Dissertations / Theses: 'Paleopathology'

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Wolff, Ewan Douglas Stephens. "Oral pathology of the Archosauria bony abnormalities and phylogenetic inference /." Diss., Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/wolff/WolffE0507.pdf.

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2

Andrews, Margaret. "The paleopathology of the Romano-British to early medieval transition in Southern Britain." Thesis, University of Reading, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.742407.

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3

Greenan, Michele Anne. "Three early-middle Woodland mortuary sites in East Central Indiana : a study in paleopathology." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1137663.

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The study of paleopathology is intrinsic to the study of past human societies. Through analyzing gross bone abnormalities in the individuals of a population group, one can discover occurrences of specific diseases. Diseases are often associated with diet, demography, environment, and culture of a population group. Understanding the types of diseases present can therefore lead to much information about a population group. The intent of this research is to analyze the skeletal remains from three mortuary sites to ascertain the occurrences of particular diseases. The New Castle site (12Hn1) the White site (121-In10), and Windsor Mound (12R1) represent a sample of the Early-Middle Woodland population from east central Indiana.
Department of Anthropology

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4

Latimer, Christopher Paul, and n/a. "Temporomandibular joint pathological changes in the prehistoric New Zealand Maori and Moriori." University of Otago. Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, 2001. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070517.125434.

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Diseases and disorders of the temporomandibular joint are commonly encountered clinically. This has lead to most temporomandibular research focusing upon the pathologies that affect the joint and their proposed aetiologies. Little of this research has been conucted on the prehistoric Polynesians. Therefore, this study was developed in order to determine the type and pattern of any temporomandibular pathologies in the prehistoric Maori and Moriori and to investigate their possible aetiologies. For this study a sample of 89 prehistoric Maori and Moriori skulls were used. All temporomandibular pathologies were recorded by type, location, and severity. Where possible, the ecological and geographical provenance of each individual was recorded and their sex and age estimated. This enabled an analysis of whether the prevalence and severity of temporomandibular degeneration varied between provenances or sexes, and if the occurrence of temporomandibular pathology increased with age. The condition of the dentition was also recorded for each individual as the dentition has been implicated in many previous studies to be an aetiological factor in temporomandibular degeneration. The dental conditions examined include; tooth attrition, inflammation of infection of the alveolar bone, dental caries, and fern root planes. Finally, the presence of any congenital or developmental anomalies and condylar enthesophytes were recorded in order to investigate if these conditions had any relationship to the occurrence of temporomandibular degeneration. A high prevalence of temporomandibular degenerative joint disease was found in this sample. No primary relationship was seen between age, congenital or developmental anomalies, condylar enthesophytes and temporomandibular degeneration. Furthermore, despite a high proportion of these individuals having very worn teeth, with consequent infection and tooth loss, no primary relationships were found between the selected dental conditions and temporomandibular degeneration either. However, a significant association was found between the selected dental conditions and temporomandibular degeneration either. A significant association was found between the sex of the individual and temporomandibular pathology, with males being more frequently and severely affected than the females. This appeared to be due differences in dietary type between the sex of the individual and temporomandibular pathology, with males being more frequently and severely affected than the females. This appeared to be due to differences in dietary type between the sexes resulting in more severe biomechanical degeneration recorded may be caused by excessive biomechanical loading possibly resulting from the diet or as a consequence of the Polynesian morphology. Interestingly, over one third of the sample had grooving in at least one fossae. It is proposed that this grooving may have either a hereditary component, or result from a specific morphological variation that is present in the prehistoric Maori and Moriori.

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Malnasi, Cindy. "Paleopathology in ancient Egypt evidence from the sites of Dayr al-Barshā and Sheikh Said /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2010. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0003119.

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6

Malnasi, Cindy. "Paleopathology in Ancient Eygpt: Evidence from the Sites of Dayr al-Barsha and Sheikh Said." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4148.

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For centuries, people have been fascinated with how the ancient Egyptians lived, and particularly how they died. Although Egyptologists in the past had a greater interest in the treasures that accompanied the dead, there has now been a shift in focus on the actual ancient Egyptians themselves and their ways of life. Recognizing the health and disease status of ancient Egyptians has become particularly important. The aim of this research project is to document the paleopathology of the individuals from the sites of Dayr al-Barsha and Sheikh Said encompassing the Old Kingdom (2686 - 2160 BC), the First Intermediate Period (2160 - 2055 BC), and the Middle Kingdom (2055-1650 BC) periods. The site of Dayr al-Barsha was most importantly the necropolis, or burial site, used by the inhabitants of the ancient city of Hermopolis Magna, and it was also a very prominent quarry site. Today, Dayr al-Barsha is a large scale archaeological site that has been divided into eleven zones. The results of this research reveal a documented list of paleopathologies that include traumatic conditions, congenital anomalies, joint diseases, infectious diseases, hematological disorders, dental pathology, neoplastic conditions, and various other conditions that ailed the people in their daily lives. Fractures and dental diseases are the paleopathologies that occurred most frequently. These pathologies provide important knowledge about the living conditions and occupations during the span of the Old Kingdom through the Middle Kingdom.
M.A.
Department of Anthropology
Sciences
Anthropology MA

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7

Hay, Alistair, and n/a. "The morphology of the pre-European Maori femur and its functional significance." University of Otago. Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, 1996. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070601.094956.

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The life of the pre-European Maori consisted of subsistence strategies ranging from hunter-gatherer to horticultural activities. The femur of both sexes is generally characterised by a flattened proximal shaft rotated inward, and by a short, markedly bowed, robust diaphysis. Femoral rugosity denotes the attachment of relatively great thigh musculature which, in turn, is an indicator of the levels of physical activity associated with the subsistence strategies undertaken. The femoral neck and head is distinguished from contemporary populations and those of comparative subsistence strategies by a larger anterior offset (anteversion) and greater horizontal inclination (Coxa valga). In addition to consistently large femoral anteversion, the femoral head is denoted by a broad, horizontally oval insertion for the ligament of the head (fovea). These external morphological traits are such consistent features within the femur they represent racial attributes of the pre-European Maori population. The femoral morphology of the pre-European Maori has been described by earlier researchers dating back 109 years to 1886. However, there have been limited functional evaluations of the external traits, in particular, how traits are associated with respect to each other. To resolve these limitations and determine a biological basis to femoral morphology a comprehensive analysis of external traits from the femur and pelvis is combined with the biomechanical properties of geometric profiles at six cross-sectional levels of the diaphysis. From six major regions within New Zealand a total of 107 pooled femora in three catalogued �series� were measured, of these 52 are male and 55 female, and there are 22 pairs (11 male pairs, 11 female pairs). The external traits measured comprise articular areas, femoral angles, diaphyseal dimensions, and anterior shaft curvature. In addition, pelvic dimensions for matching femora are recorded. Cross-sectional parameters derived from profile areas and second moments of area provide information on compressive strength, and bending rigidities and orientation at each cross-sectional level. Statistical methods employed are univariate F-ratios and Student�s t-test, bivariate correlation coefficients, and multivariate principal components, discriminant function, and linear regression. In this study of the pre-European Maori it is suggested that the normal developmental changes in femoral angles are prevented by extrinsic mechanical influences, such as habitual posture, high levels of physical activity, and greater musculature that alter growth plate morphogenesis. Femoral angles are �set� on epiphyseal fusion and have limited ability to remodel. The femoral diaphysis in the adult undergoes continual remodelling at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces and provides adaptive plasticity to mechanical loading at the hip and knee. Results indicate differences in absolute and relative values of external and cross-sectional traits that indicate mechanical loading patterns specific to each sex. Functional interpretation of inter-trait associations suggests that; 1) associations between external traits indicate the functional effect of growth and development on femoral size and shape characteristics. 2) Associations within cross-sectional parameters show relationships between appositional remodelling activity and structural strength. 3) Associations between external and internal traits indicate the importance of mechanical loading patterns established during growth and adulthood to final femoral morphology and subsequently to adaptive remodelling of the adult shaft.

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Bader, Alyssa Christine. "STRESS, HEALTH, AND SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION: A MIDDLE SICÁN CASE STUDY." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1436.

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The relationship between biology, culture, and environment has been the subject of growing interest within the field of bioarchaeology. This study seeks to examine the nature of this relationship within the context of the Middle Sicán culture, a pre-Hispanic society which dominated much of the north coast of Peru from 900-1100 CE. A comprehensive osteological analysis of the individuals excavated from the site of Sicán by the Sicán Archaeological Project during the 2008 field season was conducted in August 2013. From this data, the author analyzed the relationship between social status inferred from the mortuary context and health. Skeletal indicators of stress and disease were used as proxies for health. The biocultural consequences of a prolonged drought and subsequent mega-El Niño event, which occurred at the end of the Middle Sicán period, were also examined. The results of this study suggest individuals of lower social status may have experienced worse dental health, possibly as a result of differential access to food resources. Additionally, temporal changes in dental health suggest Middle Sicán elite individuals may have become increasingly stressed at the end of the Middle Sicán period. The combined effects of the prolonged drought and mega-El Niño event may have necessitated a dietary shift which affected the dental health of these individuals.

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Duncan, Clare Helen. "The comparative paleopathology of males and females in English medieval skeletal samples in its social context." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30794.

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The aim of this study was to determine whether there is evidence to suggest that males and females in medieval England experienced differences in health and mortality. which could be objectively demonstrated from their skeletal remains. Palaeodemographic and palaeopathological data pertaining to a total sample of 1,056 adult males and 674 adult females were compared statistically. The material was derived from seven cemeteries, spanning the period from c. 1066-1540. A method for sexing subadults using tooth measurements was also developed. This enabled the comparative analysis to be extended to include a further 83 (47 'male'. 36 'female') individuals aged between c. 5-18 years. Sex differences in mortality, general health status, activity related pathology and dental disease were identified. However, the differences were often subtle, with age and site differences tending to transcend disparities between the sexes, perhaps suggesting that factors other than sex had a greater bearing on health and mortality. Females displayed an inclination toward an earlier age at death, but no statistical association between sex and age at death was demonstrated. The collective analysis of four stress indicators (stature, enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia and non-specific infection) suggested that males were inclined to experience a poorer level of general health. This was primarily interpreted as evidence to support the theory that males have a greater biological sensitivity to environmental stress. Males displayed a higher prevalence of fractures, particularly those caused through violence a greater prevalence of Schmorfs nodes and a tendency toward a higher prevalence of osteoarthritis in the appendicular skeleton. Sex differences in the anatomical distribution of fractures and joint disease were also detected. Females displayed a proclivity towards poorer dental health. Interpretations for the observed patterns are discussed, and the limitations of the method are evaluated.

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Hunnius, Tanya von Saunders S. R. "Applying skeletal, histological and molecular techniques to syphilitic skeletal remains from the past /." *McMaster only, 2004.

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11

Filippini, José. "Treponematoses e outras paleopatologias em sítios arqueológicos pré-históricos do litoral sul e sudeste do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-17072012-091307/.

