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Journal articles on the topic 'Paleoearthquake'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 April 2023

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1

Mouslopoulou, V., D. Moraetis, L. Benedetti, V. Guillou, and D. Hristopulos. "Paleoearthquake history of the Spili fault." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11086.

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The paleoearthquake activity on the Spili Fault is examined using a novel methodology that combines measurements of Rare Earth Elements (REE) and of in situ cosmogenic 36Cl on the exhumed fault scarp. Data show that the Spili Fault is active and has generated a minimum of five large-magnitude earthquakes over the last ~16500 years. The timing and, to a lesser degree, the slip-size of the identified paleoearthquakes was highly variable. Specifically, the two most recent events occurred between 100 and 900 years BP producing a cumulative displacement of 3.5 meters. The timing of the three older paleoearthquakes is constraint at 7300, 16300 and 16500 years BP with slip sizes of 2.5, 1.2 and 1.8 meters, respectively. The magnitude of the earthquakes that produced the measured co-seismic displacements, ranges from M 6.3-7.3 while the average earthquake recurrence interval on the Spili Fault is about 4200 years. The above data suggest that the Spili is among the most active faults on Crete and its earthquake parameters may be incorporated into the National Seismic Hazard Model.

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2

MORNER, N., and G. SUN. "Paleoearthquake deformations recorded by magnetic variables." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 267, no. 3-4 (March 30, 2008): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.12.002.

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3

Hatem, Alexandra E., James F. Dolan, Robert W. Zinke, Russell J. Van Dissen, Christopher M. McGuire, and Edward J. Rhodes. "A 2000 Yr Paleoearthquake Record along the Conway Segment of the Hope Fault: Implications for Patterns of Earthquake Occurrence in Northern South Island and Southern North Island, New Zealand." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 6 (September 17, 2019): 2216–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120180313.

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Abstract Paleoseismic trenches excavated at two sites reveal ages of late Holocene earthquakes along the Conway segment of the Hope fault, the fastest-slipping fault within the Marlborough fault system in northern South Island, New Zealand. At the Green Burn East (GBE) site, a fault-perpendicular trench exposed gravel colluvial wedges, fissure fills, and upward fault terminations associated with five paleo-surface ruptures. Radiocarbon age constraints indicate that these five earthquakes occurred after 36 B.C.E., with the four most recent surface ruptures occurring during a relatively brief period (550 yr) between about 1290 C.E. and the beginning of the historical earthquake record about 1840 C.E. Additional trenches at the Green Burn West (GBW) site 1.4 km west of GBE reveal four likely coseismically generated landslides that occurred at approximately the same times as the four most recent GBE paleoearthquakes, independently overlapping with age ranges of events GB1, GB2, and GB3 from GBE. Combining age constraints from both trench sites indicates that the most recent event (GB1) occurred between 1731 and 1840 C.E., the penultimate event GB2 occurred between 1657 and 1797 C.E., GB3 occurred between 1495 and 1611 C.E., GB4 occurred between 1290 and 1420 C.E., and GB5 occurred between 36 B.C.E. and 1275 C.E. These new data facilitate comparisons with similar paleoearthquake records from other faults within the Alpine–Hope–Jordan–Kekerengu–Needles–Wairarapa (Al-Hp-JKN-Wr) fault system of throughgoing, fast-slip-rate (≥10 mm/yr) reverse-dextral faults that accommodate a majority of Pacific–Australia relative plate boundary motion. These comparisons indicate that combinations of the faults of the Al-Hp-JKN-Wr system may commonly rupture within relatively brief, ≤100-year-long sequences, but that full “wall-to-wall” rupture sequences involving all faults in the system are rare over the span of our paleoearthquake data. Rather, the data suggest that the Al-Hp-JKN-Wr system may commonly rupture in subsequences that do not involve the entire system, and potentially, at least sometimes, in isolated events.

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4

Kiswiranti, Desi. "Estimasi Magnitudo Paleoearthquake Dengan Metode Magnitude Bound." Jurnal Fisika Indonesia 20, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfi.30252.

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Yogyakarta was recorded unique seismic on the temple buildings such as Kedulan, Plaosan, Gampingan, Morangan and Kadisoka deformed on the body of the building due to liquefaction. Liquefaction structure found on the site of sand pillar, sand fissure and sand sill consisting of sand material that intrution other sediment layer. Magnitude Bound method is used to estimate the paleoearthquake magnitudes from paleoliquefaction data by utilizing the farthest distance liquefaction formed with epicenter earthquake. The application of the method shows that Yogyakarta had a large earthquake with magnitude of 6.25-6.5 M. The earthquake can cause severe physical damage, and can lead to secondary disasters such as liquefaction.

