Journal articles: 'Pallet system'

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Saderova, Janka, Andrea Rosova, Marian Sofranko, and Peter Kacmary. "Example of Warehouse System Design Based on the Principle of Logistics." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 17, 2021): 4492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084492.

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The warehouse process, as one of many logistics processes, currently holds an irreplaceable position in logistics systems in companies and in the supply chain. The proper function of warehouse operations depends on, among other things, the type of the used technology and their utilization. The research in this article is focused on the design of a warehouse system. The selection of a suitable warehouse system is a current research topic as the warehouse system has an impact on warehouse capacity and utilization and on the speed of storage activities. The paper presents warehouse system design methodology that was designed applying the logistics principle-systematic (system) approach. The starting point for designing a warehouse system represents of the process of design logistics systems. The design process consists of several phases: project identification, design process paradigm selection, system analysis, synthesis, and project evaluation. This article’s contribution is the proposed methodology and design of the warehouse system for the specified conditions. The methodology was implemented for the design of a warehouse system in a cold box, which is a part of a distribution warehouse. The technology of pallet racking was chosen in the warehouse to store pallets. Pallets will be stored and removed by forklifts. For the specified conditions, the warehouse system was designed for two alternatives of racking assemblies, which are served by forklifts. Alternative 1—Standard pallet rack with wide aisles and Alternative 2—Pallet dynamic flow rack. The proposed systems were compared on the basis of selected indicators: Capacity—the number of pallet places in the system, Percentage ratio of storage area from the box area, Percentage ratio of handling aisles from the box area, Access to individual pallets by forklift, Investment costs for 1 pallet space in EUR. Based on the multicriteria evaluation, the Alternative 2 was chosen as the acceptable design of the warehouse system with storage capacity 720 pallet units. The system needs only two handling aisles. Loading and unloading processes are separate from each other, which means that there are no collisions with forklifts. The pallets with the goods are operated on the principle of FIFO (first in, first out), which will facilitate the control of the shelf life of batches or series of products. The methodology is a suitable tool for decision-making in selecting and designing a warehouse system.

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Iinuma, Ryosuke, Yusuke Kojima, Hiroyuki Onoyama, Takanori Fukao, Shingo Hattori, and Yasunori Nonogaki. "Pallet Handling System with an Autonomous Forklift for Outdoor Fields." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, no. 5 (October 20, 2020): 1071–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p1071.

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In Japan, the aging and depopulation of its workforce are issues. Therefore, the development of autonomous agricultural robots is required for saving manpower and labor. In this paper, we described an autonomous pallet handling system for forklift, which can automatically unload and convey pallets for harvesting vegetables outdoors. Because of inserting the forks into a narrow pallet hole, accurate pallet posture estimation and accurate control of a forklift and the forks are required. The system can detect the pallet by deep learning based object detection from an image. Based on the results of object detection and measurement by horizontal 3D light detection and ranging (LiDAR), the system accurately estimates a distance as well as horizontal and vertical deviation between the forklift and the pallet in the outside field. The forklift is controlled by sliding mode control (SMC) which is robust to disturbances. Furthermore, the vertical LiDAR scans the pallet for precisely adjusting the height of the fork. The system requires the environment with no or little preparation for the automation process. We confirmed the effectiveness of the system through an experiment. The experiment is assumed that the forklift unloads the pallet from the vehicle as the real task of agriculture. The experimental results indicated the suitability of the system in real agricultural environments.

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Safronov, Eugene, and Andrey Nosko. "A Method to Determine Allowable Speed for a Unit Load in a Pallet Flow Rack." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2019-0011.

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Abstract Pallet flow rack are widely used in intralogistics to maximize warehouse capacity and to reduce the travel by fork-lifts. However, the use of pallet flow racks is associated with increased danger due to the use of gravity conveyors in their design. For this purpose, the gravity conveyors of pallet flow rack have a two safety elements – brake rollers and a stopping mechanism with pallet separator, which are working as a system. Brake rollers limit the speed of pallets, while the stopping mechanism allows exuding a pressure on the unloading pallet from the following behind it. A pallet should have such a speed, controlled by the brake rollers, so that it could be stopped by a stopping mechanism without damaging it. Based on the Cox impact theory, an original method for determining the allowable speed of a pallet in a pallet flow rack is proposed. The method ensures safe operation of the stopping mechanism with pallet separator and takes into account the mechanical properties and design parameters of the pallet separator stopper. A calculation example is provided for the most commonly used types of pallets – Euro pallet (1200 mm × 800 mm) and Industrial pallet (1200 mm × 1000 mm). The obtained results agree well with the pallet speed range of 0.2 to 0.3 m/s recommended by the manufacturers of pallet flow racks.

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Zhao, Wu Yun, Jie Yang, Xue Peng Tang, and Fei Dai. "Design and Simulation Analysis of Compost Pallet Transfer Device of Agaricus bisporus Factory Cultivation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 456 (October 2013): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.456.151.

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In order to transport the agaricus bisporus compost pallet in factory production, Agaricus bisporus compost pallet transfer device was designed, This device had advantages of simple structure and perating reliably and easy to control and so on. It could be able to replace artificial to complete ascension and translation and devolved operations of the agaricus bisporus compost pallet in the cultivation of mushroom house, realized the pallet transport. To introduce the transfer device of agaricus bisporus compost pallets structure and working principle. Which used software of the solidworks for 3D modeling,used software of the Adams to the system for motion simulation, get pallets simulation curve of the location and space trajectory, Verify the performance of the system, For optimization and control of the system actual movement provided an important reference.

