Journal articles: 'Palladium'

1

Raphael Cabral, A., and B. Lehmann. "A two-stage process of native palladium formation at low temperatures: evidence from a palladian gold nugget (Gongo Soco iron ore mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil)." Mineralogical Magazine 67, no. 3 (June 2003): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461036730110.

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AbstractNative palladium is rare and occurs in oxidizing environments (hematite stability field) and consistently has very low contents of other metals. On the other hand, gold may contain significant amounts of alloyed palladium. A nugget of palladian gold, obtained from a specularite-rich auriferous vein (‘jacutinga’) of the Gongo Soco iron ore mine, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, allows the definition of a paragenetic sequence of native palladium formation. The cm-sized nugget is brecciated and consists of fragments of palladian gold [Au0.79Pd0.09Cu0.07Ag0.04Hg0.01] with inclusions of isomertieite [Pd11Sb2As2], cemented by kaolinite-hematite-palladian gold infill. The isomertieite inclusions are preferentially fractured and display various degrees of alteration to a Pd-O phase. Native palladium occurs as a crystallized component within the Pd-O phase, with microstructural and chemical features suggesting a desiccation process. It is proposed that native palladium forms by (1) oxidation of a pre-existent palladium mineral to a Pd-O phase, and (2) subsequent crystallization of native palladium from the Pd-O phase, by oxygen loss and dehydration. This process operates in a low-temperature hydrothermal or weathering environment and leads to strong fractionation of palladium and gold.

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Parunov, Vitaliy Anatol’evich, M. A. Kareva, S. D. Tykochinskiy, and I. Yu Lebedenko. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW METAL ALLOY BASED ON PALLADIUM WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOMESTIC DENTAL MATERIALS SCIENCE." Russian Journal of Dentistry 21, no. 3 (June 15, 2017): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1728-2802-2017-21-3-126-128.

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The article shows the creation of a new Russian base alloy of palladium for metal-ceramic dental prostheses “Palladini UNI” puteam comprehensive analysis of the influence of alloying elements on the phase structure of the palladium alloys, physical and mechanical properties and coefficient of thermal linear expansion.

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Parunov, Vitaliy Anatol’evich, M. A. Kareva, D. S. Tykochinskiy, and I. Yu Lebedenko. "Development of a new metal alloy based on palladium within the framework of practical implementation of the concept of development of the domestic dental materials science." Russian Journal of Dentistry 21, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1728-28022017;21(1):7-10.

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The article shows the creation of the new Russian alloy based on palladium for metal-ceramic dental prostheses "Palladini UNI puteam comprehensive analysis of the influence of alloying elements on the phase structure of the palladium alloys, physical and mechanical properties and coefficient of thermal linear expansion.

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Mammadova, S. R. "EXTRACTION OF PALLADIUM." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 3 (September 28, 2021): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2021-3-67-71.

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It is known that a series of organic compounds containing in molecule SH-, NH- qroups, including halogens, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, have the ability to form the innercomplex compounds under certain conditions. These compounds permit to carry out the extraction in acidic medium, that prevents the of process hydrolysis. They are not dissolved in water but are soluble in various solvents and form colored solutions and so may be used as an extractants. The main purpose of this paper is the study of palladium extraction ability for chlorinated naphthenic acids (CNA) synthesited in laboratory on the basis of industrial alkylphenols. Ammoniumacetate with various pH was used as a buffer to extract palladium from PdCl2·2H2O 0.1 mkg/ml solution. The main task for the use of inert organic compound in extraction is the selection of reagent which dissolves it but does not form any compound. With this aim the influence of different solvents on their reagent was researched. The experiments show that chloronaphthenic acid is dissolved well in organic solvents. Its solution, for example in kerosene, is light-resistant, does not hydrolyze in water, alkalis and acids. So, chloronaphthenic recomendefor palladium extraction

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5

Brisotto, Mariangela, Marcello Gelfi, Claudia Rinaldi, and Laura Eleonora Depero. "Study of Microstrain and Stress in Non-Planar Palladium Membranes for Hydrogen Separation." Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.27.

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Palladiums tubular membranes are developed to operate up to 400 °C, for the synthesis of H2 and for the separation of CO2 in Water Gas Shift (WGS) processes and reforming gas of methane [. Palladium has FCC lattice that allows the separation of hydrogen from carbon dioxide through a solution-diffusion mechanism [. To ensure high selectivity in the separation process, the functional Pd layer on the porous substrate of the membranes must have a microstructure with low defects and free from residual stresses [.MicroXRD measurements were performed to evaluate the effect of the stress-relief heat treatment, carried out for different time and temperatures, on the palladium layer. Microstrains were assessed before and after stress-relief by the Williamson-Hall method [. The use of microdiffraction was mandatory considering the tubular shape of membranes. The data were corrected for elastic anisotropy of palladium and the altered Williamson-Hall method was successfully applied.The XRD two-dimensional (2D) images and the integrated spectra collected from the samples allowed to study also the evolution of Pd microstructure and the reduction of micro-stresses due to stress relief. The results of the study allowed to identify the optimal thermal profile for the heat treatment of palladium membranes.

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Vdovenkov, Frol, Eugenia Bedova, and Oleg Kozaderov. "Phase Transformation during the Selective Dissolution of a Cu85Pd15 Alloy: Nucleation Kinetics and Contribution to Electrocatalytic Activity." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041606.

