Journal articles: 'Paleontology – philosophy'

1

Rainger, Ronald. "Paleontology and philosophy: A critique." Journal of the History of Biology 18, no. 2 (1985): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00120112.

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Linsky, Bernard. "G. W. Fitch's paleontology." Philosophical Studies 73, no. 2-3 (March 1994): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01207666.

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West, Robert. "Vertebrate Paleontology of the Green River Basin, Wyoming, 1840-1910." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.83871301283k8757.

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Paleontological exploration in the Green River Basin in the first half of the nineteenth century demonstrated the presence of vertebrate fossils there. Studies of potential wagon and railroad routes revealed additional information about the occurrence and distribution of fossiliferous rocks during the 1850s. Post Civil War government geologic and geographic surveys yielded large numbers of fossil mammals and created the setting for competition and controversy among Leidy, Cope and Marsh. Numerous publications resulted, as well as Leidy's departure from paleontology. Residents of Fort Bridger worked with all the Eastern scientists to provide information about fossil localities; many specimens also were sent east. Four Princeton expeditions in the 1870s and 1880s preceded the systematic work of the American Museum of Natural History in 1893 and 1903-1906. By 1909 the geological and vertebrate paleontologic framework of the basin was firmly established.

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Sepkoski, David. "Paleontology at the “high table”? Popularization and disciplinary status in recent paleontology." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 45 (March 2014): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.11.006.

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Copeland, M. "Elkanah Billings (1820-1876) and Joseph F. Whiteaves (1835-1909): The First Two Paleontologists of The Geological Survey of Canada." Earth Sciences History 12, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.12.2.c4311u418x01u11p.

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Billings and Whiteaves, both self taught paleontologists, occupied the same position (at different times) within the Geological Survey of Canada but were at different ends of the paleontological spectrum. Together their paleontological careers span the last half of the 19th century. Both were prolific writers, but Billings was not primarily a field man and worked only on the lower Paleozoic fossils of the Ottawa-St. Lawrence Lowland and southern Ontario. Whiteaves was a field man par excellence, working from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Pacific coast and specializing in Mesozoic paleontology. Together, they complemented each other's studies and contributed greatly to the initiation, expansion and continuance of the science of paleontology within the Survey and Canada as a whole. They should be considered together as the "Fathers of Canadian Paleontology."

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SARIGÜL, VOLKAN. "A SHORT HISTORY OF PALEONTOLOGY IN TURKEY, PART II: PALEONTOLOGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY." Earth Sciences History 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 202–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.1.202.

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ABSTRACT Succeeding a period of wars and political turmoil, the reassuring policies of the new regime of Turkey positively influenced all branches of science, including geology which provided a basis for the earliest studies in paleontology, as it had done in the former Ottoman Turkey. Although most of the specialists were still foreigners during the early years of the republic, the government of Turkey under the leadership of Atatürk, rapidly established modern institutions in order to train native earth scientists and engineers of all sorts. Turkish paleontologists began to replace their foreign colleagues by the 1940s; and female Turkish paleontologists became especially prominent not only in the universities but also in the national geological surveys and mapping, and in fossil fuel exploration. Subsequent to their separation from departments of natural sciences, teaching fundamentals of paleontology was taken on by geology departments which, by the 1960s, started to evolve into departments of geological engineering. As a result, most Turkish paleontologists are geologists and most of them specialized either in micropaleontology or paleobotany. In contrast, paleontology of late Cenozoic mammals is dominated by graduates of anthropology programs.

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Rainger, Ronald. "Collectors and Entrepreneurs: Hatcher, Wortman, and the Structure of American Vertebrate Paleontology Circa 1900." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.l1n05k0783584203.

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John Bell Hatcher (1861-1904) and Jacob L. Wortman (1856-1926) were two of the most prominent figures in late nineteenth-century American vertebrate paleontology. Working at leading centers for the science, including Yale's Peabody Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, each was responsible for significant discoveries of fossil vertebrates and notable contributions to taxonomy and biostratigraphy. Yet both had itinerant and, by their own admissions, highly frustrating careers. Traditionally their problems have been explained in terms of personality, as a result of their sensitive, volatile temperaments. Yet their careers and difficulties also reflect the structure of American vertebrate paleontology at the time, a discipline centered in museums and under the direction of wealthy, powerful entrepreneurs. Men such as Othniel Charles Marsh and Henry Fairfield Osborn financed and helped to promote work in vertebrate paleontology, but the context within which such work was conducted also limited opportunities for Hatcher, Wortman, and others.

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Brochu, Christopher A., and Colin D. Sumrall. "Phylogenetics and the Integration of Paleontology Within the Life Sciences." Paleontological Society Papers 14 (October 2008): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001686.

