Relevant bibliographies by topics / Palm kernel shells

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Palm kernel shells'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 September 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Palm kernel shells"

1

Tan, Yew Ai, and Ainte Kuntom. "Hydrocarbons m Crude Palm Kernel Oil." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.1.67.

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Abstract The sources of hydrocarbons in crude palm kernel oil were investigated by a series of laboratory-controlled oil extractions of kernels of varying quality. Site examinations of palm kernel-crushing plants were also conducted to determine possible sources of hydrocarbon contamination of palm kernels throughout the process of kernel extraction. Parallel to these studies, a random survey of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) produced by different kernel crushers was also carried out to determine the range of hydrocarbon concentrations in locally produced CPKO. This study showed that hydrocarbons can be picked up from sources such as glassware, extracting apparatus, and plastic containers and stoppers. Extraction of oil from low-quality kernels that were both moldy and rancid, broken kernels, and kernels plus added shells also resulted in a higher hydrocarbon level in the final CPKO. Overheating and cooking of the kernels before extraction also contributed to the overall hydrocarbon content. The random survey of hydrocarbon level showed a range of 0.6–7.1 ppm.
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Wai-Lin, Siew. "Determination of Shell Content in Palm Kernel Cake." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.1.80.

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Abstract A method for determining shell in palm kernel cake (PKC) is described. This simple and rapid method requires little pretreatment compared with the method currently used in PKC trade, in which the sample undergoes defatting, acid and alkali digestion, and washing, before a chloroform-alcohol solution is used to separate the shells. In the proposed method, only defatting the sample is required. The shells are separated by the density difference between the shell and PKC in a potassium iodide solution. Recoveries of at least 93% were obtained, and the correlation coefficient between the actual shell content and the determined shell content was 0.999, with gradients of 0.97 and 0.98 for fine and coarse shell, respectively.
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Waluyo, Joko, Petric Marc Ruya, Dwi Hantoko, Jenny Rizkiana, I. G. B. N. Makertihartha, Mi Yan, and Herri Susanto. "Utilization of Modified Zeolite as Catalyst for Steam Gasification of Palm Kernel Shell." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 16, no. 3 (June 14, 2021): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16.3.10837.623-631.

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Syngas from biomass gasification is being developed for alternative feedstock in the chemical industry. Palm kernel shell which is generated from palm oil industry can be potentially used as raw material for gasification process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of modified natural zeolite catalysts in steam gasification of palm kernel shells. Mordenite type zeolite was modified by acid leaching to be used as a tar cracking catalyst. Steam gasification was conducted at the temperature range of 750–850 °C and the steam to biomass ratio was in the range of 0–2.25. The result showed that steam gasification of palm kernel shell with the addition of zeolite catalyst at 750 °C and steam to biomass ratio 2.25 could reduce tar content up to 98% or became 0.7 g/Nm3. In this study, gasification of palm kernel shells produced syngas with the hydrogen concentration in the range of 52–64% and H2/CO ratio of 2.7–5.7. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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4

Purwanti, Heny, and Titik Penta Artiningsih. "PALM KERNEL SHELL AS AN ALTERNATIVE AGGREGATE ON HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE CONCRETE." Journal of Science Innovare 1, no. 02 (March 13, 2019): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/jsi.v1i02.1004.

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Coarse aggregates commonly used in concrete are coarse natural aggregates, which are broken stones or gravel. Continuous rock exploration can cause environmental damage or even more severe ecosystem damage. Therefore it is necessary to substitute an alternative aggregate. Indonesia has the second largest oil palm plantation (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) in the world after Malaysia. Plantations are renewable resources, so palm oil is also potential to be used as an alternative to diesel fuel. Palm kernel shells are palm oil industry wastes which are generally underutilized. Palm kernel shells can be used as an alternative to coarse aggregate, because oil palm shells have the advantage of being hard, tough and good durability due to the high content of lignin and silica dioxide (SiO2), such as hard wood, but low cellulose content so it is not easy rot. The strength of the palm oil shell is quite good. In addition, the aggregate gradation also fulfills the requirements without a breakdown process, which has a thickness of 2-4 mm and a maximum width of 15 mm. The volume of oil palm shells is + 600 kg/m3, so it will produce significant light weight concrete. The concrete studied was concrete with a coarse aggregate of tenera palm kernel shells, with fine aggregates of natural sand, and a Portland Composite Cement (PCC), but the PCC content was reduced and replaced by FA which varied from 0%, 5%, 10 %, 15%, 20 and 25%. Concrete also added superplasticizer (SP). SP is used to reduce water use, because the shell absorbs water. SP levels also vary, namely 0%, 1%, and 1.2%. The weight of the volume of concrete with various levels of fly ash and SP is 1700-1800 kg/m3, so it can be classified as lightweight concrete. Increased FA levels will increase compressive strength, but only up to 10%, after which the strength decreases. Compressive strength of specimens with SP 0% and FA 10% is 17.92 MPa, for SP levels of 1% and FA 10% is 22.15 MPa, while for SP levels of 1.2% and FA 10% is 19.35 MPa . So that it can be concluded that the palm shell as bio-material (renewable resources) can be used as a substitute for natural coarse aggregates. The optimum fly ash level is 10%, and to reduce water use SP 1%. The use of oil palm shells as a substitute for gravel means reducing the waste of the palm oil industry, while reducing rock exposures. In addition, in Indonesia there are many areas where there are no rock sources while oil palm plantations are quite extensive.
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Norita, Defi, Yandra Arkeman, Muhammad Romli, and Heti Mulyati. "A Modelling of Multi-Objective Sustainability Palm Kernel Supply Chain Based on Hybrid NSGA-II and Reinforcement Learning." International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology 08, no. 07 (2022): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijerat.2022.8.7.4.

