobibliográfico por las primeras autoras españolas y un análisis del contexto histórico en que desarrollaron su labor. Acercarse a las mujeres autoras es un tema interesante porque tradicionalmente, e incluso hoy, se ha cuestionado la capacidad intelectual femenina. Pero el debate sobre el papel de la mujer en la sociedad y acerca de su educación viene igualmente de lejos. En particular, desde la Baja Edad Media, un nuevo sentir cristiano que fomenta la devoción mariana y la cultura de los trovadores y el amor cortés abrieron nuevos caminos para las féminas. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar estos fenómenos, y sus ejemplos más destacados, en la España cristiana.Palabras clave: Escritoras, España, Historia de las mujeres, Historia de la literatura.Abstract. The aim of this work is to study the role of Spain’s first female authors. The list of writers who developed a work that was published, read and admired (as well as questioned) is extensive; but their names have fallen into oblivion. Between Antiquity and the 16th century, women of letters defied the conventions associated with their sex although they also joined a new society that allowed their admiration, often from skepticism. This text tries to recover these marginal writers, in the past and especially in the present. In order to do so, it is proposed to make a biobibliographical journey through the first Spanish authors and an analysis of the historical context in which they developed their work. Approaching women authors is an interesting subject because traditionally, and even today, the intellectual capacity of women has been questioned. But the debate about the role of women in society and about their education also comes from afar. In particular, since the Late Middle Ages, a new Christian sentiment that fosters Marian devotion and the culture of troubadours and courteous love opened new paths for women. The aim of this work is to study these phenomena, and their most prominent examples, in Christian Spain.Keywords: Women writers, Spain, History of women, History of literature.
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Jeffery, Bill, Jennifer F. McKinnon, and Hans Van Tilburg. "Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Pacific: Themes and Future Directions." International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 17, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 135–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6.
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This article focuses on the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) located across the Pacific Ocean by sampling three temporal themes: living heritage and traditional indigenous cultural heritage, the global connections of the Manila Galleon trade, and the modern warfare of World War II (WWII). Many of the traditional cultural practices (living heritage) and tangible cultural heritage related to indigenous people of the Pacific are coastal and sea related. Their world encompasses the sea, which was not seen as a barrier as but a much-used connection to people occupying the thousands of islands. The Pacific contains an extensive maritime cultural heritage, including UCH, which reflects the cultural identity of people living in the region. From the 16th to 18th centuries, the Spanish Empire prospered through an elaborate Asia-Pacific trade network. The Manila Galleon trade between Manila, Philippines, and Acapulco, Mexico, connected into the existing Atlantic trade transporting commodities such as porcelain, silver, spices and textiles from Asia to the Americas and Spain. Of the 400 known voyages between 1565 and 1815, approximately 59 shipwrecks occurred, of which only a handful of galleons have been investigated. The scale of WWII heritage in the Pacific region reflects the intensity and impacts of global conflicts fought across the world’s largest ocean. Associated UCH includes near shore defensive infrastructure, landing and amphibious assault craft, submerged aircraft, and a wide range of ships and submarines, auxiliary, combatant and non-military casualties alike. Twentieth century warfare involved massive losses of material. The legacy of submerged battlefields in the Pacific is complex. Interest is high in the discovery of naval UCH, but critical aspects are often intertwined. Archaeology, history, reuse, memorialisation (gravesites), tourism, unexploded ordnance, environmental threat (fuel oil), ownership and salvage all shape what we can learn from this resource.
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Wis Molino, Noema. "EL MONASTERIO DE SANTA MARTA. PROCESO DE RESTAURACIÓN Y CONSERVACIÓN DE LA PORTADA DE LA IGLESIA CONVENTUAL DE LA ORDEN DE CLAUSURA DE LAS HERMANAS JERÓNIMAS EN CÓRDOBA, ESPAÑA." Devenir - Revista de estudios sobre patrimonio edificado 4, no. 7 (January 18, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/devenir.v4i7.133.