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This study determined the critical parameters for the morphological development of the electrode surface (the critical potential and the critical charge) during anodic selective dissolution of a Cu–Pd alloy with a volume concentration of 15 at.% palladium. When the critical values were exceeded, a phase transition occurred with the formation of palladium’s own phase. Chronoamperometry aided in the determination of the partial rates of copper ionization and phase transformation of palladium under overcritical selective dissolution conditions. The study determined that the formation of a new palladium phase is controlled by a surface diffusion of the ad-atom to the growing three-dimensional nucleus under instantaneous activation of the nucleation centres. We also identified the role of this process in the formation of the electrocatalytic activity of the anodically modified alloy during electro-oxidation of formic acid. This study demonstrated that HCOOH is only oxidated at a relatively high rate on the surface of the Cu85Pd15 alloy, which is subjected to selective dissolution under overcritical conditions. This can be explained by the fact that during selective dissolution of the alloy, a pure palladium phase is formed on its highly developed surface which has prominent catalytic activity towards the electro-oxidation of formic acid. The rate of electro-oxidation of HCOOH on the surface of the anodically modified alloy increased with the growth of the potential and the charge of selective dissolution, which can be used to obtain an electrode palladium electrocatalyst with a set level of electrocatalytic activity towards the anodic oxidation of formic acid.

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7

Murphy, Michael. "Palladium and palladium alloys." Metal Finishing 95, no. 2 (February 1997): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(97)94208-2.

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8

Phipps, Robert, Paul Türtscher, and Holly Davis. "Palladium-Catalysed Cross-Coupling of Benzylammonium Salts with Boronic Acids under Mild Conditions." Synthesis 50, no. 04 (August 23, 2017): 793–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588548.

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Herein, we give a full account of the development of the palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of benzylammonium salts with boronic acids. A range of benzylamine-derived quaternary ammonium salts can be coupled with boronic acids under relatively mild conditions. Our optimization has identified ligands that can be used to chemoselectively cross-couple at the ammonium in the presence of chlorides. We demonstrate that intramolecular palladium-catalysed C–H activation is also a viable pathway for the putative benzyl-Pd(II) intermediate obtained upon oxidative addition and have optimised this to obtain fluorene in good yield.

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9

Sudibya, Akhmad, and Indah Widyaningsih. "Dew Formation and Anaerobiosis in Anaerobic Jars." Asian Journal of Medicine and Health 21, no. 10 (September 12, 2023): 348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajmah/2023/v21i10912.

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Introduction: This study aimed to prove whether the palladium catalyst affects the dew formation time in the anaerobic cover and whether anaerobiosis can be achieved without a palladium catalyst. Materials and Methods: This research is a laboratory experimental study with a non-randomized control group design. In this study, replication was carried out. The amount of replication used is 10. The palladium catalyst was used in 10 experiments, whereas it was not used in ten other experiments. Results: The growths of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium tetani, and Bacteroides fragilis were observed after 48-hour incubation. The time of appearance of water condensate was observed until 24-hour incubation. The time of appearance of water condensate in the palladium-contained anaerobic jar varied between 1.37 minutes and 3.33 minutes. On the other hand, water condensate did not appear in the without-palladium anaerobic jar. No growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed in the palladium-contained anaerobic jar; on the contrary, there were ten growths in the anaerobic jar without palladium. Eight growths of Clostridium tetani were observed in the palladium-contained anaerobic jar, whereas there was no growth without palladium. No growth of Bacteroides fragilis was observed in the without-palladium anaerobic jar, whereas seven growths were observed in the anaerobic jar containing palladium. The time of appearance of water condensate in the palladium-contained anaerobic jar was different from that in the anaerobic jar without palladium. Significant differences (p < 0,01) in anaerobiosis creation between the palladium-contained anaerobic jar and the without-palladium anaerobic jar were also clearly observed.

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10

Ning, Yuantao, Zhengfen Yang, and Huaizhi Zhao. "Platinum Recovery by Palladium Alloy Catchment Gauzes in Nitric Acid Plants." Platinum Metals Review 40, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214096x4028087.

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Since the introduction of palladium-gold catchment gauzes for the recovery of the platinum lost from the catalyst gauzes used in the manufacture of nitric acid, the mechanism by which these high palladium content alloys catch and recover the platinum has been of interest to both researchers and manufacturers, alike. Using analyses of the surface chemical species which form on palladium, both in flowing oxygen and during the ammonia oxidation reaction, this paper describes how the surface of the palladium, at temperatures above 800°C, is a multilayer structure with the bright palladium metal surface being covered by a thin layer of palladium metal vapour and then by a layer of palladium oxide vapour. The mechanism of the platinum recovery is related to the surface state of the palladium, and the high recovery rate by the palladium alloy catchment gauze is attributed to this unique multilayer structure and to the ability of palladium to reduce platinum oxide. Damage to either the surface multilayer structure or the oxidation characteristics of palladium decreases the platinum recovery rate. Thus, catchment gauzes made from palladium alloys containing high concentrations of base metal solutes, such as nickel, cannot be expected to have such a high platinum recovery rate.

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11

Kitiwan, Mettaya, and Duangduen Atong. "Characteristic of Palladium Coated Tubular Alumina Composite Membrane for Hydrogen Separation." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.510.