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Palm kernel shell supply chain is a partial network of integrated palm oil supply chain network having potential business to be developed in order to reduce waste in the network. Sustainability and uncertainty are important challenges in the supply chain network design to make the business network sustain. This research work aims to design a Strategy of Sustainable Multi-Echelon Supply Chain based on Hybrid NSGA-II and Reinforcement Learning Under Uncertainty in Palm Kernel Shell Material Flow. We design a mathematical model with triple objectives in palm kernel shell supply chain network to meet sustainability criteria with economy, social, and environmental impact from the supply chain. To solve tripe objective function Hybrid NSGA II is designed to reach Pareto optimal solution combined with Reinforcement Learning to reach beneficial solution during optimization processes. The hybrid methodology found 28 alternatives strategy and outperform other method in multi-objective model solution processes. The calculation shows environmental reduction (in kg carbon reduction) to 252 kg and economic impact in complex palm kernel shell supply chain network rather than previous research. The solution also suggests the network configuration fo palm kernel shells material flow.
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Astuti, Erna, Zahrul Mufrodi, Gita Indah Budiarti, Ayu Citra Dewi, and Mar'atul Husna. "Active Charcoal from Palm Kernel Shells as a Catalyst in The Production of Biodiesel." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v9i02.21991.

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Palm kernel shells are one of the main wastes for processing of palm oil. Palm kernel shells are waste that can be used as a catalyst in the biodiesel production. Besides many natural ingredients, the price of catalyst prepared from these materials is also relatively cheap compared to other catalysts, make the biodiesel production more sustainable, and environmentally friendly. This study aims to make activated carbon from palm shell through the process of carbonization and chemical activation. The carbonization process was carried out at 550oC for 3 hours until charcoal was formed. While the activation process was carried out using ZnCl2 activators with concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.25 M, 0.5 M and 1 M which were activated for 4 hours at 90oC. Â Based on the results of the FTIR analysis the presence of O-H and C-O bonds indicates that the carbon produced from the palm kernel shell tends to be polar (volatile). Thus the charcoal produced can be used as catalyst in the biodiesel production. For the SEM test results, it can be seen morphologically that more pore crystals are added and are still brittle at a ZnCl2 concentration of 0.1 M. Based on FTIR and SEM analysis, the best activated charcoal was activated charcoal with a concentration of 0.25 M ZnCl2.
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Astuti, Erna, Zahrul Mufrodi, Gita Indah Budiarti, Ayu Citra Dewi, and Mar'atul Husna. "Active Charcoal from Palm Kernel Shells as a Catalyst in The Production of Biodiesel." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v9i02.21991.

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Palm kernel shells are one of the main wastes for processing of palm oil. Palm kernel shells are waste that can be used as a catalyst in the biodiesel production. Besides many natural ingredients, the price of catalyst prepared from these materials is also relatively cheap compared to other catalysts, make the biodiesel production more sustainable, and environmentally friendly. This study aims to make activated carbon from palm shell through the process of carbonization and chemical activation. The carbonization process was carried out at 550oC for 3 hours until charcoal was formed. While the activation process was carried out using ZnCl2 activators with concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.25 M, 0.5 M and 1 M which were activated for 4 hours at 90oC. Â Based on the results of the FTIR analysis the presence of O-H and C-O bonds indicates that the carbon produced from the palm kernel shell tends to be polar (volatile). Thus the charcoal produced can be used as catalyst in the biodiesel production. For the SEM test results, it can be seen morphologically that more pore crystals are added and are still brittle at a ZnCl2 concentration of 0.1 M. Based on FTIR and SEM analysis, the best activated charcoal was activated charcoal with a concentration of 0.25 M ZnCl2.
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Adlim, Muhammad, Ratu Fazlia Inda Rahmayani, Fitri Zarlaida, Latifah Hanum, Maily Rizki, Nurul Ummi Manatillah, and Omar Muktaridha. "Simple Preparations and Characterizations of Activated-Carbon- Clothes from Palm-Kernel-Shell for Ammonia Vapor Adsorption and Skim-Latex-Odor Removal." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 21, no. 4 (May 25, 2021): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.63570.