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Mongold, Michael B., and Alan W. Johnson. "Pure pallets: effectiveness and efficiency impacts on the defense transportation system." Journal of Transportation Management 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/1143849780.

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The military supply chain must explore initiatives to improve its ability to meet warfighter needs. One initiative, developed during operations in Afghanistan and Iraq is the pure pallet process—by consolidating material early in the supply chain into user-specific pallets, these pallets are able to transit the defense transportation system without being broken down en route, theoretically arriving to the warfighter in less time than prior break-bulk methods required. The pure pallet initiative’s effectiveness and efficiency was assessed by measuring customer requisition wait time, cargo throughput, and revenue performance. It was found that effectiveness increased, without corresponding losses in efficiency.

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Macnish, Andrew J., Malkeet S. Padda, Francine Pupin, Pavlos I. Tsouvaltzis, Angelos I. Deltsidis, Charles A. Sims, Jeffrey K. Brecht, and Elizabeth J. Mitcham. "Comparison of Pallet Cover Systems to Maintain Strawberry Fruit Quality During Transport." HortTechnology 22, no. 4 (August 2012): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.4.493.

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The efficacy of several proprietary plastic pallet cover systems to maintain strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) fruit quality during commercial shipment was determined. ‘Albion’ fruit were harvested from farms near Watsonville, CA. Fruit in vented plastic clamshells were palletized and forced-air cooled to 33–35 °F. Different cover systems (CO2 West, PEAKfresh, PrimePro, Tectrol) were placed over the pallets. Pads that released carbon dioxide (CO2) gas were placed inside the CO2 West cover. The Tectrol cover was sealed to the pallet base, a partial vacuum was applied, and pressurized CO2 gas was injected inside. The systems other than Tectrol remained open at the base. Six separate shipments of palletized fruit were transported in refrigerated (32–39 °F) truck trailers to distribution centers in either Florida or Georgia in 2.3–4.7 days. CO2 concentrations within pallets at the beginning and end of transport were highest (11% to 16%) in the sealed Tectrol system and relatively low (0.06% to 0.30%) in the open CO2 West, PEAKfresh, and PrimePro cover systems. Relative to noncovered control fruit, which lost 0.8% fresh weight during shipment, the pallet covers reduced the transport-related weight loss by 38% to 52%. The incidence of fruit decay was low (1.0% to 1.4%) after transport but increased substantially following a 2-day shelf life at 68 °F. However, fruit from the Tectrol pallets exhibited significantly less decay (36%) after shelf life than the CO2 West (39%), noncovered control (41%), PrimePro (42%), and PEAKfresh (43%) pallets. Fruit sensory quality was unaffected by the different pallet cover systems. Our findings show that transporting strawberries in the sealed Tectrol pallet cover system, in which CO2 concentrations were elevated to 11% to 16%, was most effective in complementing current low temperature management practices to maintain fruit quality.

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Wu, Chun-Ho, Yung-Po Tsang, Carman Ka-Man Lee, and Wai-Ki Ching. "A Blockchain-IoT Platform for the Smart Pallet Pooling Management." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 6310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186310.

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Pallet management as a backbone of logistics and supply chain activities is essential to supply chain parties, while a number of regulations, standards and operational constraints are considered in daily operations. In recent years, pallet pooling has been unconventionally advocated to manage pallets in a closed-loop system to enhance the sustainability and operational effectiveness, but pitfalls in terms of service reliability, quality compliance and pallet limitation when using a single service provider may occur. Therefore, this study incorporates a decentralisation mechanism into the pallet management to formulate a technological eco-system for pallet pooling, namely Pallet as a Service (PalletaaS), raised by the foundation of consortium blockchain and Internet of things (IoT). Consortium blockchain is regarded as the blockchain 3.0 to facilitate more industrial applications, except cryptocurrency, and the synergy of integrating a consortium blockchain and IoT is thus investigated. The corresponding layered architecture is proposed to structure the system deployment in the industry, in which the location-inventory-routing problem for pallet pooling is formulated. To demonstrate the values of this study, a case analysis to illustrate the human–computer interaction and pallet pooling operations is conducted. Overall, this study standardises the decentralised pallet management in the closed-loop mechanism, resulting in a constructive impact to sustainable development in the logistics industry.

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Ren, Jianwei, Chunhua Chen, Hao Xu, and Qingqing Zhao. "An optimization model for the operations of a pallet pool with both radio-frequency identification–tagged pallets and non-tagged pallets." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 168781401774801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017748013.

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In a pallet pool, pallets would be delivered through a supply chain. The operation procedure that consists of at least five operation processes as distribution, reposition, recycling, purchase (or rent), and maintenance is quite complex. These pallets are likely to be damaged, lost, destroyed, and so on. So, it is necessary to monitor the pallets using radio-frequency identification technology. However, there is no literature on the management of a pallet pool with both radio-frequency identification–tagged pallets and non-tagged pallets being put into consideration. In our research, an optimization model is presented to manage such a pallet pool. The objective of the optimization model is to minimize the total operation cost of a pallet pool including distribution cost, reposition cost, recycling cost, purchase or rent cost, loss cost, maintenance cost, loading and unloading cost, storage cost, and punishment cost. A particle swarm optimization algorithm is developed in Microsoft Visual Basic. Our numerical example shows that the optimization model and particle swarm optimization algorithm are effective. It is proved that the model and algorithm also can be used to measure whether the investment of a radio-frequency identification system is valuable or not. We proposed some suggestions for the pallet pools management.