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Embora estudadas há décadas, a origem e dispersão de treponematoses permanecem como questões das mais acirradamente discutidas. No intuito de enriquecer esta discussão, a presente tese avalia sistematicamente 45 coleções osteológicas de populações costeiras do sul-sudeste do Brasil datadas entre 5000 anos AP e 1500 AD. Foram combinadas três metodologias numa abordagem conservadora para estabelecer o diagnóstico diferencial entre sífilis venérea, congênita, endêmica (bejel) e framboesia (yaws). Dentre os 768 indivíduos estudados foram encontrados 22 casos suspeitos de treponematose, inclusive com lesões tipo Caries sicca e tíbia em forma de sabre (sinais patognomônicos). A frequência geral resultante (22/768=2,86%) é certamente uma subestimativa. Houve 4 casos claros de sífilis venérea e 9 de framboesia, sendo os demais inconclusivos. Não foi observado nenhum caso claro de bejel e nos sítios com mais de um tipo suspeito, os diagnósticos eram iguais ou inconclusivos. Não houve tampouco um padrão geográfico ou temporal claro na distribuição dos casos de treponematose. Algumas outras paleopatologias (Cribra orbitalia, hiperostose porotica, periostite e osteomielite) foram estudadas no intuito de testar se os grupos acometidos por treponematose apresentam maior estresse fisiológico. Esta hipótese foi confirmada; embora as causas para maior susceptibilidade à estresse fisiológico e treponematoses em alguns sítios em comparação com outros permaneçam em aberto. Algumas tendências temporais foram observadas, porém necessitam de confirmação. Ao longo dos milênios parece ter havido uma frequência decrescente de Cribra orbitalia, osteomielite, periostite e remodelação óssea. Por outro lado, parece ter havido uma frequência crescente nos aumentos de porosidades cranianas (Hiperostose porótica, porosidade serpentinosa craniana) e de treponematoses de 5000 anos AP a 1500 AD. Se os diagnósticos aqui apresentados forem confirmados, corrobora-se a hipótese pré-Colombiana. Por outro lado, a hipótese Colombiana da origem da sífilis há somente 500 anos, assim como a Unitária (de acordo com a qual a treponematose é uma doença com manifestações moduladas por fatores climáticos e bioculturais) não explicariam a distribuição das treponematoses aqui encontradas.
Although studied for decades, origin and dispersal of treponemal diseases remain one of the most discussed issues in paleopathology. Aiming to enrich this discussion, the present study systematically evaluates 45 osteological collections from coastal groups aged 5000 BP to 1500 AD, exumed from sites in south-southeastern Brazil. Three different methods were combined and used in a conservative approach to establish differential diagnosis between venereal syphilis, yaws and bejel. Amongst the 768 individuals studied there are 22 cases with possible treponematosis, including some with Caries sicca and saber shin tibiae (patognomonic signs). The final frequency (22/768=2,86%) is certainly an underestimation. There are 4 cases affected with venereal syphilis and 9 with yaws. The remaining 9 cases are inconclusive. No clear case of bejel was found and in those sites were more than one individual was affected, the diagnoses were either the same or were inconclusive. No clear temporal nor geographic pattern of distribution was found. Some other paleopathologies were also studied (cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, periostitis and osteomyelite) in order to test if those groups affected with treponematoses also showed more physiological stress. Although this hypothesis was confirmed, the reasons that some groups were more susceptible to physiologial stress and treponemal diseases than other remains open. Some temporal tendencies were observed but need confirmation. There seems to have been a decrease in frequency of cribra orbitalia, osteomyelitis, periostitis and bone remodellling across time. On the other hand, there is also a upward shift in the frequency of porotic hyperostosis and treponematoses from 5000BP to 1500AD. If the candidate cases presented here would be confirmed, the pre-Columbian hypothesis seems more plausible. On the other hand, the Columbian hypothesis on the recent origin of syphilis, as well as the Unitarian hypothesis (according to which treponematosis is one disease with clinical manifestations influenced by climatic as well as bio-cultural factors) does not explain the distribution of treponematoses found herein.

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Montgomerie, Roger. "The structural and elemental composition of inhaled particles in ancient Egyptian mummified lungs." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-structural-and-elemental-composition-of-inhaled-particles-in-ancient-egyptian-mummified-lungs(e7d2dd35-e783-416d-bb46-5859173ed932).html.

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Since the first modern investigations into Egyptian mummies in the 1970s, anthracosis and silicosis have regularly been found in mummified lungs (Tapp, 1975; Walker et al, 1987). Anthracosis, lung irritation caused by carbon particles, is well researched in modern populations but very little is known about the disease in ancient times. Similarly, little is known about the prevalence of silicosis, caused by the inhalation of particles of silicon, in ancient times. It has been assumed that carbon was inhaled through the combustion of fuel for cooking and illumination whilst silicon came from the desert environment.This study aims to test these assumptions by characterising the shape, size and elemental composition of the organic and inorganic particles contained within ancient lung tissue. When these particles are compared against surrogate carbon and silicon particles, it may be possible to identify them and reveal their aetiology.Surrogate carbon particles were produced through controlled combustion of fuels the ancient Egyptians are likely to have used. The modern silica containing sand was collected from various archaeological sites in Egypt. A sonication method was used to extract particles from ancient tissue. After extraction, individual ancient particles were isolated and examined for size and shape analysis using light microscopy. The surrogate particles were examined in the same manner. The particles were then imaged using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and elemental profiles determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). Bulk analysis by mass spectrometry was then employed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the elements contained within ancient lung particles and the modern surrogates. Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) was used to map the deposition and elemental composition of inorganic compounds in sections of ancient lung. Further information on the bonds and chain length of soots were obtained through FTIR and Raman spectroscopy.Results have shown the presence of anthracosis and birefringent particles in all ancient lung tissues examined by this study. Both organic and inorganic ancient particles have been found to be respirable (ie, less than 10 microns in diameter) and were present in the lung pre-mortem. EDX and ICP-MS results show the inorganic particles to consist of aluminium silicates (sand) and calcium carbonate (limestone). FTIR and Raman spectroscopy were not accurate enough to detect the ancient or surrogate soot bonds and were not suited to this study.

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13

Liebe-Harkort, Carola. "Oral disease and health patterns : dental and cranial paleopathology of the early Iron Age population at Smörkullen in Alvastra, Sweden /." Stockholm : Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-37301.

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14

Yang, Dongya. "DNA diagnosis of thalassemia from ancient Italian skeletons /." *McMaster only, 1997.

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15

Sinnott, Catherine Agnes. "A bioarchaeological and historical analysis of scurvy in eighteenth and nineteenth century England." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9150.

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The identification of metabolic diseases is a crucial aspect of osteoarchaeological analysis and of paleopathological studies. This study is specifically concerned with the study of scurvy and its bony manifestation. This investigation considers the recognition of the bony lesions of scurvy in adult skeletons that originate from English archaeological contexts dating to the Post Medieval period. In order to identify scorbutic bony lesions, assemblages were analysed that derived from the Georgian period Navy that were known to suffer from endemic scurvy, namely Haslar hospital near Portsmouth and Stonehouse hospital in Plymouth. These assemblages were complemented by two Non-Naval skeletal collections of a broadly contemporaneous time period, one of which was a prison assemblage from Oxford Castle in Oxford and the other was from Darwen, Lancashire and consisted of a Primitive Methodist cemetery. For the purpose of this study, an extensive literature review was carried out and a specially modified scurvy recording form was created. In total three hundred and fifty-eight skeletons were analysed using the scurvy recording form on which a total of twenty-one potential scorbutic indicators were scored. The data was then subject to statistical analysis and a set of primary and secondary scorbutic indicators was established. The primary scorbutic lesions were femur, sphenoid, posterior maxilla, scapula, endocranial and mandible. Nine secondary lesions were also established and these were lesions of the foot, humerus, ulna, radius, hand, clavicle, innominate, fibula and the ectocranial surface of the skull. In total, 66.7% of the Haslar assemblage was found to have suffered from scurvy, followed by Plymouth with 20.6%, Darwen with 16.4% and Oxford Castle with 7.9%. It was found that scurvy could be identified in adult skeletal material through the recognition of a number of lesions that could not be attributed to any other disease process. The results indicated that scurvy was present in all of the skeletal collections studied but was more common in the Naval assemblages. This is an important development in the detection of scurvy in the archaeological record and is crucial in the reconstruction of past diets and metabolic disease patterns.

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Halcrow, Sian Ellen, and n/a. "Subadult health and disease in late prehistoric mainland Southeast Asia." University of Otago. Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070621.161132.

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There is a general belief that a decline in health of prehistoric people occurred with the adoption and intensification of agriculture. However, recent bioarchaeological research in Southeast Asia does not seem to fit this model. An investigation of subadult health is particularly useful to assess this issue because immature individuals are very responsive to environmental changes. The increase of archaeological investigation in this region has provided an adequate sample to address this important aspect of human health using subadults. The aim of this thesis was to produce a synthesis of subadult health and disease from late prehistoric Mainland Southeast Asia and assess whether there was evidence for a change in health with agricultural intensification. The samples, comprising a total 325 individuals, are from seven sites in Thailand, six from the Northeast and one from the Southeast coast, and collectively span from c. 4000 to 1500 B.P. Two hypotheses were developed based on previous bioarchaeological research in Southeast Asia. Firstly, there would be maintenance in health with the intensification of agriculture. Secondly, contrary to the first hypothesis, an increase in infectious disease in the later samples was predicted. A biocultural research approach was used, where health and disease were assessed in relationship to evidence of the natural and cultural milieu. A comparative analysis of health indicators was carried out among the sites to assess whether there were any changes in health over time in response to environmental changes. Non-specific indicators of health were used in the assessment of palaeodemography, growth, growth disruption, dental health and skeletal pathology. Analysis of mortality, fertility, growth, growth disruption and dental health found no differences among the sites that could be explained by temporality. These results support the first hypothesis, that health was maintained. The skeletal pathology results tentatively suggested an increase in these indicators in the later sites. An analysis of multiple indicators of stress in the populations indicated a possible decline in health, interpreted with environmental evidence suggesting an increase of infectious disease at the later sites. However, they suggest that the earliest site of Khok Phanom Di had extremely poor health. Thus, the second hypothesis was only partially supported. Environmental evidence was used to provide possible explanations for these results. The heterogeneity of the health indicators support recent interpretations of localised environments of the sites. Also, retention of a broad-spectrum subsistence economy with agriculture may have overridden some of these changes that were seen in other parts of the world. Khok Phanom Di and the later sites were undergoing major changes in their natural and cultural environment, which could have resulted in an increase of infectious disease. These health results are consistent with suggestions that Khok Phanom Di was a distinct genetic population from those at the Northeast Thai sites. This biocultural interpretation emphasises the importance of understanding the environmental context in which these people lived.

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Roumelis, Nikolaos. "The palaeopathology of Kirchberg : evidence of deficiency, inflammatory and tumorous disease in a medieval rural population in Hessia, Germany /." Stockholm : Osteoarchaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7000.

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Nuorala, Emilia. "Molecular palaeopathology : ancient DNA analyses of the bacterial diseases tuberculosis and leprosy /." Stockholm : Archaeological Research Laboratory [Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet], Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-231.

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Vradenburg, Joseph A. "The role of treponematoses in the development of prehistoric cultures and the bioarchaeology of proto-urbanism on the central coast of Peru /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025658.

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SCIANÒ, FILIPPO. "The Detection of Ambiguous Lesions in Biological Anthropology:Investigative Strategies for Human Skeletal Remains." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487831.