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This study explored a simple preparation and characterization of the activated carbon and cloth from the palm kernel shell and compared it to the commercial-water-filter-carbon specification. A new pyrolysis chamber that is easily scaled up using the palm kernel shell itself as a heat source was tested. Two different steps were compared: the alkaline activation process performed before or after the carbonation process in the palm-kernel-shell carbon preparation. The palm-kernel-shell activated carbons prepared with the current method fulfilled the standard quality of activated charcoal except for the ash content. The sequencing step of the preparation affected the adsorption capacity. Instead of the reverse sequence, the soaking palm kernel shells in NaOH before the carbonation process lead to a higher adsorption capacity. The carbon particle stability on the cloth surface was affected by both the adhesive concentration and its size. The ammonia adsorption capacity of activated carbon cloth (ACC) was between 1–4 mg ammonia per g stuck carbon. The preparation and the carbon type source on ACC affected the adsorption capacity. The ACC absorbed and lessened the skim latex odor vapor, nearly odorless depending on the ACC area and the volume of odor vapor.
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9

Persada, Guna Bangun, and Putty Yunesti. "Pengaruh Temperatur, Komposisi Bahan Cangkang Inti Kelapa Sawit dan Konsentrasi Perekat pada Karakteristik Briket Komersial dari Tempurung Kelapa Sawit." Journal of Science and Applicative Technology 4, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.35472/jsat.v4i2.268.

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Briquettes are an essential product for metal mineral processing plants in Indonesia. One good alternative raw materials for briquettes that do not pollute the environment is the palm kernel shell. This research was conducted by making briquettes from palm kernel shells to find optimal variations in carbonization temperature, material mixture, and adhesive mixture. The research was conducted on a laboratory scale. The palm kernel shell and coal kernel were carbonized at various temperatures, namely 450°C, 550°C, and 650°C, then crushed and sieved to 35 mesh. The powdered palm kernel shell and coal that have become powdered charcoal are weighted based on a mixture of powder and the adhesive composition ratio of 40 g. After that, the briquettes were formed under a pressure of 100 kg/cm² on a cylindrical mold with 40 mm. The analyzes carried out were moisture content, ash content, volatile substances content, fixed carbon content, calorific value, compressive strength, density, porosity, and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The results showed that the briquette from the kernel of the palm kernel shell was optimal at a temperature of 550 ° C with a starch adhesive mixture of 7.5%, a pressure of 100 kg/cm², moisture content of 5.34%, an ash content of 5.81%, a substance content. Volatile amounted to 18.77%, 71.08% for fixed carbon, heating value 7125.86 cal/g. Density of 0.78, porosity of 0.04 and strength of 72.56 kg / cm².
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Ulum, Reza Miftahul. "THE PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS OF TREATED-FERRONICKEL SLAG PRODUCED BY ALKALI FUSION AND CARBOTHERMIC PROCESS." Metalurgi 36, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/metalurgi.v36i1.577.

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The utilization of slag as a secondary resource is usually processed by a reduction process with coal reducing agents or by leaching process. However, this study will use palm kernel shell as an alternative reducing agent to substitute coal. Palm kernel shell was chosen as an alternative reducing agent because of their availability in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of palm kernel shell as reducing agent and its concentration (wt.%) to the ferronickel slag reduction process. The initial sample is ferronickel slag which had been proceed by alkali fusion by adding 20 wt.% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as an additive and then roasted. The roasted product is then mixed with palm kernel shell reductant by ratio (sample : reductant), which are 15:85, 20:80, and 25:75 in weight percent. Samples that have been mixed are then compacted using compacting machine. Then the reduction process is carried out using a tube furnace at a temperature of 1100°C for 60 minutes with a heating rate of 10°C/minute. The palm kernel shells were analyzed using ultimate and proximate analysis, while the reduced product is then characterized by SEM-EDS and XRD for further analysis. Based on the results of the characterization, in this study it was found that the reduction process using palm kernel shell produces products in the form of iron metal, magnetite, hematite, and sodium silicate. The optimum reducing agent concentration in this study is by adding 15 wt.% reductant.
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More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Palm kernel shells"

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Zhenyue, Lai. "Pelletisation of biomass oil palm kernel shells for gasification." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1184.

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Palm kernel shells are one of the waste products in the palm oil industry. This work was focused on investigating the properties of pellets made from the palm kernel shells for use in syngas generation through gasification. The strength of the pellets increased with compaction pressure but the strength reached a plateau when the pellets achieved no or near-zero porosities, indicating that the maximum strength was achieved. High compaction speeds and short hold time during the compaction process; high humidity conditions and long storage time during post-production were found to result in lower pellet strengths. These effects were mainly related to the porosities of the pellets, and new modifications of the Ryshkewitch-Duckworth model have been proposed to describe the relationships between the strength and the porosity. The strength of binary pellets made of palm kernel shell and HZSM-5 zeolite decreased with increasing zeolite composition. This decrease was associated with higher porosities and elastic rebound of the pellets in the presence of the zeolite particles. Modifications of the Ryshkewitch-Duckworth model have been proposed to predict the strength of the binary mixture pellet, based on strength at zero porosity and the bonding capacity of zeolite and palm kernel shell.In the gasification studies, the pellets achieved a higher conversion rate from biomass to gaseous products compared to raw palm kernel shells and ground shell powder. The gasification of binary palm kernel shell and HZSM-5 zeolite pellets was proven to be feasible but not as effective in reducing tar from the gaseous products as zeolite added in-situ with raw palm kernel shells. For the same amount of catalyst used, the amount of tar reduced was less when the pelletised form was gasified, compared to that when the raw, ungrounded form was gasified in situ with zeolite. This was probably due to zeolite being trapped within the binary pellet and hence not all the zeolite was available to crack the tar.
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2

Koti, Joël. "Valorisation des coques de noix de palmiste dans la construction des routes à faible trafic." Thesis, Limoges, 2022. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/f79d4974-f3cb-47d7-8a60-ec5e92d65af9/blobholder:0/2022LIMO0062.pdf.