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Mihaila, Lucian Adrian, Gheorghe Stan, Marian Funaru, and Dragoș Andrioaia. "Transmission Ratio Optimization of Electric Driven Palletizing Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 371 (August 2013): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.371.421.

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One of the main objectives in obtaining high productivity on machining centers is the reduction of auxiliary times consumed with the tool and workpiece change. In the case of workpiece change the auxiliary time is reduced by adopting the use of an automatic pallet changer system and implicitly of pallets, while in the case of tool change this time is reduced using an automatic tool changer system. The optimization of the constructive and functional parameters of palletizing systems, in the purpose of decreasing auxiliary times, implies increased speed and accelerations, inertia reduction, an optimum transmission ratio, component mechanisms coupled movements, increasing the positioning accuracy of the pallet on the machine table. This paper presents the methodology of transmission ratio optimization of an electric driven pallet changer mechanism, the main purpose is to obtain the maximum acceleration. In order to find the maximum acceleration of the electric driven pallet changing mechanism considered, and thus minimizing the total changing time, we use the equilibrium equation of the moments reduced to the motor shaft. Following the proposed methodology we obtain the maximum acceleration of the considered pallet changer mechanism. Also we issue some constructive indications for future designing of electric driven pallet changer mechanisms.

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Inaba, Susumu. "Automatic Pallet fork transport system-Automatic Pallet-Robot-." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 58, no. 5 (2004): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.58.671.

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Zhou, Kang, Shiwei He, Rui Song, Weichuan Yin, and Lingyan Cheng. "Optimization of Empty Pallets Dispatching Based on Different Transportation Modes." Journal of Systems Science and Information 5, no. 2 (June 8, 2017): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2017-097-14.

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Abstract In the pallet pool system, the differentiation of palletized freight volumes in different regions and seasonal transport of certain goods lead to the imbalance of pallets distribution among regions. It is necessary to improve the utilization of pallets through dispatching. The paper analyzes the factors which affect empty pallets dispatching, it includes carbon emission, transportation time and pallet type based on the pallet pool mode of enterprise alliance. On this basis, the optimization model is established with the goal of minimum total dispatching cost. Then, according to the different influences of railway and highway in transportation cost, the dispatching scheme is analyzed and the transportation mode of empty pallets dispatching is determined. Considering the characteristics of model, Cplex is used to solve it. Finally, a case is used to verify the feasibility and superiority of reasonable empty pallets dispatching in different transportation modes, and the transport characteristics of two transportation modes are analyzed. Moreover, the costs of pallets leasing and dispatching are compared.

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Khan, Md Musharof Hussain, Ivan Deviatkin, Jouni Havukainen, and Mika Horttanainen. "Environmental impacts of wooden, plastic, and wood-polymer composite pallet: a life cycle assessment approach." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, no. 8 (July 13, 2021): 1607–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01953-7.

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Abstract Purpose Waste recycling is one of the essential tools for the European Union’s transition towards a circular economy. One of the possibilities for recycling wood and plastic waste is to utilise it to produce composite product. This study analyses the environmental impacts of producing composite pallets made of wood and plastic waste from construction and demolition activities in Finland. It also compares these impacts with conventional wooden and plastic pallets made of virgin materials. Methods Two different life cycle assessment methods were used: attributional life cycle assessment and consequential life cycle assessment. In both of the life cycle assessment studies, 1000 trips were considered as the functional unit. Furthermore, end-of-life allocation formula such as 0:100 with a credit system had been used in this study. This study also used sensitivity analysis and normalisation calculation to determine the best performing pallet. Result and discussion In the attributional cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment, wood-polymer composite pallets had the lowest environmental impact in abiotic depletion potential (fossil), acidification potential, eutrophication potential, global warming potential (including biogenic carbon), global warming potential (including biogenic carbon) with indirect land-use change, and ozone depletion potential. In contrast, wooden pallets showed the lowest impact on global warming potential (excluding biogenic carbon). In the consequential life cycle assessment, wood-polymer composite pallets showed the best environmental impact in all impact categories. In both attributional and consequential life cycle assessments, plastic pallet had the maximum impact. The sensitivity analysis and normalisation calculation showed that wood-polymer composite pallets can be a better choice over plastic and wooden pallet. Conclusions The overall results of the pallets depends on the methodological approach of the LCA. However, it can be concluded that the wood-polymer composite pallet can be a better choice over the plastic pallet and, in most cases, over the wooden pallet. This study will be of use to the pallet industry and relevant stakeholders.

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Cheng, Chun-Der, Hsi-Hsun Tsai, and Yi-Ling Liao. "Investigation of the Large-Scale Pallet by Recycled Polypropylene and the Sequential Valve Gate System during the Injection Molding." Advances in Polymer Technology 2021 (April 26, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6692133.