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En los albores del siglo XII, se producía en los Reinos de España la caída del Imperio musulmán y la toma de Córdoba. El proceso de Reconquista comenzó en el suroeste de Andalucía, por la provincia de Jaén, y continuó hacia la ciudad más importante de los territorios del Al Ándalus, Córdoba. Se inició una nueva etapa en la historia y el arte, influenciada por las corrientes del Reino de Castilla, ya bajo la dominación de los reyes cristianos. Durante esta nueva etapa surgieron en la ciudad nuevas tipologías arquitec- tónicas con finalidad religiosa, los palacios-conventos. Uno de los más importantes es el convento de Santa Marta y su iglesia, un hito en la arquitectura de finales del gótico, gracias a la familia de canteros y escultores que llegados desde Burgos ejecutaron para la capital este monumento. La portada principal de la iglesia fue esculpida y proyectada en 1511 por Hernán Ruiz I, maestro mayor de la catedral (anti- gua mezquita del califato cordobés). Este frontal es el objetivo de la investigación y de los trabajos de restauración, que pusieron en valor este conjunto arquitectónico de la Córdoba del siglo XVI. Palabras clave.-Convento Santa Marta, Hernán Ruiz I, Córdoba. ABSTRACTIn the early days of the 12th century, the fall of the Muslim Empire and capture of Cordoba was taking place in the kingdoms of Spain. The process of Reconquista that began in the south-east of Andalucía, through the province of Jaen, and continued towards the most important city of the ter- ritories of Al Ándalus, Cordoba. A new period in art and history began, influenced by trends of the Kingdom of Castilla, already under the control of Christian kings. In the course of this new stage, a new architectural typology emerged in the city. It had religious purpose and are known as the pal- ace-convents. One of the most important edifices is the Santa Marta convent along with its church, a landmark in late Gothic architecture. It owes such characteristics to families of stonemasons and sculptors who arrived from Burgos, making the city into this magnificent site. The main façade of the church was sculpted and designed in 1511 by Hernán Ruiz I, master of the cathedral (former mosque of the caliphate). This front is the subject of research and restoration work, which revalued this architectonical assortment of the Cordoba of the 16th century. Keywords.-Santa Marta monastery, Hernán Ruiz I, Cordoba.
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Huzain, Muh. "PENGARUH PERADABAN ISLAM TERHADAP DUNIA BARAT." Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32489/tasamuh.41.
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The emergence of Islam influenced the revolution and made a wave of culture toward a new world when experiencing an era of darkness. The progress of Greek civilization in the West could not be continued by the Roman empire and Roman domination in the classical era until the middle ages; which was then the rise of the West in the era of renaissance in the 14-16th century. This paper will reveal the influence of Islam on the development of the Western world, since the emergence of contact between Islam with the West in the Classical era until the middle ages. There are different opinions among historians about who and when the first contact between Islam and the West took place. The first contact, however, occurred when the areas of East Roman government (Byzantium), Syria (638) and Egypt (640) fell into the hands of the Islamic government during the reign of Caliph 'Umar bin Khaţţāb. The Second contact, at the beginning of the eighth and ninth centuries occurred when the kings of Islam were able to rule Spain (711-1472), Portugal (716-1147), and important Mediterranean islands such as Sardinia (740-1050), Cicilia (827-1091), Malta (870-1090) as well as several small areas in Southern Italy and French Southern France. The third contact, took place in Eastern Europe from the fourteenth to early twentieth century when the Ottoman empire ruled the Balkan peninsula (Eastern Europe) and Southern Russia. The Ottoman empire's powers in Europe covered Yunāni, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, parts of Rhode, Cyprus, Austria and parts of Russia. Of the three periods of contact, the greatest influence was in the second contact period, where the decline of Western science in the dark era, while in the Islamic world developed advanced and produces scientists, thinkers and intellectuals in various sciences. This influence can be seen from the sending of students studying to the university of Islamic area, the establishment of the university, the translation and copying of various scientific literature such as natural science (Science of astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, medicine, architecture etc) and Social Science history, philosophy, politics, economics, earth sciences, sociology, law, culture, language, literature, art, etc.). The Historians recognize that the influence of Islamic civilization is very great on the development of the West, which culminated in the renaissance or rise of Western civilization in Europe after the dark era.
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Silvestre Madrid, María, and Emiliano Almansa Rodríguez. "Almadén en la España del siglo XVII. Crisis de producción de azogue y soluciones propuestas." Vínculos de Historia. Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 8 (June 20, 2019): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2019.08.17.