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The study of lesions in ancient human remains is of growing interest in the field of paleo-pathology. However, some uncertainty persists in the diagnosis of several pathologies which left ambiguous markers on the bones. The principal issue is the absence of a clear diagnostic approach to the study of some problematic diseases in the past (e.g., infectious diseases, haematopoietic disorders, tumour lesions, traumatic evidences). The purpose of this dissertation is to propose a newly developed methodological approach to study in osteoarchaeological human remains, those lesions that are difficult to diagnose. Our studies were carried out using this approach on Italian human remains from Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy, in a time-frame from Prehistory to Renaissance. The methodological approach we implemented consisted of a preliminary macroscopic analysis followed by a series of radiological, endoscopic and microscopical/histological examination. The present dissertation is organized into six chapters. The first, introduction, presents the aims and the background of the thesis. The second aims to identify the eventual presence of the thalassaemic syndrome in ancient Italian populations, starting from multiple analyses of the dry bones. As a first step, we classified all the lesions associated with the thalassemia syndrome, found in literature, as ‘nonspecific’, ‘specific not-diagnostic’ and ‘diagnostic’ of the β-thalassaemia. Then, we applied the methodological approach described above to the individuals from the necropolis of San Mamiliano, Tuscany (15th - 16th centuries) and the Etruscan port of Spina on the Po Delta (6th- 3rd BCE), since the historical records confirmed both areas as a malaria environment - a condition, which may let presume the presence of individuals with β-thalassaemia. Whereas the cemetery of St. Biagio in Ravenna (17th-19th centuries) was used as a negative control. The principal result of this investigation was the development of a new evaluation form for the preliminary diagnosis of β-thalassaemia. The third deals with the investigation of neoplastic formations in human dry bones Two different osteolytic lesions were identified in two individuals of the necropolis of San Mamiliano. The differential diagnosis carried out with anthropological and histological methods has revealed an osteoma osteomata, a slow-growing benign osteogenic lesion and an osteoblastoma, a rare bone-forming tumour that accounts for less than 14% of all bone tumours. The diagnosis of the osteoblastoma could be useful in implementing modern oncological research to obtain new and additional information on the occurrence, spread and frequency of specific forms of cancer. The fourth and fifth focuse on those lesions of traumatic origin. As a rule, the definition of the lesion’s type and of its infliction time are of fundamental relevance in anthropological and forensic contexts since an accurate analysis allows a more reliable determination of the cause of death of the individual. We employed the same research strategy proposed for the paleopathological investigations and we developed an evaluation form as a general tool to facilitate trauma interpretation as well as timing of the injuries. We were able to discern each lesion, diversifying them as intentional, accidental, ante mortem, peri mortem and post mortem lesions. The last, the conclusion, sum up the objectives achieved in this thesis. We offer two solid evaluation forms. The first, useful for the preliminary diagnosis of β-thalassemia in dry human bone, can be particularly helpful in archaeological contexts, in which environmental conditions may hinder the employment of molecular analyses for diagnostic purposes. The second, may be used for both anthropological and forensic sciences, particularly for the assessment of the lesion’s timing.
Negli ultimi decenni lo studio delle lesioni in resti umani antichi è diventato un argomento di crescente interesse in ambito paleopatologico. Tuttavia c'è ancora molta incertezza nella diagnosi di molte patologie che lasciano un numero limitato di segni specifici sulle ossa. La principale problematica è l'assenza di un chiaro approccio diagnostico per lo studio di quelle patologie difficili da riconoscere e diagnosticare con assoluta certezza. L’interpretazione accurata delle lesioni ossee è una parte essenziale dell'esame paleopatologico; tuttavia questa parte sembra essere trascurata sia nella pratica che in letteratura.Lo scopo della tesi è quello di presentare un approccio metodologico allo studio di lesioni equivoche nei resti umani archeologici. Lo studio, condotto su campioni osteologici antichi provenienti della Toscana, dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Lombardia. In particolare si è cercato di diagnosticare accuratamente la β-talassemia, le lesioni tumorali e i traumi. Ogni individuo è stato analizzato tramite approccio metodologico che consiste in una accurata analisi macroscopica preliminare, un esame radiologico ed endoscopico e l'analisi microscopico/istologica. La tesi si articola in sei capitoli: Il capitolo introduttivo descrive il background degli studi e lo scopo della ricerca. Il secondo capitolo raccoglie, riassume ed elabora i dati della letteratura scientifica sulla presenza di talassemia su resti umani scheletrici per giungere alla proposta di una scheda diagnostica. Si propone di identificare la β-talassemia in popolazioni antiche a partire da analisi specifiche sulle ossa. Dopo aver classificato le lesioni come "non specifiche", "specifiche non diagnostiche" e "diagnostiche", abbiamo adottato l’approccio metodologico per confermare i dati ottenuti applicandolo sugli individui delle necropoli di San Mamiliano (Toscana XV - XVI secolo) e di Spina (VI - III secolo a.C), poiché le fonti storiche riconoscevano l'area come ambiente malarico. Il cimitero di San Biagio a Ravenna (XVII-XIX secolo) è stato utilizzato come sito di controllo negativo. Il principale risultato è stato la creazione di una scheda di valutazione per la diagnosi preliminare della β-talassemia, che ha evidenziato la probabile presenza nel campione di Sovana ma l’ha negata nei campioni di Spina. Il terzo capitolo affronta il tema delle lesioni tumorali rare in campioni osteologici. L’approccio sistematico ha rilevato due diverse lesioni osteolitiche nella necropoli di San Mamiliano, un osteoma osteomata e un osteoblastoma. Quest’ultimo è un raro tumore che rappresenta meno del 14% dei tumori ossei. La diagnosi dell'osteoblastoma non solo è di interesse storico, ma potrebbe essere utile nelle moderne ricerche oncologiche per ottenere informazioni sulla comparsa, diffusione e frequenza di tumori specifici. Il quarto capitolo affronta il tema della definizione delle lesioni traumatiche e mira a definire differenti tipi di lesioni e la loro tempistica di inflizione. Il quinto identifica le lesioni traumatiche per tipologia e tempo di inflizione. Abbiamo applicato una variante della metodologia proposta per l'indagine paleopatologica e abbiamo creato una scheda di valutazione per facilitare l’interpretazione e la tempistica dei traumi. Applicando la scheda sul nostro campione abbiamo diversificato le lesioni in intenzionali, accidentali, ante-, peri- e post mortem. Il capitolo conclusivo raccoglie e organizza i risultati ottenuti. La tesi offre come contributo pratico due solide schede di valutazione: la prima, utile per la diagnosi della β-talassemia in popolazioni antiche, adatta in quei contesti archeologici in cui la diagnosi di β-talassemia tramite approcci molecolari potrebbe non essere possibile. La seconda appropriata per la valutazione delle tempistiche inflittive, degli episodi di violenza accidentale e intenzionali sia in contesti archeoantropologici che forensi.

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21

Roberts, Kathryn S. "Bioarchaeology : digging for the truth." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1135.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Sciences
Anthropology

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22

Jeffers, Leah Rachel. "Fashion and Court-Building in the Sixteenth-Century Florentine Ducal Court: Politics, Agency, and Paleopathology in the Wardrobes of Eleonora di Toledo and Giovanna d'Austria." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1024.

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Fashion in the Renaissance became intensely political, highly gendered, and anatomized (i.e. emphasizing human anatomy rather than masking it). Court culture placed a particular emphasis on the body of the courtier, as skills such as dancing and dressing fashionably became crucial to political success in states throughout Europe. In sixteenth-century Florence, the Medici attempted to install a duchy in what was at the time a republican city (with strong republican heritage). Florentine fears of foreign domination and resentment towards non-republican forms of government made the Medici’s task nearly impossible. Fashion became a primary pillar of the Medicean political agenda, as the first members of the Medici family to hold official power in the Florentine Grand Duchy (and their wives) dressed quite modestly in comparison to other sixteenth-century heads of state, so as not to appear to have imperial or monarchical pretensions and thus arouse dangerous levels of antipathy from their Florentine subjects. The first Grand Duchess, Eleonora di Toledo, and the second, Giovanna d’Austria, faced an additional challenge as foreign brides marrying into the Medici duchy, as they were themselves representatives of the influence of imperial power in Florentine politics. They both were faced with countless factors to consider as they made choices about how to dress, and each choice had political, social, and economic implications and consequences.

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23

Mejía, Juliana Gómez. "Qualidade de vida e dinâmicas de conflito na população da península de Paracas, costa sul do Peru durante o final do Horizonte Temprano (400 a.C - 100 d.C)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-03012017-113021/.

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Este trabalho avalia, desde uma perspectiva bioarqueológica, diversos indicadores ósseos de estresse e de violência física nas populações que foram sepultadas na península de Paracas, costa sul do Peru, durante o final do Horizonte Temprano (400 a.C - 100 d.C). Tal período é essencial na história da complexificação social dos Andes Centrais, porque coincide com o colapso da tradição Chavín que previamente integrava diversas organizações políticas, causando fragmentação regional e surgimento de sociedades diversificadas com elites disputando o poder. Durante o final do Horizonte Temprano várias regiões andinas exibiram arquitetura defensiva, altas frequências de traumas violentos e iconografia que incluía cenas de violência e de possível conflito. Além disso, dados publicados para outros sítios contemporâneos da região sugerem a existência de um período de crise com profundas mudanças sociopolíticas. Para nos aproximarmos do impacto que teve esse processo na qualidade de vida das pessoas sepultadas na península de Paracas, foram estimadas a estatura adulta, prevalências de hipoplasias do esmalte dentário, cribra orbitalia, hiperostose porótica, lesões do periósteo, traumas, trepanações cranianas e modificação intencional do crânio, numa coleção de 307 esqueletos escavados por J.C Tello entre 1925-1930. Esses indivíduos foram sepultados durante duas fases consecutivas: Cavernas (sítio Cerro Colorado) e Necrópolis (sítios Warikayán e Arena Blanca). Durante o período Cavernas observamos menor estatura adulta masculina e maiores prevalências nos indicadores de estresse e de traumas cranianos em comparação ao período Necrópolis. Nesta última fase, que coincide com o aparecimento de grupos associados à tradição Topará, observamos variação no tipo geral de modificação craniana, menor exposição aos traumas cranianos, aumento da estatura masculina e redução na prevalência de indicadores ósseos de estresse, sugerindo melhoras nas condições gerais de vida. Esta pesquisa fornece novos dados para compreender o impacto das mudanças nos processos de complexificação social sobre a qualidade de vida que aconteceram nos Andes Centrais
This research uses a bioarchaeological perspective to analyze various skeletal stress markers and violence-related trauma in the populations buried on the Paracas peninsula, south coast of Peru, during the final Early Horizon period (400 B.C - AD.100). This period, in the complex social history of Andean population is transformative because of the decline of the highland Chavin culture that previously integrated various socio-political organizations, which led to regional fragmentation and local elites vying for political control. During this period were found, defensive architecture, high prevalence of cranial trauma, and warrior iconography in various Andean archaeological sites. In addition, published data for contemporaneous sites suggests a crises period that lead to major sociopolitical changes. To assess the impact this process had on the quality of life, this study estimates the adult stature and prevalences of enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, periosteal lesions, skeletal trauma, cranial trepanation, and cranial vault modification in 307 skeletons from the J.C Tello collection, excavated between 1925 and 1930 on the Paracas peninsula. Those individuals were buried in two successive cultural periods: Cavernas (Cerro Colorado site) and Necrópolis (Warikayán and Arena Blanca sites). In the Cavernas period a shorter male stature and a higher prevalence in the stress markers and cranial trauma were observed. The subsequent Necropolis period, influenced by Topará groups, showed differences in cranial vault modification types, significant reduction of cranial trauma, increases in male stature, and lower prevalence of skeletal stress markers. This findings suggest a more stable period with better life conditions. These results provide new insight into the impact of social complexity on the development of Andean population\'s quality of life

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24

Echazabal, Cristina. "Life in the Florida Everglades: Bioarchaeology of the Miami One Site." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1624.

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The bioarchaeology of prehistoric south Florida has been an area of archaeological interest for the last century because of the interplay between ancient populations and the unique environment of the Everglades. The purpose of this study is to analyze the pathology, demography and mortuary practice of the ancient Southeast Florida aboriginal population at Miami One to assess the similarity of Miami One to other south Florida populations during the prehistoric period. The Miami One site (8DA11) is one of many related sites located along the shore of the Miami River. It was continuously occupied from the Late Archaic (ca.1000 B.C.) through the Glades II period (1000 A.D.). Archaeological material associated with the Glades III period (ca. A.D. 1200) was also present. A large quantity of human remains was recovered and half of this collection is being temporarily housed at the University of South Florida. The burials were secondary and commingled in nature, having been recovered from solution holes which served as natural ossuaries. A total of forty-nine adults and fourteen juveniles are reported. Nineteen cases of osteoarthritis related to age and injury are described. Thirty-two cases of infection are described, including periostitis, osteomyelitis, and a possible treponemal infection. Seven cases of trauma are also present. Radiographic evidence demonstrates a low frequency of metabolic disruptions in the population. Dental pathology consists mostly of severe attrition, abscessing, calculus and very few caries, all consistent with a hunter-gatherer subsistence pattern. Mortuary data, including demography, pathology, type of burial, burial location and burial artifacts, are compared to that of five other contemporaneous sites and an earlier site associated with the Glades culture in southeast Florida. The data gathered in this study are consistent with those of the six additional sites, indicating that the local culture is indeed part of the larger Glades culture assigned to southeast Florida and that these groups are culturally heterogeneous.

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25

DONATI, Roberta. "Qualità Ossea e Osteoporosi: un nuovo metodo di valutazione antropologica su reperti scheletrici umani recenti ed antichi." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389115.

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Osteoporosis is a major health problem in the world; it is an insidious disease that, silently, reduces bone mass making the bones weak and more prone to fractures. The attention that is paid is very great, especially in industrialized countries where the life expectancy is high and in which osteoporosis is becoming a disease with high social impact. In paleopathology, many studies have focused on bone loss in past populations. The aim of these works is to define the traces of a disease that is only apparently modern. The current study investigates a new methodological approach to assess bone health in recent and ancient human skeletal remains. The use of the Quantitative Ultrasonometry (QUS), applied for the first time on skeletal samples, has allowed to evaluate bone tissue identifying characteristics not only related to its mass and density, but also to the structure and to its elastic component. Starting to the differences found between sexes and age, ultrasonometric standard were created to provide a reference point for archaeological and to help identify osteoporosis or simple bone loss cases. The application of this method on a medieval sample has allowed to validate it on an archaeological sample demonstrating its efficacy.

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26

Coolidge, Rhonda. "The Relationship of Childhood Stress to Adult Health and Mortality Among Individuals From Two U.S. Documented Skeletal Collections, Late 19^th to Early 20^th Centuries." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5929.

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Although the association between social inequality and poor adult health is well established, the mechanisms by which inequality is translated into poor adult health are less clear. Increasingly, evidence suggests that many adult health problems and health disparities have their origins in early life; the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis provides an explanatory mechanism linking adverse early life conditions with permanent structural or functional changes that increase the risk for disease. This hypothesis is consistent with bioarchaeological research noting reduced lifespan among individuals exhibiting signs of childhood stress. The principal aim of this dissertation is to contribute a bioarchaeological perspective to health disparities research by investigating how health disparities can be measured and understood in the past. This study focuses on early life conditions as a source of adult health disparity by examining a skeletal sample for the association between childhood stress and adult longevity; the relationship between childhood stress and the presence of adult health conditions; and sex, ancestry, and regional differences in these relationships. The study sampled 830 age-documented, U.S. born African American males and females and Euro-American males from the Terry and the Hamann-Todd anatomical collections, representing socially-marginalized individuals from the late 19th- to early 20th centuries. Enamel hypoplasia, femoral length, and vertebral neural canal diameters represented childhood stress; skeletal fractures, tibial periostosis, and the diseased, missing, and filled tooth index represented adult health. Longevity was modeled with Kaplan-Meier survival curves and adult health relationships were modeled with logistic regression. Additionally, cause of death data from historic health department publications and the study sample morgue records were examined for disparity in the epidemiological transition from infectious to degenerative cause of death. The study found mixed results for all analyses. There was no reduction in longevity for the presence of enamel hypoplasia, short femoral length, or reduced thoracic neural canal diameter. African American males had statistically significant reduced longevity for small lumbar vertebral neural canal diameters. African American males from the Hamann-Todd Collection and Euro-American males from both collections had significant relationships between vertebral neural canal diameters and adult conditions; these relationships varied among the groups but in most cases demonstrated reduced odds for having the adult condition for individuals with smaller canal diameters. African American females had no differential survival or relationships between variables over the lifecourse. All groups except for the Terry Collection Euro-American males continued to have more infectious disease deaths than degenerative disease deaths. The study results contribute to disparities research by demonstrating that the consequences of childhood stress varied by sex and ancestry and by demonstrating within-population variation in timing of the epidemiological transition. Additionally, the study results support the contention of greater male sensitivity to environmental conditions and contributes evidence supporting the DOHaD hypothesis.

