Academic literature on the topic 'Pamplona (Spain) – History – 16th century'

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Journal articles on the topic "Pamplona (Spain) – History – 16th century"

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González-Peñas, Vettorazzi, Lizarraga, Azqueta, and López de Cerain. "Report of the IVth Workshop of the Spanish National Network on Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi and Their Decontamination Processes (MICOFOOD), Held in Pamplona, Spain, 29–31 May 2019." Toxins 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11070415.

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The present publication collects the communications presented in the IV Workshop of the Spanish National Network on Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi and their Decontamination Processes (MICOFOOD), held in the School of Pharmacy and Nutrition of the Universidad de Navarra (Pamplona, Spain) from the 29 to the 31 May 2019. More than 70 professionals from academia, the industry and public services have participated. The scientific program included: five sessions: sponsors (presentation and services), toxigenic fungi, toxicology, analysis and control, and reduction and prevention strategies. In total, 18 oral communications and 24 posters were presented. It is worth mentioning the high participation and quality of the communications from PhD students. The invited conference, entitled: “Mycotoxins within the framework of exposure assessment: past present and future”, was given by Dr. Barbara de Santis (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy). The meeting ended with the roundtable: “From feed to fork: safe food without mycotoxins”, where representatives of feed and agrofood companies and public administrations discussed about the current situation and problems related with mycotoxins. Different prizes were awarded for the best oral presentation (Effect of Staphylococcus xylosus on the growth of toxigenic moulds in meat substrates, by E. Cebrian et al., University of Extremadura), and the best posters (Combined toxicity of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A: A systematic review by M. Alonso-Jaúregui et al., Universidad de Navarra; and Application of natamycin in products affected by toxigenic fungi by Torrijos et al., Universitat de València). The participants had the opportunity to learn about the history and gastronomy of Pamplona. Situated in the north of Spain, Pamplona is a city of Roman origin featuring a large gothic cathedral complex and a Vauban citadel of the 16th century.
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McEwan, Bonnie G. "The role of ceramics in Spain and Spanish America during the 16th century." Historical Archaeology 26, no. 1 (March 1992): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03374164.

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Bilgin, Feridun. "Justifications for the Spanish Invasion of North Africa (16th Century)." Journal of Al-Tamaddun 16, no. 2 (December 13, 2021): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jat.vol16no2.2.

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The process called Reconquista (Reconquest) in history of Spain succeeded with the occupation of Granada (1492). In order to prevent its lands from becoming “Andalusia” again, the Spanish government established the country’s lines of defense outside the country in North Africa. Considering religious, commercial, political and military reasons a limited occupation policy was implemented in North Africa. Places on strategic North African coasts such as Ceuta, Melilla, Oran and Merselkebir were occupied, and military garrisons (Presedios/Plazas) were established here. With the help of these garrisons, the Spain’s Mediterranean and Atlantic trade has been secured for decades.
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Hermanns, Marcus Heinrich. "16th-Century Ship Graffiti on the Town Walls of Eivissa, Balearic Islands, Spain." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 39, no. 1 (March 2010): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00250.x.

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Vaquero, José M. "Ball lightning: a Renaissance account from Zafra (Spain)." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 8, no. 1 (June 12, 2017): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-53-2017.

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Abstract. An analysis is given of the account of a globe of fire observed in Zafra (Spain) in the middle of the 16th century. During a strong storm, Conde Don Pedro observed what he described as a globe of fire that was directed against the city and abruptly changed course. He attributed the change in course to a miracle. He described neither any damage nor sound.
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Borghese, A. "THE LIPIZZANER IN ITALY." Animal Genetic Resources Information 10 (April 1992): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900003308.

