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1
Holloway, Caitlin R. "Paleoethnobotany in interior Alaska." Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10104526.
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<p> Vegetation and plant resources can impact forager mobility and subsistence strategies. However, misconceptions about the preservation of organics in subarctic archaeological contexts and underestimations of the importance of plant resources to foraging societies limit paleoethnobotanical research in high-latitude environments. This research draws upon concepts from human behavioral ecology to address questions relating to site seasonality, plant resource use, land use, and deposition and taphonomy. The model developed in this thesis outlines expectations of seasonal archaeobotanical assemblages for Late Pleistocene and Holocene sites in interior Alaska. I consider these expectations in light of plant macroremains found in anthropogenic features from Components 1 and 3 (approximately 13,300 and 11,500 cal yr BP, respectively) at the Upward Sun River site, located in central Alaska.</p><p> Site-specific methods include bulk sampling of feature matrix in the field and wet-sieving matrix in the laboratory to collect organic remains. Analytical measures of density, diversity, and ubiquity tie together the model expectations and the results from Upward Sun River. The dominance of common bearberry in the Component 1 archaeobotanical assemblage meets the expectations of a late summer or fall occupation. This suggests that site occupants may have focused on mitigating the risk of starvation in winter months by foraging for seasonally predictable and storable resources. The variability in results from the Component 3 features could relate to longer-term occupations that extended from mid-summer to early fall, in which site occupants foraged for locally available and predictable plant resources such as blueberry or low-bush cranberry species.</p><p> In this thesis, I argue that large mammal resources were a key component in Late Pleistocene and Holocene subsistence strategies. However, foragers were flexible in their behavior and also targeted small mammals, fish, waterfowl, and plant resources in response to environmental conditions and cultural preferences. The results illustrate the long-standing use of culturally and economically important plant resources in interior Alaska and draw attention to aspects of human behavior that are under-conceptualized in northern archaeology, such as the gendered division of labor, domestic behavior, and potential impacts of plant resource exploitation on mobility and land use.</p>
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Ounjian, Glenna Lorraine. "Glen Meyer and prehistoric Neutral paleoethnobotany." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ35273.pdf.
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Dickau, Ruth. "Paleoethnobotany of the Lake Managua region, Nicaragua." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38529.pdf.
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Rude, Trisha. "Paleoethnobotany at Stix and Leaves Pueblo (Site 5MT 11555), Colorado." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/RudeT2004.pdf.
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Benz, Emily Jane. "A paleoenvironmental reconstruction from the Island of Grenada, Caribbean environments during the time of human occupation." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/E_Benz_041110.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, May 2010.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 21, 2010). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-86).
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Rose, Carolyn June. "Quantitative analyses of plant remains from the NAN Ranch Ruin, Grant County, New Mexico." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1262.
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The general architectural transition from semi-subterranean pithouses to surface pueblos that occurred across the prehistoric North American Southwest has been attributed to increased agricultural dependence. In this study macrobotanical ubiquity scores, percentages, diversity, and richness were compared between pithouse and pueblo assemblages from the NAN Ranch Ruin, Grant County, New Mexico, to assess whether or not the macrobotanical evidence supported a link between increased agricultural dependence and the pithouse to pueblo transition at the site. Rarely were differences between values of relative macrobotanical abundance from the two periods found to be significant. Ubiquity analyses provided some evidence for greater agricultural dependence in the pueblo period. Ubiquity scores declined between the pithouse and pueblo periods for all taxa recovered from both periods, except maize (Zea mays L.) and goosefoot (Chenopodium spp.), an aggressive agricultural weed, probably because the puebloan occupants of the NAN Ranch Ruin relied more on maize agriculture than did the pithouse occupants at the site. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was recovered only from pueblo deposits, perhaps indicating that this crop was not grown during the earlier pithouse period. Significant differences that were detected between pithouse and pueblo values of relative macrobotanical abundance were most likely due to the effect of variable sample sizes, when all samples were combined for analysis, regardless of their recovery contexts. Although the effect of variable sample volume was controlled by analysis of sub-samples representing five liters of excavated soil, the sub-samples varied in the number of specimens present. This finding illustrates the effect of variable numbers of specimens per sample on measures of relative abundance and the importance of comparing similar contexts in quantitative studies.
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Lane, Brian G. "Hopewell Resource Collection: A Paleoethnobotanical Perspective of Twin Mounds." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1248534276.
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Slotten, Venicia M. "Paleoethnobotanical Remains and Land Use Associated With the Sacbe at the Ancient Maya Village of Joya de Ceren." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439562500.
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Helzer, Margaret Mary. "Paleoethnobotany and household archaeology at the Bergen site : a Middle Holocene occupation in the Fort Rock Basin, Oregon /." view abstract or download file of text, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3035565.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 279-296). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Helzer, Margaret Mary 1963. "Paleoethnobotany and household archaeology at the Bergen site : a Middle Holocene occupation in the Fort Rock Basin, Oregon." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12240.
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xv, 296 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT E78.O6 H44 2001<br>This study analyzes the botanical and archaeological material from a Middle Holocene occupation at the Bergen site, located in the Fort Rock Basin, Oregon. It serves to complement and enhance over a decade of research focused on regional settlement patterns in the Northern Great Basin. While previous studies in the region have focused on broadly based settlement patterns, this study shifted the interpretive lens toward an in-depth analysis of a single family dwelling, which was occupied some 6000 years ago. It thus introduces the domain of "household archaeology" into the practice of archaeological research in the Northern Great Basin for the first time. Macrobotanical analysis was conducted on 215 soil samples collected on a 50cm grid from this house. An additional 20 samples were analyzed from a second house structure at the site.