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27

Cope, Darcy. "BENT BONES: THE PATHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF TWO FETAL SKELETONS FROM THE DAKHLEH OASIS, EGYPT." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2663.

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The present study evaluates two fetal individuals (B532 and B625) from the Kellis 2 cemetery (Roman period circa A.D. 50 A.D. 450), Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, that display skeletal anomalies that may explain their death. Both individuals exhibit bowing of the long bones in addition to other skeletal deformities unique to each individual. To assess these pathologies a differential diagnosis based on the congenital occurrence of long bone bowing is developed. Long bone bowing is selected because it is the more prevalent abnormality in the paleopathological literature and the other abnormalities are not as easily identifiable in the literature. For the purposes of this study, the differential diagnosis is defined as a process of comparing the characteristics of known diseases with those shared by an archaeological specimen, in the anticipation of diagnosing the possible condition. It is expected that the differential diagnosis will assist in providing a thorough assessment of each skeleton and yield a possible diagnosis for the condition(s). Macroscopic and radiographic analyses are used to document and examine the bone abnormalities for each individual and compare the results with the developed differential diagnosis. Results suggest that the bent long bones of B532 were caused by osteogenesis imperfecta whereas the cause of the bent long bones of B625 is not clear. Further analyses of B625, including the pathologic abnormalities of its skull, suggest that the neural tube defect iniencephaly with associated encephalocele was the likely cause of the observed skeletal abnormalities. The abnormalities of the long bones complicate estimations of the age-at-death of these two individuals, thus the pars basilaris bone was used to assess age estimation. A population sample of 37 Kellis 2 fetal individuals allowed for the development of linear regression formulae of the pars basilaris measurements for long bone length estimates and a comparison of which would provide the most accurate age estimate. Finally, the diagnoses of the fetal specimens are considered in relation to the cultural aspects and disease pattern of the Kellis 2 cemetery
M.A.
Department of Anthropology
Sciences
Anthropology MA

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28

Munizzi, Jordon S. "A comparative study of the occurrence of transverse readiopaque lines in archaic, early modern, and holocene human population." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1467.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Sciences
Anthropology

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29

Blau, S. (Soren). "Finally the skeleton : an analysis of archaeological human skeletal remains from the United Arab Emirates." Thesis, School of Archaeology, Classics and Ancient History, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6611.

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30

Beilner, Thomas. "Histomorphometrische Untersuchungen zur Osteoporoseprädisposition in frühmittelalterlichen Bevölkerungen." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/50130020.html.

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31

Oliveira, Rodrigo Elias de. "Avaliação da prevalência de patologias bucais nos oásis de San Pedro de Atacama." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-29112013-094212/.

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O deserto de Atacama, no norte do Chile, a despeito da altitude e da aridez que o caracterizam, apresenta evidências da presença humana há pelo menos 13000 anos. San Pedro de Atacama é uma região muito importante deste deserto devido ao grande número de esqueletos arqueológicos ali exumados e ao excelente estado de preservação que o material escavado, seja ele mineral ou orgânico, é encontrado. Equipes independentes de pesquisadores têm colaborado, nos últimos 50 anos, para o entendimento da pré-história atacamenha através de análises do acervo arqueológico e bioantropológico que hoje se encontra sob a guarda do museu arqueológico Padre Gustavo Le Paige. O material analisado neste trabalho é parte integrante da coleção de crânios humanos escavados por Le Paige, coleção que se encontra severamente reduzida por deficiências no processo de cura e guarda. Foram analisadas as patologias bucais de 402 crânios provenientes de 13 sítios arqueológicos de San Pedro de Atacama e Caspana, com o objetivo de inferir a qualidade de vida biológica dessas populações a partir do período Formativo (350 AC) até a chegada Império Inca (1470 AD) nos oásis atacamenhos. Considerando o período de influência do Império Tiwanaku em San Pedro como referência, os períodos Pré Tiwanaku e Pós Tiwanaku foram comparados com o período Tiwanaku (500 a 1000 AD) e também com o sítio Caspana, utilizado como controle externo. As redes de troca que foram intensificadas durante o período Tiwanaku em todos os Andes Centrais disponibilizaram aos oásis de San Pedro de Atacama uma maior variedade de alimentos, diminuindo assim a dependência do milho desta sociedade. Prova disso é a queda significativa das cáries dentárias observada entre o período Pré Tiwanaku e o período Tiwanaku. No mesmo período, foram observados aumentos dos cálculos salivares e das reabsorções periodontais que, associados à queda das cáries dentárias, sugerem o aumento no consumo de proteína e sais minerais pelos atacamenhos. O período subsequente, marcado pela alteração climática responsável pelo desmantelamento do Estado Tiwanaku, afetaria a população dos oásis obrigando-a a retornar ao milho como item principal em sua dieta, fato confirmado pelo aumento das cáries dentárias. A seca característica do período Pós Tiwanaku deve ter pressionado a sociedade atacamenha a intensificar suas técnicas de conservação dos alimentos, sendo esta a mais plausível explicação para o também observado aumento significativo dos cálculos salivares. Os crânios analisados de Caspana apresentaram uma prevalência de cáries dentárias inferior à prevalência observada durante período Pós Tiwanaku em San Pedro de Atacama, sugerindo uma estratégia de subsistência distinta, baseada numa dieta menos cariogênica. O limitado consumo de proteínas e sais minerais como cálcio e potássio também caracterizou a alimentação dos habitantes de Caspana, confirmado pela baixa prevalência de cálculos salivares e reabsorções periodontais. As mulheres apresentaram prevalências mais altas de cárie dentária, cálculo salivar e reabsorção periodontal, indicando um acesso maior aos alimentos, em quantidade ou em frequência, que os indivíduos do sexo masculino. Quanto às deformações cranianas intencionais analisadas nos sítios de San Pedro de Atacama, não foram encontrados sinais de privilégios nutricionais por nenhum grupo estudado, sejam eles não deformados ou deformados, independentemente do período avaliado ou do tipo e angulação da deformação apresentada.
The Atacama Desert in northern Chile, despite the altitude and dryness that characterize it, displays evidence of human presence for at least 13,000 years. San Pedro de Atacama is a very important region of the desert, for the large number of archaeological skeletons that were exhumed and found there and also for the excellent state of preservation in which the excavated material- whether mineral or organic - was found. Independent teams of researchers have collaborated for the past 50 years to the understanding of Atacamenian prehistory, through analysis of the archaeological and the bio anthropological collection, which are now in the custody of the archaeological museum Padre Gustavo Le Paige. The material analyzed in this dissertation is part of the collection of human skulls excavated by Le Paige, a collection now severely reduced due to deficiencies in the process of safekeeping. The oral pathologies of 402 skulls from 13 different archaeological sites of San Pedro de Atacama and Caspana have been analyzed in order to infer the biological quality of life of these populations from the Formative period (350 BC) up to the arrival of the Inca Empire (1470 AD) in the oasis Atacameños. Considering the period of influence of the Tiwanaku Empire in San Pedro as reference, the periods Pre and Post Tiwanaku Tiwanaku were compared with the Tiwanaku period (500-1000 AD) and also with the Caspana site, which was used as an external control. The enhanced networks of exchange during the Tiwanaku period around the whole of the Central Andes have provided the oasis of San Pedro de Atacama greater variety of foods, thereby reducing the reliance this society had on corn. The proof of this is the significant decline in dental caries observed between the pre Tiwanaku and the Tiwanaku periods. During this period, the increase in salivary calculi and periodontal resorption associated to the decrease in dental caries suggests the raise in consumption of protein and minerals by the Atacameños. The subsequent period is marked by a climate change which was responsible for the dismantling of the Tiwanaku state, thus affecting the population of the oasis and forcing it to return to the consumption of corn as the main item in their diet, a fact that is confirmed by the increase in dental caries. The characteristic drought of this period must have driven the Post Tiwanaku Atacamenian society to intensify their food preservation techniques, and that is the most plausible explanation for the also significant raise in salivary calculi. The skulls analyzed from Caspana showed a lower prevalence of dental caries than the ones observed during the Post Tiwanaku period in San Pedro de Atacama, suggesting a distinct livelihood strategy based on a less cariogenic diet. The limited consumption of protein and minerals like calcium and potassium also characterize the food intake of the inhabitants of Caspana, which is confirmed by the low prevalence of salivary calculi and periodontal resorption. The female skulls showed a higher incidence of dental caries, salivary calculus and periodontal resorption, indicating that they had broader access to food, both in quantity and frequency than their male counterparts. Regarding the intentional cranial deformations analyzed here, no signs of nutritional privileges were found on any of the studied groups, whether deformed or not, regardless of the period studied or the type and angle of these deformations.

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32

SILVA, Ilana Elisa Chaves. "Arqueologia da doença no cemitério histórico do Pilar-PE." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17309.

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Durante o acompanhamento arqueológico realizado pela Fundação Seridó em parceria com a Universidade Federal de Pernambuco nas obras de implantação do Habitacional do Pilar, Bairro do Recife – PE, foi evidenciado na Quadra 55, um cemitério histórico de limites ainda desconhecidos. Na referida campanha, iniciada em Janeiro de 2013 e finalizada em Abril de 2014, foram exumados 28 sepultamentos humanos. Segundo apontam os primeiros resultados, o cemitério seria provavelmente dos séculos XVII e XVIII. Considerando as características apresentadas pelo sítio, indagamos se o Cemitério do Pilar teria sido destinado a indivíduos acometidos por surtos epidêmicos durante o período da ocupação holandesa no Recife (1630 e 1654). Inicialmente foram identificadas historicamente as principais epidemias que acometeram a cidade do Recife, em Pernambuco, no período da ocupação holandesa. Posteriormente realizamos a análise da ancestralidade, sexo e idade dos indivíduos a fim de perceber se este grupo seria semelhante ao descrito pela historiografia como os moradores do Recife da época. Após as análises ósseas identificamos: indivíduos masculinos de ancestralidade caucasoide (europeia) com idades entre 15 e 21 anos, predominantemente. e alterações morfológicas insuficientes para uma diagnose positiva para bouba, sífilis, varíola. Escorbuto foi a patologia que apresentou uma característica mais recorrente – retração alveolar.
During the archaeological monitoring of the Pilar Housing, District of Recife – PE, done by Seridó Foundation with Federal University of Pernambuco, a historical cemetery with still unmeasured dimensions was evidenced on block 55. In this archaeological campaign, between January 2013 and April 2014, 28 human burials were dug. According the first search results, the cemetery would be probably from the 17th and 18th centuries. Considering the site’s features, we question if the Pilar Cemetery would have been intended for individuals affected by disease outbreak during the Dutch occupation in Recife (between 1630 and 1654). First, we identified historically the major diseases that befell the city of Recife, in Pernambuco, during the Dutch occupation. Then we analyzed the ancestry, sex and age of the individuals aiming understand if the group would be similar to the group described by the historiography as the Recife’s residents at the time. After bone analysis, were identified, predominantly, male Caucasoid (European) individuals between 15 and 21 years old. The bone morphological alterations were not enough to diagnose positively yaws, syphilis, smallpox. Scurvy was the pathology that presented recurring feature – alveolar retraction.

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Lima, Fábio Cunha Guimarães de. "Alterações ante mortem e pseudopatologias em exoesqueleto de cingulados pleistocênicos de grande porte da região intertropical brasileira." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2017. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/810.