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Paleontologists rely on information from modern organisms to understand fossils, but fossils can in turn be used to more completely understand the living. This is facilitated when the fossil record is understood from a phylogenetic context. Phylogenetic analyses allow the identification of robust calibration points for molecular dating analyses, and in the absence of phylogeny, “conflicts” between fossils and molecules may arise that are based not on the data, but on methodology or taxonomic philosophy. More importantly, phylogenetic analyses using fossils can overturn evolutionary scenarios based solely on living taxa, and they can direct researchers in more appropriate directions. This is necessary if paleontology is to be fully integrated with both the Earth and life sciences.

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Berry, William. "Robert M. Kleinpell: Founder of the Berkeley School of Stratigraphic Paleontology." Earth Sciences History 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.27.1.f4277q6775053834.

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Robert M. Kleinpell (1905-1986) has been called the founder of a ‘Berkeley School of West Coast Cenozoic Stratigraphic Paleontology’. Through his personal experiences in carrying out oil exploration in California's Cenozoic stratigraphic successions, his extensive inquiry into the fundamentals of stratigraphic paleontology, and his teaching activity while held in a Japanese prison camp during World War II, Kleinpell developed the basic ingredients for his school of stratigraphic paleontology. His school attracted numbers of students interested in obtaining employment in the oil industry when Kleinpell joined the Department of Paleontology at University of California, Berkeley, in 1953. Kleinpell told his students that the first step toward a basic understanding of stratigraphic geology came from field mapping and recording of all relevant data. The data included collecting fossils from precisely-positioned stratigraphic levels. The fossil occurrence information was then plotted carefully to ascertain associations of taxa that appeared to be unique. The associations that appeared to be unique in time, based on their stratigraphic positions (Kleinpell came to term these ‘congregations’), were used to recognize zones and stages. Kleinpell was firm in his conviction that the zones and stages that he and his students recognized in American West Coast Cenozoic strata were closely similar in principle to the zones and Zonengruppe of Albert Oppel who had worked with ammonite faunas in the European Jurassic. Kleinpell did not publish a diagram or definition of the zones that he espoused because, he said, Oppel had already defined that type of zone. Hollis Hedberg, Kleinpell's former fellow-student in graduate study at Stanford, did include a discussion of the ‘zone’ of Oppel and Kleinpell in the 1976 International Stratigraphic Guide. Subsequent international and American stratigraphic guides and codes have omitted Hedberg's discussion and illustration of the Oppel zone. The West Coast Cenozoic zones and stages, recognized using the methodology established by Oppel, are a primary characteristic of the Berkeley School of Stratigraphic Paleontology.

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10

Lindsay, Debra. "Prototaxites Dawson, 1859 or Nematophycus Carruthers, 1872: Geologists V. Botanists in the Formative Period of the Science of Paleobotany." Earth Sciences History 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.24.1.w17736157821482p.

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A fossil plant found in the Devonian rocks of the Gaspé Peninsula of Canada provoked a heated debate in the late 19th century. When geologist John William Dawson identified it as an early land plant resembling a conifer (1859), he was challenged by botanist William Carruthers who argued it was a giant alga (1872). Until recently most scientists have tended to agree with Carruthers, but recent analysis suggest that neither Carruthers nor Dawson were fully correct. This paper focuses on the historical origins of the Prototaxites-Nematophycus debate, specifically on the role the debate played in the process of establishing methods within a new sub-field of paleontology. In large measure, Dawson and Carruthers disagreed over the identity and classification of this specimen because of their scientific training and areas of specialization. Carruthers and other botanists argued that the geologists who tended to dominate paleontology knew little about plant morphology and even less about the crucial identifying characteristics of the organs of fruitification. Alternatively, geologists, such as Dawson, had provided concepts and methods (eg. stratigraphy, mineralogy, geological time-scale) to paleontology, and they were not about to relinquish authority earned in previous decades.

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Nelson, Clifford. "Meek at Albany, 1852-58." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.u2g030n427ul0x0k.

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F. B. Meek served as James Hall's salaried assistant and draughtsman at Albany during 1852-58. In aiding Hall's "Palaeontology of New-York" and other projects, Meek gained experience in field work, curation, research, illustration, and publication that he developed in collaboration with F. V. Hayden and others to fulfill Hall's promise to make Meek an original investigator in paleontology. A dispute with Hall about scientific identity and integrity, rekindled by the Permian controversy, ended Meek's years at Albany. In 1858, Meek joined Hayden at Washington and continued work in paleontology and stratigraphy at the Smithsonian, under contract to the Federal and several state governments.

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Wylie, Caitlin Donahue. "Trust in Technicians in Paleontology Laboratories." Science, Technology, & Human Values 43, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 324–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243917722844.