These analyses have provided evidence of diet, environment, and social behavior associated with the prehistoric occupants of the house. The abundance of charred bulrush (Scirpus ), goosefoot (Chenopodium ), and waada (Suaeda ) seeds in the deposits indicate that small seeds of wetland-adapted plants were an important dietary resource during the Middle Holocene in the Fort Rock Basin.
The patterned distribution of botanical material in 215 soil samples across the floor of the house provide strong evidence of prehistoric human activity areas. The highest concentration of seeds and charcoal in the house was located near the central fire hearth, where cooking and food preparation took place. An east-facing entryway is suggested by the presence of a secondary concentration of seeds and charcoal on the eastern edge of the structure. Analysis also revealed a differential distribution of seed types across the house floor. Higher concentrations of bulrush in the northern area of the floor, away from the hearth, suggest the presence of sleeping mats.
Results of this study indicate that plant remains are not evenly distributed through archaeological deposits, therefore care must be taken when sampling for macrobotanical remains. Research at the Bergen site provides the basis for recommendations to assist future archaeologists in determining the best and most cost-effective locations within excavations to take macrobotanical samples.<br>Committee in charge: Dr. C. Melvin Aikens, Chair;
Dr. Theresa O'Neil;
Dr. Dennis Jenkins;
Dr. Daniel Close
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HENLEY, BLAIR. "ANALYSIS OF THE LATE WOODLAND AND EMERGENT MISSISSIPPIAN ARCHAEOBOTANICAL ASSEMBLAGES AT THE RANGE SITE (11S47): THE EFFECT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF MAIZE ON FEATURE CONTENTS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1069868061.
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Foley, Amanda Lynn. "Paleoethnobotanical Analysis of Medieval Ziyaret Tepe (Southeastern Turkey)." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429009249.
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Wendel, Martha M. "Wetland Fields in the Maya Lowlands: Archaeobotanical Evidence from Birds of Paradise, Belize." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1554215790495424.
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Greenlee, Diana Mae. "Accounting for subsistence variation among maize farmers in Ohio valley prehistory /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6565.
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Martin, Kristie Rae. "Eastern agricultural complex traditions in small Fort Ancient communities the wildcat example /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1243564193.
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Cavallaro, Dana A. "Reconstructing the Past: Paleoethnobotanical Evidence for Ancient Maya Plant Use Practices at the Dos Pilas Site, Guatemala." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1377869841.
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Collins, Shawn K. Pearsall Deborah M. "Prehispanic agriculture and climate on the Pacific slope of Guatemala." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6148.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 17, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Deborah M. Pearsall. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Levin, Maureece. "Food Production, Environment, and Culture in the Tropical Pacific: Evidence for Prehistoric and Historic Plant Cultivation in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19669.
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Food production, or the cultivation and processing of edible materials, is closely linked to both the physical environment and human social systems. This is especially true on the islands of Remote Oceania, where cultivation of plants introduced with colonization has always been a key component of survival. This project centers on the production systems of an island in the west central Pacific: Pohnpei, Micronesia. It addresses the fundamental question of how food production is related to changes in social and physical environments and also addresses the optimum ways to archaeologically study plant remains in tropical oceanic environments with poor preservation. In order to examine these questions, this project looks at human-environment interrelationships using historical ecology.
A multi-pronged approach was used in this research. Archaeological survey was used to identify prehistoric and historic features on the landscape and to map the distribution of food production activities. Excavation of selected archaeological features, including breadfruit fermentation pits, yam enclosures, and cooking features, was conducted to examine formation patterns. Paleoethnobotanical analysis included collection and analysis of flotation samples for carbonized plant macroremain analysis and sediment samples for phytolith analysis. Finally, because a reference collection is key to all paleoethnobotanical research, plant specimens from multiple Pacific locations were collected and processed for phytolith reference.
Botanical data show that phytolith analysis is very useful in the Pacific region, as many economically important taxa produce phytoliths. However, because of differential silica uptake, it should be used in conjunction with other methods. Archaeological phytolith analysis of the garden landscape shows disturbance caused by pigs, which were introduced historically, a change from the prehistoric phytolith record, which shows no major shifts. Combined analysis of plant macroremains and phytoliths from secure archaeological contexts shows the use of banana leaves in breadfruit cooking in the historic period, highlighting the importance of multi-method paleoethnobotanical study. These data point towards an anthropogenic environment and stable agricultural system that was present in late prehistoric Pohnpei. Major changes occurred in the historic period, although production of plant foods that were important for centuries continues to flourish today.
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Martin, Kristie R. "Eastern Agricultural Complex Traditions in Small Fort Ancient Communities – The Wildcat Example." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243564193.
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Thompson, Kim M. "Biodiversity in Forests of the Ancient Maya Lowlands and Genetic Variation in a Dominant Tree, Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae): Ecological and Anthropogenic Implications." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1383812360.
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Kennedy, Jaime. "A Paleoethnobotanical Approach to 14,000 Years of Great Basin Prehistory: Assessing Human-Environmental Interactions Through the Analysis of Archaeological Plant Data at Two Oregon Rockshelters." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23918.