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RESUMENA mediados del siglo XVI, la mina de azogue de Almadén adquirió una gran importancia debido al descubrimiento del método industrial de la amalgamación para los minerales de plata de baja ley. Los accidentes, enfermedades y el impago de salarios hicieron que el trabajo de minero no fuera atractivo para los forasteros, de modo que faltaban brazos para dar la producción de azogue necesaria para abastecer a las minas americanas de plata. En el siglo XVII, el Consejo de Hacienda intentó solucionar el problema de las consignaciones económicas, lo que resultó harto difícil en una España con graves dificultades financieras y, por otra parte, trató de conseguir mano de obra para la mina, fuera forzada, esclava o procedente del repartimiento de pueblos cercanos.PALABRAS CLAVE: Almadén, azogue, siglo XVII, mineros, repartimiento.ABSTRACTIn the middle of the 16th century, the Almadén quicksilver mine acquired considerable importance due to the discovery of the industrial method of amalgamation of low-grade silver ores. Accidents, diseases and unpaid wages made mining work unattractive to outsiders, so manpower was needed for the quicksilver production necessary to supply American silver mines. In the 17th century, theFinance Council attempted to solve the problem of economic consignments, which was very difficult in a Spain with serious financial difficulties and, meanwhile, tried to obtain workers for the mine, be they forced, enslaved or from the repartimiento of nearby villages.KEY WORDS: Almadén, quicksilver, 17th century, miners, repartimiento. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAgricolae, G., De Re Metallica libri XII, Basileae: Froben, 1556.Álvarez Nogal, C., El crédito de la monarquía hispánica en el reinado de Felipe IV, Ávila, Junta de Castilla y León, 1997.Bleiberg, G., El informe secreto de Mateo Alemán sobre el trabajo forzoso en las minas de Almadén, Londres, Tamesis Book Limited, 1984.Carande, R., Carlos V y sus banqueros, Barcelona, Editorial Crítica, 1987.Castillo Martos, M., Bartolomé de Medina y el siglo XVI. Un sevillano lleva la revolución tecnológica a América, Sevilla, Ayuntamiento de Sevilla, 2001.Dobado González, R., “Las minas de Almadén, el monopolio del azogue y la producción de plata en Nueva España en el siglo XVIII”, en La savia del imperio. Tres estudios de economía colonial, Salamanca, 1997, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, pp. 403-495.Gil Bautista, R., Almadén del Azogue, Puertollano, Ediciones Puertollano, 2013.Gil Bautista, R., Las minas de Almadén en la Edad Moderna, Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, 2015.González, T., Registro y relación general de minas de la Corona de Castilla, Madrid, Imprenta de Don Miguel de Burgos, 1832.Hernández Sobrino, A., Los esclavos del rey. Los forzados de Su Majestad en las minas de Almadén, años 1550-1800, Ciudad Real, Fundación Almadén y Asociación Montesur, 1982.Hernández Sobrino, A., Silvestre Madrid, M. A. y Almansa Rodríguez, E., “La mina de azogue de Almadén en la época del Quijote” en La España del Quijote: IV Centenario Cervantes, Llerena, 2017, Sociedad Extremeña de Historia, pp. 161-172.Langue, F. y Salazar-Soler, C., Dictionaire des termes miniers en usage en Amerique espagnole (XVI-XIX siecle), Paris, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1993.Matilla Tascón, A., Historia de las minas de Almadén, Vol. I: Desde la época romana hasta el año 1645, Madrid, Consejo de Administración de Minas de Almadén y Arrayanes, 1958.Matilla Tascón, A., Historia de las minas de Almadén, vol. II: Desde 1646 a 1799, Madrid, Minas de Almadén y Arrayanes, S.A. e Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, 1987.Menéndez Navarro, A., Catástrofe morboso de las minas mercuriales de la villa de Almadén del Azogue (1778) de José Parés y Franqués, edición anotada, Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla- La Mancha, 1998.Prieto, C., La minería en el Nuevo Mundo, Madrid, Ediciones de la Revista de Occidente, 1977.Prior Cabanillas, J., La pena de minas: los forzados de Almadén, 1646-1649, Ciudad Real, Fundación Almadén y Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 2006.Sánchez Gómez, J., De minería, metalurgia y comercio de metales. La minería no férrica en el reino de Castilla, 1450-1610, Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca e Instituto Tecnológico GeoMinero de España, 1989.Sánchez Gómez, J., “La técnica en la producción de metales monedables en España y en América”, en La savia del imperio. Tres estudios de economía colonial, Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1997, pp. 17-264.Silvestre Madrid, M. Á., Mineros de Almadén en la América Colonial, Trabajo Fin de Máster, Universidad de Córdoba, inédito, 2014.Voltes Bou, P., El ocaso de los Fugger en España. Operaciones de los Fugger en la España del siglo XVII, Ciudad Real, Fundación Almadén, 2009.
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Torres, Rosa María Rojas. "La categoría ‘adjetivo’ en elArte del idioma zapoteco(1578) y elVocabulario en lengua çapoteca(1578) de Juan de Córdova." Historiographia Linguistica International Journal for the History of the Language Sciences 36, no. 2-3 (2009): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.36.2-3.05roj.