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Plastic pallets are essential devices for the transport of industrial products within containers and can be made from recycled plastics to be more environmentally friendly. However, numerous thin reinforcing ribs are required to mold such large-size pallets, thereby requiring a large-scale injection-molding machine. Many filling gates can reduce the welding lines to enhance the structural strength of the pallet to achieve injection molding using a lower locking force machine. This study simulated the production of recycled polypropylene plastic pellets using a 3500-ton super-large injection-molding machine and the Moldex3D package to derive the flow analysis of the moldability. The PTC Creo software is used to construct plastic pallets ( 1100 mm × 1100 mm × 140 mm ), filled by twelve gates using a baffle cooling system. During the four-stage filling of the sequential valve gate system, the flow front spreads from the central gate to the four corners of the pallet, decreasing the number of welding lines, with an average filling pressure of 19.23 MPa by a sequential valve gate scheme which is approximately 65% of the concurrent valve gate opening scheme. The maximum clamping force by this sequential valve gate opening scheme in the molding of plastic pallet is 874.6 tons, only half of the one by concurrent valve gate opening scheme. The average welding angle was 85.7° in the concurrent valve gate opening scheme, with smaller angles than that of the sequential gates controlled scheme. The maximum temperatures during the filling by the two schemes with the concurrent valve gates opened and the sequential gates controlled were 230.5 and 232.5°C, respectively. The sequential valve gate opening scheme’s warpages are smaller than the ones by the concurrent valve gate opening scheme. The warpages of the pallet by the sequential valve gate system are smaller than the ones by the concurrent valve gate system. A higher temperature of the cooling channel and a medium level of cooling time result in lower warpage of the pallet.

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Zhong, Geng Lei, Yi Hua Feng, and Min Liu. "Development of RFID Cigarette Pallet Warehouse System." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 2995–3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.2995.

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This paper introduces the main application of cigarette pallet warehouse system and RFID pallet. The function of a whole stack of pieces of cigarette combined with the cigarette pallet warehouse system was simulated, such as: input, output, inventory, stock transfer and so on. The key part of the system is the use of RFID reader and tag.

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Zheng, Yang Fa, and Tie Nan Wang. "Experiment Study on Accessories Matching of Anchor Bolt Support System in Coal Mine-A Case Study." Advanced Materials Research 997 (August 2014): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.546.

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Reasonable matching with each accessories’ mechanical adaptability of anchor bolting system is the basis for the protection of support effect in roadways. In this paper, taking Huozhou mine area for example, load process of four kind of bolt bars with different spec, bearing capacity of circular pallets, and transformation test of bolts pretension moment were compared and analyzed by loading method in laboratory. The results show that, pallet arch structure significantly impact on its bearing capacity. the two kind spec of circular pallets’ bearing capacity were not sufficient to match tensile force requirements of the high strength bolt, the pallet arch height needs to increase to meet the high load demand. Various anti-friction components significantly improve pretension transformation for bolt moment, in which, nylon gasket can increase the conversion efficiency with more than 30%, and the steel ball bearing with one multiple nearly.

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Accorsi, Riccardo, Giulia Baruffaldi, Riccardo Manzini, and Chiara Pini. "Environmental Impacts of Reusable Transport Items: A Case Study of Pallet Pooling in a Retailer Supply Chain." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (June 4, 2019): 3147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113147.

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Manufacturing, storage, and transportation processes are typically facilitated by pallets, containers, and other reusable transport items (RTIs) designed to guarantee many cycles along a lifespan of several years. As a consequence, both supply and reverse transportation of RTIs need to be managed to avoid stockout along the supply chain and the unsustainable production of new tools from virgin materials. This paper focuses on the business of pallet management by analyzing the transport operations of a pallet pooling network serving a large-scale nationwide retailer. The pooler is responsible for supplying, collecting, and refurbishing pallets. The combination of the pooler’s management strategies with different retailer network configurations results in different pooling scenarios, which are assessed and compared in this paper through a what-if analysis. The logistical and environmental impacts generated by the pallet distribution activities are quantified per each scenario through a tailored software incorporating Geographic Information System (GIS) and routing functionalities. Findings from this analysis suggest how to reduce vehicle distance traveled (vehicles-km) by 65% and pollutant emissions by 60% by combining network infrastructures and pooling management strategies—identifying an empirical best practice for managers of pallet businesses.

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Lin, Xing Zhi. "Unified Traceability Information System of Logistics Pallet Based on the Internet of Things." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 1181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.1181.

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The paper focuses on the intelligent logistics pallet, networking, traceability information technology and unified logistics information system, and puts forward unified traceability information system of intelligent logistics pallet based on the Internet of things (IOT), displaying innovative system realization method and technical system. IOT intelligent logistic pallet traceability system is an integrated fusion application of RFID, GIS, GPS, computer telecommunication integration together with Internet technology; in system design and implementation, TOT and RFID coupling mechanism, CTI and API interface programming are adopted for construction of three intelligent system service architecture of logistics pallet traceability system including application, business and physics; in the logistics pallet regular operation, reading and writing RFID equipments, labels and telecommunications network, Internet, and other unified information communication mode are fused into the intelligent logistics information system, so as to realize the intelligent logistics pallet identity identification and traceability function. The system test output results indicate that, intelligent logistics pallet unified information system is equipped with intelligent recognition, management and tracing function and business process reengineering capacity including production promotion, distribution, transport logistics and allocation.

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Li, Jiannan, Brad Jianhe Wang, and Junwen Zhou. "The reliability-based design and optimization procedures for a heavy-duty pallet system." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 168781401775175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017751752.