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5

Min, Wei, Pei-Zhen Zhang, and Qi-Dong Deng. "Primary study on regional paleoearthquake recurrence behavior." Acta Seismologica Sinica 13, no. 2 (March 2000): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11589-000-0008-9.

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6

Carpenter, N. S., S. J. Payne, and A. L. Schafer. "Toward Reconciling Magnitude Discrepancies Estimated from Paleoearthquake Data." Seismological Research Letters 83, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.83.3.555.

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7

Lienkaemper, J. J., and C. B. Ramsey. "OxCal: Versatile Tool for Developing Paleoearthquake Chronologies--A Primer." Seismological Research Letters 80, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.80.3.431.

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8

Brooks, Gregory R. "A massive sensitive clay landslide, Quyon Valley, southwestern Quebec, Canada, and evidence for a paleoearthquake triggering mechanism." Quaternary Research 80, no. 3 (November 2013): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.07.008.

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A landslide debris field covering ~ 31 km2, the presence of large sediment blocks up to hundreds of meters long, and the exposure of deposits of a single landslide along the incised course of the Quyon River are evidence of a massive failure of sensitive Champlain Sea glaciomarine sediments along the lower Quyon Valley, southwestern Quebec, Canada. Seventeen radiocarbon ages indicate that the failure occurred between 980 and 1060 cal yr BP. Twenty-four additional radiocarbon ages reveal that nine landslides within a 65-km belt in the Quyon"Ottawa area also occurred at approximately this time. In combination, the contemporaneous occurrence of ten landslides between 980 and 1060 cal yr BP, the setting or morphology of five of the other failures, and the close proximity of two of the failures to the Quyon Valley landslide provide circumstantial evidence of a paleoearthquake-triggering mechanism. The paleoearthquake is estimated to be Mw ~ 6.1 or larger, with the epicenter within the West Quebec Seismic Zone. A common earthquake-triggering mechanism for the three largest landslides in eastern Canada suggests a close link between massive failures of sensitive glaciomarine sediments and the regional seismicity.

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9

Wesnousky, Steven G., Yasuhiro Kumahara, Deepak Chamlagain, and Prajwal Chandra Neupane. "Large Himalayan Frontal Thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in eastern Nepal." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 174 (May 2019): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.01.008.

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10

de Vallejo, L. I. Gonzalez, R. Capote, L. Cabrera, J. M. Insua, and J. Acosta. "Paleoearthquake evidence in Tenerife (Canary Islands) and possible seismotectonic sources." Marine Geophysical Researches 24, no. 1-2 (March 2003): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11001-004-5883-3.

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11

Deev, E. V. "Localization zones of ancient and historical earthquakes in Gornyi Altai." Физика Земли, no. 3 (May 10, 2019): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002-33372019371-96.

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The conducted paleoseismological and archaeoseismological studies reveal three zones of concentration of the ancient and historical earthquakes in Gorny Altai which are related to the Kurai Fault zone, Katun, and South Terekta faults. The surface ruptures are detected within the Kurai Fault zone, which were formed in the epicentral zones of the paleoearthquakes that occurred 6500, 5800, 3200, and 1300 years ago and had magnitudes Mw = 6.7–7.6. The recurrence period of the paleoearthquakes is 700 to 2600 years. The detected secondary seismogenic deformations indicate that an epicentral zone of the paleoearthquake with an age of less than 12.5 ka (Mw = 7.2–7.6, intensity I = 10–11), the traces of earthquakes and their clusters with M ≥ 5–5.5 and I ≥ 6–7, which occurred about 150 and 90 ka ago, in the intervals of 38–19 ka ago (with a recurrence period of about 2 ka), and 19–12.5 ka ago are related to the southern part of the Katun Fault. The earthquake of I ≥ 5–6 which damaged the constructions of the Chultukov Log 1 burial mound in the period from IV century B.C. to the beginning of I century A.D. is associated with the northern part of the Katun Fault. In the zone of the South Terekhta Fault, the seismogenic displacements that occurred in VII–VIII centuries A.D. (Mw = 7.4–7.7, I = 9–11) and about 16 ka ago (M ≥ 7, I = 9–10) are revealed. The latter triggered the formation of a landslide-dammed lake which was destroyed by the earthquake about 6 ka ago (M ≥ 7, I = 9–10). Secondary paleoseismic deformations of the ancient earthquakes (M ≥ 5–5.5, I ≥ 6–7) are recorded in the sediments of the Uimon Basin with an age of 100–90 ka and about 77 ka. These results should be taken into account in designing a gas pipeline in the People’s Republic of China, building infrastructure for tourism, and elaborating the seismic zoning maps for the territory of the Russian Federation.