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The palladium membrane has been developed for high temperature separation of hydrogen from other syngas molecules. In this study, tubular α-alumina substrate was used as a support for increase mechanical strength for thin palladium membrane. Prior depositing of palladium film, a dip-coating of palladium nuclei was performed to cover the substrate. Afterward, surface of activated support was modified with a thin intermediate layer for improving adhesion between support and Pd membrane. Electroless plating of dense palladium membrane was achieved from the plating bath containing EDTA stabilized palladium complex and hydrazine. The microstructural characteristics of palladium membranes were analyzed.

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12

Wahlberg, J. E., and A. S. Boman. "Cross-reactivity to palladium and nickel studied in the guinea pig." Acta Dermato-Venereologica 72, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/00015555729597.

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In recent years there have been several reports on concomitant patch test reactions to palladium and nickel, which belong to the same group in the periodic table. Exposure to palladium mainly takes place via dental alloys and jewelry. However, the clinical relevance of simultaneous reactivity to these metals is unknown. To elucidate the question of cross-reactivity, guinea pigs were induced with palladium or nickel and simultaneously challenged with palladium and nickel. Animals sensitized to palladium according to the guinea pig maximization test method (GPMT) or to a new method by van Hoogstraten & Scheper (H&S) reacted to palladium as well as to nickel. On the other hand, animals sensitized to nickel according to H&S reacted to nickel but not to palladium. The GPMT shows that palladium is a more potent sensitizer than nickel: could palladium be the primary sensitizer in humans?

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13

Umegaki, Tetsuo, Yusuke Yamada, Atsushi Ueda, Nobuhiro Kuriyama, and Qiang Xu. "Hydrogen Production via Steam Reforming of Ethyl Alcohol over Palladium/Indium Oxide Catalyst." Research Letters in Physical Chemistry 2009 (July 28, 2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/631815.

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We report the synergetic effect between palladium and indium oxide on hydrogen production in the steam reforming reaction of ethyl alcohol. The palladium/indium oxide catalyst shows higher hydrogen production rate than indium oxide and palladium. Palladium/indium oxide affords ketonization of ethyl alcohol with negligible by-product carbon monoxide, while indium oxide mainly affords dehydration of ethyl alcohol, and palladium affords decomposition of ethyl alcohol with large amount of by-product carbon monoxide. The catalytic feature of palladium/indium oxide can be ascribed to the formation of palladium-indium intermetallic component during the reaction as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements.

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Perić, Tanja S., and Slobodan M. Janković. "Cardiotoxicity of Palladium Compounds / Kardiotoksičnost Jedinjenja Paladijuma." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10011-012-0010-5.

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SummaryPrevious studies have shown that palladium has toxic effects on the kidney and liver, leads to deterioration of the general condition of animals, and could cause allergy in animals and humans. Considering the limited data about the influence of palladium on the cardiovascular system, the aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of palladium on the heart from available published data, and to compare the toxicity of inorganic and organic palladium compounds. Relevant studies for our review were identified from PubMed and Scopus databases. The search terms included »palladium «, »palladium compound«, »cardiotoxicity«, »toxicity«, »heart«, »myocardium«, »oxidative stress« and »myocardial enzyme«, as well as combinations of these terms. There were only two published studies with the primary purpose to investigate the effect of palladium on the cardiovascular system, while others registered the side-effects of palladium compounds on the heart. Palladium could cause arrhythmias, a drop in blood pressure, decrease of the heart rate, as well as death of experimental animals. Based on the presented data it seems that palladium does not express significant cardiac toxicity when it is bound in an organic compound. Further investigation of the effects of palladium on the heart is necessary for a clear picture of the nature and extent of its cardiac toxicity.

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Li, Yuanjiao, Janine Mauzeroll, and Samuel Charles Perry. "Fabrication of a Palladium Hydride pH Microelectrode with an Extended Lifetime." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 62 (December 22, 2023): 2931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02622931mtgabs.

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Stable miniaturized pH microelectrodes are crucial in exploring localized pH changes, but most suffer from instability and short lifetimes. Palladium hydride in a mixer phase has been reported to measure the solution pH taking advantage of the interaction between the alloyed hydrogen atoms and hydrogen ions in the solution. However, with the escape of the hydrogen atoms from the palladium lattice, the palladium hydride will transition to single phase and become invalid for pH measurement. The duration of the mixer-phase palladium hydride is even shorter as the sensor is made small. A method to stabilize the mixer-phase is needed for the development of palladium hydride sensors. A method of synthesizing the mixer-phase palladium hydride in dimethylformamide at an elevated temperature has been reported. The synthesized palladium hydride can be stable under aerobic conditions. We used the stable palladium hydride to fabricate a pH microelectrode. In contrast to electrochemically generated palladium hydride microelectrodes, chemically generated palladium hydride microelectrodes are longer lasting and importantly have good an analytical performance under aerobic conditions. Chemically generated palladium hydride microelectrodes perform best in acid to neutral electrolytes devoid of Cl-. They can readily be produced on 10 µm diameter disk platinum microelectrodes, which makes them attractive candidates for future localized electrochemical studies.

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Ning, Yuantao. "Alloying and Strengthening Effects of Rare Earths in Palladium." Platinum Metals Review 46, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214002x463108115.