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La production de l’huile de palme génère plusieurs déchets dont les coques de noix de palmistes (CNP). Face à l’épuisement des ressources naturelles, utilisables en technique routière, la valorisation des déchets agricoles comme les coques de noix de palmiste constitue une solution alternative d’avenir pour les pays producteurs du palmier à huile. Cette thèse étudie l’utilisation des coques de noix de palmiste comme agrégat grossier dans la formulation des composites, proposables comme matériaux de couches d’assises des chaussées à faible trafic. La première partie du manuscrit traite de l’élaboration des mélanges des coques de noix de palmiste et de la terre de barre (terre latéritique abondante dans le sud du Bénin) pour une utilisation en couche de fondation. Les proportions volumiques de chaque composite sont déterminées par la loi parabolique de Fuller-Thompson. Au laboratoire, les essais géotechniques sur le sol latéritique et sur les composites ont montré que l’ajout de 61% des CNP à la terre de barre augmente l’indice CBR de 76% à 95% de l’optimum Proctor Modifié. L’ajout de 15% de sable lagunaire dans la formulation a permis de réduire la plasticité de 29%. Ainsi, le composite (39 % de sol latéritique + 61 % de CNP) avec un indice CBR égal à 30 et le composite (45 % de sol latéritique, 40 % de CNP et 15 % de sable de lagune) avec un indice CBR égal à 41 sont utilisables en couche de fondation des routes à faible trafic. La deuxième partie est consacrée au remplacement dans un béton bitumineux semi grenu 0/10 utilisable en couche de roulement des gros granulats classiques par les coques de noix de palmiste. Les différentes compositions granulaires sont obtenues par le modèle d’empilement compressible de De Larrard. La tenue à l’eau, étudiée à travers l’essai de Duriez montre que les CNP peuvent remplacer les granulats grossiers dans les enrobés des chaussées à faible trafic. La valorisation des coques de noix de palmistes en technique routière, constitue une grosse solution technico- économique dans le désenclavement des milieux ruraux des pays tropicaux et surtout pour le transport des produits des zones de production vers celles de transformation et de consommation
The production of palm oil generates several wastes including palm kernel shells (PKS). Facing the depletion of natural resources that can be used in pavement construction, the recovery of agricultural waste such as palm kernel shells is an alternative solution for the future for oil palm producing countries. This thesis studies the use of palm kernel shells as coarse aggregate in the formulation of composites materials. The latter can be used as subbase course materials for low-traffic pavements. The first part of the manuscript deals with the production of mixtures of palm kernel shells and lateritic soil (lateritic soil abundant in the south of Benin) for use as a foundation layer. Parabolic law of Fuller-Thompson is utilized to determine the volume proportions of each composite. In the laboratory, geotechnical experiments on lateritic soil and on composites have shown that the addition of 61% PKS increases the CBR index from 76% to 95% of the Modified Proctor optimum. The addition of 15% lagoon sand in the formulation decreases the plasticity by 29%. Thus, the composites with a CBR index of 30 (39% lateritic soil + 61% PKS) and 41 (45% lateritic soil, 40% PKS and 15% lagoon sand) can be used in the foundation layer for low traffic roads. The second part focuses on the substitution of the traditional coarse aggregates by palm kernel shells in a semi-grained bituminous concrete 0/10. This type of asphalt is usable in surface wearing course. The different granular compositions are obtained by the compressible stacking model of De Larrard. The moisture resistance, studied through the Duriez test, shows that PKS can be a good alternative of coarse aggregates in lightly trafficked pavement mixes. The valorization of palm kernel shells in transportation technology is a major technical and economical solution to provide a better access to the rural areas in tropical countries. Especially, it can be useful for the transport of products from production areas to those of processing and consumption
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3

Okoronkwo, Chijioke David. "Developing sustainable and environmentally friendly building materials in rammed earth construction." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/612020.