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New technologies can upset scientific workplaces’ established practices and social order. Scientists may therefore prefer preserving skilled manual work and the social status quo to revolutionary technological change. For example, digital imaging of rock-encased fossils is a valuable way for scientists to “see” a specimen without traditional rock removal. However, interviews in vertebrate paleontology laboratories reveal workers’ skepticism toward computed tomography (CT) imaging. Scientists criticize replacing physical fossils with digital images because, they say, images are more subjective than the “real thing.” I argue that these scientists are also implicitly supporting rock-removal technicians, who are skilled and trusted experts whose work would be made obsolete by widespread implementation of CT scanning. Scientists’ view of CT as a sometimes useful tool rather than a universal new approach to accessing fossils preserves the laboratory community’s social structure. Specifically, by privileging “real” specimens and trusted specimen-processing technicians over images and imaging experts, scientists preserve the lab community’s division of labor and skill, hierarchy between scientists and technicians, and these groups’ identity and mutual trust.

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13

SARIGÜL, VOLKAN. "A SHORT HISTORY OF PALEONTOLOGY IN TURKEY, PART I: FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY TO THE COLLAPSE OF OTTOMAN TURKEY." Earth Sciences History 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 158–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.1.158.

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ABSTRACT Modern paleontology in Turkey appeared in the early nineteenth century, together with the first modern geological studies. The fossils collected in these studies were initially used to establish biostratigraphy and to make the first geological maps of the country. Paleontologists were involved in these studies from the beginning; the earliest identifications of new animal and plant taxa from Turkey occurred in the same century along with the detailed descriptions of the rich and diverse Turkish fossil record. Aside from the academic studies, some paleontologists also took part in the economic side by contributing to stratigraphic analysis of coal beds or participating in petroleum exploration. All these pioneering works on the geology and paleontology of Turkey were done by foreigners; however, the outcomes of this newly introduced science were quickly appreciated by Ottoman Turkey. During the middle of the nineteenth century, the first text mentioning geological processes was written by the head scholar of the Imperial School of Military Engineering, while the first geology classes began to be taught under the Imperial Medical School in Istanbul, in which the first natural history collection was also established. Unfortunately, not a single original study in paleontology was produced by Ottoman citizens, with the notable exception of an Austrian immigrant of Hungarian descent, possibly because of a lack of a real interest in earth sciences.

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14

Batten, Roger. "Robert Parr Whitfield: Hall's Assistant Who Stayed too Long." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.d36v317p64885205.

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R. P. Whitfield was born near Utica in 1828. He had no formal education. He was deeply committed to natural history and joined a Utica society at 17 and bought a microscope and soon became well known as a naturalist illustrator. At 20 years of age he began working in a scientific instrument business at Utica and within a year became a partner. He caught the attention of Col. Jewett, a curator of the State Cabinet and joined the Hall paleontology group in 1856. He was Hall's chief illustrator for 10 years, gradually learning the trade and becoming Hall's chief assistant. In 1869, trouble developed over the authorship of a paper on Devonian clams and their relationship quickly deteriorated to the point that Whitfield looked for a position elsewhere, securing such at the American Museum of Natural History in 1877. Even when he left, Hall accused him of breach of contract but evidence indicates that Hall knew that he had the job in New York following the purchase of Hall's collection by the American Museum of Natural History. Whitfield became an active producer of papers on a wide variety of paleontology averaging 3-4 per year and became a major influence in Paleontology in the 1880-1900 period. He died shortly after he was retired at the age of 82 in 1910.

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15

Liss, Julia E. "Patrons of Paleontology: How Government Support Shaped a Science." Journal of American History 105, no. 4 (March 1, 2019): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaz105.

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16

Cain, Joe, and Ernst Mayr. "Exploring the Borderlands: Documents of the Committee on Common Problems of Genetics, Paleontology, and Systematics." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 94, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20020359.

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Talent, John, N. Archbold, and Victor Machlin. "Georgiy Nikolaevich Frederiks (1889-1938), Paleontologist, Stratigrapher, Tectonicist—Biography and Bibliography." Earth Sciences History 14, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 137–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.14.2.b02h510957n7n7k6.

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In a brief career, 1911-early 1930s, Georgly Nikolaevich Frederiks swiftly became a leading authority on the paleontology and stratigraphy of the Late Paleozoic of the USSR. Tireless in field and laboratory, he contributed importantly to unraveling the structure of the Urals, and established an international reputation as a paleontologist and stratigrapher, notably for his numerous contributions on Late Paleozoic stratigraphy and paleontology, especially brachiopods. One of the most impressive Soviet paleontologist-geologists of the inter-war era, Frederiks, like so many of the intelligentsia in the USSR, was believed by many to have perished in one of Stalin's 'corrective labor camps'. He was in fact shot, like legions of others, on the charge of conspiring to kill the leaders of the USSR and for personally planning to kill Stalin. His career and fate exemplify what befell the cream of the intelligentsia in the USSR during the Stalin epoch.