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12

Cetin, Hasan. "How did the Meers fault scarp form? Paleoearthquake or aseismic creep?" Engineering Geology 47, no. 3 (September 1997): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7952(97)00028-8.

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13

Yang, Xiao-ping, Fang-min Song, Lan-feng Zhang, Hong-lin He, Chuan-you Li, and Zhi-cai Wang. "A recent paleoearthquake on Qingfengling seismic fault of Tanlu fault zone." Acta Seismologica Sinica 19, no. 2 (March 2006): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11589-002-0225-5.

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14

Lygina, E. A., A. M. Nikishin, T. Yu Tveritinova, M. A. Ustinova, M. Yu Nikitin, and A. V. Reentovich. "Eocene paleoseismic dislocations of the Ak-Kaya Mountain (Belogorskiy district, Crimea)." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2019-1-46-56.

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The article considers features of boundary Cretaceous–Eocene deposits in Belogorskiy district of Central Crimea. Structures interpreted as paleoseismic dislocations are described, their age, features of composition, history of formation are specified, magnitude and intensity of paleoearthquake are estimated. Steeply dipping fractures in Cretaceous rocks are regular and associated with dip and strike of the main regional structures. Their formation was caused by a transverse stretching during the main uplift of the structures at the beginning of the Eocene coinciding with the main phase of folding in Northern Turkey.

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15

Personius, S. F. "Paleoearthquake Recurrence on the East Paradise Fault Zone, Metropolitan Albuquerque, New Mexico." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 90, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0119990089.

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16

Briggs, R. W. "Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoearthquake Activity of the Olinghouse Fault Zone, Nevada." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 1301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120040129.

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17

Smekalin, O. P., and A. V. Chipizubov. "Fault Activation in Central Mongolia during the Holocene: Results of Study of the Mogod Earthquake Ruptures." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 1285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20204222.

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Abstract —In order to determine the seismotectonic activity of faults in the Holocene, we performed trench studies of the ruptures produced by the catastrophic Mogod earthquake (5 January 1967, M = 7.5–7.8, I0 = 9–10) in the junction zone of the N–S striking Hulzhin Gol fault and the NW striking Tullet fault. Paleoseismic interpretation of seismic-deformation sections and radiocarbon dating of the samples allowed determining the kinematics and obtaining, for the first time, the absolute ages of paleoevents preceding the Mogod earthquake. Analysis of the tectonic conditions for realization of earthquake sources has shed light on the complex structure of ruptures in the area of the Mogod earthquake epicenter, within which three segments differing in the displacement amplitudes and kinematics have been identified. The research data indicate the repeated activation of the Tulet and Hulzhin Gol faults in the Late Pleistocene–Holocene. The absolute age of the latest activation is 596–994 AD for the Tulet fault and 11,379–6235 BC for the Hulzhin Gol fault. The cumulative deformation from paleoearthquakes in the trench sections in the Tulet fault zone points to at least two displacements of thrust kinematics, with the latest of them having an amplitude of 2.8 m. The paleoearthquake in the Hulzhin Gol fault zone is characterized by the presence of lateral slip. The amplitudes of deformations attest to earlier earthquakes similar in energy to the 1967 Mogod event or even stronger in the fault node. The obtained data on the timing of these earthquakes and the amplitudes of the accompanying displacements made it possible to estimate slip rates along the faults: 0.2–0.3 m/kyr horizontal-slip rates on the Hulzhin Gol fault and 0.5–0.7 m/kyr vertical-slip rates on the Tulet fault.

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18

Kagan, Elisa, Mordechai Stein, Amotz Agnon, and Frank Neumann. "Correction to “Intrabasin paleoearthquake and quiescence correlation of the late Holocene Dead Sea”." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 116, B11 (November 2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011jb008870.

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19

Li, An, Yongkang Ran, Francisco Gomez, Jessica A. Thompson Jobe, Huaguo Liu, and Liangxin Xu. "Segmentation of the Kepingtage thrust fault based on paleoearthquake ruptures, southwestern Tianshan, China." Natural Hazards 103, no. 1 (May 11, 2020): 1385–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04040-6.

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20

Wiwegwin, Weerachat, Ken-Ichiro Hisada, Punya Charusiri, Suwith Kosuwan, Santi Pailoplee, Preecha Saithong, Kitti Khaowiset, and Krit Won-In. "Paleoearthquake Investigations of the Mae Hong Son Fault, Mae Hong Son Region, Northern Thailand." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 08, no. 02 (June 2014): 1450007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431114500079.