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Shipping heavy-duty goods or equipment is being a new sector recently, and the pallet is rather important. In this article, a comparison of various materials revealed that laminated veneer lumber was ideal for heavy-duty packaging industry. For various pallets with random parameters, a hybrid reliability optimization design method was proposed, which aimed to provide an effective computational tool for reliability design of pallet system. With first-order second-moment method, the separation and combination of component and system failure probabilities were obtained. Several case studies were included to illustrate the computational procedures, as well as to discuss the effects of dimension and quantity of members. Using design of experiment method, the sensitivities of each parameter were significant, and the optimization of whole system was realized. To reduce the cost, recycling and standardization were worth considering in the future.

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Mihaila, Lucian Adrian. "Material Handling Mechanisms Used in Flexible Manufacturing Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 245 (December 2012): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.245.197.

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In small and medium batch series manufacturing the small tool and workpiece changing time is one of the main objectives to follow in obtaining high productivity. These auxiliary times are defined as the times consumed with preparing and changing the next tool or workpiece to follow the machining process, times that usually overlap the machining process. For this purpose machining centres are equipped with an automatic tool changer system and an automatic pallet changer system. The palletizing systems imply eliminating the times consumed with the alignment, fixing and clamping of the workpieces, these systems consisting of several mechanisms: the pallet, the automatic pallet changing mechanism, the positioning mechanism and the pallet clamp/unclamp mechanism. In this paper we present an general overview of the automatic pallet changing mechanisms used both in flexible manufacturing systems and machining centres.

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Zheng, Xuan, and Guo Rong Cao. "Research on Standardized Design Method of the Size of Corrugated Box." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 579–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.579.

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Based on standard pallet sizes, paper puts forward the calculation method of corrugated box which is fit for the the standard pallet sizes. This method can improve the utilization rate of pallet area, reduce logistics costs, promote the widespread using of standard pallet, and have realistic meanings to establish pallet exchange system.

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Kubota, Naoyuki, Yusuke Nojima, Fumio Kojima, Toshio Fukuda, and Susumu Shibata. "Path Planning and Control for a Flexible Transfer System." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, no. 2 (April 20, 2000): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0103.

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We studied intelligent control of self-organizing manufacturing system (SOMS) composed of modules that self-organize based on time-series information from other modules and environment. Modules create output through interaction with other modules. We discuss intelligent control and path planning in a manufacturing line of conveyer units and machining centers. Genetic algorithm are applied to conveyor pallet path planning in global decision making and learning automaton is applied to local conveyer decision making. We use simplified fuzzy inference to control pallets providing interval, verifying its feasibility by simulation.

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Hrabovský, Leopold, and David Dluhoš. "Calibration of Transducers and of a Coil Compression Spring Constant on the Testing Equipment Simulating the Process of a Pallet Positioning in a Rack Cell." Open Engineering 9, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0072.

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AbstractIn a parking house with KOMA TOWER computer-controlled automated parking system it happens that a control system is locked out of service after a pallet has failed to reach the required position during the shifting of pallets, loaded with cars, into rack cells.In this paper is described testing equipment designed by the Institute of Transport, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VŠB Technical University of Ostrava for the purpose of simulating the process of pallets shifting into the rack cells in order that the frequency of error messages from the control system during the automated process of cars positioning in rack cells in the parking house may be limited.The paper details two completed parts of the designed testing equipment which provide for the calibration of strain-gauge force transducers and for the detection of coil compressive spring compression in relation to acting pressure force.The description of the third, principal design part will be provided in the next paper, together with the experimentally measured acting forces which generate, in both horizontal and vertical directions, as a pallet brake pulley rolls along a brake haunch length.

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Deviatkin, Ivan, Musharof Khan, Elizabeth Ernst, and Mika Horttanainen. "Wooden and Plastic Pallets: A Review of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Studies." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 17, 2019): 5750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205750.

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Pallets are the tiny cogs in the machine that drive transportation in the global economy. The profusion of pallets in today’s supply chain warrants the investigation and discussion of their respective environmental impacts. This paper reviews the life cycle assessment studies analyzing the environmental impacts of pallets with the intent of providing insights into the methodological choices made, as well as compiling the inventory data from the studies reviewed. The study is a meta-analysis of eleven scientific articles, two conference articles, two peer-reviewed reports, and one thesis. The review was implemented to identify the key methodological choices made in those studies, such as their goals, functional units, system boundaries, inventory data, life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) procedures, and results. The 16 studies reviewed cumulatively analyzed 43 pallets. Mostly pooled (n = 22/43), block-type (n = 13/43), and wooden (n = 32/43) pallets with dimensions of 1219 mm × 1016 mm or 48 in. × 40 in. (n = 15/43) were studied. Most of the studies represented pallet markets in the United States (n = 9/16). Load-based (e.g., 1000 kg of products delivered), trip-based (e.g., 1000 trips), and pallet-based (e.g., one pallet) functional units were declared. A trip-based functional unit seems the most appropriate for accounting of the function of the pallets, as its purpose is to carry goods and facilitate the transportation of cargo. A significant amount of primary inventory data on the production and repair of wooden and plastic pallets are available, yet there are significant variations in the data. Data on pallets made of wood–polymer composites was largely missing.

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Green, James L., James A. Robbins, and Bruce A. Briggs. "A CLOSED, INSULATED PALLET PRODUCTION SYSTEM." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 569f—569. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.569f.