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18

Rainger, Ronald. "Biology, Geology, or Neither, or Both: Vertebrate Paleontology at the University of Chicago, 1892–1950." Perspectives on Science 1, no. 3 (1993): 478–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00444.

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Vertebrate paleontology was not readily incorporated into interdisciplinary activities at the University of Chicago. During the university’s first forty years serious disputes arose over the subject’s parameters and departmental affiliation. Only after World War II did a cooperative, interdisciplinary program emerge. Changes in biology and geology influenced that development, but even more important were local research and educational initiatives that provided the impetus and resources to create an innovative program.

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Laporte, Léo. "George G. Simpson (1902-1984): Getting Started in the Summer of 1924." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.1t25282v8vp24w08.

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In the middle of his first year of graduate work in vertebrate paleontology at Yale, George Gaylord Simpson began looking about for employment for the coming summer. He needed a job that would not only further his paleontological education, but also, with a wife and infant daughter to support, one that would pay him a salary, however modest. He eventually obtained a position prospecting for Tertiary mammals in Texas and New Mexico as a field assistant to William Diller Matthew of the American Museum of Natural History. By the end of the summer, Simpson established himself as an energetic and highly successful field man, having made two major fossil discoveries, thereby impressing both Richard Swan Lull, his major advisor at Yale, and Matthew, whom he would eventually succeed at the American Museum as curator of fossil mammals. When Simpson returned to Yale in the fall, Lull, despite his earlier refusal, permitted him to study the Marsh Collection of Mesozoic mammals for his dissertation. Matthew, too, was enthusiastic about Simpson's demonstrated abilities for he became Simpson's mentor, acting as informal off-campus advisor for his dissertation and eventually an advocate for Simpson's appointment at the American Museum. Simpson also learned, the hard way, about scientific protocol and professional territoriality when a short paper he wrote describing the geologic results of his work in New Mexico was suppressed by Childs Frick, honorary curator of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology who had supported the New Mexico (and Texas) excursion with his own funds. Frick's financial support of the Museum apparently gave him greater influence than Matthew who, as chairman of Vertebrate Paleontology, had initially approved Simpson's paper for publication in the Museum Bulletin.

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20

Reif, Wolf-Ernst. "The search for a macroevolutionary theory in German paleontology." Journal of the History of Biology 19, no. 1 (March 1986): 79–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00346618.

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21

Rieppel, Olivier. "Karl Beurlen (1901–1985), Nature Mysticism, and Aryan Paleontology." Journal of the History of Biology 45, no. 2 (May 11, 2011): 253–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10739-011-9283-7.

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22

Yu, Xiaobo. "Chinese paleontology and the reception of Darwinism in early twentieth century." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 66 (December 2017): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2017.09.001.

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23

Fisher, Donald. "John Mason Clarke: James Hall's Protégé - Successor." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.0463v792n4244g6w.

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John Mason Clarke, the successor to James Hall as State Paleontologist of New York, was both similar and dissimilar to his mentor in his approach to paleontology and paleontologists. Both were intensely passionate in their pursuit of paleontological research. However, their opposing personalities mandated that they travel vastly differing avenues toward implementing the accomplishments of the New York State Geological Survey and State Museum during their respective eras.

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Breithaupt, Brent. "Biography of William Harlow Reed: The Story of a Frontier Fossil Collector." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.59584t2t2gl6r04t.

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William Harlow Reed was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1848. His adventurous spirit led him to the Rocky Mountain West to take positions guiding, hunting game, and fighting Indians. In 1877, while working as a foreman for the Union Pacific Railroad at Como, Wyoming, he accidentally discovered large bones on the nearby ridge. These specimens, reported to O.C. Marsh at Yale University, heralded him into a career in vertebrate paleontology that he would pursue for the next 38 years. Although frustrated by certain aspects of field work and lack of recognition as a field paleontologist, he was a diligent and loyal collector for Marsh. He gave this same dedication in later years to W. C. Knight at the University of Wyoming and W. J. Holland at the Carnegie Museum. Although not formally educated in the sciences, Reed's desire to learn, interest in natural phenomena, and association with the notable paleontologists of his time, allowed him to gain a background in geology and paleontology. After more than 25 years of significant discoveries of dinosaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs, mammals, and cycads in Wyoming, Reed was given the position as curator of the museum and instructor in geology at the University of Wyoming in 1904. He held this position until his death in 1915.

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Rieppel, Lukas, and Yu-chi Chang. "Locating the Central Asiatic Expedition: Epistemic Imperialism in Vertebrate Paleontology." Isis 114, no. 4 (December 2, 2023): 725–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/727563.