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This article offers a treatment of the linguistic category ‘adjective’ that appears in two colonial sources, both written by Fray Juan de Córdova, O.P. in 1578: theArte del idioma zapotecoand theVocabulario en lengua çapoteca. Juan de Córdova was a Dominican friar, born in Córdoba, Spain in probably 1501. In 1543, Juan de Córdova was ordained at the Convento Imperial de México and later was sent to the Dominican Monastery of Oaxaca. He served as Province Minister for two years — from 1568 to 1570 — and later he continued to be a missionary among the Zapotec, when he wrote his great work on their language. Toward the end of his life, Juan de Córdova returned to Oaxaca and died in the Dominican Monastery of Old Antequera in 1595. Based on the description of the category of the adjective, as proposed by Córdova and the analysis of the language as is currently spoken, particularly in the area of Santa Ana del Valle, Oaxaca, the author will show that the grammatical class proposed by Córdova was not actually formed as such during the period he describes. It will be shown, based on the analysis of two colonial texts — thetestamentosby Gabriel Luis (1610) and Juan López (1618) — that the words that Cordova calls adjectives not only occur with very low-frequency but, more crucially, their categorization as adjectives has been due to their role in the Spanish translations more than to their grammatical characteristics. These two testaments had been compiled, with other testaments and documents of several kinds, namely as documents in a legal suit concerning a site named Gueguecahui. It is relevant to mention that testaments are not very reliable kind of document for a syntactic analysis of the language, since they have a very rigid structure that apparently mimics the schema used in testaments written in Spanish. Nevertheless, they can show that the attributive modification function is seldom used, and the cases found do not support that these expressions really pertain to the syntactic category of adjectives. Furthermore, the analysis of adjectives as currently used in the Zapotec of Santa Ana del Valle shows that, more often than not, they do not correspond to adjectives but indeed verbs in Cordova’sVocabulario. This affirmation is based on a comparative analysis of some adjectives in modern Zapotec of Santa Ana del Valle with related words given adjectival meanings in Cordova´sVocabulario. In conclusion there is not enough evidence of the existence of adjective category in 16th-century Zapotec.
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Moring, Beatrice. "Francisco Garcia Gonzáles (ed.), Vivir en soledad. Viudedad, soltería y abandono en el mundo rural (España y America Latina, siglos XVI–XXI), [Living Alone, Widowhood, Singleness and Abandonment in Rural Society (Spain and Latin America 16th to the 21st century)] (Madrid: Ibroamericana Vervuert, 2020). Pages 518 + images 2 + maps 6 + figures 37 + tables 75. Paperback 38 Euros." Continuity and Change 36, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000035.
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Huzain, Muh. "Pengaruh Peradaban Islam Terhadap Dunia Barat." TASAMUH: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47945/tasamuh.v10i2.77.
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The emergence of Islam influenced the revolution and made a wave of culture toward a new world when experiencing an era of darkness. The progress of Greek civilization in the Westcould not be continued by the Roman empire and Roman domination in the classical era until the middle ages; which was then therise of the West in the era of renaissance in the 14-16th century.This paper will reveal the influence of Islam on the development of the Western world, since the emergence of contact between Islam with the West in the Classical era until the middle ages. There are different opinions among historians about who and when the first contact between Islam and the West took place. The first contact, however, occurred when the areas of East Roman government (Byzantium), Syria (638) and Egypt (640) fell into the hands of the Islamic government during the reign of Caliph 'Umar bin Khaţţāb. The Second contact, at the beginning of the eighth and ninth centuries occurred when the kings of Islam were able to rule Spain (711-1472), Portugal (716-1147), and important Mediterranean islands such as Sardinia (740-1050), Cicilia (827-1091), Malta (870-1090) as well as several small areas in Southern Italy and French Southern France. The third contact, took place in Eastern Europe from the fourteenth to early twentieth century when the Ottoman empire ruled the Balkan peninsula (Eastern Europe) and Southern Russia. The Ottoman empire's powers in Europe covered Yunāni, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, parts of Rhode, Cyprus, Austria and parts of Russia. Of the three periods of contact, the greatest influence was in the second contact period, where the decline of Western science in the dark era, while in the Islamic world developed advanced and produces scientists, thinkers and intellectuals in various sciences. This influence can be seen from the sending of students studying to the university of Islamic area, the establishment of the university, the translation and copying of various scientific literature such as natural science (Science of astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, medicine, architecture etc) and Social Science history, philosophy, politics, economics, earth sciences, sociology, law, culture, language, literature, art, etc.). The Historians recognize that the influence of Islamic civilization is very great on the development of the West, which culminated in the renaissance or rise of Western civilization in Europe after the dark era.
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Liugaitė-Černiauskienė, Modesta. "Ballads in Oral and Written Tradition: Retrospective Research Survey." Tautosakos darbai 55 (June 25, 2018): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2018.28497.