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The effect of adding small amounts of rare earth elements to Palladium is to strengthen the Palladium. These strengthening effects are discussed here, based on known phase diagrams of Palladium-rare earths, Palladium-rare earth alloying behaviour and atomic (or ionic) size effects. The Solid solubilities of the rare earths in Palladium, transition temperatures of various intermediate phases and eutectic temperature in these systems are influenced by the ionic (or atomic) size of the rare earth elements. A parameter, Hs, the product of the relative difference in atomic weights and the relative difference in atomic radii, between a rare earth and Palladium is used to examine the Solid solution strengthening effects caused by dilute rare earths. The alloying behaviours of Palladium with the rare earths are very analogous, and could perhaps be used to predict alloying behaviour in some unexamined Palladium systems.

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Lee, Jong Ho, Choong Soo Chi, and Han Jun Oh. "Synthesis and Kinetic of Palladium Nanotube Using Polymer Compound." Key Engineering Materials 543 (March 2013): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.137.

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The palladium nanotube was synthesized by template wetting and annealing process. And the activation energy for formation of the palladium metal from palladium acetate was evaluated. The activation energy was evaluated by Friedman method and the values were in the ranges between 65 and 98 kJ/mol. The diameters and lengths of synthesized palladium nanotubes ranged from 130 to 190 nm and from 2 to 3 μm, respectively. The palladium nanotubes can be successfully fabricated by the template wetting process, and the crystalline structure is confirmed by XRD. From DSC results the thermal decomposition of precursor containing palladium acetate/PLLA occurred at 248°C, which corresponds to the precipitation of palladium metal.

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Vancea, Cosmin, Maria Mihailescu, Adina Negrea, Giannin Mosoarca, Mihaela Ciopec, Narcis Duteanu, Petru Negrea, and Vasile Minzatu. "Batch and Fixed-Bed Column Studies on Palladium Recovery from Acidic Solution by Modified MgSiO3." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 9500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249500.

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Effective recovery of palladium ions from acidic waste solutions is important due to palladium’s intensive usage as a catalyst for different industrial processes and to the high price paid for its production from natural resources. In this paper, we test the ability of a new adsorbent, MgSiO3 functionalized by impregnation with DL-cysteine (cys), for palladium ion recovery from waste solutions. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) pore size and volume analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Fourier-Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been performed to characterize this material. Firstly, the maximum adsorption capacity of the new obtained material, MgSiO3-cys, in batch, was studied. To establish the adsorption mechanism, the obtained experimental data were fitted using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips adsorption isotherms. Studies on the adsorption of palladium ions on the synthesized material were performed in a dynamic regime, in a fixed-bed column. The Pd(II) recovery mechanism in the dynamic column regime was established based on Bohart–Adams, Yoon–Nelson, Thomas, and Clark models. The obtained equilibrium adsorption capacity was 9.3 (mg g−1) in static regime (batch) and 3 (mg g−1) in dynamic regime (column). The models that best describe the Pd(II) recovery process for batch and column adsorption are Sips and Clark, respectively.

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Yin, Yanru, Changna Wen, Ning Ma, Baoyan Wang, Lianying Zhang, Hongliang Li, and Peizhi Guo. "Sodium Alginate-Assisted Synthesis of PdAg Bimetallic Nanoparticles and their Enhanced Activity for Electrooxidation of Ethanol." Nano 14, no. 09 (September 2019): 1950120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292019501200.

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Palladium and palladium-silver bimetallic nanocrystals have been synthesized hydrothermally by using environmental-friendly sodium alginate as the stabilizer and reducing agent. The pure palladium nanoparticles were spherical-like possibly due to the principle of the lowest surface energy, however, the formation of bimetallic palladium-silver nanoparticles was much more complicated, which was thinner and more irregular nanostructures than pure palladium nanoparticles. Electrochemical measurements showed that the electrocatalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation was increased first with the increase of silver content in bimetallic nanoparticles, from pure palladium of around 1070[Formula: see text]mA/mg, to PdAg-20 of 1160[Formula: see text]mA/mg and to PdAg-10 of 1750[Formula: see text]mA/mg, and declined greatly at a high content of silver, approximately 279[Formula: see text]mA/mg. Electrochemical stability test showed that PdAg-10 and PdAg-5 were the best and worst among four palladium-based samples, respectively. Based on the experimental data, the formation mechanism of pure palladium and palladium-silver bimetallic nanoparticles and the structure-property relationship of these samples have been discussed.

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Kintrup, Jürgen, and Harald Züchner. "XPS Investigations on Solid and Vacuum Deposited, Oxidized and Non-oxidized Palladium." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 50, no. 4-5 (May 1, 1995): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1995-4-510.

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Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been carried out to study the reaction of differently prepared palladium samples (solid and film Pd) with atmospheric oxygen. A careful curve fitting of the measured Pd-3d5/2 peak allows to separate the Pd-3d5/2 peak for Pd in surface PdO from the dominant Pd-3d5/2 peak of the non-oxidized bulk palladium and to determine the chemical shift of the "oxidized" Pa line with high accuracy. Differences in the chemical shifts for the surface PdO on solid and film palladium are explained by a different charging caused by the photoelectric effect in XPS measurements. The smaller charging effect observed for film palladium as compared to solid palladium indicates a stronger oxygen bonding to the (rougher) film palladium. The strong Pd-O bonding seems to be an essential reason for the reduced hydrogen-permeability of film palladium compared to solid palladium

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Boriskin, O. I., S. N. Larin, G. A. Nuzhdin, and I. V. Murav’eva. "THE PALLADIUM COMPLEXES DURING THERMAL DECOMPOSITION PHASE COMPOSITION INVESTIGATION." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 290 (August 2022): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2022.08.pp.044-048.