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Hernick, Linda. "Edwin Bradford Hall: Devonian Sponge Collector Extraordinaire." Earth Sciences History 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.22.2.t4m3388558qr2226.

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James Hall (1811-1898), second State Paleontologist of New York, is considered by many to be the "Father of American Paleontology." However, Hall could never have achieved this stature without his legion of amateurs. Among the most dedicated and prolific of these was Edwin Bradford Hall (1825-1908). His collection of 5,500 Devonian glass sponges, the largest collection in the world, provided James Hall with the material to write his massive 1898 monograph on these problematical fossils.

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Ottone, Eduardo. "The French Botanist Aimé Bonpland and Paleontology at Cuenca Del Plata." Earth Sciences History 21, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.21.2.x70n185583681706.

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Mainly recognized in his role of naturalist-explorer by his travels with Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), and so by his studies on tropical plants from Central and South America, the French botanist Aimé Bonpland (1773-1858) pursued important paleontological investigations in Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil. In the early nineteenth century, when the earth sciences were just developing at Cuenca del Plata, Bonpland collected invertebrates, mammal bones, and petrified wood. Most of his findings have never been published. A part of his collections has been held at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris since 1837. Alcide d'Orbigny (1802-1857) studied the pelecypods collected by Bonpland in Entre Ríos province, Argentina, and named a species in his honor: Arca bonplandiana d'Orbigny.

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Sepkoski, David. "The Unfinished Synthesis?: Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology in the 20th Century." Journal of the History of Biology 52, no. 4 (November 6, 2018): 687–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10739-018-9537-8.

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Sepkoski, David. "Data in Time." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 48, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): 581–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2018.48.5.581.

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One of the best arguments for approaching the history of information processing and handling in the human and natural sciences as a “history of data” is that it focuses our attention on relationships, convergences, and contingent historical developments that can be obscured following more traditional areas of focus on individual disciplines or technologies. This essay explores one such case of convergence in nineteenth-century data history between empirical natural history (paleontology and botany), bureaucratic statistics (cameralism), and contemporary historiography, arguing that the establishment of visual conventions around the presentation of temporal patterns in data involved interactions between ostensibly distinct knowledge traditions. This essay is part of a special issue entitled Histories of Data and the Database edited by Soraya de Chadarevian and Theodore M. Porter.

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Aversi-Ferreira, Tales, Pietra Bruna Barbosa Bento, Kassandra Kenia Andrade Nogueira, Wellika Dorta, and Kaynara Trevisan. "Phylogenetic evolutionary aspects of the vertebrate skull - an approach for teaching: vertebrate skull." Conjecturas 22, no. 10 (September 18, 2022): 128–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/conj-1530-edu09.

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In this work, the fundamental data will be placed as logically as possible within a simple, but not simplistic philosophy, therefore, the objective was to indicate the basic ontogenetic and phylogenetic data in terms of the evolutionary history of the vertebrate skull starting from the initial, often idealized, structures that formed the framework of the primitive vertebrate skull. Therefore, the methodology used was a literature review, in order to refine the information. From this methodology, the expected result was to reduce the excess or oversimplification of information that could fail in the teaching processes, to avoid the danger of errors of the interpretation. An overview with basic data, but well ordered in terms of substitutions and phylogenetic history is essential to prepare future scientists in the areas of morphology, taxonomy, evolution, comparative anatomy, paleontology, forensic anatomy; therefore, this text was builded objectively as possible to be consulted for the teaching/learning of the cranium comparative anatomy.

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Cloud, Preston. "Luminaries of the Albany Era: Beecher, Schuchert, and Hall." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.y3515m66n73p5265.

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James Hall of Albany, Director of the New York State Museum from 1866 until his death at 86 in 1897 was the most noted American geologist and paleontologist of his time. He originated the geosynclinal concept of mountain-building and ideas of gravity-mass-movement. He became the 19th century's most productive paleontologist by dint of unsparing drive, coupled with high ability and the talent and labors of six unusual "personal assistants". Among the latter were two gifted and dedicated Charleses, Beecher and Schuchert, who later established invertebrate paleontology at Yale and made it the North American mecca of the field for many years. Beecher, comfortably raised, well educated, biologically focussed, tragically short-lived, preceded his close friend and successor in Hall's employ, Schuchert, son of an impoverished immigrant cabinet maker, with only a primary school education, was geologically inclined, and long-lived. Coming to New Haven as he did, after 10 years of experience with the U.S. Geological Survey and the Smithsonian's Museum of Natural History, as well as his time in Albany, Schuchert provided the ideal complement to Beecher. Both were fine collectors, preparators, and illustrators as well as first rate scientists. Both became renowned scientists in their time. And both enriched the global scientific heritage with their publications. The Albany School was clearly the place to launch a career in paleontology during the last half of the 19th century. The subsequent lives of Beecher and Schuchert testify to that.