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A closed, insulated, pallet production system (CIPPS) has been designed to meet current challenges: 1) Elimination of production related pollution. 2) Reduction and conservation of resources. 3) Improvement of working conditions. 4) Alternatives to pesticides. 5) Prevention of temperature extremes and rapid temperature fluctuations in the plant environment. Biological feasibility of CIPPS was established in research on pathogen epidemiology, water and fertilize efficiency, plant growth and development in CIPPS. Water and fertilizer ion movement-removal in the closed system was plant-driven in response to growth and transpiration; water and fertilizer use in CIPS was 10% of that applied to open containers. Growth of 28 plant species ranging from herbaceous annuals to woody perennials was greater in CIPPS than in control, individual containers. Phytophthora cinnamomi did not spread from inoculated to noninoculated plants within CIPPS. Inoculation with nonpathogenic bacteria increased plant growth (gfw) in CIPPS but not in open plant containers.

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d’Hont, Susan. "Smart pallet system improves warehouse productivity." Sensor Review 16, no. 4 (December 1996): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000004280.

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ENOEDA, Seiji, Youichi YOSHINAGA, Yoshiaki NISHINA, and Hirohumi ISHIKAWA. "Development of Pallet Sorter Warehousing System." Proceedings of the Transportation and Logistics Conference 2003.12 (2003): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetld.2003.12.143.

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Silva-Faundez, Joaquin Alder, Cristian Duran-Faundez, Pedro Melin, and Cristhian Aguilera. "An Anticipatory Control for a Flexible Manufacturing System Based on the Perception of Mobile Units Using WSNs." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 10, no. 5 (July 24, 2015): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2015.5.634.

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In this paper, we design and evaluate a control system which, by using as input RSSI measures, allows anticipatory movements of robotic arms decreasing idle times at the CIMUBB Laboratory. Classical Log-Normal model, which relates the strength of a signal received by a node with the distance at which the sender of the signal is, was adopted. The hidden state of the system is determined by the Extended Kalman filter which allows us to estimate the distance and the speed of pallets moving over a closed-loop conveyor belt. From these estimates, remaining time in which the pallet will get to a stopping point near the robot is determined. This information is finally processed by a controller to determine the instant at which the robot must operate and handle the pallet. Both, a Proportional-Integral and a Fuzzy controller, were implemented and evaluated. Results show the feasibility of using wireless signals to accomplish the described goal, with some practical restrictions.

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Zhou, Fuli, and Yandong He. "Pallet Scheduling Models Under Deterministic and Non-Deterministic Scenarios Using a Hybrid GA Method." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 13, no. 2 (April 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.2021040101.

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This study examines the pallet scheduling problem considering random demands under the novel pallet operation mechanism by resources sharing among the pallet sharing system. Two nonlinear integer pallet scheduling models under deterministic and non-deterministic environment are formulated in terms of the pallet demand variable. To solve the pallet programming model, the hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) integrating local search strategy is designed to derive the optimal pallet scheduling solution. Besides, the fixed sample size sampling strategy is employed to deal with the uncertain demand during the non-deterministic programming model, realized by the Monte Carlo simulation. The two models can assist decision makers arrange a scientific pallet scheduling solution under deterministic and non-deterministic atmosphere. Finally, the numerical case is implemented to testify the effectiveness of the two models and efficiency of the hybrid algorithms.

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Mihăilă, Lucian, and Gheorghe Stan. "Structural Optimization of an Automatic Pallet Changer Mechanism Using the Tree-Graph Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 657 (October 2014): 834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.657.834.

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In this article we present a methodology of minimizing the number of movements performed by an existent pallet changer mechanism attached to an horizontal machining centre. After analysing the existent pallet changer mechanism along with the machining centre we obtained new optimized constructive alternatives regarding the number of movements performed by the pallet changer. After applying the tree-graph method we had optimized structurally the considered pallet changer mechanism and obtained the constructive configuration which performs the least movements in order to change the pallet. The small number of movements of the resulted pallet changer mechanism helps the design engineer to choose the most simple structure which reflects positively in the production cost. The minimum movements number obtained by making use of this method will lead to a simplification of the driving, command and control system of the pallet changer mechanism.

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Koekemoer, Martin, and Igor Gorlach. "Development of a reconfigurable pallet system for a robotic cell." MATEC Web of Conferences 210 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821002003.

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Advanced manufacturing systems allow rapid changes of production processes by means of reconfigurability providing mass customisation of products with high productivity, quality and low costs. Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems (RMS) employ conventional as well as special purpose CNC machines, robots and material handling systems. In customised automated assembly, a number of different workpieces need to be processed simultaneously at various workstations according to their process plans. Therefore, a material handling system is an important part of RMS, whose main task is to provide reliable, accurate and efficient transfer of materials according to the process scheduling, without bottlenecks and stoppages. In this research, a reconfigurable pallet system was developed to facilitate automated robotic assembly for a highly customised production environment. The aim is to design a material handling system for conveying, sorting and processing of parts, which are supplied by robots and part feeders in different configurations. The developed pallet system provides a low-cost solution and it includes four flexible conveyors and part handling devices. All the elements of the system were successfully integrated with an intelligent controller. A user-friendly human machine interface provides easy reconfigurability of the pallet system and interfacing with robots, processing stations and part feeding sub-systems. The main advantages of the developed material handling system are the ease of operation, its reconfigurability and low-cost. The system demonstrates the advantages of reconfigurable material handling systems and it can be employed for training purposes.