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Building rammed earth structures provides a sustainable alternative to concrete. As a building material, rammed earth exhibits very varied physical and material properties depending on the proportion of constituting soil types. When very sandy soil is used in rammed earth production, the properties are different from when a clayey soil is used. This variability can be seen as a very great advantage in the use of rammed earth as a building material. Builders are able to adjust specific properties by changing mix proportions to obtain a desirable balance in the characteristics of the resulting rammed earth structure. This research work looks at selected mechanical and physical properties of different mixes of rammed earth. It describes typical range of values in density, thermal conductivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water ingress and compressive strength. It examines how these factors interrelate in the same soil mixes. Samples were prepared by blending various soil types in specific proportions to ensure that each definition of soil grade is as specific as possible. Unstabilised rammed earth was tested as was cement stabilised rammed earth. Rammed earth was tested at various levels of stabilisation and it was discovered that higher rates of stabilisation was not always beneficial to every material property. The research also looked into the potential disposal of waste materials in rammed earth. As rammed earth is a monolithic material that largely remains undisturbed throughout its life span, it was suggested that waste materials could be stored in an inert form inside of rammed earth rather than dumping it in otherwise agricultural landmass. Pulverised Fuel Ash and Palm Kernel Shells were identified as wastes to be disposed in rammed earth. Pulverised Fuel Ash, a by-product of industrial furnace is found in abundance in developed countries that burn carbonaceous materials in power plants. Disposals have been seen as a problem as only a small proportion of high loss on ignition (LOI) Pulverised Fuel Ash has found application. Palm Kernel Shell is a by-product of the oil palm industry and is currently a menace in many developing countries that need to dispose large quantities of the shell in landfills. At an early stage of the research, experimental trial runs quickly showed that these supposedly waste materials had a positive effect on some of the material properties of the rammed earth walls they were made into. This research effort evolved to look into exploiting these materials to improve the physical and material property of rammed earth and to suggest their effect on stabilised and unstabilised rammed earth. The extent to which these materials could be useful and the level at which diminishing returns set in was also investigated. It was discovered that soil mixes that would otherwise not be considered suitable for use in rammed earth wall production can now be utilised as their characteristics can be improved on simply by adding Pulverised Fuel Ash or Palm Kernel shell in the right proportion. Incorporating Pulverised Fuel Ash in rammed earth resulted in increased compressive strength. Palm Kernel shell improved thermal properties without compromising compressive strength.
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4

Firdaus, Ahmad Hanif, and 歐識賢. "Fast Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell Biomass in Fluidized Bed Reactor." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g6t9ga.

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碩士
國立中央大學
機械工程學系
102
ABSTRACT In this thesis, palm kernel shell (PKS) biomass are pyrolyzed in a fast pyrolysis system using fluidized bed reactor and ceramic balls as fluidizing medium, with CO2 as fluidization gas. The purpose of this research is to find the effect of operating parameters, such as reactor temperature (350º - 550ºC), fluidizing gas flow rate (5-15 liter/min) and heating rates (1, 5, 10 K/min) on the yield of each pyrolysis product (bio-oils, gas, and char). The composition of PKS biomass and their product are investigated according to ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standard methods. The result shows that the maximum bio-oil yield is 20.4 wt.%, occurred at 500ºC and the flow rate of CO2 is 10 liter/min, the other product are char with 36.0 wt.% and gas with 43.6 wt.%. Char decreases with increasing reactor temperature and CO2 flow rate. A opposite, the gas product increases with increasing reactor temperature and CO2 flow rate above 10 liter/min. From TG (thermogravimetry) and DTG (differential thermogravimetry) analysis, the weight loss are generally divided into 3 parts. First, occurred from 100ºC to 220ºC, presented the moisture and extractive evaporations. The second weight loss occurred at 240ºC - 400ºC, the thermal decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose and the third, the weight loss above 400ºC until 900ºC is mainly due to the decomposition of lignin. The DTG curves have two peaks. The first peak is assigned to devolatilization of hemicellulose, while the second peak is cellulose. The effects of the heating rate on the DTG curve and maximum decomposition rate are investigated. At higher heating rates, individual conversions are reached at higher temperatures. For the heating rate of 1 K/min, the first and second peak occurred at 280 ºC and 380ºC. For 5 K/min, they occurred at 305 ºC and 390 ºC. They occurred at 310 ºC and 405 ºC for 10 K/min. The maximum of the decomposition rate is also slightly shifted towards higher temperature. CHNO content of bio oils are 67.70 wt.%, 9.70 wt.%, 0.90 wt.%, and 21.70 wt.%, respectively. Bio-char have high carbon content, around 62.87 wt.%, other elemental compositions are 2.54 wt.% of hydrogen, nitrogen with 0.56 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% for sulfur, and oxygen with 10.80 wt.%. Proximate analysis of PKS bio char gets 23.18 wt.% of ash, 3.30 wt.% of moisture, also HHV, volatile matter, and fixed carbon with 23.56 MJ/kg, 17.86 wt.%, and 58.96 wt.%, respectively. When using CO2 utilized as fluidization gas, the gas product has compositions similar to previous study, and consists mostly of CO2 (Over 50 vol.%), followed by CO, and little amount of CH4 and H2. Keywords: Biomass, palm kernel shell, fast pyrolysis, bio-oil
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5

SUARSANA, PURNA ANUGRAHA, and 安普納. "ANALYSIS OF FAST PYROLYSIS PHENOMENA IN FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR OF PALM KERNEL SHELL (PKS) BIOMASS." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08981004855078481402.