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SUMMARYThe Lipizzaner is one of Europe's most ancient breeds; its history goes back to the early 16th century The original stock came from the North of Italy and Spain; six male lines introduced in the second half of the 18th century and the early 19th century, from Naples, the Austro-Hungarian empire, Denmark and Arabia upgraded the breed to its actual standard. The Italian national stud of Montemaggiore is perpetrating the Lipizzaner tradition. The horses are kept under extensive grazing conditions and all six “families” (Napolitano,Conversaro, Favory, Pluto, Maestoso and Siglavy) are present.
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Batista, E., and J. Hernandez. "The drainage of lake ‘L'Estany’ in Spain." Water Supply 18, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.105.

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Abstract In the 18th century, the practice of drying up the wetlands, marshy or stagnant water areas expanded throughout Europe in order to avoid the malaria fevers that the population periodically suffered and to recover land for farming. This communication describes the current knowledge about the history of the process of drying in various hydrological basins as well as the works in the endorheic lake close to the village of L'Estany, located in the district of the Moianès (Catalonia), in the northeast of Spain. The drying began in the 16th century with drainage channels driven by the Monastery of Santa Maria de L'Estany, and culminated in the 18th century with the construction, using the dry stone technique, of a 425 m long, 2.14 m high and 1.20 m wide drainage mine that diverted water to the basin of the Llobregat River. Now the mine and the canals are conserved for use in times of rain as well as a touristic objective that complements the cultural and religious concerns of the Monastery of Santa Maria with its magnificent Romanesque cloister.
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Santana Pérez, Germán. "Spanish maritime experience in Southern Africa during the Early Modern Period." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 4 (November 2018): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418808498.

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Apparently, the Treaty of Tordesillas dismissed the possibility of Spanish shipping via Africa and the Cape of Good Hope. The preferred route to Asia was via Cape Horn or Acapulco. In this article we will show that access to Southern Africa was not entirely closed to the Spanish between the 16th and 18th centuries. We will analyse shipping in this period and, above all, we will discuss the enlightened reforms of the 18th century that changed the connecting routes between Spain and the Philippines, making them pass through Cape Town, as well as the hostility shown to the Hispanic presence in those waters by great powers like the Netherlands. Based on these connections, we will discuss the exchange of plants between Spain and Southern Africa.
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Starr-LeBeau, Gretchen D., and Benzion Netanyahu. "The Marranos of Spain: From the Late 14th to the Early 16th Century According to Contemporary Hebrew Sources." Sixteenth Century Journal 31, no. 1 (2000): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2671318.

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Moya-Olmedo, Pilar, and María Núñez-González. "Converso Houses in the 16th Century in the Former Jewish Quarter of Seville." Heritage 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 4174–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040216.

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Vital scenarios in the old Jewish quarter of Seville (Spain) in the 16th Century are analyzed. The objectives of this paper are first, to gather up a brief history of the property of some houses of Conversos (Jews who converted to Christianity in the face of the Inquisition); secondly, to study their layout and their construction relating them to emotions in architecture in a transversal way; thirdly, to make hypothetical plans and elevations (including some digital reconstructions); and, finally, to report their current state of preservation. For these purposes, documents have been consulted in Sevillian archives. To analyze these buildings, it was essential to consult the little-known texts called apeos, which were official documents drawn up by the master builders (alarifes) that the owners requested in order to know the conservation of the buildings. An innovative methodology of translating written descriptions into graphics has been developed. Likewise, among the characteristic spaces of the Sevillian houses, more singular ones, such as the reception courtyards, the main rooms, and the women’s quarters, have been thoroughly analyzed. The alteration of the entrance of one of the houses due to the historical and emotional context and the importance of the women’s quarters (as a religious and vital refuge) are also highlighted.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pamplona (Spain) – History – 16th century"

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Martínez, Martínez Franklin de Jesús. "Cowlonialism : Colonialism, cattle and landscapes in 16th century New Spain." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-418884.