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The order Cingulata is one of the most representative members of the Pleistocene Brazilian Megafauna. It is composed by well-known animals (armadillos, pampatheres and glyptodonts) and characterized by a peculiar bony exoesqueleton. Several studies in paleoecology of cingulates involve this peculiar structure, whatever, few studies have directed their attention to pathological alterations in the exoskeleton, despite its great potential in terms of paleobiological information. The aim of this work was to describe and identify exoskeletal diseases in large cingulates from the Pleistocene of the Brazilian Intertropical Region, providing new paleoecological insights for such animals. We analyzed exoskeletal elements collected in six localities of the Brazilian Intertropical Region deposited in three relevant fossil collections in the states of Minas Gerais, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte. Through macroscopic examination, we have detected pathological and pseudopathological alterations affecting the surface of components of the exoskeleton in specimens of Hoplophorus euphractus, Panochuthus sp., Glyptotherium sp. and Pachyarmatherium brasiliense. These lesions included traumatic and infectious alterations generated by parasites in different parts of exoskeleton and the first records of lesions caused by fleas in glypdonts and in a large non-glyptodontid cingulate (Pachyarmatherium). Finally, we verified the presence of pseudopathologies, which served as a base for we propose a protocol to differentiate pathological to taphonomical alterations
Na Megafauna Brasileira do Pleistoceno, a Ordem Cingulata, um dos principais integrantes da megafauna brasileira do Pleistoceno, é composta por animais bastante conhecidos (tatus, pampatérios e gliptodontes) e caracterizados por um peculiar exoesqueleto ósseo. Muitos estudos em paleoecologia de cingulados envolvem esta estrutura, no entanto, poucos trabalhos têm direcionado a atenção para alterações patológicas do exoesqueleto, embora se reconheça o seu enorme potencial em termos de informações paleobiológicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e descrever alterações exoesqueletais em cingulados de grande porte do Pleistoceno da Região Intertropical Brasileira, fornecendo novos insights paleoecológicos sobre esses animais. Analisamos componentes do exoesqueleto coletados em seis localidades da Região Intertropical Brasileira depositados em três coleções relevantes nos estados de Minas Gerais, Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Norte. Por meio de exame macroscópico, detectamos alterações patológicas em superfícies ósseas acometendo o exoesqueleto em espécimes de Hoplophorus euphractus, Panochuthus sp., Glyptotherium sp. e Pachyarmatherium brasiliense. Estas lesões constituíram alterações traumáticas e infecciosas geradas por parasitas em diferentes partes do exoesqueleto e os primeiros registros de lesões causadas por pulgas em diferentes espécies de gliptodontes. Finalmente, constatamos a presença de pseudopatologias, as quais serviram de base para propormos um protocolo para diferenciar alterações patológicas de tafonômicas
2017-09-12

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Wehri, Elizabeth G. "A Classification System of Osteomyelitis for Historic Skeletal Remains: An Assessment of Civil War Soldier Amputees." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1243015132.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisor: Alan P. Sullivan. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 27, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: Osteomyelitis; Civil War; Paleopathology; Osteology. Includes bibliographical references.

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Bauder, Jennifer M. "Porotic hyperostosis differential diagnosis and implications for subadult survivorship in prehistoric west-central Illinois /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.

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36

Bouchez, Isabelle. "Evolution des marqueurs non conventionnels âge et sexe dépendants : apport de la paléopathologie : étude de l'ostéoarthrose rachidienne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20690/document.

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De nombreuses méthodes ont été développées pour estimer l’âge au décès de l’adulte mature. De plus, l’observation de certaines lésions dégénératives amène parfois l’anthropologue à classer un sujet chez les individus âgés, plus spécifiquement lorsqu’elles atteignent la colonne vertébrale. Or si l’ostéoarthrose rachidienne a fait l’objet de nombreux articles en paléopathologie, l’exploitation de l’ensemble des articulations vertébrales au sein d’une méthodologie est quasi inexistante. Ainsi, afin de déterminer le rôle d’une étude paléopathologique dans le vieillissement osseux, nous avons mis au point une méthode originale d’enregistrement des données.Cette méthode, basée sur un découpage topographique du rachis et un système de cotation des lésions arthrosiques, permet d’étudier l’atteinte dégénérative grâce à l’obtention d’un score de sévérité pondéré à l’état de conservation de la vertèbre. Le matériel d’étude est constitué de 750 individus répartis équitablement sur 3 périodes historiques (médiévale, moderne et contemporaine) permettant ainsi d’effectuer une comparaison diachronique des résultats. Les 250 individus constituant l’échantillon contemporain proviennent de collections documentées (Schoten, Belgique ; Bologne, Italie ; Sassari, Sardaigne). L’âge des sujets ostéoarchéologiques a été estimé grâce aux méthodes utilisant la surface auriculaire de l’os coxal (Lovejoy, 1985 et Schmitt, 2005). La même estimation a été faite sur les collections âge/sexe connus afin de déterminer le pourcentage d’erreur commis sur nos échantillons médiéval et moderne. Pour chaque articulation rachidienne nous avons testé statistiquement la relation entre l’âge au décès et les scores de sévérité, ainsi que les dissemblances d’atteinte en fonction du sexe et de la latéralité. Des études qualitatives ont également été entreprises, permettant ainsi d’observer l’expansion des modifications dégénératives en fonction des différentes classes d’âge.Au terme de ce travail de recherche, nous avons constaté l’existence d’une relation entre l’âge et la sévérité des atteintes dégénératives vertébrales. Cependant ce lien est modéré par divers facteurs variant en fonction des articulations et des segments vertébraux. Parmi ces facteurs, nous avons relevé le sexe et la latéralité. Des informations concernant le mode de développement des lésions dégénératives rachidiennes ont également été acquises. Ainsi, nous avons observé que l’OA se développait dans un premier temps de manière progressive le long du rachis, puis, avec l’âge et selon le type d’articulation, les lésions se concentrent sur les mêmes vertèbres (celles étant le plus soumises aux forces biomécaniques). C’est également sur ces mêmes vertèbres que se manifestent les lésions les plus sévères. Ainsi, il semble indispensable, lors d’une étude paléoépidémiologique, d’avoir un nombre minimum de vertèbres et parmi celles-ci les vertèbres les plus sollicitées en pré requis. De plus, nous préconisons lors d’un examen paléopathologique, de considérer plus que la sévérité même de la lésion, le nombre de zone atteintes comme estimateur de l’âge au décès
Various methods have been developed to estimate age at death of adults and anthropologists sometimes use degenerative vertebral lesions. In paleopathology contrary to vertebral degenerative disease (VDD) that has been extensively studied, the whole vertebral joints have almost never been investigated by standardized methodology that allows approximating the epidemiological performance of various vertebral joints in relation to articular degeneration. In order to better define the paleoepidemiological aspects of bone ageing we have developed a research program based on the recording of degenerative lesions in the vertebral joints.This approach is based on a topographic division of spine and a grading system of degenerative lesions, permits the study VDD using “a severity score” according to the state of vertebral preservation. We studied 750 spines provided equally from three samples (medieval, modern and contemporary) to compare periods. The 250 contemporary spines are from documented collections of Schoten (Belgium), Bologna (Italy) and Sassari (Sardinia). Age estimation was made for each archaeological sample using methods based on the observation of the sacro-iliac joint surface (Lovejoy, 1985 and Schmitt, 2005). The same estimation of age has been made with known sex and age collections in order to calculate error estimates. For each joint of the spine, statistical tests have been made to study relationship between the age at death and “the severity score” and to compare variability between sex and spine laterality. Quantitative studies have also been made to observe degenerative change resulting from advancing age.At the end of this work, we observed the relation between age and the severity of VDD. That link can vary according to joint type, spinal segment and various factors such as sex or laterality. Information concerning the evolution of degenerative lesions has been acquired. VDD appears initially to progressively affect the entire spine and then with aging, degenerative lesions focus on the same vertebrae (those that are the most used biomechanically). Those vertebrae always show the most severe lesions. Thus it is essential for paleoepidemiologic studies to include a minimal number of vertebrae and among them those that are the most used. We also suggest considering the number of affected zones to estimate age at death instead of the lesion severity

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Väre, T. (Tiina). "Osteobiography of Vicar Rungius:analyses of the bones and tissues of the mummy of an early 17th-century Northern Finnish clergyman using radiology and stable isotopes." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526215259.

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Abstract This dissertation is a pioneering effort in a project to document, preserve and study the human remains found beneath old Northern Finnish churches. These remains have spontaneously mummified as a result of the early modern elite’s practice of burying under church floors. The main subject of the study is an early 17th-century Vicar of the Kemi parish, Nikolaus Rungius, and his mummified remains. His mummy that still is an important tourist attraction and a popular character in local lore, has a unique history as it has been exhibited since the 18th-century. The computed tomography scanning performed on the mummy revealed pathological findings suggesting that the Vicar suffered from obesity-related conditions. The most convincing of these was the manifestation of DISH in his thoracic spine. There were also indications of tuberculosis, such as a probable Pott’s spine, as well as calcifications, for example, in subareolar regions. The latter may also represent gynaecomastia, which currently is a rather common finding in elderly men. The scans also provided information concerning the preservation. In addition to the right forearm that was lost by the mid-19th-century, six cervical vertebrae are missing. The head still appears to be attached through a continuous band of soft tissue, and has likely belonged to the same person as the rest of the body. Both the Vicar’s dental health examined through the scans, and the results of the stable isotope analyses (δ13C, δ15N) of his nail keratin, along with the obesity-related findings, indicated a rather heavy diet rich in protein. This is in line with what is known about the early modern Northern Finnish diets. They were mainly based on foodstuffs acquired by hunting, fishing and animal husbandry. These interpretations also comport with the Vicar’s status, and assumed wealth. Typically, the clergy could maintain abundant diets. Even manifestations of DISH are rather commonly found in remains from monastery sites. The Vicar’s δ15N value was elevated in comparison to the values of the control group comprised of other early modern human remains in Northern Finnish churches. This discrepancy may be due to a stronger input of dietary protein sourced from top aquatic predators, such as the seal. Another plausible explanation could be the connection between the elevated δ15N value and DISH previously found by several authors
Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöstutkimus on osa projektia, jonka päämääränä on vanhojen pohjoissuomalaisten kirkkojen alla lepäävien muumioituneiden vainajien dokumentointi, säilyttäminen ja tutkimus. Muumioitumisen taustalla on varhaisen uuden ajan eliitin tapa haudata kirkkojen lattioidenalaisiin tiloihin. Tutkimuksen pääkohteena on 1600-luvun alun Kemin seurakunnan kirkkoherran, Nikolaus Rungiuksen hyvin säilynyt ruumis. Kirkkoherran muumiolla on ainutlaatuinen historia, sillä se on ollut nähtävillä 1700-luvulta lähtien. Tämä paikallistaruston hyvin tuntema hahmo on edelleenkin tärkeä turistikohde. Muumion tietokonetomografinen kuvantaminen paljasti useita patologisia löydöksiä. Osa niistä vihjaa kirkkoherran kärsineen tiloista, joilla on yhteys ylipainoon. Kaikista vakuuttavimmin siihen viittaisi hänen rintarangassaan havaittu diffuusin idiopaattisen skeletaalisen hyperostoosin (DISH) aiheuttama leesio. Myös tuberkuloosista havaittiin viitteitä, kuten mahdollinen Pottin tauti, sekä subareolaariset kalkkeumat. Jälkimmäiset voivat tosin olla gynekomastiankin aiheuttamat. Kuvantaminen tarjosi tietoa myös muumion säilyneisyydestä. Pitkään kadoksissa olleen oikean kyynärvarren lisäksi kuusi kaulanikamaa puuttuivat. Pää ja torso näyttäisivät kuitenkin edelleen yhdistyvän toisiinsa niskassa, mikä tarkoittaisi molempien osien kuuluneen samalle yksilölle. Sekä kirkkoherran hammasterveys, että kynnen keratiinin isotooppianalyysit (δ15N, δ13C) indikoivat, että hänen ruokavalionsa lienee ollut raskas ja proteiinirikas. Rintarangan DISH-leesio tukee tätä päätelmää, joka sopii yhteen myös aiempien pohjoissuomalaista varhaisen uudenajan ruokavaliota koskevien tietojen kanssa. Ravinto hankittiin lähinnä metsästämällä, kalastamalla ja karjanhoidolla. Tulokset yhtenevät kirkkoherran sosiaalisen statuksen ja oletetun vaurauden kanssa: papisto kykeni tyypillisesti nauttimaan runsaasta ruokavaliosta. Jopa ylipainoon yhdistetty DISH on erityisen tyypillinen löydös nimenomaan luostarikaivauksien vainajissa. Stabiili-isotooppianalyysit paljastivat kirkkoherran typpiarvon merkittävästi muista pohjoissuomalaisista muumioista koostuvan verrokkiaineiston arvoja korkeammaksi. Ero selittynee ravinnon suuremmalla määrällä vesistöjen huippusaalistajien, kuten hylkeiden proteiinia. Toinen mahdollinen selitys voi liittyä kohonneiden typpiarvojen ja DISHin väliltä aiemmin löydettyyn yhteyteen

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Braunn, Patrícia Rodrigues. "Hipoplasia de esmalte em Toxodon Owen, 1837 (Mammalia, Notoungulata) do pleistoceno do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56851.