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Well-preserved plant remains recovered from archaeological deposits at the Paisley Five-Mile Point Caves and Little Steamboat Point-1 Rockshelter in southcentral Oregon provided a rare opportunity to study ancient plant resources used by northern Great Basin indigenous groups and their ancestors with Western Stemmed technologies. Macrobotanical analysis of cultural features and vertical columns spanning the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene epochs in the rockshelter repositories yielded thousands of seeds and charcoal fragments that can be attributed to human activities. Data generated in this analysis have provided evidence of paleoenvironments along with the diets and social behaviors of people visiting northern Great Basin rockshelters as a stopover on their seasonal subsistence rounds.
The preponderance of upland shrubs and herbs in the assemblages at both archaeological sites indicates vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the rockshelters was fairly stable over the past 14,000 years. The macrobotanical data complemented local and regional pollen analyses to refine the paleoecological proxy data and address uncertainties regarding the proximity of wetland plants and pine (Pinus sp.) to the rockshelters in the past.
Samples originating from Younger Dryas deposits at the Paisley Caves and Late Holocene deposits at the Paisley Caves and LSP-1 Rockshelter suggest increased visitation frequency in these periods. The diverse assemblage of cultural plant remains during these times also indicate a broad diet breadth for Great Basin foragers, which included small seeds, nuts and berries, and root vegetables. The presence of an earth oven feature dating to the Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene (TP/EH) in Paisley Cave 5 further demonstrates sophisticated traditional knowledge of plant foods and cooking techniques as early as 12,000 cal BP. This study also generated data chronicling the deep historical roots of traditionally valued economic plant foods. Cheno-ams, grasses (Poaceae), and tansymustards (Descurainia sp.) are well-represented in fire hearths at the Paisley Caves and LSP-1 Rockshelter through time.
Analysis of a bushytailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea) nest in deposits dating to the TP/EH demonstrates rodents living in the Paisley Caves routinely scavenged resources from cultural activity areas, and raised questions about whether people recognized the woodrats’ nests as a reliable resource of cached edible seeds.
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Hood, Angela N. "Testing the Veracity of Paleoethnobotanical Macroremain Data: A Case Study from the Cer¿¿¿¿n Site, El Salvador." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337287040.
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Meijer, Patrik. "Ostkustbanans konsekvenser : En makrofossilanalys i Gamla Uppsala." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353258.
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Gamla Uppsala is a spectacular area filled with archeological remains dating back to the Iron Age. There have been several excavations in the area, the biggest one carried out between 2012 and 2013 with the construction of a tunnel that is a part of the railroad Ostkustbanan.An important tool in understanding the Iron Age civilization in Gamla Uppsala is to know what houses were used for. This is where a method called macrofossil analysis can be used with great success. By analyzing earth samples from postholes, graves, wells and hearths macrofossils like seeds and slag can be found and used to interpret a house based on the material.This study is going to use samples that were not prioritized during the excavations for the analysis in order to answer what function these houses had.The macrofossil analysis conducted during this study showed a lot of fresh seeds but also charred material that consisted mostly of grain seeds. An interpretation of the houses using the material found within the earth samples was made and the postholes was likely dwelling houses.Hopefully this study can contribute to a further understanding of Gamla Uppsala during the Iron Ages.
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Morris, Hannah Ruth. "Paleoethnobotanical Investigations at Fort Center (8GL13), Florida." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338315283.
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Black, Manu School of Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences UNSW. "A late quaternary palaeoenvironmental investigation of the fire, climate, human and vegetation nexus from the Sydney basin, Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25745.
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It is widely believed that Australian Aboriginals utilised fire to manage various landscapes however to what extent this impacted on Australia???s ecosystems remains uncertain. The late Pleistocene/Holocene fire history from three sites within the Sydney Basin, Gooches Swamp, Lake Baraba and Kings Waterhole, were compared with archaeological and palaeoclimatic data using a novel method of quantifying macroscopic charcoal, which is presented in this study. The palynology and other palaeoecological proxies were also investigated at the three sites. The Gooches Swamp fire record appeared to be most influenced by climate and there was an abrupt increase in fire activity from the mid-Holocene perhaps associated with the onset of modern El Ni??o dominated conditions. The Kings Waterhole site also displayed an abrupt increase in charcoal at this time however there was a marked decrease in charcoal from ~3 ka. Lake Baraba similarly had displayed low levels of charcoal in the late Holocene. At both Kings Waterhole and Lake Baraba archaeological evidence suggests intensified human activity in the late Holocene during this period of lower and less variable charcoal. It is hence likely that at these sites Aboriginal people controlled fire activity in the late Holocene perhaps in response to the increased risk of large intense fires under an ENSO-dominated climate. The fire history of the Sydney Basin varies temporally and spatially and therefore it is not possible to make generalisations about pre-historic fire regimes. It is also not possible to use ideas about Aboriginal fire regimes or pre-historic activity as a management objective. The study demonstrates that increased fire activity is related to climatic variation and this is likely to be of significance under various enhanced Greenhouse scenarios. There were no major changes in the composition of the flora at all sites throughout late Pleistocene/Holocene although there were some changes in the relative abundance of different taxa. It is suggested that the Sydney Sandstone flora, which surrounds the sites, is relatively resistant to environmental changes. Casuarinaceae was present at Lake Baraba during the Last Glacial Maximum and therefore the site may have acted as a potential refugium for more mesic communities. There was a notable decline in Casuarinaceae during the Holocene at Lake Baraba and Kings Waterhole, a trend that has been found at a number of sites from southeastern Australia.