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Debus, Allen. "Historical Dinosaurs: Episodes in Discovery and Restoration." Earth Sciences History 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.12.1.l84236531673j372.

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Inspired by the approaching sesquicentennial year of the Dinosauria, a classification term created by Sir Richard Owen in 1841 originally corresponding to three extinct genera of enormous, terrestrial British Mesozoic reptiles, the author created miniature models of several dinosaur genera. Sculptures commemorating historically significant restorative stages in paleontological understanding for five genera (Iguanodon, Megalosaurus, Had-rosaurus, Stegosaurus, and Chasmosaurus) were constructed to emphasize the theme of ‘evolving’ ideas concerning dinosaur representations. The stories behind the scientific derivation and ‘evolution’ of these forms illustrate several interesting episodes in the history of dinosaur paleontology.

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Colbert, Edwin. "W. D. Matthew's Early Western Field Trips." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.ng758437p6253341.

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William Diller Matthew, who entered Columbia College in 1891 with the avowed intention of becoming a mining geologist, was influenced by Henry Fairfield Osborn to change his interests to vertebrate paleontology. In 1895 Osborn hired Matthew as assistant curator at the American Museum of Natural History, where he began his lifelong studies of fossil mammals. In line with his chosen field of research, Matthew made a series of collecting trips to western North America, from 1897 to 1908, devoted largely to the accumulation of fossil mammals, thus establishing a basis for much of his research.

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Allmon, Warren D. "Invertebrate Paleontology and Evolutionary Thinking in the US and Britain, 1860–1940." Journal of the History of Biology 53, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 423–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10739-020-09599-1.

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Cain, Joseph. "Building a Temporal Biology: Simpson's Program for Paleontology During an American Expansion of Biology." Earth Sciences History 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.11.1.t33h7464x4121428.

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A central, though overlooked, dimension of George Simpson's (1944) book, Tempo and Mode in Evolution, involved its emphasis on cooperative and historical approaches to evolutionary studies. Together, these two orientations formed Simpson's program in temporal biology, and during the late 1930's and early 1940's, Simpson not only pursued this program, he loudly advocated and actively promoted it. Vertebrate paleontology had lost considerable prestige in evolutionary studies during this period (both at Simpson's home institution and within biology generally), and Simpson fought to empower and enfranchise his discipline. Tempo and Mode was part of that effort, which took place in the broader context of the evolutionary synthesis.

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Blum, Ann. ""A Better Style of Art": The Illustrations of the Paleontology of New York." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.5635758n4521384g.

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James Hall, like other authors and editors of 19th-century American state and federal surveys, learned first hand that publishing illustrations was time-consuming, frustrating and expensive. But illustrations were indispensible, providing the graphic communication of morphology that justified the author's taxonomic decisions. That essential information, however, passed through the hands of an illustrator and either an engraver or lithographer before it reached the scientific audience that would test and judge it. Artists and printers, therefore, needed close supervision; plates required careful proofing and sometimes cancellation. Hall, like his colleagues, vastly underestimated the time and expense that his project would entail. The plates illustrating the Palaeontology reflected changes occurring in American science and printing. Over the decades spanned by the publication, picture printing techniques changed from craft to industry, and converted from engraving to lithography; so did the New York survey. Meanwhile, the scientific profession developed illustration conventions to which publications with professional intent increasingly conformed. These conventions combined standards of "accuracy" with issues of style to reflect both scientific activity and its social context. The early illustrations drawn by Mrs. Hall were no less "accurate" although clearly less polished than the collaborations between R.P. Whitfield and F.J. Swinton, or the later work of J.H. Emerton and E. Emmons, Jr. The artists and printers of the Palaeontology plates emulated and contributed to the emerging national style of zoological and paleontological illustration, and thus helped consolidate the "look" of American science.

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Miller, Wade, and Dee Hall. "Earliest History of Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah: Last Half of the 19th Century." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.72266661544wp27v.