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The article aims at reviewing the rich and ambivalent Western folk ballad research tradition in terms of confluence of the oral and written traditions. Although being well-reflected in the West, this approach is hardly at all present in Lithuania. The article starts with discussing such cultural phenomenon as broadside ballads. In surveying them, the author maintains that popular publications of the 16th–19th century Europe (bibliothèque bleue, skyllingtricker, Volksbuch, pliegos de cordel, лубочная литература, etc.) were an inherent part of the folk culture. Printed sheets of folksongs and ballads used to be popular in Great Britain, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and subsequently in America. However, although spread and promoted by the press, the ballads hardly ascended the field of interest of the educated elite, remaining instead in the “lower” spheres of the popular culture.The first collectors of ballads from the 18th century (the “antiquarian period”) paid little attention to the sources of their material, being instead very keen on improving and elaborating of the ballad texts, and presenting them as creative manifestations of the “original bard” or the “national muse”. After the collections by Thomas Percy and Walter Scott appeared, William Motherwell turned back to the still thriving ballad tradition. This Scottish scholar, followed by his Danish colleague Svend Grundtvig and the American Francis James Child founded the modern ballad folklore research, since their collections represented the oral folk tradition rather than engaging in search for the “original” folk ballads. The subsequent researchers, influenced by the Child’s ballad scholarship (Phillips Barry, Cecil J. Sharp, Olive D. Campbell, Louise Pound, Henry M. Belden, etc.), continued investigating the American ballad legacy. However, while collecting and encouraging to further collect the surviving ballads they increasingly realized the huge distance between their endeavors and the Child’s collection. The heterogeneous and fragmented nature of the ballads from the oral tradition was increasingly recognized and acknowledged, along with unavoidable impact of the written and printed sources.Barre J. Toelkien, the scholar belonging to even later generation, attempted methodical indexing of the oral ballads belonging to the Child’s collection. Dianne M. Dugaw in turn suggested that assuming the non-written songs, those from the oral tradition, being inherently different from the printed ones had largely affected the way in which folklore researchers perceived and interpreted folksongs. She concluded that differences devised between the written and non-written, between commercial and non-commercial forms were frequently just illusive, since commercial dissemination constituted an integral part of the folksongs development.In view of the confluence of the oral and written traditions surveyed in this article, it is reasonable to conclude that written culture, or rather the popular press, constituted a significant factor affecting the existence of folk ballads in the West; because of obvious reasons, such culture was absent in old-time Lithuania. Contrary to Lithuania, the ballad tradition of the West was nurtured by the written and printed sources. Therefore, the Lithuanian case could present a kind of thought experiment to the folklore researcher, vividly illustrating the plausible ballad tradition development in the West, if it could be unaffected by such phenomena as printed texts in native languages, readily available to the common people.
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Nieto, Enrique, Juan José Moyano, and Álvaro García. "Estudio constructivo del Palacio de los Niños de Don Gome (Andújar, Jaén), gestionado desde el proyecto HBIM." Virtual Archaeology Review 10, no. 20 (January 28, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.10567.
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<p>Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a collaborative system used extensively in the design and management of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industries. Current platforms manage the information as data centres (i.e. databases) related to graphical representations located in 3D parametric models. Today, these new technologies are nowadays being incorporated in heritage assets. This paper aims to establish a methodology, based on these efficient platforms, for studying built heritage, including historical and construction aspects by adding the chronology of those interventions made in the historic building. This case study is focused on the Palace of the Children of Don Gome, a historic building located in the city of Andújar, in Jaén (Spain). The interest of this case study lies in the historic innovations and areas added to this palace. Likewise, the collection and manipulation of the graphic information and data related to the interventions have been based on an interoperable 3D graphic model, which allows users to include all the related documentation from different disciplines associated with the conservation and heritage restoration processes. In this paper, the construction process carried out during the last restoration of the building is studied. Specifically, it analyses the last building intervention in 1989, in particular an area of the coffered ceiling slab in the northern nave, located on the first floor. Within this model, all the elements that constitute the roof of the tower, mudwall walls, slabs and coffered ceilings of the northern nave have been studied, using photogrammetry for data acquisition and 3D modelling, and these data are included in a 3D digital model of the building generated using ArchiCAD software. Moreover, the system will be used to improve the management of the information obtained during heritage maintenance, creating a record of the whole building life cycle. As well as the historical documentation and graphical research, and the analysis of the procedures carried out during the last refurbishment of the building, new building construction system proposals have arisen which have been modelled to fulfil the Level Of Development (LOD) 300. Further analysis of these construction solutions used provides knowledge of how large 16th century palaces were built, and the kind of restoration conducted by architects at the end of the 20th century. The results obtained show how current BIM platforms are able to record construction and evolutionary aspects of a building’s history, by identifying all the original elements and classifying them before their demolition. Also, by making a detailed inventory of the whole coffered ceiling in which the position and the temporal order (original – later addition) of the elements are included, it is possible to virtually replace those elements in their original positions, reducing the visual impact of the intervention. On the other hand, multiple errors in projects based on graphical systems of representation, mainly Computer-Aided Design (CAD), may derive from contradictions in the official sources consulted, such as the plans of the cadastre, the city council, and those produced through manual measurement procedures. However, in this paper, real graphical documentation has been generated using specific 3D surveying techniques for capturing geometry and accurate measurements, as well as by utilising the BIM system.</p>
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Piscos, James Lotero. "Stewardship Towards God’s Creation Among Early Filipinos: Implications to Inculturated Faith." Bedan Research Journal 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.58870/berj.v4i1.1.