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Abstract:
碩士
國立中央大學
機械工程學系
102
The fast pyrolysis phenomena in fluidized bed reactor of Palm Kernel Shell such as the effect of temperature fluidization gas, velocity fluidization gas and mass flow rate of biomass on product yield of fast pyrolysis PKS biomass were investigated based on the Euler-Euler approach in this work. The temperature of fluidization is varied of 723, 743 and 763K. The velocity of fluidization gas is varied of 0.059, 0.088 and 0.117 m/s. The mass flow rate is varied of 2.42, 3.63 and 4.84 g/s. Result of CFD simulation studies is: the temperature of fluidization gas, velocity of fluidization gas and mass flow rate of biomass is effect on product yield of fast pyrolysis PKS Biomass. The increasing temperature of fluidization gas is lead to increasing of mass fraction tar and decreasing of mass fraction char and gas. At temperature 763K, the mass fraction of tar is 49.26%, mass fraction of char and gas are 27.78% and 22.96%. The increasing velocity of fluidization gas is lead to increasing tar and decreasing mass fraction of char and gas until velocity of 0.088m/s, after that the trend of product yield fast pyrolysis is vice versa. At velocity 0.088m/s, the mass fraction of tar, char and gas are 50.09%, 27.06% and 22.86%. The increasing mass flow rate of biomass is lead to increasing the mass fraction of tar and decreasing mass fraction of char and gas. At the mass flow rate 4.84 g/s, the mass fraction of tar, char and gas are 50.36%, 26.89% and 22.77%. Keywords: Fast pyrolysis, PKS biomass, fluidized bed, product yield
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6

Chen, Chao-Huei, and 陳肇輝. "The Feasibility Study on Thermal Desorption of Contaminated Soil by Using Palm Kernel Shell In-Situ Gasification as Energy Sources." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33974c.

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碩士
國立高雄科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系
107
The soil and groundwater contamination issue caused by the previous industry development gradually attracts the public attention in Taiwan. Thermal desorption is one of the important technology used for remediation of soil contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). Contaminants in the TPH contaminated soil is heated to boiling points and transferred into the gas phase, and then furtherly separated and treated. The current remediation projects which adopted the thermal desorption technology were to use the off-situ thermal desorption facilities in Taiwan. The off-situ treatment should include costs for the contaminated soil transportation and backfill soil and is less considered by the decision maker. In-situ treatment technology has advantages on cost and time saving for the contamination site remediation. The fossil fuel gradually runs out in the world. As well as the use of fossil fuel energy should meet more stringent environmental requirements. As such the search for the alternative energy is a critical and emerging issue. This research is to use biomass fuels, palm kernel shells, as the alternative energy in the thermal desorption technology for treatment of the TPH contaminated soil and to evaluate the efficiency of the in-situ treatment technology. The test method is the contaminated soil indirectly heated to above the boiling points of TPH, and then contaminants are gasified from the soil and transferred into gas phase. Particulates are separated from the gas phase and organic contaminants in the gas phase is furtherly treated by the air pollution control system. The thermal desorption is one of physical remediation technologies and used for treatment of numerous organic soil contaminants with high removal efficiency. The thermal desorption is a technology with high potential to be developed for the contamination remediation in the recent few years. Biomass energy is one of future alternative energies, and better than the wind power and solar energy to be the base load electricity. Therefore, the industry and technology in use of biomass energy for the business operation is more acceptable by the market. Biomass energy used for replacement of fossil fuel can reduce the carbon dioxide emission and greenhouse effect. Based on the verification results, the use of biomass energy can also reduce the emissions of SO2 and NOx and can create a green cycling economy. In the current trend of the energy saving and the environment of reduce carbon, if biomass can be used as one of the alternative energy source of the thermal desorption technology, it will improve the cost efficiency in the soil remediation in the future. The cost of soil treatment with thermal desorption of synthetic gas from palm kernel shell is only about 60% of diesel fuel, which can greatly reduce energy costs and with competitive advantage in soil remediation measures. Its byproducts - carbonized palm kernel shell is one kind of biocoal that can be reused, the idea of treatment method meets the principle of circular economy. It also provides new thinking and application reference for the in-situ method of soil remediation. Key Word：Thermal desorption、Biomass energy、Palm Kernel Shell
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Books on the topic "Palm kernel shells"

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Duff, A., and P. Reupke. Review of the Activated Carbon Industry & Scope for Oil Palm Kernel Shell as a Raw Material. Hyperion Books, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Palm kernel shells"

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Yahayu, Maizatulakmal, Fatimatul Zaharah Abas, Seri Elyanie Zulkifli, and Farid Nasir Ani. "Utilization of Oil Palm Fiber and Palm Kernel Shell in Various Applications." In Sustainable Technologies for the Management of Agricultural Wastes, 45–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5062-6_4.

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Umar, Hadiza A., S. A. Sulaiman, Mior Azman B. Meor Said, and Rabi K. Ahmad. "Palm Kernel Shell as Potential Fuel for Syngas Production." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 263–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5753-8_25.

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Ikumapayi, Omolayo M., and Esther T. Akinlabi. "Image Segmentation and Grain Size Measurements of Palm Kernel Shell Powder." In Advances in Material Sciences and Engineering, 265–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8297-0_29.