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In palladium refining technologies, as well as in some analytical procedures, complexes of bivalent palladium with diimines, amines, oximes, thiourea, and other compounds are used. In the technologies used, complex compounds of palladium are subjected to thermal decomposition, during which metallic palladium is formed. The precious metals market is seeing a rapid rise in the price of palladium on the back of a rapid increase in demand for it. It has been experimentally shown that active decomposition of dichlorodiamminepalladium Pd(NH3)2Cl2 and dimethylglyoximpalladium (C4H7N2O2)2Pd occurs at temperatures of 200…250 °C. Only the diffraction maxima of palladium were observed on the X-ray diffraction patterns of samples that underwent heat treatment at 900 °C and above. At these temperatures, palladium oxide is not stable. At temperatures around 500 °C, the samples are almost completely oxidized; there are no reflections of palladium on the diffraction patterns.

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Craft, Andrew. "A Case Study Approach: Summary of Some Results on the Effects of Hydrogen Exposure on the Mechanical Properties of Palladium and the Alloy Systems Pd1−xMx, M = Ag, Cu, Mn; x = 5 − 0.25." Hydrogen 4, no. 2 (April 27, 2023): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4020017.

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Selected results of investigations focused on the changes to some mechanical properties of palladium and several palladium-based alloys caused by exposure to hydrogen have been collected and presented. The findings indicate that the mechanical properties of pure palladium are highly susceptible to alteration upon exposure to hydrogen. In the cases of alloying palladium with silver and copper, the alloys, as compared to palladium, appear to resist changes to mechanical properties. In the case of alloying palladium with manganese, the interesting order–disorder phenomenon plays an important role on the effects of hydrogen exposure on their mechanical properties.

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Olivo, Gema Ribeiro, and Michel Gauthier. "Palladium minerals from the Cauê iron mine, Itabira District, Minas Gerais, Brazil." Mineralogical Magazine 59, no. 396 (September 1995): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1995.059.396.07.

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AbstractPalladium-bearing minerals from the Cauê iron mine, Itabira District, Minas Gerais, Brazil, are found in gold-rich jacutinga, a hydrothermally-altered Lake Superior-type carbonate-bearing oxide facies iron-formation. Palladium occurs as: native palladium with trace contents of Au, Fe and Cu; palladseite ((Pd,Cu,Hg)17Se15), which was found in the core of a grain of palladium; palladium–copper oxide ((Pd,Cu)O); and arsenopalladinite (Pd8(As,Sb)3), with inclusions of palladium–copper oxide. The palladium and palladium–copper oxide grains are coated with films of gold and commonly do not exceed 100 µm in width. These palladium minerals occur in hematite bands and in boudinaged bands of quartz and white phyllosilicate parallel to the S1 mylonitic foliation. Palladium-copper oxide also occurs as inclusions in gold grains which are strongly to weakly stretched parallel to S1.Palladium mineralization is interpreted as synchronous with intense D1 shearing and contemporaneous with the peak of thermal metamorphism. At high oxygen fugacities and high temperatures (up to 600°C), Pd may have been transported as chloride complexes and deposited following changes in pH caused by mineralizing fluids reacting with jacutinga. Deposition may also have been prompted by the formation of insoluble selenide and arsenide–antimonide minerals and by the dilution of C1 concentrations in the mineralizing fluid. Textural studies, and the zonation observed in palladium and other hydrothermal minerals, suggest that oscillations in the physico-chemical conditions of hydrothermal fluids occurred during the mineralizing event.

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Yoshimura, Akihiro, Shunta Tochigi, and Yasunari Matsuno. "Fundamental Study of Palladium Recycling Using “Dry Aqua Regia” Considering the Recovery from Spent Auto-catalyst." Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 7, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40831-020-00335-x.

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AbstractIn this research, a recycling process for palladium using “dry aqua regia,” which consists of iron(III) chloride–potassium chloride, was proposed. Palladium was dissolved in “dry aqua regia,” and the dissolved palladium was recovered by leaching with potassium chloride solution with added ammonium chloride and nitric acid. Palladium was almost completely dissolved in 3 h at 600 K, and the recovery ratio of dissolved palladium was up to 80%. In addition, the dissolution of palladium in coexistence with platinum and the dissolution of platinum-palladium alloy by “dry aqua regia” were also tested. The dissolved palladium and platinum were separated and recovered by solid–liquid separation technique using the difference in solubility of their compounds in potassium chloride and sodium chloride solutions. As a result, pure compounds of each element were recovered. This result suggested the possibility of using “dry aqua regia” for the separation of platinum-group metals. Graphical Abstract

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OVERMAN, LARRY. "PALLADIUM." Chemical & Engineering News 81, no. 36 (September 8, 2003): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n036.p116.

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Mohyuddin, Faisal. "Palladium." Pleiades: Literature in Context 40, no. 1 (2020): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plc.2020.0039.

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Kakkar, Ashok K., and Muhammad S. Khan. "Palladium." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 124, no. 1-2 (April 1993): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-8545(93)80002-m.

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Keep, Ann K. "Palladium." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 127, no. 1-2 (September 1993): 99–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-8545(93)80056-b.