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An integral inculturated faith is anchored to the Filipino cultural heritage and identity. Primal cosmic beliefs and practices carried the holistic customs of stewardships towards God’s creation where it embodied the union and mutuality of the natives to nature rather than control and subordination. The research utilized primary materials written by Spanish ethnographers in the 16th-17th century. Although their observations were from the colonizers’ perspectives, it still revealed beliefs and practices at that time common among early Filipinos. One needs to filter and decipher those accounts to unearth early Filipinos experiences of oikenomous. Although the study was limited to the Tagalogs, still the dynamics of power-relations between the inhabitants and nature were demonstrated using the lenses of Foucault’s discourse on power. The findings of the research could have implications to inculturated faith given the open atmosphere of the Church for its renewed evangelization that includes stewardship towards God’s creation where harmony and communion with Mother Earth strengthens our bonds with God and find each other in a place we truly call a home.ReferencesPre-hispanic influence on filipino culture. (1958). Sunday Times Special Issue on the Foundations of Filipino Culture, pp. 2-5.Two lectures: Critique and power. (1998).Blair, E. and Robertson, A. (1903-1990). The Philippine islands, 1493-1898: explorations by early navigators, Descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest conditions with european nations to the close of the nineteenth century. (eds. at annots. ), 55. Cleveland: B & RCatholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines. (1991). Acts and decrees of theChirino, P. (1603). Relacion de las yslas Filipinas. 12, 174-321. Madrid: B & R.Colin, F. (1663). Labor evangelica. 40, 38-97. Madrid: B & RDavid, M., Mauro, B. & Alessandro, F. (Eds.). (1971). Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the College de France, 1975-76. New York: Picador.Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison. (1977). New York: Random House Inc.Donoso, I. et al.(n.d.) Transcribed and eds. Boxer Codex of 1570 (2018). Quezon City: Vibal Publishing.Filipino indigenous ethnic communities: Patterns, variations, and typologies. (1998). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc.Filipino prehistory: Rediscovering precolonial heritage. (1998). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc.Filipino worldview: Ethnography of local knowledge. (2001). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc.Flannery, A. (1984). Vatican Council II: The Conciliar and Postconciliar documents. 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Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas. 5, 38-252. Madrid: B & RMadness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason. (1965) London: Random House Inc.Morga, A. (1609). Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. 15, 25-288. Mexico: B & RNational Historical Commission. (1887). Coleccion de documents ineditos de ultramar, Madrid.Notes on Philippine Divinities. (1968). Asian Studies.Pastells, P. (1925) Historia general de Filipinas in catalogo de los documentos relativos alas Islas Filipinas. Barcelona.Pigafetta, A. (1522). The first voyage around the world. 33, 24-266. Madrid: B & RPlasencia, J. (1589). Customs of the Tagalogs. 7, 173-198. Manila: B & RPre-history of the Philippines. (1967). Manila: National Museum.Ramos, M. (1990). Philippine myths, legends and folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.San Agustin, G. (1998) Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas: 1565-1615. (Bilingual Edition.) Translated by Luis Antonio Maneru. Manila: San Agustin Museum.Second Plenary Council of the Philippines. Manila: CBCP Press.Sulod Society. (1968). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc.Villote, R. (1987). My tenth hour. Syneraide Consultaties.Zaide, G., (1990) Documentary sources of Philippine History. (eds. at annots.) 14, Manila: National Bookstore.
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Busto Cortina, Juan C. "Nuevos textos literarios asturianos del XVII y un nuevo testimonio del entremés de L'Alcalde." Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana 17, no. 17 (January 10, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/rfa.17.2017.93-146.