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A Paleopatologia estuda os sinais de doenças em populações já extintas, entre elas os indicadores de estresse tais como a hipoplasia de esmalte (HE), caracterizada por reduções na espessura do esmalte sobre a superfície dentária, na forma de orifícios, sulcos ou ausência completa de esmalte sobre uma considerável área. Estes defeitos resultam de uma interrupção da atividade dos ameloblastos durante o processo de formação do esmalte devido a estresse fisiológico sistêmico, sendo amplamente utilizados em Paleopatologia Humana e de vertebrados não-humanos como indicativos de estresse ambiental e/ou nutricional. Além disso, com base na histologia do esmalte dentário, é possível relacionar alterações microestruturais neste tecido com o impacto de vários fatores de estresse sobre os ameloblastos secretórios. Toxodon, um grande e robusto mamífero notoungulado herbívoro, com dentes de crescimento contínuo, do Pleistoceno da América do Sul frequentemente tem HE, e a apresenta sob várias formas, tais como linhas ou séries contínuas de orifícios onde o esmalte é mais delgado. Estes defeitos são alternados com áreas de esmalte normal, onde pode haver de uma a seis formas de HE no mesmo dente. Neste estudo foram observados 502 dentes superiores e inferiores de Toxodon pertencentes à Coleção de Paleovertebrados do Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul e do Museu da Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, incluindo incisivos, pré-molares e molares de depósitos pleistocênicos da Formação Touro Passo e da Planície Costeira do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com resultados de inspeção macroscópica em 127 dentes superiores e inferiores de Toxodon de depósitos pleistocênicos da região pampeana da Província de Buenos Aires, Argentina, pertencentes ao Museo de La Plata. A classificação de seis tipos de HE observados foi realizada através de exame macroscópico direto e sob um estereomicroscópio. Nos molares superiores predominaram sulcos tênues sobre a superfície bucal, defeitos menos significantes do que aqueles observados nos dentes inferiores. Nos incisivos inferiores foram observados profundos sulcos sobre a superfície bucal em fileiras de orifícios mésio-distais, mostrando alterações cíclicas provavelmente devidas ao crescimento acelerado dos dentes eu-hipsodontes. Nos pré-molares inferiores foram observadas as alterações mais importantes, como séries de fileiras de orifícios verticais e mésio-distais, bem como orifícios distribuídos aleatoriamente. Para estudo comparativo com os resultados macroscópicos obtidos, oito espécimes foram analisados sob microscópio eletrônico de varredura, e sob microscópio óptico, os quais mostraram ocorrência de alterações microestruturais no esmalte. O esmalte subjacente ao orifício próximo de defeitos hipoplásicos era aprismático, perdendo o padrão prisma/interprisma, bem como proeminentes estrias patológicas (Bandas de Wilson) associadas. A condição patológica de sinais de HE em todos os tipos de dentes, com relativamente altas frequências em alguns, indica que provavelmente toxodontes foram expostos a condições severas de estresse, ou, mais provavelmente foi devida ao rápido crescimento dos dentes, os quais eram rapidamente desgastados.
The Paleopathology studies signs of diseases in extinct populations, among them stress indicators, such as enamel hypoplasia (EH), characterized by focal reductions of enamel thickness on the surface of the tooth, in the form of pits, grooves or a complete absence of enamel over a considerable area. These defects result from disruption of ameloblast activity during the process of enamel formation due to systemic physiological stress, being widely used in Human Paleopathology and of non-humans vertebrates as indicative of environmental and/or nutritional stress. On the basis of the histology of tooth enamel it is possible find microstructural changes in this tissue due to the impact of various stress factors on the secretory ameloblasts. Toxodon, a large and robust notoungulate mammalian herbivore, with continuous growing teeth, from the Pleistocene of South America has often EH, in the form of lines or series of pits where the enamel is much thinner. These defects are alternated with areas of normal enamel, where there may be one to six forms on the same tooth. In this study we observed 502 upper and lower teeth belonging to the Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul and from Museu da Universidade Federal de Rio Grande paleontological collections; including incisors, premolars and molars, from Pleistocene deposits of Touro Passo Formation and the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul State. Data were compared with results of macroscopic inspection in 127 upper and lower teeth from Pleistocene pampean region of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, belonging to the Museu de La Plata. The six types of EH were observed through direct macroscopic examination and under a stereomicroscope. In the upper teeth predominated mild grooves on the buccal surface, which less significant than those observed in the lower teeth. In the lower incisors there were observed deep grooves on the buccal surface in mesiodistal pit rows, showing cyclical changes probably due to accelerated growth of the euhypsodont teeth. In the lower premolars and molars there were observed the most important signs, as a series of vertical and mesiodistal pit rows, as well as randomly distributed pits. For comparative study with the macroscopic results obtained, eight specimens there were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy, and under optical microscopy, which showed the occurrence of microstructural changes in the enamel. The enamel underlying the bottom and the vicinity of hipoplastic defects was aprismatic, lacking a prism/interprism pattern, as well as prominent pathologic striae (Wilson bands) associated. Because there are signs of EH in all types of teeth, with relatively high frequencies in some, this pathological condition indicate that probably toxodonts had been exposed to severe stress conditions, or, much probably, defects were due to a rapid growing of teeth, which were easily abraded.

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ANDERSON, MICHELLE Christine. "A CASE OF UNDIFFERENTIATED SERONEGATIVE SPONDYLOARTHROPATHY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1155735951.

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Benmoussa, Nadia. "Collections anatomiques en oto-rhino-laryngologie : intérêt scientifique et tensions éthiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV030/document.

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Les collections anatomiques de la tête et du cou correspondent à l’ensemble de pièces issues des musées archéologiques ou de sciences naturelles regroupées à des fins d’études. Le statut de ces collections est ambigu car il s’agit de restes humains mais également de pièces muséographiques. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de montrer l’intérêt scientifique de l’étude de ces collections grâce à un corpus d’articles, et d’aborder les enjeux éthiques et les textes juridiques qui encadrent ces prélèvements.L’étude scientifique des restes humains de la tête et du cou permet l’amélioration de nos connaissances de l’histoire naturelle des maladies : épidémiologie, co-infections, évolutions des pratiques médico-chirurgicales. Cette thèse confirme que nous ne pouvons pas dénaturer ou détruire ces collections dans le simple but scientifique et que la mise à disposition scientifique du cadavre humain est loin d’être acceptée par tous. Il faut d’une part mettre en place et rendre acceptable statutairement la recherche en science fondamentale sur des restes humains et légaliser la constitution de collections permettant de faire progresser la recherche. Les dispositions de la loi relative aux collections d’échantillons biologiques humains ne s’appliquent pas de façon explicite aux collections à visée pédagogique ni aux collections muséologiques à caractère historique. A l’heure actuelle, chaque institution a le pouvoir de faire vivre ou non ces collections, soit avec une attitude plutôt conservatrice en limitant les études, soit plutôt dynamique en promouvant les recherches sur ces pièces. Forcé d’admettre qu’il y a peu d’attention portée à ces collections ; sans actions elles conduiront à l’abandon, mais s’intéresser aux morts c’est avant tout chercher à comprendre le vivant et avoir une meilleure connaissance de ce que nous sommes. Ces collections permettent de transmettre un héritage à nos descendants et nous avons un rôle de gardien vis à vis d’elles.On le voit, statuer en la matière est pour l’instant impossible. Il existe une richesse et une multiplicité des situations, chaque cas est unique et avec son propre parcours. Il n’est donc pas possible d’envisager une prise en charge idéale, et seule une collégialité d’experts peut permettre de décider du devenir de ces restes ou de prendre position vis à vis de leur exploitation scientifique, dans le respect des lois de bioéthiques et de la personne humaine en générale. La mise en place d’un réseau national avec la mise en place de partenariats et d’échanges est l’une des clefs des succès à venir
The various sets of anatomical collections of the head and neck region are housed in either archaeological or natural science museums. The status of these collections is ambiguous because they are both human remains and also important museum pieces.The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate the scientific interest of the study of these collections through of several articles, and to address the ethical issues and legal contexts that surround these samples.The scientific study of the human remains of the head and neck allows the improvement of our knowledge of the natural history of diseases: epidemiology, co-infections, and the evolution of medical-surgical practices. This thesis confirms that we cannot denature or destroy these collections given their important scientific purpose and the fact that the scientific disposal of the human corpse is far from being accepted by all. On the one hand, it is necessary to establish and render statistically acceptable research in basic science on human remains and legalize the constitution of collections to advance research The provisions of the law relating to the collection of human biological samples does not exist and do not explicitly apply to educational collections or historical museum collections. At present, each institution has the power to display or hide these collections, either having a rather conservative attitude by limiting studies, or rather dynamic by promoting research on these pieces. Forced to admit that there is little attention paid to these collections; without actions they will lead to abandonment, but to be interested in the dead is above all to try to understand the living and to have a better knowledge of what we are, where we come from and where we are headed. These collections make it possible to transmit an inheritance to our descendants and we have been bestowed the role of guardian.However, the matter is for the moment almost impossible. There is a wealth and multiplicity of situations, each case is unique. It is therefore not possible to come up with a universal management plan, and only a collegiality of experts can make it possible to decide the future of these remains or to take a stand with respect to their scientific exploitation, in the respect of the laws of bioethics. The establishment of a national network along with the establishment of partnerships is one of the keys to ensure future growth and success

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Coutinho, Nogueira Dany. "Paléoimagerie appliquée aux Homo sapiens de Qafzeh (Paléolithique moyen, Levant sud). Variabilité normale et pathologique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP072.

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Au Levant, le Paléolithique moyen (environ 200-50 Ka B.P.) correspond à une période cruciale pour la compréhension des mécanismes évolutifs et la dispersion des Homo sapiens hors d’Afrique. Le site de Qafzeh (Basse Galilée), au croisement des trois grandes aires géographiques de l’ancien monde, comprend des niveaux archéologiques chronologiquement situés au cœur de cette période (92 ± 5 ka BP). Il est exceptionnel en raison à la fois d’une riche documentation anthropologique comprenant des individus de toutes les classes d’âges (du périnatal à l’adulte) et de la présence de pratiques funéraires uniques (sépulture double, dépôt funéraire). Si de nombreuses études ont déjà été publiées sur cette documentation fossile, les progrès technologiques récents de la Paléoimagerie permettent d’extraire des données inédites. Ainsi grâce à des outils 2D (radiographies, coupes CT) et 3D (reconstructions virtuelles à partir de données photogrammétriques ou de [micro]CT-scan) des analyses sont réalisées sur la tête osseuse de trois individus (Qafzeh 6, 9 et 25). Deux types d’analyses sont menés : une étude morphométrique de structures internes (i.e. labyrinthe osseux) et une étude paléopathologique. L’examen de l’oreille interne dévoile ainsi une diversité inattendue pour la population présente à Qafzeh ; par ailleurs des rapprochements au sein des échantillons de comparaison, entre quelques individus classiquement considérés comme archaïques et d’autres modernes, se dégagent. L’étude paléopathologique quant à elle révèle sur Qafzeh 9 la présence de troubles de la croissance osseuse et dentaire, qui font écho aux anomalies du développement précédemment décrites sur des fossiles immatures du site. Ces données nous permettent de mieux appréhender la variabilité individuelle normale et pathologique documentée à Qafzeh et de replacer ces chasseurs-cueilleurs nomades dans le contexte plus large des groupes locaux et eurasiatiques associés au contexte archéologique Moustérien
In the Levant, the Middle Paleolithic (about 200-50 Ka B.P.) corresponds to a period of time that is crucial for understanding evolutionary mechanisms and the spread of Homo sapiens out of Africa. The Qafzeh site (Lower Galilee) located at the crossroads of the three major geographical areas of the Old World is rich of archaeological deposits dated to the middle of this time period (92 ± 5 ka BP). The site is exceptional both for its important anthropological documentation of all age groups (from perinatal to adults) and for unique funeral practices (double burial, funeral repository). While many studies have already been published on the human remains, recent technological advances in Paleoimaging permit new investigation and data improvement. Using 2D (radiographs, CT sections) and 3D (virtual reconstructions from photogrammetric data or [micro]CT-scan) tools, two types of analyses are conducted on the skull and mandible of three individuals (Qafzeh 6, 9 and 25): a morphometric study of internal structures (i.e. bony labyrinth) and a palaeopathological investigation. Examination of the inner ear of these Mousterian individuals brings evidence of an unexpected diversity within the overall Qafzeh sample; furthermore, among hominins of the comparative sample, similarities between few individuals classically considered as archaic and modern specimens are recognized. Bone and dental growth disorders are described on Qafzeh 9 that are consistent with developmental abnormalities previously identified on immature individuals from this site. The data collected illustrate the normal and pathological variability documented by the nomadic hunter-gatherers from Qafzeh, and in addition, to compare them with local and Eurasian groups associated with a Mousterian archaeological context

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42

Worne, Heather A. "Lower-limb biomechanics and behavior in a Middle Mississippian skeletal sample from west-central Illinois." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.

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43

ALENCAR, Rebeca Oliveira de Assis. "Estudo osteoarqueológico das remodelações articulares nos adultos jovens inumados no Cemitério Pré-histórico da Furna do Estrago, Brejo da Madre de Deus, PE." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18458.