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Bonora, Andújar Isabel. "El cultivo del olivo y la producción de aceite entre el Neolítico y el Imperio romano : el caso particular de la península Ibérica." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE4025.
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La culture de l’olivier et la production d’huile, du Néolithique à l’Empire romain : le cas particulier de la péninsule Ibérique. Ce titre met en lumière les deux axes principaux de cette recherche doctorale. La première concerne la domestication de la plante à partir des zones refuges de l’oléastre en Méditerranée ; la deuxième, l’apparition des différentes technologies de production oléicole, leur évolution, ainsi que les héritages observés entre les différents peuples du Bassin entre le Néolithique et l’Empire romain. Toutes ces problématiques sont analysées à partir du cas précis de la péninsule Ibérique, extrémité occidentale de la Méditerranée, lieu d’échanges et d’influences d’origine orientale – phéniciennes et grecques, principalement. Grâce à l’étude de la domestication et des premières implantations de l’olivier il a pu être mis en évidence la nécessité d’associer l’archéobotanique – identification d’endocarpes, du charbon de bois et du pollen – à la génétique. Cette dernière a récemment permis de démontrer l’autochtonie de la plante en Méditerranée occidentale depuis les dernières glaciations, contestant ainsi les théories diffusionnistes d’une origine phénicienne – exclusivement orientale – de l’espèce et de l’oléiculture. La deuxième partie consacrée à l’étude de la technologie oléicole péninsulaire, démontre l’importance d’une machinerie de type artisanal et local, contemporaine d’une mécanique de type « préindustrielle » d’origine orientale. Les deux groupes typologiques se complètent et s’influencent jusqu’à l’arrivée de l’industrie oléicole romaine<br>The culture of olive tree and the production of olive oil from the Neolithic Era to the Roman Empire: the case of the Iberian Peninsula. The title highlights the two main research lines of this doctoral thesis. On the one hand, the domestication of the olive plant from the refuge areas of oleaster in the Mediterranean Sea; on the second hand, the emergence of different technologies of oil production, evolution and legacy observed between the different cultures of the Mediterranean from the Neolithic Era to the Roman Empire. All these issues are studied within the specific context of the Iberian Peninsula, western end of the Mediterranean world and place of exchanges and influences of from Eastern cultures - namely Phoenician and Greek. Through the study of domestication and first implantations of the olive tree emerged the need of involving scientific research from archaeobotany - identification of endocarps, wood charcoal and pollen - to genetics. The latter has recently demonstrated the indigeneity of the plant in West Mediterranean since the last glaciations, thus disputing the “diffusionist” theories of a Phoenician origin - exclusively Eastern - of the varieties of olive and their production. The second part of the research, dedicated to the study the Peninsular technology of olive oil, demonstrates the importance of craft and local machinery, as well as contemporary ‘preindustrial’ types of Eastern origin. Both typological groups complement and influence each other until the introduction of Roman olive industry
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Crawford, Laura J. Dr. "The Role of Selectivity on Alaskan Fuel Management Strategies." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1600964489257755.
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Weiland, Andrew Welsh. "Pathways to Maize Adoption and Intensification in the Little Miami and Great Miami River Valleys." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1565302352191348.
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Mansilla, Claudia A. "Palaeoenvironmental changes in southern Patagonia during the Late-glacial and the Holocene : implications for forest establishment and climate reconstructions." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21979.
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Three continuous terrestrial high-resolution palaeoenvironmental records for the Late-glacial and the Holocene have been reconstructed for different ecosystems in Fuego-Patagonia on a longitudinal transect at latitude 53°S. The records describe the nature and extent of environmental and climatic changes inferred from palynological evidence supported by lithostratigraphy, tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating. The environmental changes recorded at the three sites displays a significant degree of synchrony in response to similar large-scale climatic changes. Clear stratigraphical evidence alongside the pollen record indicates a shift to warmer interstadial conditions between c. 14,800 Cal yr BP and 14,400 Cal yrs BP. During the period coeval with ACR the vegetation was dominated by cold resistant dry land herbs such as Poaceae, Asteraceae (Suf. Asteroideae) and Acaena, by c. 13,200 Cal yr BP the vegetation changed from the dominance of cold resistant dry land herbs towards more mesic conditions and the expansion of steppe dominated by Poaceae with patches of Nothofagus forest. The establishment of the forest and an eastward shift of the forest-steppe ecotone by c. 12,500 Cal yr BP from which a gradual shift from colder to warmer conditions and the relatively stronger influences of the SSWs is inferred. The sequence of Late-glacial environmental changes places Fuego-Patagonia within the new palaeoecological data provided by this study includes “the earliest” evidence for the establishment of subantarctic Nothofagus forest during the LGIT in Fuego-Patagonia. During the Early-Holocene two major phases of Nothofagus forest expansion were registered between c. 11,700 - 10,500 Cal yr BP and c. 9,500 - 8,200 Cal yr BP. These intervals of expansion of Nothofagus forest are separated by an interval of forest contraction in response to lower effective moisture between c. 10,500 - 9,500 Cal yr BP. An intense arid phase is inferred between c. 8,250 Cal yr BP and 6,800 Cal yr BP and probably leading to an increase in the amount of dry fuel available during the mid-Holocene in Fuego-Patagonia leading to the highest fire activity promoted by very weak SSWs at this time. The later Holocene was characterised by an increase in humidity and an inferred intensification of the SSWs.