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Cattle are not endemic to the American continent. Nevertheless, they are present and thrive in many landscapes, all the way from Canada to Argentina. The narratives about the process of colonisation of the American continent include human actors, but there is very little literature in comparison that deals on the influence of cattle in landscapes in the continent. In this thesis, I will contribute to the discussion about more-than-human processes of landscape modification, by analysing archival sources from the New Spain. This region included a big part of the West of the United States, Mexico and Central America. The period I analyse, between 1550 and 1602, represents the first decades of encounter between the Spanish settlers and indigenous communities, in the region of New Spain, where the Spanish established administrative institutions to manage their empire. The documents that I analysed showcase the transformations that cattle caused in the landscape, from how indigenous people lived, to what plants and crops could be cultivated. Inspired by Multi-species studies, ethography, and the concepts of “animal” and “landscape”, I use Actor-Network Theory to create a thoroughly described network of relations. In my analysis, I find that cattle influenced the activities that were performed in the landscape, as well as the ways that other actors interacted with each other. These actions, complemented by religious, economic and cultural ideas that circulated during the XVI century, would form what I call Cowlonialism, a regime of ideas and practices where cattle invade the land and displace their inhabitants, exercising power over other actors.
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SANCHEZ, CAMACHO Alberto. "'Up and down' : Genoese financiers and their relational capital in the early reign of Philip II." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69995.

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Defence date: 26 January 2021
Examining board: Professor Regina Grafe (European University Institute); Professor Luca Molà (University of Warwick); Professor Carmen Sanz Ayán (Universidad Complutense de Madrid); Professor Manuel Herrero Sánchez (Universidad Pablo de Olavide)
This doctoral thesis analyses the process of state construction in the early modern period from a joint perspective that amalgamates the agencies of state officials, lending communities, and local elites in the Hispanic Monarchy during the four initial years of Philip II’s reign. The project examines the convergence of private agendas inside and outside the royal administration, which were channelled by the Genoese lending community to overcome the consolidation of royal short-term debt in 1557 and its consequences. The application of an institutional approach, based on the works of Avner Greif, to the analysis of the social organisations that prevented a failure of coordination in the Hispanic Monarchy offers a fresh perspective on a topic normally assessed under predatory models. The specific study of two Genoese lenders who contributed to the establishment of a more viable and efficient financial system in the monarchy, Costantin Gentil and Nicolao de Grimaldo, provides details about how interregional transactions and local economies contributed to the consolidation of the early modern state.
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Beard, Joseph. "The Administration of Spain Under Charles V, Spain's New Charlemagne." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4791/.

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Charles I, King of Spain, or Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was the most powerful ruler in Europe since Charlemagne. With a Germanic background, and speaking French, Charles became King of Spain in 1516. Yet secondary sources and available sixteenth century Spanish sources such as Spanish Royal Council records, local records of Castro Urdiales in Castile, and Charles's correspondence show that he continued the policies of his predecessors in Spain, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. He strove to strengthen his power and unify Spain and his empire using Castilian strength, a Castilian model of government, Roman law, religion, his strong personality, and a loyal and talented bureaucracy. Charles desired to be another Charlemagne, but with his base of power in Spain.
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Gabiola, Carreira David. "Laredo, un port de Castille au XVI ͤ siècle." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR2032/document.