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Aside from the recorded travels of Juan de Rivera in 1765 and the Dominguez-Escalante party in 1776, the earliest reports involving explorations into Utah were mostly those for proposed railroad lines and trade routes, or for general knowledge of the poorly known Western Territories (1840s to 1870s). These explorations were usually conducted under the auspices of the United States Army. Scientists, including geologists/paleontologists, commonly accompanied the survey parties. The first surveys whose prime objectives were to study geology and topography were commissioned by Congress in 1867. The earliest discovery of a vertebrate fossil in Utah apparently took place on the J. N. Macomb expedition of 1859 (which generally followed the Old Spanish Trail), when J. S. Newberry collected dinosaur bones in the southeastern part of the state. F. V. Hayden's 1870 survey may have extended into northernmost Utah. It is possible that a few of the Eocene age fossils which were reported by him from southernmost Wyoming, came from here. Fossils collected during the Hayden survey prompted a vertebrate fossil collecting trip headed by J. Leidy into the same area two years later. Also in 1870, O. C. Marsh discovered and named the Uinta Basin, making a significant fossil vertebrate collection there. Numerous Eocene mammals as well as reptiles and fish were collected in the Basin proper, while a turtle shell and dinosaur teeth were recovered from the upturned Mesozoic beds on the eastern rim of the Uinta Basin. A Jurassic crocodile humerus was found by Marsh along the eastern flank of the Uinta Mountains. In subsequent years before the turn of the century several institutions sent paleontological parties into this area. E. D. Cope in 1880 identified fossil fish and a crocodile from Eocene deposits of central Utah. Pleistocene mammals were first reported by P. A. Chadbourne (1871) and C. King (1878) from Salt Lake and Utah valleys. While early expeditions for vertebrate fossils concentrated largely on adjacent states, many of America's prominent 19th Century vertebrate paleontologists collected fossils in Utah. Their work pioneered the way for present-day paleontologists.

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Manias, Chris. "Building Baluchitherium and Indricotherium: Imperial and International Networks in Early-Twentieth Century Paleontology." Journal of the History of Biology 48, no. 2 (December 24, 2014): 237–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10739-014-9395-y.

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LAURENZA, DOMENICO. "THE STUDY OF FOSSILS IN LEIBNIZ'S PROTOGAEA: TOWARDS A RECONCTRUCTION OF THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL MODELS IN EARLY MODERN PALEONTOLOGY." Earth Sciences History 38, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-38.1.1.

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ABSTRACT The article is a detailed examination of practices originating in technology and art that were used as heuristically fertile models in Leibniz's Protogaea (1749) to explain the processes of fossilization and demonstrate the animal origin of fossils. Particular importance is given to engravings on copper, which, besides being the technique used to execute the plates in the Protogaea, also became an analogical model for the interpretation of fish fossils. These aspects of the Protogaea are contextualised within the broader framework of the interaction between artisanal and theoretical modes of knowledge in the Scientific Revolution and the still little-known historical development of this interaction in the field of paleontology.

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Vetter, Jeremy. "Field science in the Railroad Era: the tools of knowledge empire in the American West, 1869-1916." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 15, no. 3 (September 2008): 597–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702008000300003.

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Focusing on the field sciences during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this paper analyzes how railroads served as tools of knowledge empire in the American West. The political economy of this region, shaped by the rise of Populism and capitalist development with federal and state government support, provided the context for cooperation between field scientists and railroad companies. Early on, the displacement of American Indians and their concentration on reservations was intertwined with the research of the Bureau of Ethnology under John Wesley Powell. Later, railroad companies became important patrons of field research, primarily through their provision of free or reduced-fare passes for travel. This research ranged from state universities undertaking research in horticulture and irrigation engineering to metropolitan natural history museums whose field work in paleontology had cultural or symbolic value.

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Dawson. "Literary Megatheriums and Loose Baggy Monsters: Paleontology and the Victorian Novel." Victorian Studies 53, no. 2 (2011): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/victorianstudies.53.2.203.

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Marché II, Jordan. "Edward Hitchcock's Poem, The Sandstone Bird (1836)." Earth Sciences History 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.10.1.m062w517430g48r1.

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Edward Hitchcock's 113-line poetic description of the animals believed responsible for the large, three-toed Lower Jurassic Eubrontes giganteus fossil footprints was obscurely published in 1836. Due to the literary, rather than scientific, nature of the journal (The Knickerbocker) and Hitchcock's incomplete bibliographic reference to its source, the poem has been completely overlooked by today's geological historians. It offers a unique (and ironic) glimpse of the early sciences of geology and paleontology in the era just before Agassiz's glacial hypothesis was introduced. The work is still laced with many lingering notions about Diluvial processes and a persistent belief in the Earth's degenerate, ruined condition. This remarkable poem is offered for republication here (with critical comments).

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Neel, Susan Rhoades. "King of the Dinosaur Hunters: The Life of John Bell Hatcher and the Discoveries that Shaped Paleontology." Journal of American History 106, no. 4 (March 1, 2020): 1087–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaz763.

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Podgorny, Irina. "Bones and Devices in the Constitution of Paleontology in Argentina at the End of the Nineteenth Century." Science in Context 18, no. 2 (June 2005): 249–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889705000475.