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29

Yang, Yong Sheng, and Feng Zhao. "Promoting Effect of Chemical Self-Assembled Polyaniline Nanofibers and Electro-Polymerized Polyaniline in Formic Acid Electro-Oxidizing Reaction." Materials Science Forum 852 (April 2016): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.646.

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In order to enhance catalytic properties of palladium or gold/palladium alloy on polyaniline surface, highly pure PANI nanofibers doped with phosphoric acid were synthesized via chemical self-assembled method. Its general morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The deposition of palladium or gold/palladium alloy on PANI nanofibers was accomplished through reducing reaction of PdCl2 or PdCl2/HAuCl4 in aqueous solution by NaBH4. Pd/PANI nanofibers or Au/Pd/PANI nanofibers have been evaluated for catalytic activity toward formic acid oxidation reaction. Palladium/PANI nanofibers or palladium/gold/PANI nanofibers on glass carbon electrodes exhibit effective electro-catalytic activity since the PANI nanofibers play excellent promoting role.

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30

Stromnova, Tatiana A. "Palladium(+1) Carbonyl Clusters in the Catalytic Oxidation of Unsaturated Compounds." Platinum Metals Review 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214003x4712027.

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Some palladium carbonyl clusters containing the palladium in the (+1) formal oxidation state, and derivatives of these clusters investigated in our laboratories are examined in this paper. In particular, letranuclear carbonyl carboxylates of palladium are discussed as a model of key intermediates in various processes, including CO oxidation by a palladium catalyst with molecular oxygen as the oxidant. A second type of cluster, a palladium cationic cluster which contains N-donor ligands acts as a catalyst precursor for processes such as exhaust gas purification. A third type of palladium carbonyl cluster includes bimetallic compounds which catalyse new reactions, such as the low-temperature dehydration of alcohols.

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31

Murahashi, Tetsuro, and Hideo Kurosawa. "Organopalladium complexes containing palladiumpalladium bonds." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 231, no. 1-2 (September 2002): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8545(02)00121-2.

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32

Morrissey, Ronald J. "Palladium and palladium-nickel alloy plating." Metal Finishing 98, no. 1 (January 2000): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(00)80335-9.

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33

Morrissey, Ronald J. "Palladium and palladium-nickel alloy plating." Metal Finishing 97, no. 1 (January 1999): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(00)83086-x.

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34

Morrissey, Ronald J. "Palladium and palladium-nickel alloy plating." Metal Finishing 99 (January 2001): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(01)85286-7.

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35

Morrissey, Ronald J. "Palladium and palladium-nickel alloy plating." Metal Finishing 100 (January 2002): 275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(02)82028-1.

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36

Morrissey, Ronald J. "Palladium and palladium-nickel alloy plating." Metal Finishing 97, no. 1 (January 1999): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(99)80028-2.

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37

LEWIS, F. "Hydrogen in palladium and palladium alloys." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 21, no. 6 (June 1996): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(95)00126-3.

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38

Morrissey, Ronald J. "Palladium and palladium-nickel alloy plating." Metal Finishing 93, no. 1 (January 1995): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0576(95)93374-b.

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39

Zhao, Ji Shou, X. M. Zhang, and J. H. Dai. "Study on Dissolution Different of Metal Palladium Powder and Place." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 1283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.1283.

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The chemistry of the dissolution of Palladium in pressure-cyanide has not received considerable attention. At room temperature and pressures, the reaction between sodium cyanide and Palladium does not occur because of poor kinetics. However, at elevated temperatures between 100-160 °C, Palladium can be leached by sodium cyanide like the reaction of gold. A research study has been undertaken to develop the fundamentals of a method for the direct dissolution of Palladium In this work, the dissolution of Palladium powder and place were measured in pressure clear cyanide solution. The cyanide leaching reaction mechanism is also discussed. The data of Palladium powder and place at different cyanide concentrations, different temperature and different oxygen pressure are obtained. The dissolution rate of metal Palladium powder and place were found to be relate to the cyanide and oxygen level.

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40

Polignano, Maria Luisa, Isabella Mica, Agostino Brambilla, Claudio Brambilla, Simona Brambilla, Monica Ceresoli, Davide Codegoni, Laura Farini, and Francesco Somaini. "Detection and Prevention of Palladium Contamination in Silicon Devices." Solid State Phenomena 242 (October 2015): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.242.252.

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In this work we report the results of a set of experiments carried out to assess the ability of recombination lifetime measurements for the detection of palladium contamination in silicon. Palladium is found to be a very effective recombination center, so recombination lifetime measurements are a very sensitive method to detect palladium in silicon. The surface segregation of palladium was monitored by the reduction of its recombination activity in the silicon volume. The palladium segregation at the wafer surface was checked by selective etching, and by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis.After validating recombination lifetime measurements for palladium detection, we use these measurements to define suitable approaches to the prevention of palladium contamination of silicon devices. The efficiency of a diffusion barrier layer (silicon nitride) and of decontamination by wet cleaning are tested.

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41

D’souza, Melwin Diego, Poonam Dwivedi, Rama Lokhande, Tushar Anvekar, and Andrew Joseph D’souza. "Simple, Sensitive, and Easy to use Method for Determination of Palladium Content in Palladium Acetate Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370415.