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We applied remote sensing and aerial photographic techniques to a study of the Mae Hong Son Fault (MHSF), located in the Mae Hong Son region, northern Thailand. Several fault lines are recognized in the region, trending mainly NE–SW, NW–SE, and N–S. The main morphotectonic landforms associated with the MHSF are fault scarps, offset streams, linear valleys, triangular facets, offset ridge crests, hot springs, and linear mountain fronts. A trench, a quarry, and a road cut in Caenozoic strata were used to analyze fault geometries in the area. We identified eight paleoearthquake events from trenching, quarry, and road-cut data, and from optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) dating. The OSL and TL ages of the events are: (1) 78,000 yr BP; (2) 68,000 yr BP; (3) 58,000 yr BP; (4) 48,000 yr BP; (5) 38,000 yr BP; (6) 28,000 yr BP; (7) 18,000 yr BP; and (8) 8,000 yr BP. The recurrence interval of seismic events on the MHSF appears to be ca. 10,000 years, and the slip rate was estimated as ca. 0.03–0.13 mm/yr. There is a low possibility of a large earthquake on the MHSF in the near future.

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21

ZHANG, Peizhen. "Paleoearthquake rupture behavior and recurrence of great earthquakes along the Haiyuan fault, northwestern China." Science in China Series D 48, no. 3 (2005): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/02yd0464.

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22

He, Zhongtai, Baoqi Ma, Jianyu Long, Jinyan Wang, and Hao Zhang. "New Progress in Paleoearthquake Studies of the East Sertengshan Piedmont Fault, Inner Mongolia, China." Journal of Earth Science 29, no. 2 (April 2018): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12583-017-0937-z.

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23

Sumner, E. J., M. I. Siti, L. C. McNeill, P. J. Talling, T. J. Henstock, R. B. Wynn, Y. S. Djajadihardja, and H. Permana. "Can turbidites be used to reconstruct a paleoearthquake record for the central Sumatran margin?" Geology 41, no. 7 (May 9, 2013): 763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g34298.1.

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24

Goldfinger, Chris, Jason R. Patton, Maarten Van Daele, Jasper Moernaut, C. Hans Nelson, Marc de Batist, and Ann E. Morey. "Can turbidites be used to reconstruct a paleoearthquake record for the central Sumatran margin?: COMMENT." Geology 42, no. 9 (September 2014): e344-e344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g35558c.1.

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25

Sumner, Esther J., Marina I. Siti, Lisa C. McNeill, Peter J. Talling, Timothy J. Henstock, Russell B. Wynn, Yusuf S. Djajadihardja, and Haryadi Permana. "Can turbidites be used to reconstruct a paleoearthquake record for the central Sumatran margin?: REPLY." Geology 42, no. 10 (October 2014): e353-e353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g36161y.1.

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26

Shi, Lan-Bin, Chuan-Yong Lin, Xiao-De Chen, Xiao-Ou Zhang, and Mei-Xiang Bai. "Characteristics of fault rocks and paleoearthquake source along the Koktokay-Ertai fault zone, Xinjiang, China." Acta Seismologica Sinica 10, no. 3 (May 1997): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11589-997-0075-2.

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27

CHEN, W., I. YEN, K. FENGLER, C. RUBIN, C. YANG, H. YANG, H. CHANG, C. LIN, W. LIN, and Y. LIU. "Late Holocene paleoearthquake activity in the middle part of the Longitudinal Valley fault, eastern Taiwan." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 264, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2007): 420–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.043.

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28

Wesnousky, Steven G., Yasuhiro Kumahara, Deepak Chamlagain, Ian K. Pierce, Tabor Reedy, Stephen J. Angster, and Bibek Giri. "Large paleoearthquake timing and displacement near Damak in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan Frontal Thrust." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 16 (August 19, 2017): 8219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl074270.

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29

Madden Madugo, C., J. F. Dolan, and R. D. Hartleb. "New Paleoearthquake Ages from the Western Garlock Fault: Implications for Regional Earthquake Occurrence in Southern California." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 102, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 2282–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120110310.

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30

Sun, Haoyue, Honglin He, Yasutaka Ikeda, Zhanyu Wei, Changyun Chen, Yueren Xu, Feng Shi, et al. "Paleoearthquake History Along the Southern Segment of the Daliangshan Fault Zone in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau." Tectonics 38, no. 7 (July 2019): 2208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018tc005009.

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31

Lunina, O. V., I. A. Denisenko, and H. G. Braga. "Paleoseismogenic Displacements in Cape Rytyi Area on the Northwestern Shore of Lake Baikal." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences 40 (2022): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2022.40.70.