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A produção de conhecimento científico na área de Bioarqueologia no Nordeste brasileiro ainda tem se mostrado escassa, apesar dos avanços que a disciplina tem provado e da quantidade de sítios com remanescentes humanos que tem sido alvo de estudos por parte da Arqueologia. A Furna do Estrago, sítio com presença de grafismos rupestres e deposição funerária no Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco, forneceu rico material arqueológico e tem sido alvo de pesquisas em diversas áreas da Arqueologia (Arqueobotânica, Zooarqueologia, Antropologia Física, Bioarqueologia) desde sua primeira campanha de escavação, em 1982. O material ósseo proveniente do sítio supracitado, objeto desta pesquisa, apresenta bom estado de conservação e múltiplas variáveis dignas de estudo. Esta pesquisa tem como foco as remodelações ósseas características da osteoartrite nos adultos jovens – com idade entre 20 e 34 anos – que foram inumados no sítio Furna do Estrago, utilizando os métodos e técnicas da Bioarqueologia, Paleopatologia e Antropologia Física. A osteoartrite é uma doença das articulações que afeta principalmente pessoas com idade avançada, mas pode ser causada também por fatores como estresse mecânico e consanguinidade. A partir da análise macroscópica das remodelações patológicas em 16 indivíduos, dentre os quais 4 femininos e 12 masculinos, foram identificados sinais de osteoartrite nas superfícies articulares em 13 (≈81%) indivíduos. A hipótese inicial de que a osteoartrite teria como fator principal a sobrecarga mecânica a que os esqueletos eram expostos não foi completamente descartada. Contudo, a causa possível para a presença de osteoartrite nos indivíduos jovens do grupo parece estar ligada à consanguinidade presente no grupo. Este estudo contribui para a caracterização de instâncias do perfil funerário de uma população pré-histórica do Agreste pernambucano, representadas pelas doenças articulares – osteoartrite –, indicando estresses associados ao tipo de mobilidade e demanda corporal possivelmente relacionada aos modos de interação social, subsistência e adaptação ambiental específicas.
Scientific production on Bioarcheology area in Brazilian Northeastern Region has been being still scarce, despite the advances the subject has been shown and the quantity of sites with human remains which has been made objects of studies by Archaeology. Furna do Estrago (Damage Cave), site with presence of rocky graphs and funerary deposition on Agreste region of Pernambuco state, provided rich archaeological materials and has been made object of research on several areas of Archaeology (Archaeobotany, Zooarcheology, Physical Anthropology, Bioarcheology) since the first excavation campaign there, in 1982. The bone materials originated from the mentioned site, object of this research, shows a good conservation status and multiple variables worthy of study. This research focuses the bone remodelingthat characterizes ostheoarthritis on young adults - between 20 and 34 years old - who were buried in Furna do Estrago site, utilizing the methods and techniques of Bioarcheology, Paleopathology and Physical Anthropology. Osteoarthriris is a disease that occurs on joints and affects mostly people with advanced age, but may be also caused by factors such as mechanical stress and consanguinity. From macroscopic analysis of the pathological remodeling on 16 individuals, included 4 females and 12 males, signs of osteoarthritis were identified on 13 (≈81%) individuals. The initial hypothesis that osteoarthritis should have mechanical overload as the main cause was not completely discarded. However, the possible cause for the presence of osteoarthritis on young individuals of the group seems to be linked to consanguinity present on the group. This study contributes to characterization of instances of the funerary profile of a prehistorical population of Pernambucan Agreste, represented by joint diseases - osteoarthritis -, indicating stress associated to the type of mobility and body demand possibly related to ways of social interaction, subsistence and specific environmental adaptation.

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44

Strange, Malinda Range. "The effect of pathology on the stable isotopes of carbon & nitrogen." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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45

Veiga, Rute Isabel Delicado. "Identificação de possiveis casos de doenças infecciosas e de indicadores de stresse numa colecção não-identificada do Convento do Carmo (Lisboa) do século XV - XVIII." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6543.

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Tese de Mestrado em Antropologia
O conhecimento das populações antigas tem sido aprofundado com o desenvolvimento da bioarqueologia. Neste trabalho pretende-se contribuir para esse conhecimento ao ser estudada uma série exumada do cemitério do Convento do Carmo, que terá vivido entre os séculos XV e XVIII. Como já havia sido feita uma análise geral acerca desta série, propôs-se a análise da prevalência de patologias infecciosas e degenerativas, assim como de indicadores de stresse. A amostra analisada foi composta por 54 indivíduos, todos adultos, sendo estimada a idade à morte em 70,37% dos esqueletos ao se recorrer à análise da clavícula, da sínfise púbica, da superfície auricular, da articulação costocondral das costelas e dos desgaste dentário e determinado o sexo com base na zona coxal, no esqueleto pós-craniano e na morfologia do crânio e da mandíbula. A amostra revelou-se equilibrada entre sexos, mas com uma maior percentagem de indivíduos entre os 30-49 anos. A análise patológica e de indicadores de stress foi efectuada para a amostra total e para as amostras femininas e masculinas. 7 esqueletos demonstraram lesões infecciosas, a prevalência da patologia degenerativa foi de 11,88% e 51,74% dos dentes observados tinha pelo menos uma hipoplasia linear do esmalte. Relativamente à hiperostose porótica, dos 34 crânios observados, 7 apresentaram esta patologia, tal como, dos 24 analisados para a detecção de cribra orbitalia, 8 obtiveram resultados positivos. Os dados referentes à estatura apresentam uma população de estatura mediana (mulheres com estatura média de 154,14 cm e homens com uma estatura média de 168,21), mas não fora do comum.
The knowledge of antique populations has been deepened with the development bioarchaeology. In this essay, the main aim is to contribute for this knowledge by studying a collection retrieved from Convento do Carmo cemetery, which lived between the XVth and XVIIIth century. Since a general analysis was already done with this collection, it was proposed to study the prevalence of infectious and degenerative pathologies, as well as non-specific stress indicators. The studied sample is composed of 54 skeletons, all from adults individuals. The estimation of age at the time of death was possible in 70,37% of them by analysing the clavicle, pubic symphysis, auricular surface, costochondral surface of the rib and teeth wear. The sex was estimated with analysis of the hip bone, post-cranium skeleton and based on the morphology of the cranium and mandible. The sample is equilibrated in terms of sex, but with a higher percentage of individuals with an estimated age at the time of death between 30 – 49 years. The pathological and stress indicators analysis was studied for the entire sample. There was infectious lesions in seven skeletons, 11.88% of the sample suffered from osteoarthritis and 51,74% of teeth showed at least one enamel dental hypoplasia. Seven of thirty-four craniums showed hyperostosis and eight of twentyfour showed cribra orbitalia. The stature data revealed that women were on average 154,14 cm tall and men were on average 168,21 cm tall.

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Meffray, Avril. "Infections des populations du passé : développement et application d'une approche originale de paléoépidémiologie intégrative." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200630_MEFFRAY_473hgvhb335uthc207t610n_TH.pdf.

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La restitution des environnements infectieux propres aux populations anciennes et de l’influence qu’incarnaient les infections sur leur état sanitaire représentent des pierres angulaires de notre connaissance des sociétés passées. L'objectif de cette recherche doctorale est de développer et mettre en œuvre une nouvelle approche d’étude des maladies infectieuses dans le passé : la paléoépidémiologie intégrative. Il s’agit, pour une collection ostéoarchéologique, de combiner l’étude paléoépidémiologique macroscopique dite classique avec une approche microbiologique « populationnelle ». Cette approche paléomicrobiologique rend ainsi possible l’estimation de prévalences infectieuses plus proches de la réalité épidémiologique de nos échantillons, en révélant la part des infections silencieuses présentes dans les corpus. La mise en œuvre de cette approche pour l’étude de quatre séries ostéoarchéologiques issues de contextes chronogéographiques variés a notamment démontré son potentiel dans le cadre des recherches sur les maladies infectieuses dans le passé, en prouvant la présence de nombreuses infections parmi les individus étudiés. In fine, au vu de leur complémentarité et de la richesse des données qu’elles apportent, l’intégration de la paléopathologie et de la paléomicrobiologie au sein d’une même approche s’inscrit dans l’avenir de l’étude des contextes infectieux du passé. Le développement de la paléoépidémiologie intégrative s’entrevoit dans une perspective interdisciplinaire, visant à croiser les sciences biologiques aux sciences humaines et sociales, afin d’améliorer notre compréhension des communautés de maladies qui se sont imposées aux populations du passé
The reconstruction of the infectious environments of ancient populations and the influence that infections had on their health status are cornerstones of our knowledge of past societies. The purpose of this doctoral research is to develop and implement a new approach to the study of infectious diseases in the past: integrative paleoepidemiology. For an osteoarchaeological collection, the aim is to combine the so-called classical macroscopic paleoepidemiological study with a "population-based" microbiological approach. This paleomicrobiological approach thus makes it possible to estimate infectious prevalences closer to the epidemiological reality of our samples, by revealing the proportion of "silent" infections present in the corpus. The implementation of this approach for the study of four osteoarcheological series from various chrono-geographic contexts has notably demonstrated its potential in the context of research on infectious diseases in the past, by proving the presence of numerous infections among the individuals studied. Finally, given their obvious complementarity and the wealth of data they provide, the integration of paleopathology and paleomicrobiology within a single approach is part of the future of the study of past infectious contexts. Forthcoming developments of integrative paleo-epidemiology can be foreseen from a resolutely interdisciplinary perspective, aiming to cross the biological sciences with the human and social sciences, in order to improve our understanding of the communities of diseases that have imposed themselves on past populations

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47

Gaspar, Sara Joana Pereira. "Nutrição e Stresse:estudo dos indicadores de stresse e a sua relação com o contexto nutricional da colecção osteológica não-identificada do Castelo de São Jorge (Século XI)." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13688.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Antropologia
O objectivo geral deste trabalho foi realizar o estudo dos indicadores de stresse e dos padrões de crescimento da colecção osteológica do Castelo de São Jorge, relacionando-os e procurando enquadrar os resultados da análise de isótopos providenciados pela investigadora Alice Toso, da Universidade de York. Para tal foi necessário proceder ao estudo paleodemográfico da colecção, através da estimativa da idade à morte e a determinação sexual da amostra de adultos. Para a estimativa da idade à morte nos não-adultos recorreu-se ao desenvolvimento dentário e ósseo dos indivíduos. Nos adultos a idade foi estimada através da análise de zonas do coxal e das costelas. Para a determinação do sexo recorreu-se à análise morfológica do coxal, do crânio e às medições dos ossos longos. Para o estudo do crescimento comparou-se a idade dentária com a idade associada para o comprimento dos ossos longos estabelecida por Maresh (1970) e Cardoso (2005). Posteriormente foi pesquisada a presença de linhas de Harris, hipoplasias do esmalte dentário e de cribra orbitalia. Foi adoptada uma abordagem comparativa para uma melhor compreensão dos resultados. A colecção em análise é composta por 35 indivíduos. Esta foi exumada do Castelo de São Jorge e refere-se à ocupação islâmica documentada do castelo durante o século XI. A análise paleodemográfica indica uma elevada mortalidade infantil, visto que 60% (n=21) dos indivíduos são não-adultos. 45,7% destes têm menos de 3 anos de idade à morte, o que pode estar associado à altura do desmame, visto que todos os indivíduos nestas idades mostraram um padrão de amamentação nas análises de isótopos. Os adultos são também bastante jovens, sendo que 35% têm entre 18 a 29 anos. Não foi possível estimar a idade para 35% dos adultos. O perfil sexual é um pouco desequilibrado, com 50% de mulheres e 28,5% de homens. Não se determinou o sexo em 21,5% dos adultos, o que é bastante. As crianças do Castelo de São Jorge revelaram um padrão de crescimento atrasado relativamente ao desenvolvimento dentário e ósseo estabelecido por Maresh (1970), que estudou crianças saudáveis e vivas. Comparando os dados com Cardoso (2005) verificaram-se diferenças, mas mais ténues. Em nenhum dos casos de verificou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (p>0,05). Os adultos da colecção em estudo são, em média, mais altos do que os adultos da colecção estudada por Cardoso (2000). A média feminina é de 154 cm e a masculina é de 163 cm. Esta estatura é consistente com o que se observou noutras colecções passadas (Garcia, 2007), reflectindo uma tendência mais generalizada. A estatura média é similar à observada por Garcia (2007), que estudou uma população medieval de Leiria que não seria especialmente abastada. No geral, pode-se afirmar que a colecção do Castelo de São Jorge apresenta baixas prevalências dos indicadores de stresse quando comparadas com as prevalências observadas na literatura antropológica, indicando a experiência de pouco stresse. No entanto, as crianças com indicadores de stresse revelaram uma idade à morte superior à das crianças sem marcas de stresse. Desta forma, é possível que uma parte das “crianças saudáveis” observadas esconda em si uma maior fragilidade, ludibriando um olhar mais simplista.
The main goal of this work was to study the non-specific stress indicators and growth patterns of osteological collection of the São Jorge’s Castle and frame them with the isotope analysis results provided by investigator Alice Toso, from York University. It was necessaryto proceed to a paleodemographic study, through age-at-death estimation and sex determination. In non-adults it was used the dental and long bones development. In adults it was used a morphological analysis of coxal and ribs. To sex determination it was used, again, a morphological analysis of coxal and measurements of the long bones. To study growth patterns in non-adults it was necessary compare the dental age to long bone’s age established by Maresh (1970) and Cardoso (2005). The non-specific stress indicators under analysis were Harri’s lines, linear enamel hypoplasias and cribra orbitalia. A comparative approach was adopted. The collection in analysis is composed by 35 individuals exhumed from São Jorge’s Castle and refers to the islamic occupation in the 11th century. The paleodemographic study indicates a high infant mortality, as 60% (n=21) of subjects are non-adults, 45,7% of which had less than 3 years old when they died. This can be related to the weaning, since every individual under this age showed a breastfed mark in isotopic analysis. The adult sample its very young too, since the majority (35%) of adults were aged between 18 and 29 years old. The sexual profile is a little unbalanced since 50% were woman, against 28.5% of men. But it was impossible determine the sex of 21.5% of adults (n=3). The children in this collection showed a retarded growth pattern compared with the dental and osseous development established by Maresh (1970) that studied healthy and alive children. When the results were compared with Cardoso’s data (2005), the differences were smoother. Either way, the differences were never statistically significant (p>0,05). Adults from São Jorge’s Castle revealed a higher stature when compared with the Portuguese collection studied by Cardoso (2000) from 20th century. The female average its 154 cm and the male average its 163 cm. These values are consistent with what was observed in a Portuguese medieval collection from Leiria, composed by individuals from middle and lower classes. In general, the São Jorge’s Castle collection presents low prevalences of non-specific stress indicators when compared with the values presented in the anthropological literature, which indicates the experience of low levels of stress. Nevertheless, the subadults that showed stress indicators revealed an age-at-death superior to those that do not. In this way, it is possible that some part of what we would classify as “healthy children” would hide some fragility, deluding more simple eyes.
N/A