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Li, Guo Ping, Li Sheng Shu, and Lu Wei Wang. "The Hydraulic Anti-Skid System of an Electric Pallet Truck." Advanced Materials Research 428 (January 2012): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.428.19.

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Aiming to avoid the skidding of a moving electric pallet truck, a new anti-skid method was proposed in this paper, which changes the proportion of enduring pressure between the driving wheel and trundles of the electric pallet truck. And a hydraulic anti-skid system was built up according to this method. Based on the theoretical analysis of the hydraulic anti-skid system, simulations were carried out by using AMESim and Matlab/Simulink software, and the anti-skid experiments were implemented. The results of simulations and experiments all show that the designed hydraulic anti-skid system can prevent trucks from slipping and can realize accurate and real-time anti-skid control.

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Oh, Ji-Youn, Hyeung-Sik Choi, Sung-Hun Jung, Hwan-Seong Kim, and Hee-Young Shin. "Development of Pallet Recognition System using Kinect Camera." International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2014): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijmue.2014.9.4.24.

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Wang, Xue Jiao, Ming Hua Bai, Su Bo Ren, and Jian Wei Chen. "The Discuss about the New Approach of the Structural Layout of Belt Type Sintering Machine." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 2058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.2058.

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Existing sintering machine for controlling of arch camber is not ideal. The usual way is by means of the hydraulic system to balance the excess thrust what is caused arching. For this reason, the paper considers to change the structure layout of belt sintering machine ,so that eliminate the arch camber by itself. So improvement of process layout of 60㎡ sintering machine has been made, and thus deduced the expression and got the limen formula of the thrust force which the back sprocket wheel drive lower pallet cars. At the same time, through the analysis and compute got driving moment of lower pallet cars, which caused by four pallet cars from back sprocket wheel. According to equation of mechanical equilibrium to eliminate the arch of pallet cars, determine the suitable angle after sintering machine has been improved to solve the problem about arch pallet cars completely.

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Read, Scott Jeremy. "Packaging of Tier 3 Oil Spill Equipment for a Faster Response." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-1219.

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ABSTRACT To mount an effective world wide response, oil spill clean-up equipment and experienced personnel need to quickly reach the scene. The distance and often remoteness of the incident from an International response centre (Tier 3) dictates that to achieve this rapid response air transport will be required. Speed, flexibility and frequency of scheduled flights combined with increased availability on the charter market have made air transport a realistic option to most areas of the world. Chartered aircraft are most likely to be side-loading cargo jets and as such response equipment needs to be suited both in size and ease of loading/offloading. To assist in the air transportation of response equipment, a specialised aircraft pallet system has been developed. The system comprises of four pallet modules per aircraft pallet station which have been profiled to fit within the most commonly used cargo jets. Pre-packing the pallet modules decreases loading times considerably, they can also be declared as known cargo helping move them through the air cargo security procedures. An assessment of type and quantity of equipment required will be made before dispatch, these small packages present maximum flexibility and allow “mix and match” of different pallet modules to create the final load. The modules can be delivered to airports with low capacity offloading equipment. This is enhanced by a specialist self build rapid equipment delivery and deployment system.

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Korol, Jerzy, Aleksander Hejna, Dorota Burchart-Korol, Błażej Chmielnicki, and Klaudiusz Wypiór. "Water Footprint Assessment of Selected Polymers, Polymer Blends, Composites, and Biocomposites for Industrial Application." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111791.

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This paper presents a water footprint assessment of polymers, polymer blends, composites, and biocomposites based on a standardized EUR-pallet case study. The water footprint analysis is based on life cycle assessment (LCA). The study investigates six variants of EUR-pallet production depending on the materials used. The system boundary included the production of each material and the injection molding to obtain a standardized EUR-pallet of complex properties. This paper shows the results of a water footprint of six composition variants of analyzed EUR-pallet, produced from biocomposites and composites based on polypropylene, poly(lactic acid), cotton fibers, jute fibers, kenaf fibers, and glass fibers. Additionally, a water footprint of applied raw materials was evaluated. The highest water footprint was observed for cotton fibers as a reinforcement of the analyzed biocomposites and composites. The water footprint of cotton fibers is caused by the irrigation of cotton crops. The results demonstrate that the standard EUR-pallet produced from polypropylene with glass fibers as reinforcement can contribute to the lowest water footprint.

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Du, Dong, Jun Ying Zhao, Jian Yuan Lu, Cheng Sheng Wang, and Feng Chuang Yu. "The Design of Industrial Robot Sorting and Pallet System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.1009.

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industrial assembly line development in the direction of automation and flexibility. Not only more and more automated machinery and more industrial manipulator into the production line. Manipulator instead of artificial heavy labor, realize mechanization, automation and flexibility production process. But in the process of production, first of all to the parts, then is all kinds of processing actions. So, will the application of automatic identification in combination with manipulator is very necessary. This paper introduces a can demonstrate the technology training equipment, from the development of the technology are integrated into the software are introduced. Hope that this technology can be widely used in industrial production.

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M. D. Boyette and R. P. Rohrbach. "A Low-cost, Portable, Forced-air Pallet Cooling System." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 9, no. 1 (1993): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25971.

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IYAMA, Toshirou, Masahiro MIZUNO, Jyunnichi TAMAKI, and Eisuke SATO. "Pallet Input Control for a Closed Loop Production System." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 67, no. 655 (2001): 866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.67.866.