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A partir de la reciente publicación de dos ediciones de poesía asturiana del siglo XVII, se examinan y sistematizan algunas informaciones sobre los poetas que participaron en los certámenes poéticos de 1639, 1665 y 1666. Los treinta años que separan uno y otros certámenes, y el ámbito jesuita donde se desarrolla el primero, hizo que muy pocos de los poetas que intervinieron en el de 1639 participasen en los que tuvieron lugar en la segunda mitad de siglo, hasta hace poco los únicos conocidos. Se pone en relación este tipo de poesía celebrativa que se compone en asturiano con lo que se produce en otros lugares de España. En el ámbito universitario salmantino se acogen textos en sayagués y también se emplea el sayagués (junto con el asturiano) en el certamen ovetense de 1639, en lo que pudo tener que ver la procedencia salmantina de su compilador, el P. Andrés Mendo. Sin embargo, mientras el sayagués pierde importancia en su uso literario a lo largo del XVII (ello se ve claramente en los villancicos), el empleo de otras lenguas irá en cambio en aumento a partir de este siglo. Ello es manifiesto en Galicia, en Navarra y en Asturias, cuyas lenguas vernáculas tendrán cabida en diversos certámenes durante este periodo. Se destaca el interés de otra nueva celebración poética de la que no había noticia hasta ahora: la que tiene lugar con la llegada a Asturias del obispo Ambrosio Ignacio de Spínola. En este contexto surge el nombre de un poeta completamente ignorado: Juan García de Prada, que muestra seguir de cerca el magisterio de Marirreguera en el uso de la octava real y de otros recursos literarios. Se dedica una especial atención al surgimiento de los primeros testimonios literarios manuscritos en asturiano que deben ser datados en la segunda mitad del XVII. Asimismo, se examina el caso particular de alguna obra regueriana: el Romance a Santa Eulalia de Mérida y el entremés de El Alcalde. De este entremés se ofrece una versión inédita contenida en un manuscrito de la primera mitad del XVIII, primer testimonio manuscrito de una obra de Marirreguera. Este testimonio presenta algunos rasgos lingüísticos (el empleo del pronombre -ye en función de dativo) que también aparecen en los poemas de García de Prada de la segunda mitad del XVII.Palabras clave: poesía asturiana del XVII; poesía celebrativa; Juan García de Prada; Andrés Mendo; Marirreguera; historia de la lengua asturiana; teatro de ‘entremés’.From the recent publication of two editions of Asturian poetry of the 17th century, some information on the poets who participated in the poetic contests of 1639, 1665 and 1666 are examined and systematized. The thirty years that separate one and other contests, and the Jesuit area where the first one was developed, made that very few of the poets who intervened in the one of 1639 could do so in those that took place in the second half of the century, the only ones known till recent times. This type of celebratory poetry that is composed in Asturian relates with what is produced in other places of Spain. In the University of Salamanca, texts are given in Sayagués, and the Sayagués (together with the Asturian) is also used in the competition of Oviedo in 1639, with which the Salmantine origin of its compiler, Fr. Andrés Mendo, could have had somethings to do. However, while the Sayagués lost importance in its literary use throughout the seventeenth century (this is clearly seen in the villancicos), the use of other languages will gradually increase from this century on. This is evident in Galicia, Pamplona and Asturias whose vernacular languages will have room in various competitions during this period. The interest of another new poetic celebration of which unknown is highlights: the one that takes place with the arrival in Asturias of the bishop Ambrosio Ignacio de Spínola. In this context comes the name of a completely ignored poet: Juan García de Prada, who shows to follow closely the magisterium of Marirreguera in the use of the real octave and other literary resources. Particular attention is given to the emergence of the first literary manuscripts testimonies in Asturian that must be dated in the second half of the xvii. Also the particular case of some Marirreguera’s work is examined: the «Romance to Santa Eulalia of Mérida» and the «El Alcalde» entremés. From this entremés an unpublished version contained in a manuscript of the first half of the xviii, first manuscript testimony of a work of Marirreguera is offered. This testimony presents some linguistic features (the use of the pronoun -ye in function of dative) that also appear in the poems of García de Prada of the second half of the xvii.Keywords: Asturian poetry of the 17th century; celebratory poetry; Juan García de Prada; Andrés Mendo; Marirreguera; history of the Asturian language; theatrical ‘entremés’.
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Jané, Oscar. "Controlar la frontera en Cataluña. Fortificar y dominar el espacio en la época moderna." Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 11 (June 22, 2022): 170–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2022.11.07.