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In connection with a series of sensible earthquakes in the Baikal-Mongolian region at the end of 2020 – beginning of 2021, the population of the area has increased interest in the zones of possible earthquake sources and their seismic potential. In this regard, we carried out a detailed mapping of paleoseismogenic deformations within one of the most mysterious places on Lake Baikal – Cape Rytyi and its vicinity crossed by the zone of the Kocherikovsky active fault. Along the ruptures in the rear part of the Rita river delta, based on displacement measurements of the original surfaces on the hypsometric profiles, the vertical displacements are reconstructed and compared with ground penetrating radar data. It has been established that the deformations in the studied area are associated with at least two paleoearthquakes. The maximum movement at the first one was 7,9 m, at the second one – 5,0 m. The magnitude estimates calculated from the known equations using these displacements were: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>W</mi></msub></math> of the earlier event 7,3, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></math> = 7,4; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>W</mi></msub></math> of the later event is 7,1, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></math> = 7,3. It is noted that the preservation of seismogenic scarps, their dip angles and the degree of burial strongly depend on the initial landscape and can differ even within a few hundred meters for a single rupture. This fact must be taken into account when conducting paleoearthquake studies and determining the rupture parameters.

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32

Yu, Wei, Qingshao Liang, Jingchun Tian, Yonglin Han, Feng Wang, and Ming Zhao. "Sedimentary Responses of Late Triassic Soft-Sedimentary Deformation to Paleoearthquake Events in the Southwestern North China Plate." Minerals 12, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12081044.

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Tectonic events caused by paleoearthquakes are reflected in sediments. Outcrops and cores from the Chang-7 Member of the Late Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin in Northern China, yield a wide variety of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDSs), many of which are laterally extensive for more than 150 km. They include various types of folds, soft-sediment liquefaction flow deformation (liquefied sand dyke, liquefied breccia), gravity-driven deformation (load structures, ball-and-pillow structures), hydroplastic deformation (loop bedding, convolute deformation), and brittle deformation (intrastratal and stair-step faults, cracks). In most cases, deformation resulted in hybrid brittle-ductile structures exhibiting lateral variation in deformation style. These occur in delta front to semideep-to-deep lake sands and mudstones (shales). The seismites recognized in outcrops and cores indicate earthquakes with magnitudes (Ms) between 6 and 8, which are interpreted as a response to orogenic events related to the collision of the South China Block (SCB) and North China Block (NCB) during the Late Triassic period. Systematic study of the spatial and temporal distribution of these seismites improves the understanding of the tectonic context and evolutionary history of sedimentary basements. This study can provide a new perspective on the evolution of tectonic activities in the basin.

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33

Van Dissen, R., J. Begg, and Y. Awata. "Preliminary paleoearthquake investigations of active faults on Awaji Island, Japan, in relation to the 1995 Great Hanshin (Kobe) earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 29, no. 3 (September 30, 1996): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.29.3.172-177.

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Approximately one year after the Great Hanshin (Kobe) Earthquake, two New Zealand geologists were invited to help with the Geological Survey of Japan's paleoearthquake/active fault studies in the Kobe/Awaji area. Trenches excavated across the Nojima fault, which ruptured during the Great Hanshin Earthquake, showed evidence of past surface rupture earthquakes, with the age of the penultimate earthquake estimated at approximately 2000 years. A trench across the Higashiura fault, located 3-4 km southeast of the Nojima fault, revealed at least two past surface rupture earthquakes. The timing of the older earthquakes is not yet known, but pottery fragments found in the trench constrain the timing of the most recent earthquake at less than 500-600 years. Historical records for this part of Japan suggest that within the last 700 years there has been only one regionally felt earthquake prior to the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake, and this was the AD 1596 Keicho Earthquake. It thus seems reasonable to suggest that the Higashiura fault was, at least in part, the source of the AD 1596 Keicho Earthquake.

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34

Barnes, Philip M., and Nicolas Pondard. "Derivation of direct on-fault submarine paleoearthquake records from high-resolution seismic reflection profiles: Wairau Fault, New Zealand." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 11, no. 11 (November 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gc003254.

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35

Si, SuPei, YouLi Li, ShengHua Lü, and YiRan Wang. "Holocene slip rate and paleoearthquake records of the Salt Lake segment of the Northern Zhongtiaoshan Fault, Shanxi Province." Science China Earth Sciences 57, no. 9 (June 6, 2014): 2079–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-014-4887-3.

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36

Mouslopoulou, Vasiliki, Andrew Nicol, John J. Walsh, John G. Begg, Dougal B. Townsend, and Dionissios T. Hristopulos. "Fault-slip accumulation in an active rift over thousands to millions of years and the importance of paleoearthquake sampling." Journal of Structural Geology 36 (March 2012): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.11.010.