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A simple, sensitive, and easy to use method for the determination of palladium content in palladium acetate was developed using homogeneous acid digestion of palladium acetate followed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) analysis. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of palladium during digestion of palladium acetate were investigated and optimized. The palladium content was measured at 244.7 nm by atomic absorption (AA) spectrometers on PinAAcle™ 900 series with an air-acetylene flame. The linear calibration graph was observed in the range of 2.5-15 ppm with a limit of detection of 8.33 ppm and a correlation coefficient of 0.999970. For 5 replicate analyses of each palladium reference solution the relative standard deviation was within 2.00%.Analytical method validation for the method was carried out and obtained results were satisfactory.To verify, the accuracy parameter of the method validation, for the determination of Pd(II) from sample palladium acetate standard addition method was applied and satisfactory results were obtained. Optimization of analytical method variables during analytical method development is discussed.

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42

Canty, Allan J. "The +IV Oxidation State in Organopalladium Chemistry." Platinum Metals Review 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214093x37127.

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The organometallic chemistry of palladium is dominated by the +II oxidation state, and the chemistry of complexes containing simple organic groups bonded to palladium in the +IV oxidation state has developed only recently. Organic synthesis and catalytic reactions that may involve undetected palladium(IV) intermediates have been suggested frequently, and the new oxidation state +IV chemistry provides some support for these proposals, and gives encouragement for the development of new systems involving palladium(IV). The chemistry of organopalladium(IV) is reviewed here, and possible catalytic roles forpalladium(IV) are discussed. The synthesis and decomposition reactions of palladium(IV) complexes provide “models” for catalytic proposals. The palladium(IV) complexes are formed by oxidative addition of organohalides to palladium(II) complexes, and most complexes decompose under mild conditions by carbon-carbon bond formation in reductive elimination reactions, for example, for methyl(pheny1) (2,2’-bipyridyl)palladium(II) as a substrate, oxidative addition of benzyl bromide gives PdIV BrMePh(CH2Ph) (bpy), which reductively eliminates toluene to form the complex PdIIBr(CH2Ph)(bpy).

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43

Tanaka, Katsunori, and Katsumasa Fujiki. "Bis[N,N′-(2-indanolyl)]-1,5-diazacyclooctane as Unique Metal Ligand: Self-Assembly of Palladium Nanoparticles and Catalytic Reactivity on C–C Bond Formation." Synthesis 50, no. 05 (November 13, 2017): 1097–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1590956.

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A previously unreported 1,5-diazacyclooctane-palladium(II) complex was synthesized using bis[N,N′-(2-indanolyl)]-1,5-diazacyclooctane, which was readily prepared via a novel [4+4] homocyclization of the unsaturated imine intermediate generated from acrolein and 1-amino-2-indanol. Interestingly, the 1,5-diazacyclooctane-palladium(II) complex self-assembled to form palladium nanoparticles. This approach readily provided palladium nanoparticles simply by heating a mixture of palladium(II) acetate and bis[N,N′-(2-indanolyl)]-1,4-diazacyclooctane in dichloroethane at mild temperatures. The 1,5-diazacyclooctane-derivative-palladium nanoparticles were successfully deployed in synthetic applications as a heterogeneous catalyst, facilitating Suzuki coupling and a challenging C–C bond formation via C(sp3)–H activation under low catalyst loading conditions.

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44

Park, S. J., S. Bhargava, E. T. Bender, G. G. Chase, and R. D. Ramsier. "Palladium nanoparticles supported by alumina nanofibers synthesized by electrospinning." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 5 (May 2008): 1193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0173.

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Palladium nanoparticles supported by alumina nanofibers have been successfully synthesized by electrospinning using palladium chloride incorporated into a solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and aluminum acetate. Palladium agglomerate sizes and the surface morphology of the electrospun nanofibers were determined by transmission electron microscopy. Palladium nanoparticles appeared to be well dispersed within the electrospun nanofiber structure. X-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman scattering spectroscopy techniques were used to identify the crystalline form and distinguish between oxidized and metallic palladium particles after heating and hydrogenation.

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45

Bayeshov A.B.,, Gaipov T.E.,, and Bayeshova A.K.,. "FORMATION OF NANO-AND ULTRAFINE PALLADIUM POWDERS IN THE PRESENCE OF «RED-OX»SYSTEM«TITANIUM (III) - TITANIUM (IV)»." SERIES CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 443 (October 15, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1491.76.

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The results of studies on the processes of obtaining ultra - and nanodispersed palladium powders from sulphate solutions by a combined chemical and electrochemical method in the presence of a "red-ox" system of titanium (III) - titanium (IV) are presented. It has been shown that when a titanium trivalent sulphate solution is added to a solution containing palladium (II) ions, palladium ions are immediately reduced to elemental state to form a nanodispersed powder. The completeness of the above-mentioned oxidizing-reducing reactions is established on the basis of calculating the equilibrium constant (K), which is 1034 and indicates that trivalent titanium ions completely reduce palladium ions to elemental state. Effect of initial concentration of palladium ions on amount of formed palladium powder with addition of equivalent amount of trivalent titanium ions is investigated. According to the authors, upon reduction of palladium ions, elemental palladium is formed in the atomic state, and over time, the atoms begin to combine with each other. Subsequently, atomic particles are combined into colloidal particles. It has been found that in the absence of coagulants, the colloidal palladium solution is stable for 2-3 hours, and in the presence of gelatin, the stability increases and remains for 36 hours. It was shown that in all experiments powders with spherical particles are formed, the average sizes of which range from 0.116-0.240 microns. Based on the results of the presented studies, a new technology for producing ultra - and nano-sized palladium powders is proposed.