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El texto aborda la evolución del análisis historiográfico que se ha llevado a cabo sobre la Cataluña moderna entre finales del siglo XVI y principios del XVIII. Aunque la frontera moderna de Cataluña puede ser múltiple, nos centramos esencialmente en aquella que va desde el Valle de Arán hasta el Mediterráneo. El texto abre con una primera reflexión sobre el camino hacia el cambio de modelo, luego evoca los efectos de las guerras con Francia, con algunos ejemplos concretos, como el de Cerdaña, y, por último, expone la realidad percibida y llevada a cabo con la nueva “fortificación” de la frontera catalana a finales del siglo XVII, cuando el control de Francia se hace evidente. Palabras clave: Frontera, fronterización, fortificaciónTopónimos: Francia, España, Cataluña,Período: época moderna ABSTRACTThe text addresses the evolution of the historiographical analysis that of modern Catalonia between the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 18th century. Although the modern border of Catalonia may be multiple, the focus will essentially be upon the border that runs from the Arán Valley to the Mediterranean. The text opens with an initial reflection on the path towards a change of model, before evoking the effects of the wars with France, with some specific examples, such as that of Cerdanya, and finally presenting the reality perceived and manifested with the new “fortification” of the Catalan border at the end of the 17th century, when French control became evident. Keywords: Border, bordering, fortificationPlace names: France, Spain, CataloniaPeriod: modern era REFERENCIASAyats, A., Louis XIV et les Pyrénées catalanes de 1659 à 1681. Frontière politique et frontières militaires, Trabucaire, Canet, 2002.Bély, L., “La representación de la frontera en las diplomacias durante la Época Moderna”, Manuscrits, 26, (2008), pp. 35-51.— “Westphalie, Pyrénées, Utrecht: trois traités pour redessiner l'Europe”, en O. 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Bravo López, Fernando. "El conocimiento de la religiosidad islámica en la España Moderna: los cinco pilares del islam." Vínculos de Historia. Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 8 (June 20, 2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2019.08.05.
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RESUMENEl estudio histórico de la religiosidad islámica se ha encontrado tradicionalmente con el problema de la escasez de fuentes. Además, siempre se ha estudiado a partir de las fuentes islámicas, obviando las cristianas. Si es cierto que para la Edad Media las fuentes cristianas no ofrecen demasiada información y están además viciadas por su carácter polémico, también lo es que para la Edad Moderna, con el surgimiento de un tipo de literatura sobre el islam que está alejado de la tradición polémica, disponemos de un buen número de importantes fuentes cristianas que merecen ser tenidas en cuenta en cualquier análisis histórico de la religiosidad islámica. Es el caso especialmente de la Topographía e Historia general de Argel (1612), cuyas descripciones y observaciones resultan de una riqueza sin precedentes.PALABRAS CLAVE: Edad Moderna, cinco pilares del islam, religiosidad, España, Argel.ABSTRACTTraditionally, the historical study of Islamic religiosity has been faced with the problem of the scant amount of sources. Moreover, it has always been approached on the basis of Islamic sources, disregarding the Christian ones. If for the Middle Ages Christian sources do not present much information about the subject and this is tainted by its polemical character, for the Early Modern Age, with the emergence of a new kind of literature about Islam that does not belong to the polemical tradition, we have at our disposal a good number of sources of information. This is particularly thecase of the Topographía e Historia general de Argel (1612), with descriptions and observations of an unprecedented quality. It is an evident indication that, from the sixteenth century onwards, there are Christian sources that must be taken into account in any historical analysis of Islamic religiosity.KEY WORDS: Image of Islam, early modern Spain, five pillars of Islam, religiosity. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAfricanus, L., Descripción general del África y de las cosas peregrinas que allí hay, traducción y edición de S. Fanjul, Barcelona, Lunwerg, 1995.Alfonso, P., Diálogo contra los judíos, traducción de E. Ducay, Zaragoza, Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses, 1996.Berkey, J. P., The formation of islam: religion and society in the Near East, 600-1800, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.Berque, J., Al-Yousi: problémes de la culture marocaine au XVIIème siècle, Paris, Moutin & Co., 1958.Bunes Ibarra, M. Á. de, La imagen de los musulmanes y del norte de África en la España de los siglos XVI y XVII: los caracteres de una hostilidad, Madrid, CSIC, 1989.Camamis, G., Estudios sobre el cautiverio en el Siglo de Oro, Madrid, Gredos, 1977.Cardaillac, L., Moriscos y cristianos: un enfrentamiento polémico (1442-1560), 2ª ed., Madrid, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2016.Constable, O. R., “Regulating religious noise: the Council of Vienne, the mosque call and Muslim pilgrimage in the late medieval Mediterranean world”, Medieval Encounters, vol. 16, núm. 1 (2010), pp. 64–95.Cruz Hernández, M., El islam de al-Andalus: historia y estructura de su realidad social, 2ª ed., Madrid, AECI, 1996.Cruz Palma, Ó. de la, “Las cinco oraciones islámicas diarias (Salawat) en las fuentes latinas medievales”, en Martínez Gázquez, J. y Tolan, J. V. (eds.), Ritus infidelium. 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