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37

Sun, Haoyue, Honglin He, Yasutaka Ikeda, Ken'ichi Kano, Feng Shi, Wei Gao, Tomoo Echigo, and Shinsuke Okada. "Holocene paleoearthquake history on the Qingchuan fault in the northeastern segment of the Longmenshan Thrust Zone and its implications." Tectonophysics 660 (October 2015): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.08.022.

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38

Manighetti, I., C. Perrin, S. Dominguez, S. Garambois, Y. Gaudemer, J. Malavieille, L. Matteo, E. Delor, C. Vitard, and S. Beauprêtre. "Recovering paleoearthquake slip record in a highly dynamic alluvial and tectonic region (Hope Fault, New Zealand) from airborne lidar." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 120, no. 6 (June 2015): 4484–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011787.

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39

Barnes, P. M., H. C. Bostock, H. L. Neil, L. J. Strachan, and M. Gosling. "A 2300-Year Paleoearthquake Record of the Southern Alpine Fault and Fiordland Subduction Zone, New Zealand, Based on Stacked Turbidites." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 103, no. 4 (July 31, 2013): 2424–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120120314.

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Brooks, Gregory R. "Evidence of a strong paleoearthquake in ∼9.1 ka cal BP interpreted from mass transport deposits, western Quebec – northeastern Ontario, Canada." Quaternary Science Reviews 234 (April 2020): 106250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106250.

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Mouslopoulou, Vasiliki, Daniel Moraetis, Lucilla Benedetti, Valery Guillou, Olivier Bellier, and Dionisis Hristopulos. "Normal faulting in the forearc of the Hellenic subduction margin: Paleoearthquake history and kinematics of the Spili Fault, Crete, Greece." Journal of Structural Geology 66 (September 2014): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.05.017.

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Xia, ZhengKai, XiaoHu Zhang, XiaoLong Chu, and JunNa Zhang. "Discovery and significance of buried paleoearthquake of the early Shang Dynasty (1260–1520 BC) in Xuecun, Xingyang, Henan Province, China." Chinese Science Bulletin 55, no. 12 (May 8, 2009): 1186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-009-0141-3.

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Fattahi, Morteza, Mariam Heidary, and Mohammad Ghasemi. "Employing Minimum age model (MAM) and Finite mixture modeling (FMM) for OSL age determination of two important samples from Ira Trench of North Tehran Fault." Geochronometria 43, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0031.

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Abstract Ira trench site is in a point where, the surface trace of North Tehran Fault (NTF) joins the Mosha Fault (MF) in the north-eastern margin of Tehran and can provide important paleosismological information for Tehran. The Ira trench, were divided into 6 packages (I to VI), described, according to their composition, relative and absolute ages. Package I consists of units 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31. The whole package I mainly belongs to Holocene, and provides essential constraints for the recent paleoearthquake activity of the EMF and NTF zone. Therefore, finding accurate ages for the units of this package is very important. Three colluvial wedges (units 23, 26, 28) are present between 20 and 36.5 m north in package I, which are assigned to 3 episodes of activity on Fault 13. Central age model (CAM) provided OSL ages of 35.0 ± 6.1, 7.3 ± 1.3, 6.4 ± 0.9 and 56 ± 6.5 ka for units 23, 26, 28 and 29, respectively. The conflicting ages of 56 ± 6.5 and 35.0 ± 6.1 ka (for units 23 and 29, respectively) as compared to the underlying younger units suggest that these ages are overestimated. MAM provided OSL ages of 13.1 ± 4.3 and 3.5 ± 0.4 ka for units 23 and 29, respectively. The contribution of the new statistical age model of sample IRA4 to the paleoseismic data is discussed.

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Trexler, Charles C., Alexander E. Morelan, Rufus Catchings, Mark Goldman, and Jack Willard. "Evidence of Active Quaternary Deformation on the Great Valley Fault System near Winters, Northern California." Seismic Record 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0320220029.

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Abstract The Great Valley fault system defines the tectonic boundary between the Coast Ranges and the Central Valley in California, is active throughout the Quaternary, and has been the source of several significant (M > 6) historic earthquakes, including the 1983 M 6.5 Coalinga earthquake and the 1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquake sequence. However, the locations and geometries of individual faults in the Great Valley fault system are poorly constrained, and fault slip rates and paleoearthquake chronology are largely unknown. Here, we report geomorphic and subsurface geophysical evidence of surface-deforming displacement on a strand of the Great Valley fault system west of Winters, California. Detailed geomorphic mapping and a high-resolution seismic reflection and tomography survey along an ∼800 m profile across the Bigelow Hills document a fault, which we call the West Winters strand of the Great Valley fault system, with apparent east side-up displacement of surficial geologic units. These data together suggest that the West Winters strand is active in the latest Quaternary. Together with local reports from the time, this raises the possibility that the West Winters strand may have ruptured and deformed the surface during the 1892 M 6 Vacaville–Winters earthquake sequence. Future earthquakes with vertical displacement on this and Great Valley fault system structures could have significant hazard implications, given the region’s low relief and the presence of major water conveyance infrastructure.