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46

Zimmermann, Pauline, Önder Tekinalp, Øivind Wilhelmsen, Liyuan Deng, and Odne Stokke Burheim. "Enhancing Palladium Recovery Rates in Industrial Residual Solutions through Electrodialysis." Membranes 13, no. 11 (October 26, 2023): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13110859.

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Palladium is a vital commodity in the industry. To guarantee a stable supply in the future, it is imperative to adopt more effective recycling practices. In this proof-of-concept study, we explore the potential of electrodialysis to enhance the palladium concentration in a residual solution of palladium recycling, thus promoting higher recovery rates. Experiments were conducted using an industrial hydrochloric acid solution containing around 1000 mg/L of palladium, with a pH below 1. Two sets of membranes, Selemion AMVN/CMVN and Fujifilm Type 12 AEM/CEM, were tested at two current levels. The Fujifilm membranes, which are designed for low permeability of water, show promising results, recovering around 40% of palladium within a two-hour timeframe. The Selemion membranes were inefficient due to excessive water transport. All membranes accumulated palladium in their structures. Anion-exchange membranes showed higher palladium accumulation at lower currents, while cation-exchange membranes exhibited increased palladium accumulation at higher currents. Owing to the low concentration of palladium and the presence of abundant competing ions, the current efficiency remained below 2%. Our findings indicate a strong potential for augmenting the palladium stage in industrial draw solutions through electrodialysis, emphasizing the importance of membrane properties and process parameters to ensure a viable process. Beyond the prominent criteria of high permselectivity and low resistance, minimizing the permeability of water within IEMs remains a key challenge to mitigating the efficiency loss associated with uncontrolled mixing of the electrolyte solution.

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47

Niu, Ben, Yin Wei, and Min Shi. "Recent advances in annulation reactions based on zwitterionic π-allyl palladium and propargyl palladium complexes." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 8, no. 13 (2021): 3475–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qo00273b.

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Carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds could be constructed through the palladium-catalyzed annulation reactions of zwitterionic π-allyl palladium or propargyl palladium complexes with unsaturated electrophiles.

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48

Yurkov, Gleb, Yury Koksharov, Alexander Fionov, Nikolai Taratanov, Vladimir Kolesov, Vladislav Kirillov, Mstislav Makeev, Pavel Mikhalev, Dmitriy Ryzhenko, and Vitaliy Solodilov. "Polymer Nanocomposite Containing Palladium Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 10, 2022): 3795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183795.

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Composite nanomaterials have been prepared through thermal decomposition of palladium diacetate. The composite contains palladium nanoparticles embedded in high-pressure polyethylene. The materials were studied by a number of different physico-chemical methods, such as transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and EXAFS. The average size of the nanoparticles is 7.0 ± 0.5 nm. It is shown that with the decrease of metal content in the polymer matrix the average size of nanoparticles decreased from 7 to 6 nm, and the coordination number of palladium also decreased from 7 to 5.7. The mean size of palladium particles increases with the growing concentration of palladium content in the matrix. It is shown that the electrophysical properties of the material obtained depend on the filler concentration. The chemical composition of palladium components includes metallic palladium, palladium (III) oxide, and palladium dioxide. All samples have narrow lines (3–5 Oe) with a g factor of around two in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. It is shown that EPR lines have uneven boarding by saturation lines investigation. The relaxation component properties are different for spectral components. It leads to the spectrum line width depending on the magnetic field value. At first approximation, the EPR spectra can be described as a sum of two Lorentzian function graphs, corresponding to the following two paramagnetic centers: one is on the surface, and one is inside the palladium particles. Some of the experimental characteristics were measured for the first time. The data obtained indicate interesting properties of palladium-based nanocomposites, which will be useful for obtaining products based on these materials.

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CHOHAN, M. H., FARID A. KHAWJA, AZIZ UR REHAMN, M. ZULFIQAR, and M. TAHIR. "SYNTHESIS AND CONDUCTIVITY OF PALLADIUM POLYMETHACRYLATE." Modern Physics Letters B 05, no. 02 (January 20, 1991): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984991000162.

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Synthesis of palladium polymethacrylate and its dc conductivity have been investigated. Infrared spectra of the palladium acetate and palladium polymethacrylate are taken and compared. The palladium polymethacrylate spectrum indicates that Pd is not attached with —COOH, instead it forms a complex with carboxylic group. Measurements indicate that conduction in this material cannot be attributed to a single conduction process.

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50

Che Soh, Siti Kamilah, and Mustaffa Shamsuddin. "Tetradentate N2O2Chelated Palladium(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity towards Mizoroki-Heck Reaction of Aryl Bromides." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/632315.

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Four air and moisture-stable palladium(II)-Schiff base complexes,N,N′-bis(α-methylsalicylidene)propane-1,3-diamine palladium(II) (2a),N,N′-bis(4-methyl-α-methylsalicylidene)propane-1,3-diamine palladium(II) (2b),N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)propane-1,3-diamine palladium(II) (2c), andN,N′-bis(4-methoxy-salicylidene)propane-1,3-diamine palladium(II) (2d), have been successfully synthesised and characterised by CHN elemental analyses and conventional spectroscopic methods. These complexes were investigated as catalysts in the phosphine-free Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions of aryl bromides with methyl acrylate.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Palladium'

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