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Chen, Chien-Yuan, and Huann-Ming Chou. "The utilization of pyrolysis products from the waste palm kernel shell." In System Innovation in a Post-Pandemic World, 100–102. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003278474-22.

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Chen, Chien-Yuan, Hsi-Shou Lee, and Huann-Ming Chou. "The composition properties of wood vinegar produced from pyrolyzed palm kernel shell waste." In Smart Design, Science and Technology, 100–103. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003188513-24.

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Anyata, B. U., and T. Omotoso. "Palm Kernel Shell as a Filter Material in Economic Treatment of Rural Water." In Advanced Materials Research, 549–55. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-450-2.549.

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Zaman, Nurul Asyikin Binti Badir Noon, Noridah Binti Osman, and Aqsha Aqsha. "Co-pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunches with Palm Kernel Shell, Palm Leaves and Sawdust to Produce Fine Chemicals." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 296–302. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3641-7_35.

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Salehi, Soudeh, Rusmadiah Anwar, Verly Veto Vermol, and Oskar Hasdinor Hassan. "The Significance of Oil Palm Kernel Shell as Pore Former in Ceramic Kiln Firebrick." In Proceedings of the Art and Design International Conference (AnDIC 2016), 43–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0487-3_6.

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Vasudevan, Gunalaan, and Navisha Marimuthu. "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Eggshell Powder and Palm Kernel Shell Powder as Partial Replacement of Cement." In Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, 21–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6560-5_3.

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Hussain, Maham, Lemma Dendena Tufa, Suzana Yusup, Haslinda Zabiri, and Syed A. Taqvi. "Aspen Plus® Simulation Studies of Steam Gasification in Fluidized Bed Reactor for Hydrogen Production Using Palm Kernel Shell." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 628–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6463-0_54.

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Conference papers on the topic "Palm kernel shells"

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Handayani, Ismi, Iramona, Hanifah Widiastuti, and Anggoro Tri Mursito. "Combustion Kinetics of Coal and Raw Palm Kernel Shells Blend." In 2019 2nd International Conference on Applied Engineering (ICAE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icae47758.2019.9221751.

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Zulkania, Ariany, Gita Fitriani, and Irawati Irawati. "Pyrolysis Kinetic Analysis of Palm Kernel Shells Using Free Model Method: Effect of Heating Rate and Iron Ore Catalyst." In 5th International Conference on Advanced Materials Science. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-54j749.

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The use of biomass as an alternative fuel to reduce the use of fossil fuels continues to increase, one of which is palm kernel shell (PKS) waste. This study investigated the pyrolysis reactivity of biomass samples (PKS) through thermogravimetric analysis. In addition, the pyrolysis mechanism is approached through the activation energy determined from the model used. This study utilized palm kernel shells as biomass with the addition of iron ore as a catalyst. The TGA test was carried out with variations in the catalyst composition (0, 10, and 15% of total mass) and heating rates (5, 10, and 15 °C/min) of the pyrolysis process. The kinetic parameter, E, was estimated using the independent model method, namely FWO (Flynn Wall Ozawa) and KAS (Kissinger Akahira Sunose). The study showed that the concentration effect on the conversion rate was almost the same for all concentrations in heating rate of 10 °C/men. The heating rate of 15 °C/min provided the highest conversion rate compared to the other two heating rates. Furthermore, the activation energy values fluctuated in the kinetic analysis using the FWO and KAS methods. Besides, the best fit is obtained from the conversion of 0.2-04 and 0.8-0.9.
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Waluyo, Joko, I. G. B. N. Makertihartha, and Herri Susanto. "Pyrolysis with intermediate heating rate of palm kernel shells: Effect temperature and catalyst on product distribution." In HUMAN-DEDICATED SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT AND PROCESS DESIGN: MATERIALS, RESOURCES, AND ENERGY: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Engineering, Technology, and Industrial Application (ICETIA) 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5042882.

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Dewi, Ratni, Harry Agusnar, Zul Alfian, and Tamrin. "Preparation and Characterization of Biochar from Palm Kernel Shells as an Activated Carbon Precursors with the Pyrolysis Method." In International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008863101520155.

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Isaac Prince, Ekeoma, Adewale Dosunmu, and Chimaroke Anyanwu. "Laboratory Study of Oil Palm Kernel Shells and Mangrove Plant Fiber Banana Trunk Fiber as Lost Circulation Materials in Synthetic Based Drilling Mud." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/198733-ms.

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Dune, Kingdom Kponanyie, Adaobi Stephenie Nwosi-Anele, and Bright Bariakpoa Kinate. "The Potentials of Activated Carbons from Elaeis Guineensis Biomasses for Produced Water Treatment: Harnessing Renewable Resources for Future Oil and Gas Production Enhancement in Africa." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211975-ms.