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Cohen, Jenny Micheal. "Paleoethnobotany of Kilgii Gwaay: a 10,700 year old Ancestral Haida Archaeological Wet Site." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5741.
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This thesis is a case study using paleoethnobotanical analysis of Kilgii Gwaay, a 10,700-year-old wet site in southern Haida Gwaii to explore the use of plants by ancestral Haida. The research investigated questions of early Holocene wood artifact technologies and other plant use before the large-scale arrival of western redcedar (Thuja plicata), a cultural keystone species for Haida in more recent times. The project relied on small-scale excavations and sampling from two main areas of the site: a hearth complex and an activity area at the edge of a paleopond. The archaeobotanical assemblage from these two areas yielded 23 plant taxa representing 14 families in the form of wood, charcoal, seeds, and additional plant macrofossils. A salmonberry and elderberry processing area suggests a seasonal summer occupation. Hemlock wedges and split spruce wood and roots show evidence for wood-splitting technology. The assemblage demonstrates potential for site interpretation based on archaeobotanical remains for the Northwest Coast of North America and highlights the importance of these otherwise relatively unknown plant resources from this early time period.<br>Graduate<br>cohenjenny2@gmail.com
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Morse, Mckenzie. "Pollen from Laguna Verde, Blue Creek, Belize: Implications for Paleoecology, Paleoethnobotany, Agriculture, and Human Settlement." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-08-7107.
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This dissertation is a palynological examination of the Mayan archaeological site at Blue Creek, northwestern Belize. This study uncovers more than 4,500 years of environmental and agricultural history of the region, which can be related to human incursion, habitation and plant use, abandonment, and reoccupation of the region.
After an historical and ecological overview of the study site, there follows an explanation of procedures for collecting, sampling, processing, identifying, and counting the fossil pollen from the area. Evidence from archaeology, paleoecology, and physical anthropology is used to construct a model for the first entry of humans into the Maya area. Examinations are made of Archaic Period paleoecology and the cultural developments that set the stage for the advancement of Maya culture.
Next, the physical environment of Blue Creek is explored, and its stability is assessed. This information leads to an assessment of the possibility of drought or soil degradation during the height of Mayan civilization, and contributes to the current understanding of the Maya Collapse at Blue Creek.
Mayan agricultural methodologies are explained, and the changes to traditional production systems that resulted from European colonization are described. A model of agricultural development is proposed.
The plant taxa identified in the Laguna Verde pollen core are listed and described. Finally, the Laguna Verde pollen core is interpreted in terms of the vegetation associations and environmental conditions represented by each stratum. This dissertation is a palynological examination of the Mayan archaeological site at Blue Creek, northwestern Belize. This study uncovers more than 4,500 years of environmental and agricultural history of the region, which can be related to human incursion, habitation and plant use, abandonment, and reoccupation of the region.
After an historical and ecological overview of the study site, there follows an explanation of procedures for collecting, sampling, processing, identifying, and counting the fossil pollen from the area. Evidence from archaeology, paleoecology, and physical anthropology is used to construct a model for the first entry of humans into the Maya area. Examinations are made of Archaic Period paleoecology and the cultural developments that set the stage for the advancement of Maya culture.
Next, the physical environment of Blue Creek is explored, and its stability is assessed. This information leads to an assessment of the possibility of drought or soil degradation during the height of Mayan civilization, and contributes to the current understanding of the Maya Collapse at Blue Creek.
Mayan agricultural methodologies are explained, and the changes to traditional production systems that resulted from European colonization are described. A model of agricultural development is proposed.
The plant taxa identified in the Laguna Verde pollen core are listed and described. Finally, the Laguna Verde pollen core is interpreted in terms of the vegetation associations and environmental conditions represented by each stratum.
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Wroth, Kristen. "Neanderthal plant use and phytolith taphonomy in the Middle Paleolithic of Southwest France." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/33201.
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The role of plants in Neanderthal subsistence is less well known than the role of animals due to differences in preservation and a subsequent lack of study. Phytoliths, the silica infillings of plant cells, are more durable than organic components of plants and can be used to reconstruct human activities, local plant ecology, and diagenetic alteration of archaeological sediments. This dissertation, comprising three articles, examines the relationship between Neanderthals and plants during the Middle Paleolithic (ca. 100,000-40,000 BP) of southwest France using phytolith analysis.
The first article provides an analysis of the phytoliths recovered from the cave site of Roc de Marsal, relating phytolith concentrations and identifications to environmental change, natural deposition, and Neanderthal pyrotechnology. The analysis of 115 phytolith samples provides evidence for spatial patterning in plant remains related to hearth features and diachronic change in plant use coincident with a shift from warm stadial to cold glacial conditions.