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Whereas historiography of the debates on “early man in America” isolates Florentino Ameghino's ideas on human evolution from his paleontological and geological work, this paper presents Ameghino's ideas on human ancestors in regard to the controversies over the origin and dispersion of mammals. Therefore, this paper analyzes the constitution of paleontology in Argentina at the end of nineteenth century by describing, firstly, the Ameghino brothers' organization of research. By tackling this aspect I want also to discuss the place of science in late nineteenth-century Argentina. Secondly, I will sketch “Ameghino's ideas” about Patagonia as a center of distribution of mammals, the age of Patagonian strata, and the South American origin of humankind. The Ameghino brothers' logistics of fieldwork created not only the means for finding a remarkable fossil fauna but also a trap that undermined their scientific credibility. Therefore, I will focus on the problem of fieldwork in “distant” places and of scientific wandering in Patagonia. In the polemics presented here, language, transportation systems, visual representations, and technical devices were crucial elements for the creation of paleontological objects.

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Osborn, Henry Fairfield, and W. D. Matthew. "GEOLOGICAL CORRELATION THROUGH VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY BY INTERNATIONAL COÖPERATION.: Correlation Bulletin, No. 1. Plan and Scope." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 19, no. 1 (February 26, 2008): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1909.tb56911.x.

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Brister, Ronald. "Bruce Wade: Tennessee's Forgotten Geologist." Earth Sciences History 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.13.1.y4wxp17373q18388.

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A burst of intense geological exploration and interpretation of the eastern Mississippi Embayment marked the first three decades of the 20th century. Bruce Wade, a Vanderbilt and Johns Hopkins-trained geologist, played a central role in the interpretation of the stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cretaceous deposits of West Tennessee. He discovered and described the perfectly preserved and extensive fauna of the Coon Creek fossil site, made detailed county stratigraphic studies, and is credited with discovering the first fossil insect preserved in amber reported from North America. Wade served in World War I and later worked in the oil industry in Mexico as an exploration geologist in the early 1920's. His promising career was cut short by a severe illness which left him confined in hospitals for the rest of his life. He died at the age of 84 in relative obscurity.

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Liss, Julia E., and Ronald Rainger. "An Agenda for Antiquity: Henry Fairfield Osborn & Vertebrate Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, 1890-1935." Journal of American History 79, no. 3 (December 1992): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080895.

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Hernick, Linda. "Silas Watson Ford: A Major But Little-Known Contributor to the Cambrian Paleontology of North America." Earth Sciences History 18, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 246–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.18.2.71355x54266626l1.

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Silas Watson Ford (1848-1895), telegrapher and paleontologist born in Glenville, New York, in 1848, made significant contributions to Cambrian paleontology from 1871 to 1888. The focus of his work was the allochthonous Taconic rock that lies east of the Hudson River in easternmost New York. His discovery of a ‘Primordial’ fauna in this region was instrumental in helping to resolve the uncertainty surrounding the age of this older portion of the Taconics. While most of his papers were published in the American Journal of Science, a series of seven papers on the ‘Silurian Age’ was published by the New York Tribune in 1879. For this work he was subsequently awarded an honorary master's degree by Union College.Ford was hired by his contemporary, Charles Doolittle Walcott (1850-1927), to work for the U.S. Geological Survey from 1884 to 1885. Highly regarded by James Hall (1811-1898), James Dwight Dana (1813-1895), Joachim Barrande (1799-1883), and many other prominent geologists of the time, he was often consulted for his expertise in collecting and describing Cambrian-age fossils.While Walcott's career continued to flourish, Ford faded into obscurity after 1888. Plagued by personal problems, he was forced to give up his personal library, his fossil collection, and finally, his career. He died in 1895 at the age of 47, with his passing virtually unnoticed by his professional colleagues.

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Sepkoski, David. "Towards “A Natural History of Data”: Evolving Practices and Epistemologies of Data in Paleontology, 1800–2000." Journal of the History of Biology 46, no. 3 (September 6, 2012): 401–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10739-012-9336-6.

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Tawadros, Edward. "History of Geology in Egypt." Earth Sciences History 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 50–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.31.1.h8273w68185p7q7g.

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Napoleon Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt in 1798 carried out the first multidisciplinary exploration mission and formed the Institute of Egypt, the first scientific organization in Egypt. A few decades later, the German geographer and ethnographer Gerhard Rohlfs (1831-1896) led another multidisciplinary expedition in the Western Desert of Egypt. Georg Schweinfurth (1836-1925) independently explored various parts of Egypt over a period of more than fifty years and made major contributions in geology, paleontology, and archeology. The establishment of the Geological Survey of Egypt by the British in 1896 was a turning point in the history of geology in Egypt. The pioneering work of the early staff of the Survey established the solid foundation of the geology of Egypt. Progress in our geological ideas in recent years is credited to the advance in technology, the introduction of new exploration methods, and active international cooperation. A few problems have to be overcome before a real progress in our geological ideas takes place in the future.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Paleontology – philosophy'

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