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48

Young, Janet. "Using the Osteoarthritic Femur to Identify Impairment Potential in Archaeological Populations." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23644.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of disability in North American and has major economic consequences for society. People with knee OA experience the worst quality of life, among musculoskeletal conditions, with function and mobility being influenced by symptoms such as pain and stiffness. However, the impact of OA symptoms varies due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, leading many researchers to employ biopsychosocial and other population health frameworks to study the disease. These population health approaches have not been adopted when studying knee OA outcomes in bioarchaeology, where a limited biological lens prevails due to the sole reliance on skeletal remains. The purpose of this research was to explore methods for identifying the impairment potential of knee OA in archaeological populations using a clinical sample and population health approaches. Clinical studies have the advantage of assessing not only the biological implications of knee OA but also the functional outcomes. By creating a knee OA grading system applicable for both MRI and dry bone femora samples (Clinical Archaeological Osteoarthritis Score) a link between clinical and archaeological populations was proposed. Using this link to infer functional deficits onto archaeological populations using population health frameworks, a theoretical analysis was performed with two populations; the 17th century Huron and the 19th century Inuit from the Igloolik region of Nunavut. The results demonstrated the increased impairment potential of knee OA in the Inuit population versus the Huron population, produced by contrasting factors captured by the determinants of health, including social and physical environments.

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Berthon, William. "Bioarchaeological analysis of the mounted archers from the Hungarian Conquest period (10th century) : Horse riding and activity-related skeletal changes." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP061.

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Certaines modifications observées sur les os humains peuvent permettre de reconstituer les activités des populations anciennes. L'équitation représente notamment un intérêt particulier, ayant apporté des changements profonds et durables dans l'histoire de l'évolution culturelle humaine. Cependant, divers facteurs de biais et l'absence de données contextuelles claires liées aux restes osseux donnent souvent lieu à des interprétations limitées ou peu fiables des modifications osseuses en termes d’activités spécifiques. Les sources archéologiques et historiques attestent que des tribus de populations semi-nomades ont conquis le bassin des Carpates à l’aide d’armées de cavaliers-archers au tournant des 9ème et 10ème siècles, conduisant ainsi à la fondation du Royaume de Hongrie en l'an 1000/1001. Les cimetières de cette période fournissent des cas de dépôts de matériel lié à l’archerie et à l’équitation ainsi que des ossements de chevaux associés aux individus dans les tombes. Ces populations sont ainsi parmi les plus pertinentes pour mener des études méthodologiques sur les modifications osseuses liées aux activités, et notamment à la pratique cavalière. Nous avons sélectionné 67 individus issus du cimetière hongrois de Sárrétudvari-Hízóföld (10ème siècle), pour les analyser selon la présence ou l'absence de dépôt lié au cheval dans leurs tombes. Un échantillon moderne de comparaison de 47 individus présumés non-cavaliers a également été sélectionné au sein de la collection documentée de Lisbonne. Seuls les sujets adultes masculins ont été inclus afin de limiter l'influence de variations en lien avec le sexe et l'âge. Les objectifs étaient d’identifier des modifications squelettiques liées à la pratique cavalière et d’améliorer nos connaissances sur les populations de la Conquête hongroise. Nous avons analysé diverses modifications osseuses, au niveau des enthèses (points d'attache des muscles), articulations et vertèbres, ainsi que des variations morphologiques et lésions traumatiques. Des mesures des os des membres inférieurs ont aussi servi à calculer des indices de forme et de robustesse. Les analyses statistiques ont principalement révélé des différences significatives entre les groupes hongrois avec ou sans mobilier et le groupe de comparaison. Celles-ci concernent notamment les modifications de certaines enthèses de l’os coxal, du fémur, du tibia et du calcanéus, une adaptation morphologique sur le col du fémur, les hernies discales à la jonction thoraco-lombaire, ou encore l'ovalisation de l’acétabulum de l'os coxal. Ces traits peuvent tous être liés à la posture du cavalier et semblent donc être des indicateurs prometteurs pour la pratique cavalière. Par ailleurs, les comparaisons ont montré que les individus hongrois sans dépôt dans leur tombe montaient aussi vraisemblablement à cheval. Parmi les limitations, appelant malgré tout à la prudence, figure la taille restreinte de nos échantillons archéologiques, qui est l’un des points qui devront être améliorés à l'avenir. En outre, certaines modifications osseuses, comme celles des enthèses, ont une étiologie multifactorielle, limitant ainsi leur interprétation. À cet égard, nous avons mené l’analyse exploratoire de la microarchitecture d'une enthèse, la tubérosité du radius. À l’aide d’acquisitions micro-CT et de reconstructions 3D des canaux de l'os cortical, nous avons observé que des variations microstructurales pourraient permettre, avec des recherches supplémentaires, de distinguer les modifications des enthèses liées aux activités de celles liées à d’autres facteurs, contribuant ainsi à de plus fiables reconstructions des activités des populations anciennes. Au final, le choix d'une collection anthropologique pertinente, avec des preuves directes de la pratique d'une activité, ainsi que l'application de critères méthodologiques stricts, sont autant d’éléments déterminants pour l'identification fiable de modifications squelettiques liées aux activités
Some changes observed on human bones can be related to activities practiced during life. Scholars have considered the reconstruction of activities from skeletal changes in past populations as “Bioarchaeology’s Holy Grail”. Horse riding, in particular, has interested bioarchaeologists and paleopathologists for several decades as it brought profound and lasting changes in the history of human cultural evolution. However, the existence of various confounding factors and the lack of clear contextual evidence in connection with the skeletal remains often result in limited or unreliable interpretations of skeletal changes in terms of specific activities. Archaeological and historical sources attest that tribes of semi-nomadic populations conquered the Carpathian Basin with powerful armies of mounted archers at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries, which led to the foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary in the year 1000/1001. Cemeteries from that period often provide cases of deposits of archery and horse riding equipment as well as horse bones associated with the individuals in the graves. Those populations are, thus, among the most pertinent to be used to perform methodological investigations on activity-related skeletal changes, and, on horse riding, in particular. We selected a sample of 67 individuals from the 10th-century Hungarian cemetery of Sárrétudvari-Hízóföld, in order to analyze the individuals according to the presence or absence of riding deposit in their grave. A modern comparison group of 47 presumed non-rider individuals from the documented collection of Lisbon was also selected. Only adult males were included to limit the effect of sex and age on the changes. The main objectives were to identify skeletal changes reliably related to the practice of horse riding and to improve our understanding of the populations from the Hungarian Conquest period. Various types of skeletal changes were analyzed, including some entheseal changes (at muscles attachment sites), joint changes, vertebral changes, morphological variants, and traumatic lesions. Measurements of the lower limb bones were also used to calculate indices of shape and robusticity. Statistical analyses mostly revealed significant differences between the Hungarian groups with or without riding deposit and the comparison group from Lisbon. They concerned especially some entheseal changes at the coxal bone, femur, tibia, and calcaneus, a morphological adaptation on the femoral neck, intervertebral disc herniations at the thoracolumbar junction, or the ovalization of the acetabulum on the coxal bone. All these traits can be linked to the riding posture, and, thus, seem to be promising indicators for the practice of horse riding. On another note, comparisons between groups revealed that the Hungarian individuals without deposit in their grave were likely riding horses as well. Among the limitations calling for caution is the restricted size of our archaeological samples, which is one of the points that should be improved in the future. In addition, some skeletal changes, such as the entheseal changes, have a multifactorial etiology, which represents a limitation for their interpretation. In that regard, we performed the exploratory analysis of the microarchitecture of an enthesis, the radial tuberosity. Using micro-CT acquisitions and 3D reconstructions of the canals of the cortical bone, we observed that some microstructural variations could allow, with further research, distinguishing entheseal changes related to activity from those related to other factors, thus contributing to more reliable reconstructions of the activities in past populations. In the end, we emphasize that the selection of a pertinent anthropological collection, with direct evidence of the practice of an activity, and the application of strict methodological criteria, are determinant factors for the reliable identification of activity-related skeletal changes

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Colombo, Antony. "La micro-architecture de l'os trabéculaire en croissance : variabilité tridimensionnelle normale et pathologique analysée par microtomodensitométrie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0291/document.

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L’imagerie médicale et la 3D, en pleine expansion dans le champ de l'anthropologie biologique, permettent d’explorer les structures internes tout en les préservant. L’étude de la micro-architecture osseuse trabéculaire permet d’appréhender la variabilité de l'os humain à une échelle jusqu'à présent peu explorée. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, cette variabilité est analysée et caractérisée en termes de croissance et de maturation, en fonction des critères individuels d’âge et de sexe, ainsi que dans des contextes pathologiques variés. Les images microtomodensitométriques des métaphyses humérales proximales de 43 sujets immatures (provenant de 3 collections ostéologiques de référence et couvrant l’ensemble des âges du développement) et celles de 8 cas paléopathologiques (représentant 5 étiologies différentes) ont été analysées pour quantifier la micro-architecture osseuse trabéculaire. Nos résultats montrent que cette micro-architecture varie pendant et entre les différentes phases de la croissance. Des corrélations avec l’âge sont mises en évidence, si elles n’expliquent pas suffisamment la variabilité observée pour en faire des estimateurs d'âge précis, il apparaît néanmoins que les variations relevées entre les différents volumes d’intérêt pourraient caractériser différentes périodes de la croissance. Les variables mesurées présentent des différences sexuelles significatives pendant l’adolescence, mais ne peuvent pas en l'état être utilisées pour la diagnose sexuelle. L'étude de la microarchitecture trabéculaire osseuse des sujets pathologiques atteste d’un développement anormal de l’os et donc du statut pathologique de l’individu observé
Medical imaging and 3D reconstructions are used increasingly by anthropologists; they allow both investigating and preserving internal structures. Study of trabecular bone microarchitecture allows understanding variability of human skeleton at a smaller scale. This variability is observed and characterized in terms of normal growth and maturation according to age and sex, and for several pathological conditions. μCT scans of proximal metaphysis of humerus from 43 immature individuals (coming from 3 identified skeletons collections and representing all periods of age development) and 8 paleopathological cases (corresponding to 5 different etiologies) have been analyzed to quantify bone microarchitecture. Our results show that this microarchitecture varies during and between different phases of growth. Correlations with age are highlighted, even if they do not sufficiently explain the observed variability in order to represent specific age estimators; it nevertheless appears that the variations observed between the different volumes of interest could characterize different periods of growth. The measured variables showed significant sex differences only during the adolescence period, but they cannot be used, in the present state, for sex determination. The study of the trabecular bone microarchitecture of pathological individuals attests of the abnormal development of bone and therefore of their pathological status

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paleopathology'

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