The second article applies morphometric statistics to a specific class of phytoliths, grass cells known as bilobates, to understand the range of variation within and among grass genera and to compare these results with an archaeological phytolith assemblage. More than 200 archaeological bilobates from Roc de Marsal are compared with those from seven modern reference specimens to assess these links. The analysis of the modern material indicates that some species are good candidates for morphometrics, but others should be avoided. The range of variation and lack of patterning in the archaeological assemblage suggest that Neanderthals at this site used multiple grass species.
The third article presents the analysis of 102 phytolith samples from Pech de l’Azé IV in comparison to those from Roc de Marsal. The two sites are similar in terms of chronology, stratigraphy, artifacts, and preserved combustion features, but there are key differences in the structure/morphology of hearths and phytolith densities. The comparison of these two sites highlights variation in Neanderthal pyrotechnology and fuel use. The analysis also indicates that different phytolith recovery protocols are needed to maximize phytolith extraction due to differences in formation processes between sites and should be evaluated on a site by site basis.<br>2019-11-27T00:00:00Z
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Rodrigues, Mariana Bicho Cardona da Costa. "O Uso de Materiais Vegetais em Castanheiro do Vento, Horta do Douro, Vila Nova de Foz Côa." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/93794.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Arqueologia e Território apresentada à Faculdade de Letras<br>Castanheiro do Vento is a chalcolithic archaeological site, located in Vila Nova de Foz Côa, on top of a round based hill, 730 meters high. There have been archaeological digs almost consecutively since 1998. During the years 2017, 2018 and 2019 sampling of carbonized plant material and soil were included, and those samples are the study object of this dissertation.The archaeobotanic study presented in this paper is based on the samples recovered from different contexts of the site and using different sampling techniques. Two hundred and one samples were taken from these contexts: area between Muretes (Walls) 1 and 2, Bastião (bastion) L, Estrutura Circular (circular structure) 8, area between Estrutura Circular (circular structure) 7 and the junction point of Murete (Wall) 2 and Bastião (bastion) M.The results showed that the predominant taxa in charcoal samples were Cistus sp., Quercus sp. and Quercus sp. perennial. In terms of carbonized fruits and seeds, the Quercus sp. and Triticeae, in particular the Triticum aestivum/ durum and Hordeum vulgare, were the most common. There were also identified, though less frequently, the following taxa: Acer sp., Arbutus unedo, Juniperus sp., Taxus baccata, Quercus suber, Quercus sp. deciduous, Fabaceae, Erica scoparia/ umbellata, Pinus pinaster and/or Pinus pinea, in anthracology, Hordeum nudum vulgare var. nudum, Pisum sativum, Vicia faba, Cistus ladanifer, Pinus sp., Trticum sp. and Fabaceae, in carpology.The carpological material is only present in Bastião L and its surrounding area, although there were taken more samples in this context. The relevance of systematic soil sampling also became clear, due to the impressive increase in the number of fragments recovered and their taxonomic variety. The preservation state of the charcoals, intensely fragmented, often cracked and with signs of vitrification, didn’t allow, with rare exceptions, the determination of the degree of curvature of the wood rings, which made it impossible to tell if the fragments belonged to branches or logs of small, medium or big dimension. That analysis was mostly only possible to obtain from Cistus sp. fragments, showing strong curvature rings, demonstrating that they originated from small branches and stems with low diameters which is normal, since they are a shrub species. The communities present in Castanheiro do Vento must have used different approaches in collecting wood and other plant resources. On one hand, not all species are from common environments, suggesting they had to collect them in different areas. On the other hand, there are evidence that supports the idea that they collected wood near the site, there’s presence of freshly cut wood, but they also brought some plant resources such as cereals from somewhere else, since there’s no evidence of weeds that are usually collected with grains when harvesting.<br>Castanheiro do Vento é um sítio arqueológico que data do Calcolítico, situado no concelho de Vila Nova de Foz Côa, no topo de uma colina com cerca de 730 m de altitude, tem sido alvo de campanhas arqueológicas praticamente consecutivas desde 1998. Durante as campanhas de 2017, 2018 e 2019 fizeram-se algumas recolhas de material vegetal carbonizado e de amostras sedimentares que são objeto de estudo neste trabalho.O estudo antracológico e carpológico que se apresenta nesta dissertação incide em amostras recolhidas em diferentes contextos do sítio e utilizando diferentes técnicas de amostragem.Foram recolhidas 201 amostras de material vegetal carbonizado associadas às seguintes áreas do sítio: área entre o Murete um e o Murete 2 (junto ao Bastião L), Bastião L, Estrutura Circular 8, área entre a Estrutura Circular 7 e a junção do Murete 2 e Bastião M.Os resultados da análise das amostras antracológicas revelaram a predominância dos táxones e tipos anatómicos Cistus sp. (esteva) e Quercus sp. e Quercus sp. perenifólia (sobreiro, azinheira, carrasco). Na carpologia os táxones mais frequentes foram Quercus sp. (bolota) e Triticeae (cereais), nomeadamente Triticum aestivum/ durum (trigo) e Hordeum vulgare (cevada). Foram também identificadas outras espécies em menor número, na antracologia, Acer sp. (bordo), Arbutus unedo (medronheiro), Juniperus sp. (zimbro), Taxus baccata (teixo), Quercus suber (sobreiro), Quercus sp. caducifólia (carvalho), Fabaceae (tojos, giestas, etc.), Erica scoparia/ umbellata (urze), Pinus pinaster e/ou Pinus pinea (pinheiro bravo e manso). Na carpologia, Hordeum vulgare var. nudum (cevada), Pisum sativum (ervilha), Vicia faba (fava), Cistus ladanifer (esteva), Pinus sp. (pinha), Trticum sp. (trigo) e Fabaceae. O material carpológico está apenas presente no Bastião L e área envolvente do mesmo, contudo foi nesta área que foi recolhido maior número de amostras. Ficou também esclarecida a importância da recolha de amostras de sedimento sistemáticas, que revelarem uma subida extraordinária do número de fragmentos e variedade taxonómica. O estado de conservação dos carvões, muito fragmentados, alguns fissurados e vitrificados; não permitiram, salvo raras exceções, a determinação do grau de curvatura dos anéis, não sendo possível averiguar se os fragmentos eram provenientes de ramos/troncos de pequena, média ou grande dimensão. Cistus sp. foi o táxon que mais frequentemente permitiu essa análise, demonstrando maioritariamente fragmentos com curvaturas fortes, provenientes de pequenos raminhos, o que é natural, considerando tratar-se de um táxon arbustivo. A recolha de materiais vegetais pelas comunidades que usufruíram de Castanheiro do Vento terá sido diferenciada. Nem todas as espécies provêm de ambientes comuns pelo que não poderão ter sido recolhidas nos mesmos meios. Não foram analisados vestígios de ervas daninhas no material carpológico, podendo indicar que os grãos eram transportados para a jazida depois dos processos associados à colheita. Há também presença de madeira verde, sugerindo que havia recolha de madeira nas redondezas para uso imediato.