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Elia, Valerio, and Maria Grazia Gnoni. "Designing an effective closed loop system for pallet management." International Journal of Production Economics 170 (December 2015): 730–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.05.030.

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Wu, Jun, Jianwei Ren, Bo Liu, and Tianwei Lu. "Deterministic and multi-scenario models for pallet allocation over a pallet pool in a city joint distribution system." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 7, 2016): 168781401562369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814015623693.

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Aylak, Batin Latif, Murat İnce, Okan Oral, Gürsel Süer, Najat Almasarwah, Manjeet Singh, and Bashir Salah. "Application of Machine Learning Methods for Pallet Loading Problem." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 8304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188304.

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Because of continuous competition in the corporate industrial sector, numerous companies are always looking for strategies to ensure timely product delivery to survive against their competitors. For this reason, logistics play a significant role in the warehousing, shipments, and transportation of the products. Therefore, the high utilization of resources can improve the profit margins and reduce unnecessary storage or shipping costs. One significant issue in shipments is the Pallet Loading Problem (PLP) which can generally be solved by seeking to maximize the total number of boxes to be loaded on a pallet. In many previous studies, various solutions for the PLP have been suggested in the context of logistics and shipment delivery systems. In this paper, a novel two-phase approach is presented by utilizing a number of Machine Learning (ML) models to tackle the PLP. The dataset utilized in this study was obtained from the DHL supply chain system. According to the training and testing of various ML models, our results show that a very high (>85%) Pallet Utilization Volume (PUV) was obtained, and an accuracy of >89% was determined to predict an accurate loading arrangement of boxes on a suitable pallet. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of all the results on the basis of a comparison of several ML models is provided in order to show the efficacy of the proposed methodology.

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Hsu, Shu-Tsung, Yean-San Long, and Teng-Chun Wu. "A NEW TEST METHOD FOR SHIPPING PALLETS OF SOLAR PRODUCTS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 40, no. 4 (November 2016): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2016-0036.

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The photovoltaic (PV) industry is expanding rapidly to meet the growing renewable-energy demands globally. The failure-rate analysis indicated that a large portion of the accelerated PV module qualification failures were related to the failure of PV cell itself, which was leading to the yield loss of PV products during shipping or transportation. Therefore, the damaged cell (or module) caused by shipping is always one of the serious problems to impact the long-term reliability of PV product. This paper aims to propose a new test method of reliability evaluation for shipping pallet of solar product. The first scenario is the test pallet shipped in fab (e.g., fork-lift truck or hand-pallet truck). The second scenario is the test pallet transported from fab to fab by different vehicle (e.g., truck, train, aircraft, and shipboard). Consequently, detailed results were applied to SEMI Doc. 5431 and released as SEMI PV56-1214 by voting in December 2014. The solar cell/module/system makers and buyers, or any other party interested like package design, can thus have a common document to refer to when desired.

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Müller, Martin, Nicola Kimiaie, Andreas Glüsen, and Detlef Stolten. "The Long Way of Achieving a Durability of 20,000 h in a DMFC System." Advances in Science and Technology 93 (October 2014): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.93.56.

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Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) are an attractive power source for applications in the low kW-range like pallet trucks or uninterruptable power supplies. A significant problem during the past years, however, was the limited durability of DMFC systems. While single cells could be operated for thousands of hours, DMFC systems degraded significantly often within less than 1,000 hours.In an evolution of six generations of DMFC systems in the kW power range over the past decade, we identified the main reasons for degradation. Causes for fast degradation had to be removed first in order to identify what leads to slower degradation over several hundreds or thousands of hours. Interactions of cells and system components also had to be considered.As a result, the operating conditions of all cells must be carefully controlled by suitable operating algorithms and reproducible manufacturing technologies, in order to avoid high potentials on the anode, which would lead to ruthenium corrosion and subsequent poisoning of the cathode catalyst. All components of the stack and the peripheral system must be corrosion-proof and free from contaminants that might leach into the membranes. Finally, a DMFC system for a pallet truck was operated in a realistic load cycle for 20,000 hours.

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., Setu Dabhi. "DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC PALLET SYSTEM IN CHAIN CONVEYOR." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 04 (April 25, 2014): 954–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0304170.

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Pouramini, Ahmad. "An Online System for Detecting Bending in a Pallet Car." International Journal of Computer Applications 152, no. 10 (October 17, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016911835.

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Won, Jong Un, Yonghoon Choi, and Jong Heung Park. "Pallet management system based on RFID in the postal logistics." International Journal of Services Operations and Informatics 1, no. 4 (2006): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsoi.2006.012159.

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Atapin, V. G., and A. A. Bataev. "Pallet Optimization of the Heavy Rotary Table Load Carrying System." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 126 (April 2016): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/126/1/012011.

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Chiu, Yi-Chich, Din-Sue Fon, and Gang-Jhy Wu. "Development of an Automatic Pallet Handling System for Seeded Trays." Biosystems Engineering 93, no. 2 (February 2006): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2005.12.001.

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Ali, Mohammed. "Impact of Routing and Pallet Flexibility on Flexible Manufacturing System." Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management 13, no. 3 (September 2012): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40171-012-0016-3.

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Handoko, Fourry, Catrien Paula, Sutanto Hidayat, Endah Kusuma Rastini, Maranatha Wijayaningtyas, and Prima Vitasari. "A green-based manufacturing system to solve pallet shortage problems." Heliyon 7, no. 4 (April 2021): e06823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06823.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pallet system'

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