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Au XVIe siècle Laredo était un des ports les plus actifs des Quatre Villes de la Côte de la Mer, la façade maritime de l'actuelle Cantabrie au nord de l'Espagne. Cet essor cessa à la fin du siècle lorsque le port larédain plongea dans une crise économique profonde et irréversible. Comment expliquer cette trajectoire ?Le contexte géographique fut un obstacle majeur : la circulation vers l'arrière-pays était difficile à cause de la Cordillère Cantabrique et les infrastructures portuaires étaient particulièrement exposées aux caprices de la mer. Au XVIe siècle les Larédains jouèrent un rôle essentiel dans le transport de la laine de Castille vers les Flandres et dans l'importation de tissus et de marchandises. Laredo était alors une porte d'entrée pour tous ces produits qui étaient par la suite expédiés par les commettants larédains vers les principales places marchandes castillanes. Les connétables de Castille contribuèrent à l'essor de ce trafic. À la fin des années 1560 la rivalité avec l'Angleterre et les révoltes dans les Flandres paralysèrent les échanges commerciaux et l'économie larédaine déclina progressivement.Le XVIe siècle fut aussi pour Laredo le temps des armadas. Le port se transforma en base navale d'où la couronne expédiait soldats, matériel et argent pour ravitailler les troupes qui se battaient en Flandres. Mais à partir de 1572 Laredo cessa de jouer ce rôle au profit de Santander qui était un site plus facile à défendre. La présence de ces flottes fut à l'origine de nombreux conflits avec la population locale, mais l'organisation de ces armadas représenta pour de nombreux Larédains une source de revenus lorsqu'ils approvisionnaient les navires, ou effectuaient des réparations diverses
In the 16th century, Laredo was one of the most active harbours of the Cuatro Villas de la Costa de la Mar, the seabord of the present Cantabria Region in the North of Spain. This growth ceased at the end of the century when the harbour of Laredo plunged into a deep and irreversible economic crisis. How can we explain this reversal/this evolution?The geographical context was a major obstacle: movement of goods and people to the hinterland was difficult due to the Cantabrian mountain range, and the port infrastructures were particularly exposed to the whims of the sea.In the16th century Laredo inhabitants played an important role in the transport of wool from Castile to Flanders and in the import of fabric and goods. At that time, Laredo was a gateway for all these products, which were shipped afterwards to the main Castilian marketplaces. The constables of Castile contributed to the development of this traffic. In the late 1560s the rivalry with England and the rebellions in Flanders curbed this trading activity and the economy of Laredo gradually slumped.The 16th century was also for Laredo the time of the armadas. The harbour transformed into a naval base from which were sent soldiers, equipment and money in order to supply the troops who were fighting in Flanders. But, from 1572, Laredo stopped playing this role in favour of Santander which was an easier site to defend. The presence of the fleet was the cause of several conflicts with local people, but the organization of those armadas was for several people of Laredo a source of income when they supplied ships or when they made different repairs
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Nelson, Bernadette. "The integration of Spanish and Portuguese organ music within the liturgy from the latter half of the sixteenth to the eighteenth century." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b736ca8f-0bb7-47a4-9ac4-2102b6cc3acb.

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Spanish and Portuguese organ music still remains a relatively unchartered area escaping the attention of most general assessments of European musical history. The work which has been done in this field has tended towards stylistic appreciations of the published large-scale compositions and the compilation of short biographies of prominent musicians. No extensive investigation has yet been undertaken which deals with such fundamental issues as the role of the organist and the origins and function of the extant organ repertory, of which a large proportion lies dormant in manuscripts, within the liturgy. Indeed, there is no monograph about organists and organ music in the Iberian peninsula as a whole. The overall aim of this thesis is to provide a musical background and liturgical context for short organ pieces called versos which were thoroughly integrated within a musical celebration of the Offices. For this end, a variety of musical and documentary material has been examined: practical sources of organ music; plainchant manuals; ceremonials and musical treatises. To an enormous extent this organ music was subject to long-standing liturgical customs and legislation, as well as to strongly defined traditions of musical composition. The prescriptions to the organist given in the ecclesiastical constitutions and how these may have been realized in the Canonical Hours and in the Mass constitutes the essence of part two of this thesis. This interpretation of musico-liturgical practices has entailed an examination of the relationship between plainchant and the organ verset and the technicalities of mode and tranposition which were involved when alternating the organ with choral plainchant. An analysis is also made of the musical development of versets based on the psalm-tones, organ hymns (the Pange lingua in particular) and the 'organ mass'. An anthology of transcriptions complementing this discussion is contained in a separate volume. As a counterbalance to the analytical discussion in part two, part one provides an historical and cultural background to the subject. An assessment is made of the contribution made by individual organists and organ 'schools' and some consideration is made of the extent to which both royal and ecclesiastical patronage was responsible for the livelihood of music and the arts.
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CHAVARRIA, MUGICA Fernando. "Monarquía fronteriza : guerra, linaje y comunidad en la España moderna (Navarra, siglo XVI)." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6591.