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Parker, Megan. "A Paleoethnobotanical Perspective on Late Classic Maya Cave Ritual at the Site of Pacbitun, Belize." 2014. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/anthro_theses/80.
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This thesis presents the results of paleoethnobotanical investigations conducted at nine karst sites associated with the Maya site of Pacbitun in western Belize. The archaeobotanical remains were deposited during the Late Classic period and the site was abandoned at some point during this same time (c. A.D. 900). Paleoenvironmental data from the Maya Lowlands indicates that human activity contributed to regional climate change during the Late/Terminal Classic period. However, site-specific research has demonstrated a variety of responses to these social and ecological changes. The archaeobotanical data from this study is used as a proxy for understanding how people at Pacbitun ritually responded to macro-regional environmental stress. Ritual plant use at the cave sites does not conform to behavioral ecology models that predict biological, cost-fitness related responses to resource scarcity. Instead, the data supports a model of behavior based on culturally motivated ritual practices.
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McConnell, Kathleen. "Palaeoethnobotanical remains of Carpenter's Gap Site 1, the Kimberleys, Western Australia." Master's thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/146001.
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Barker, Jennifer Anne. "A prototype interactive identification tool to fragmentary wood from eastern central Australia, and its application to Aboriginal Australian ethnographic artefacts." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37793.
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Wood identification can serve a role wherever wood has been separated from other diagnostic plant structures as a result of cultural or taphonomic processing. In disciplines that study material culture, such as museum anthropology and art history, it may serve to augment and verify existing knowledge, whilst in fields like palaeobotany, zoology and archaeology, wood identification may test existing paradigms of ecology and human behaviour. However, resources to aid wood identification, particularly of non - commercial species, are sorely lacking and, in Australia, there are only a handful of xylotomists, most of whom are attached to Forestry organisations. In addition, wood fragments are commonly the limit of material available for identification. They may be the physical remains of a wider matrix - as may often appear in biological, archaeological, palaeobotanical or forensic contexts - or a splinter removed from an ethnographic artefact or antique. This research involved the development of an updateable, interactive, computer - based identification tool to the wood of 58 arid Australian species. The identification tool comprises a series of keys and sub - keys to reflect the taxonomic hierarchies and the difficulty of separating wood beyond family or genus. The central Sub - key to Arid Australian Hardwood Taxa is comprised of 20 angiosperm taxa which include families and single representatives of genera. The treated taxa in this key are defined by 57 separate characters. They are split into sets of like characters including four sets based upon method of examination : anatomical ( scanning electron microscopy ), anatomical ( light microscopy ), chemical observations and physical properties. These character sets follow a logical progression, in recognition of the variability in available sample size and that noninvasive techniques are often desirable, if not essential. The use of character sets also reflects that this variability in sample size can affect the range of available characters and the available method of identification, and their diagnostic potential tends to increase with the complexity of the identification method. As part of the research, the identification tool is tested against wood fragments removed from several Aboriginal Australian artefacts from central Australia and case studies are provided.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005.
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Halwas, Sara J. "Where the wild things grow : a palaeoethnobotanical study of Late Woodland plant use at Clam Cove, Nova Scotia /." 2006. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,19150.
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Mashile, Shalom Pabalelo. "The ethnobotanical investigation of the Mapulana of Ehlanzeni District Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1475.
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PhD (Botany)<br>Department of Botany<br>Ethnobotanical information still needs documentation as this will assist in the preservation of information for future generation. It becomes most important, particularly when considering the neglected ethnic subgroups. From fourteen villages in the Ehlanzeni district; elders, community adults and youth were selected by means of snow balling technique and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview them. Data was analysed by calculating the use value of selected plant species on common ailments. Hundred and forty-eight plants were observed as being utilized by Mapulana as food (fruits and African leafy vegetables), fuelwood, medicine and the making of utensils. The majority of the recorded plant species (54%) were native while 46% were naturalized. The majority of plants (37%) were utilized as medicine only, while food contributed only 19 percent usage, followed by medicine (13%), fuelwood (4%) and utensils (1%). A total of hundred and six plant species were identified as medicine treating 50 different ailments. Roots and leaves were the highly preferred plant and herb parts collected.