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Abstract Wastes are produced during petroleum production as well as agricultural operations. The treatment of oilfield produced water (PW) for reuse using activated carbons (ACs) derived from Elaeis Guineensis biomasses was investigated. The biomasses (palm kernel shells, PKS and empty palm bunch, EPB) were prepared and converted to biochars by pyrolysis, and then activated with 0.2M HCl at a temperature of 450°C. The ACs were characterised for pH, bulk density, iodine numbers, ash and moisture contents, particle size, specific surface area, pore volume and size. The characteristics of the adsorbents indicate that iodine numbers ranged from 700.14-1181.48mg/g for EPB; 525.10-918.93mg/g for PKS; ash content ranged from 6.20-6.80% for EPB and 2.00-2.80% PKS. The AC particle sizes were optimized, and 300µm-size for both adsorbents showed good prospects based on iodine number. For this particle size, the mean pore volume and size, and specific surface area acquired using the Quantachrome NovaWin Instruments, version 11.03, were determined as 0.1689 cc/g, 3.102nm, and 1065 m2/g, for EPB, and 0.1353cc/g, 1.956nm and 300 m2/g, for PKS. The SEM results confirmed the surface morphology of the adsorbents, while XRF results showed that the adsorbents have high percentages of compounds of silicon, potassium, carbon, and calcium, but the PKS has no magnesium and barium. The EPB has no barium but 9.6% moles magnesium. Both have very low percentages of the heavy metals, namely, iron, chromium, aluminium, cobalt, zinc, nickel and copper. This implies that the ACs can effectively treat produced water to remove these heavy metal ions.
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Jamaluddin, Muhammad Azim, Khudzir Ismail, Zaidi Ab Ghani, Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak, Siti Shawalliah Idris, Mohd Fauzi Abdullah, Mohammed Faisal Mohammed Yunus, Shawaluddin Tahiruddin, and Noor Irma Nazashida Mohd Hakimi. "Thermogravimetric analysis of Silantek coal, Palm Kernel Shell, Palm Kernel Shell char and their blends during combustion." In Environment (ISESEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isesee.2011.5977108.

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Khairunnas, A., A. Fajar, G. D. Luhuadi, H. Fikri, and S. Haniza. "Palm Kernel Shell sebagai Alternatif Interior Bangunan." In SEMINAR NASIONAL Strategi Pengembangan Infrastruktur ke-3. ITP Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21063/spi3.1017.80-87.

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Okoroigwe, Edmund C., Zhenglong Li, Godwin Unachukwu, Thomas Stuecken, and Christopher Saffron. "Thermochemical Conversion of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) to Bio-Energy." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54690.

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Palm kernel shell is an important by-product of oil palm production. It is often neglected and handled as waste in the product mix of palm oil production. One kilogram of PKS was pyrolized in a bench scale pyrolysis screw reactor at temperature range of 450°C to 500°C in 10mins. The process yielded 61 wt%, 24.5 wt% and 14 wt% bio-oil, bio-char and non condensable flammable gas respectively. Palm Kernel shell is relatively abundant in the tropical West Africa and Asia. Until recently PKS is commonly combusted for cooking purposes which contributes to total GHG emission. The products were characterized by determining their physical and chemical properties using standard methods. The thermochemical conversion shows that there is 29% and 26% increase in the higher heating values and lower heating values (on dry basis) respectively, of the bio-oil obtained when compared with the energy values of the original PKS. Similarly, the HHV of the bio-char is 62% higher than that of the original PKS. In addition the results of the GC-MS analysis of the bio-oil show that it contains useful chemicals that can be harnessed for industrial applications. The ash content of the bio-oil and the original PKS sample are 0.37% and 8.68% respectively, on as received, while the results of the elemental analyses show that there is < 0.08% and < 0.05% sulphur content of the PKS and its bio-oil respectively. This makes the products an environmentally suitable fuels for transportation and power generation. The results of this work show that the products compare well with those of other woody samples used for commercial pyrolysis process. PKS bio-char possesses the potential to be used as industrial absorbent in water treatment and process technology. Hence, PKS can be harnessed as potential future source of bio-energy and Activated carbon, and as such should be given adequate attention as a major product of oil palm processing for sustainable economic development of emerging economies.
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Shamsuddin, Abd Halim, and Mohd Shahir Liew. "High Quality Solid Biofuel Briquette Production From Palm Oil Milling Solid Wastes." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90122.

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Malaysia has about 4.2 million hectares of oil palm plantation. The palm oil milling industry has over 400 mills throughout the country with total milling capacity of 82 million tonnes fresh fruit bunches, FFB, per year. In 2003, the amount of FFB processed was 67 million tonnes, which generated solid wastes in the forms of empty fruit bunches, EFB (19.43 million tonnes), mesocarp fibres (12.07 million tonnes) and palm kernel shell (4.89 million tonnes). These wastes has moisture content of 60–70% for EFB and mesocarp fibre, and 34–40% for palm kernel shell, and calorific value of 5.0 – 18.0 Mj/kg. A processing technology was developed to process these low quality biomass fuels into high quality solid biofuel briquettes with moisture content in the range 8–12%. Depending on the formulations and the sources of the raw biomass, the final solid biofuel briquettes can have calorific values in the range of 18–25 Mj/kg. The production of the solid biofuel briquettes would be an attractive financial advantage for full exploitation of biomass fuels. Logistic problems due to the disperse nature of the biomass resources would significantly be addressed.
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