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Defence date: 6 October 2006
Examining board: Prof. I.A.A. Thompson, University of Keele ; Prof. Alfredo Floristán, Universidad de Alcalá ; Prof. Bartolomé Yun, IUE/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla ; Prof. Diogo R. Curto, IUE/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (Supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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COSSART, Brice. "Les artilleurs et la Monarchie Catholique : fondements technologiques et scientifiques d'un empire transocéanique." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/43947.

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Defence date: 4 November 2016
Examining Board: Professor Luca Molá, Institut Universitaire Européen (Directeur de thèse); Professor Jorge Flores, Institut Universitaire Européen; Professor Pascal Brioist, Université de Tours; Professor Rafael Mandressi, CNRS, Centre Alexandre Koyré
This dissertation studies the gunners, a socio-professional group who played a key role in the political and military expansion of early modern states. During the sixteenth century, new designs of fortresses and warships resulted in the proliferation of heavy guns. This transformation has been well described by the historiography of the "Military Revolution", but its impact in terms of skills and knowledge has been largely neglected. Cannons were quite complex technical objects which could only be handled by specialists called "gunners". Before the end of the seventeenth century, all main military powers needed to resort to hundreds or even thousands of them. The dissertation shows the quantitative and qualitative aspects of this change by focusing on the Catholic Monarchy and its vast network of strongholds and war fleets spread between the western Mediterranean (mainly in Spain and Italy), Flanders and America. Thus, it aims to make a valuable contribution to military history as well as to the history of the Spanish empire. Furthermore, this study also tackles many issues at the core of the historiography of science and technology. As a result of this massive increase in the need for artillery specialists, new systems of technical learning emerged. In contrast with the traditional system of apprenticeship involving a small-scale transfer of skills from master to disciple, schools of gunners were created under the patronage of the Monarchy where one master taught to a large audience of apprentices. This new system of technical learning articulated theory and practice, training gunners in the use of cannons on a practice ground but also providing them with theoretical lessons validated by an oral examination. At the dawn of seventeenth century scientific transformations, these schools stimulated the publication of mathematical treatises, thus establishing the scientific and technological grounds of early modern seaborne empires.
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SKAARUP, Bjørn. "Anatomy and anatomist in early modern Spain : the anatomical revolution in an Iberian context, 1550-1600." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/11894.

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Defence date: 29 June 2009
Examining board: Prof. Antonella Romano - Supervisor; Prof. Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla (EUI); Prof. Rafael Mandressi (Centre Alexandre-Koyré); Prof. Andrea Carlino (Institut d'Histoire de la Médecine)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
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CACHERO, VINUESA Montserrat. "Should we trust? : explaining trade expansion in early modern Spain : Seville, 1500-1600." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14479.

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Defense Date: 28 May 2010
Examining Board: Prof. Giovanni Federico (European University Institute) Prof. James Simpson (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) Prof. Harold James (Princeton University and European University Institute) Prof. Maristella Botticini (Università Bocconi)
First made available online: 27 July 2021
From the early 21st century, the discipline of Economic History has paid a growing amount of attention to the phenomenon of preindustrial trade. Estimations of GDP per capita by Maddison (2001) and (2003) and Van Zanden (2005), for example, have attracted significant interest from scholars in different countries and have emphasized the relevance of Atlantic trade and its consequences for economic growth. Especially noteworthy in this regard has been the contribution of Acemoglu et al. (2002) and (2005). Their analysis of the different growth patterns among western States has placed Atlantic trade firmly in the spotlight. Taking the year 1500 as a starting point and conducting a long-term analysis, these authors have assessed the importance of political institutions as a major explanation for differences among States in terms of GDP per capita. They argue that the introduction of a parliamentary monarchy regime in England and the Netherlands explains the increments in GDP per capita for both countries. By contrast, countries such as Spain and Portugal, which continued as absolute monarchies, experienced much lower levels of development.
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ESCRIBANO-PÁEZ, Jose Miguel. "Juan Rena and the construction of the Hispanic monarchy (1500-1540)." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/41804.