The results showed that Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra (use value of 0.86) was reported as being used in four different ways; seconded by Cucurbita maxima (use value of 0.58) with two different uses. Numerous medicinal uses were observed from Aloe zebrina (use value 0.38) and Aloe marlothii (use value 0.29). Ailments with Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) were gonorrhea (1.80), stomach cleansing (1.40), chicken and cow diseases (1.19), bad luck (0.88), flu (0.84), and diarrhea (0.80). There were, in addition, many
ailments with low ICF known by the elders and few community adults proving that the elderly are custodians of indigenous knowledge.
Twenty-six line transects of 100m x 10m in size were constructed in determining the population structure of Peltophorum africanum Sond. in Bolla-Tau village. A total of 256 individuals were recorded from the transects. Data was analyzed using IBM Statistical Product and Service solutions (SPSS) statistics version 25 and Microsoft Excel 2013 version. The population structure of P. africanum was found to be bell-shaped. Logarithmic analysis, along with generalized log analysis depicts, that there was significance difference between the plant height and stem circumference. Resprouts of P. africanum individuals were only 18% and a majority of individuals (82%) were harvested. The study revealed that 43.84% of P. africanum individuals had traces of crown damage, as compared to individuals with healthy crowns (35.9%). The rest of the individuals had either light or moderate crown-health status.<br>NRF
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Frawley, Susan Coleen. "Charcoal from Carpenter's Gap 1 : implications for environmental change in the last 42,000 years." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150532.
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Trottier, Stéphanie. "Étude des macrorestes végétaux du site Droulers." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10640.
Full textAbstract:
Ce mémoire porte sur l’étude des macrorestes végétaux provenant du site villageois
Droulers occupé durant la 2e moitié du XVe siècle par une communauté iroquoienne du Saint-Laurent. Il vise à vérifier les pratiques de ces habitants en ce qui a trait à la part végétale de leur alimentation à moins d’un siècle avant la fin de la préhistoire. Des vestiges découlant de la pratique de l’agriculture et de la cueillette sont présents sur différents contextes du site. L’analyse de ces derniers permet d’établir l’importance de ces activités dans la vie quotidienne des habitants du site. Ainsi, il est possible de valider l’importance du maïs dans le mode de subsistance de ce groupe par l’ubiquité de cette espèce sur le site. Le maïs est effectivement l’espèce végétale la plus présente dans les différents contextes étudiés. La présence de cette espèce jumelée à celle du haricot en quantité considérable et à celle de la courge démontre la pratique de l’agriculture des Trois Soeurs au site Droulers, une pratique documentée
historiquement par les premiers chroniqueurs. Les macrorestes de fruits et de noix sont
relativement bien représentés sur le site ce qui suggère la place importante de la cueillette dans la diète des habitants de Droulers.
L’étude comparative synchronique et diachronique de ces macrorestes avec ceux
recueillis ailleurs en Iroquoisie aide à mieux situer le degré d’importance des activités
mentionnées ci-haut au site Droulers par rapport à celui sur d’autres sites plus anciens,
contemporains et plus récents du même grand groupe culturel. La majorité des fruits présents sur ce site étaient également cueillis par les groupes proto-iroquoiens Glen Meyer et Princess
Point et par d’autres groupes iroquoiens (préhistoriques et historiques). Le degré d’utilisation des fruits sauvages sur le site Droulers est en continuité avec celui des groupes apparentés plus anciens et plus récents. L’utilisation des cultigènes et des noix par les occupants du site Droulers est comparable à celle d’autres groupes iroquoiens.<br>This thesis focuses on the study of the macrobotanical remains from the Droulers
village site inhabited during the second half of the XVth century by a St. Lawrence Iroquoian community. The main goal is to verify the practices of its inhabitants regarding the botanical contribution to their diet less than a century before the end of prehistory. Remains resulting from the practice of agriculture and gathering from wild are present in different contexts of the site. The analysis of these remains demonstrates the importance of these activites in the daily life of the inhabitants of the site. Thus, it is possible to validate the importance of maize among the subsistence strategies by means of ubiquity analysis of that species on the site. Maize is indeed the most common species throughout the different contexts studied. The presence of that species coupled with that of bean and squash demonstrates the practice of the Three sisters mound system at the Droulers site, a practice documented historically by the first European chroniclers. The remains of fruits and nuts are relatively well represented on the site,
which suggests the importance of gathering in the diet of the Droulers inhabitants.
The synchronic and diachronic comparative study of those macrobotanical remains
with those found elsewhere in Iroquoia helps to better situate the degree of importance of the activities mentioned above at the Droulers site in relation to that of other sites whether older, contemporary or younger. The majority of the fruits present on the site where also gathered by the Glen Meyer and Princess Point proto-iroquoians and by other iroquoian groups (prehistoric and historic). The degree of utilization of the wild fruits at the Droulers site is in continuity with that of older and younger related groups. The utilization of cultigens and nuts at the Droulers site is similar to that of other Iroquoian groups.