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Castillo, Bryan A., Sally F. McGill, Katherine M. Scharer, Doug Yule, Devin McPhillips, James McNeil, Sourav Saha, Nathan D. Brown, and Seulgi Moon. "Prehistoric earthquakes on the Banning strand of the San Andreas fault, North Palm Springs, California." Geosphere 17, no. 3 (May 6, 2021): 685–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02237.1.

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Abstract We studied a paleoseismic trench excavated in 2017 across the Banning strand of the San Andreas fault and herein provide the first detailed record of ground-breaking earthquakes on this important fault in Southern California. The trench exposed an ~40-m-wide fault zone cutting through alluvial sand, gravel, silt, and clay deposits. We evaluated the paleoseismic record using a new metric that combines event indicator quality and stratigraphic uncertainty. The most recent paleoearthquake occurred between 950 and 730 calibrated years B.P. (cal yr B.P.), potentially contemporaneous with the last rupture of the San Gorgonio Pass fault zone. We interpret five surface-rupturing earthquakes since 3.3–2.5 ka and eight earthquakes since 7.1–5.7 ka. It is possible that additional events have occurred but were not recognized, especially in the deeper (older) section of the stratigraphy, which was not fully exposed across the fault zone. We calculated an average recurrence interval of 380–640 yr based on four complete earthquake cycles between earthquakes 1 and 5. The average recurrence interval is thus slightly less than the elapsed time since the most recent event on the Banning strand. The average recurrence interval on the Banning strand is thus intermediate between longer intervals published for the San Gorgonio Pass fault zone (~1600 yr) and shorter intervals on both the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault (~215 yr) and the Coachella section (~125 yr) of the San Andreas fault.

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Di Domenica, Alessandra, and Alberto Pizzi. "Defining a mid-Holocene earthquake through speleoseismological and independent data: implications for the outer Central Apennines (Italy) seismotectonic framework." Solid Earth 8, no. 1 (February 10, 2017): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-161-2017.

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Abstract. A speleoseismological study has been conducted in the Cavallone Cave, located in the easternmost carbonate sector of the Central Apennines (Maiella Massif), in a seismically active region interposed between the post-orogenic extensional domain, to the west, and the contractional one, to the east. The occurrence of active silent normal faults, to the west, close to blind thrusts, to the east, raises critical questions about the seismic hazard for this transitional zone. Large collapses of cave ceilings, fractures, broken speleothems with new re-growing stalagmites on their top, preferential orientation of fallen stalagmites and the absence of thin and long concretions have been observed in many portions of the karst conduit. This may indicate that the cave suffered sudden deformation events likely linked to the occurrence of past strong earthquakes. Radiocarbon dating and, above all, the robust correspondence with other coeval on-fault and off-fault geological data collected in surrounding areas outside the cave, provide important constraints for the individuation of a mid-Holocene paleoearthquake around 4.6–4.8 kyr BP. On the basis of the available paleoseismological data, possible seismogenic sources can be identified with the Sulmona normal fault and other active normal fault segments along its southern prosecution, which recorded synchronous strong paleoevents. Although the correlation between speleotectonic observations and quantitative modeling is disputed, studies on possible effects of earthquake on karstic landforms and features, when corroborated by independent data collected outside caves, can provide a useful contribution in discovering past earthquakes.

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Sheng, Jian, Guang Yuan Yu, Yu Meng Wang, and Han Lv. "Application of Polarization Remote Sensing to Identify Activity of Yitong-Shulan Fault, Jilin Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2246.