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Defence date: 10 June 2016
Examining Board: Professor Jorge Flores, European University Institute (supervisor); Professor Regina Grafe, European University Institute; Professor Wolfgang Kaiser, Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne (external advisor); Professor Pedro Cardim, Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
This thesis offers an innovative study in the construction of the Hispanic Monarchy during the first half of the sixteenth century. Focusing on a king's man: Juan Rena (Venice, ca. 1480-Toledo 1539); I explore subjects such as the Spanish expansionism in Europe and beyond, the configuration of the empire's frontiers, the shaping of the new imperial administration, and the functioning of Charles V's military machinery in the Mediterranean. In analysing Juan Rena's activity as a crown servant, this work reveals how the Hispanic Monarchy was constructed from below, out of multiple interactions between a wide array of socio-political actors. Furthermore, and this is one of the main contributions of this research, it will allow us to rethink the role of that the myriad of king's men, like Rena, played in the configuration of early modern empires. Hence, this thesis seeks to do more than simply reconstructing the activities of a royal servant, it aims to provide an in-depth study, which will contribute to our historical understanding of the construction of early modern empires.
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Books on the topic "Pamplona (Spain) – History – 16th century"

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David, Cook Noble, ed. The plague files: Crisis management in sixteenth-century Seville. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009.

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Anatomy and anatomists in early modern Spain. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2015.

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Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, ed. Health and medicine in Hapsburg Spain: Agents, practices, representations. London: Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2009.

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L, Numbers Ronald, ed. Medicine in the New World: New Spain, New France, and New England. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987.

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Ambiguous gender in early modern Spain and Portugal: Inquisitors, doctors and the transgression of gender norms. Leiden: Brill, 2012.

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Hibbert, Eleanor Alice Burford. The Scarlet cloak. New York: Fawcett Crest, 1994.

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Alemany, Ignacio López. Ilusion áulica e imaginación caballeresca en El cortesano de Luis Milan. Chapel Hill, N.C: North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures, 2013.

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Male delivery: Reproduction, effeminacy, and pregnant men in early modern Spain. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2006.

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Cosandey, Fanny. Monarchies espagnole et française, 1550-1714. Neuilly: Atlande, 2001.

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War and the state in early modern Europe: Spain, the Dutch Republic, and Sweden as fiscal-military states, 1500-1660. London: Routledge, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pamplona (Spain) – History – 16th century"

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Perelló, M., and E. Rabasa. "Stone and brick flat vaults from the 16th century in Spain." In History of Construction Cultures, 356–63. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003173434-150.

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Musiate, R. A., and M. Forni. "The art of building in New Spain: Knowledge dissemination and religious orders in the 16th century." In History of Construction Cultures, 615–22. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003173434-184.

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Campbell, Gordon. "6. Spain and Portugal." In Garden History: A Very Short Introduction, 75–84. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199689873.003.0006.

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‘Spain and Portugal’ highlights the key garden designs of Spain and Portugal from the 16th century to the present day. The two greatest gardens of the Spanish Golden Age were commissioned by King Philip II at Aranjuez and the Escorial, which showed the influence of both Flemish and Italian gardens. Other key Spanish gardens described include La Granja de San Ildefonso in Segovia and Antoni Gaudí’s Parc Güell in Barcelona. Portuguese gardens of the 16th and 17th centuries incorporated glazed tiles—azulejos—and Arabic water tanks. Gardens described include the Golden Age Quinta da Bacalhoa and Castelo Branco, the 18th-century garden of the Palácio Nacional de Queluz; and Jacques Gréber’s modernist Parque de Serralves.
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