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Yitong-Shulan fault, one north section of the famed Tanlu grand fault zone in eastern China, is NNE-trending though the Jilin Province, China. In October 2010, Heilongjiang segment of this fault was discovered the evidence of its activity in Holonce, and further inferred it is associated with a paleoearthquake event. So the recognize of Yitong-Shulan fault Jilin section active in the early Quaternary capable of generating moderate quakes is doubted. Yitong-Shulan fault is almost covered by Quaternary strata in Jilin Province. Traditional method is difficult to explore buried fault, and geophysical method is partial and expensive. The polarization remote sensing is a kind of emerging earth observation method, which has high terrain-recognization resolution. The polarization remote sensing method can to indentify the scarps and displaced geomorphic objects along the fault though satellite images. It even can to discover the high of scarps, displacement of geomorphic objects, and so on. The fault activity can be indicated well by the interpretation of polarization remote sensing. In this paper, use the polarization remote sensing method to study the activity of Yitong-Shulan fault Jilin section. Satellite image near the Shulan City, Jilin Province interpreted by polarization remote sensing reveals that the obviously linear scarps which extend long the fault is 1-3m high. Along the fault various kinds of geomorphic objects are displaced. This interpretation result indicated the Shulan-Shitoukoumen Reservoir segment of the fault is active since Holocene. The fault activity also is proved by geophysical method.

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48

Wesnousky, Steven G. "The Gutenberg-Richter or characteristic earthquake distribution, which is it?" Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 1940–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0840061940.

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Abstract Paleoearthquake and fault slip-rate data are combined with the CIT-USGS catalog for the period 1944 to 1992 to examine the shape of the magnitude-frequency distribution along the major strike-slip faults of southern California. The resulting distributions for the Newport-Inglewood, Elsinore, Garlock, and San Andreas faults are in accord with the characteristic earthquake model of fault behavior. The distribution observed along the San Jacinto fault satisfies the Gutenberg-Richter relationship. If attention is limited to segments of the San Jacinto that are marked by the rupture zones of large historical earthquakes or distinct steps in fault trace, the observed distribution along each segment is consistent with the characteristic earthquake model. The Gutenberg-Richter distribution observed for the entirety of the San Jacinto may reflect the sum of seismicity along a number of distinct fault segments, each of which displays a characteristic earthquake distribution. The limited period of instrumental recording is insufficient to disprove the hypothesis that all faults will display a Gutenberg-Richter distribution when averaged over the course of a complete earthquake cycle. But, given that (1) the last 5 decades of seismicity are the best indicators of the expected level of small to moderate-size earthquakes in the next 50 years, and (2) it is generally about this period of time that is of interest in seismic hazard and engineering analysis, the answer to the question posed in the title of the article, at least when concerned with practical implementation of seismic hazard analysis at sites along these major faults, appears to be the “characteristic earthquake distribution.”

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Hilley, G. E., and J. J. Young. "Deducing Paleoearthquake Timing and Recurrence from Paleoseismic Data, Part II: Analysis of Paleoseismic Excavation Data and Earthquake Behavior along the Central and Southern San Andreas Fault." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 98, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 407–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120070012.

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50

Hornsby, Kristofer T., Ashley R. Streig, Scott E. K. Bennett, Jefferson C. Chang, and Shannon Mahan. "Neotectonic and Paleoseismic Analysis of the Northwest Extent of Holocene Surface Deformation along the Meers Fault, Oklahoma." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120180148.

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ABSTRACT The Meers fault (Oklahoma) is one of few seismogenic structures with evidence for Holocene surface rupture in the stable continental region of North America. The 37-kilometer-long southeast section of the full 54-kilometer-long Meers fault is interpreted to be Holocene active. The 17-kilometer-long northwest section is considered Quaternary active, but not Holocene active. We reevaluate surface expression and earthquake timing of the northwest Meers fault to improve seismic source characterization. We use airborne light detection and ranging and historical stereopaired aerial photos to evaluate the fault scarp and local fault-zone geomorphology. In the northwest, complex surface deformation includes fault splays, subtle monoclinal warping, and a minor change in fault strike. We interpret that the along-strike transition from surface faulting on the southeast Meers fault to surface folding on the northwest Meers fault occurs at the lithologic contact between Permian Post Oak conglomerate and Hennessey shale. We excavated a paleoseismic trench to evaluate the timing of surface-deforming earthquakes on the northwest section of the fault. The excavation revealed weathered Permian Hennessey shale and an ∼1–2-meter-thick veneer of Holocene alluvial deposits that were progressively deformed during two surface-folding earthquakes likely related to blind fault rupture beneath the site. Repeated onlapping to overlapping stratigraphic sequences and associated unconformities are intimately related to folding events along the monocline. OxCal paleoearthquake age modeling indicates that earthquakes occurred 4704–3109 yr B.P. and 5955–4744 yr B.P., and that part of the northwest section of the Meers fault is Holocene active. We find the Holocene-active section of the Meers fault should be lengthened 6.1 km to the northwest, to a total Holocene-active fault length of 43 km. Empirical scaling relationships between surface rupture length and magnitude reveal that the fault could generate an Mw 7.0 earthquake.

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