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Journal articles on the topic 'Paleodelta'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 May 2024

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1

Dai, Chen, Shu Gao, Yongzhan Zhang, Fei Xia, and Dandan Wang. "A Paleo-Changjiang Delta Complex on the East China Sea Shelf Formed Some 30 ka Ago (at the MIS 3 Stage)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2023): 2035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112035.

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The distribution patterns of the paleo-Changjiang River deltas formed during the MIS 3 period before the last glacial maximum (LGM) contain important information about the deltaic deposits in response to climate and sea-level changes. However, so far, they are still poorly understood. Here, we reconstruct the stratigraphic and chronological framework of the deltaic system based on the analysis of 1835 km of high-resolution seismic profiles obtained from the northern East China Sea, together with a comparison with the research results from four existing boreholes and three groups of published seismic profiles from the study area. Within the strata from MIS 5 to MIS 1 that are preserved on the northern shelf of the East China Sea, we discovered a large-scale paleodeltaic complex formed during the MIS 3 period. During MIS 3, sea level dropped slowly; the paleodelta formed was large in scale and was distributed between water depths of 40 and 150 m. It is now directly exposed at the seabed at a depth of more than 100 m. The paleodelta had extended from the northwest to the southeast, with maximum thickness of the deposits around 55 m. The extensions in the east–west and south–north directions both exceeded 300 km, with a total area around 1.35 × 105 km2. Since the late Pleistocene, the tectonic structure beneath the East China Sea has been relatively stable. As such, sea-level fluctuations, sediment supply, and original topography were the main controlling factors for the development of the delta.

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2

Narayana, A. C., Vinu Prakash, P. K. Gautam, and Swati Tripathi. "Holocene environmental changes as recorded in sediments of a paleodelta, southwest coast of India." Quaternary International 443 (July 2017): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.04.016.

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3

Il'ina, N., and V. Zharkov. "Palynological assemblage of the Synya Formation (Middle Triassic) from outcrops at the Vertny river (Bol’shaya Synya Depression, the Timan-Northern Urals region)." Vestnik of geosciences, no. 3 (June 8, 2023): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/geov.2023.3.3.

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The results of a palynological study of terrigenous rocks exposed in the lower reaches of the Vertny River and correlated with the Syninskaya Formation of the Bolshesyninskaya Series of the Legend of the North Ural Sheet Series GK-200/2 are presented. The Middle Triassic (Ladinian) age of the rocks was determined. A quantitative analysis of the species composition of the identified palynological assemblage using the Sporomorph EcoGroup method (SEG-analysis) was carried out. Based on palynological data, elements of the vegetation cover and landscape conditions have been reconstructed. It is concluded that the studied deposits were formed in the Ladinian Age in a very warm, humid climate within a vast tidal paleodelta. In the formation of the terrestrial vegetation cover, the leading role was played by moisture-loving plants characteristic of coastal marshes, deltaic lowlands, and tidal flats with mangrove-like thickets.

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4

Vasilev, Atanas, Petar Petsinski, Raina Hristova, and Rosica Pehlivanova. "Heat flow over a gas hydrate deposit in the Danube paleodelta: cruise MN249, 10-20/09/2023." Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 84, no. 3 (December 2023): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.3.223.

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This work presents results from the first purposeful in situ temperature measurements in seafloor sediments above a scalable gas hydrate deposit in the deep-water Danube paleodelta. Temperatures and temperature gradients with accuracy 5 mK and sensitivity 1 mK are measured with 3 MTL loggers with clamps (Antares GmbH) welded to a gravity corer with length of 6 m, outer diameter of 130 mm and weight ~300 kg. During the cruise MN249 on board of the Romanian R/V Mare Nigrum 10-20/10/2023, the gravity corer was deployed on 23 stations with successful temperature measurements and >3 m sediments lifting on 11 stations. Temperature gradients above the gas hydrate deposit (BSR area) are in ~20–50 mK/m when the background is ~30 mK/m. Additional data needed to determine the effects from the 2 main factors formatting temperature gradients – gas hydrate masses and sedimentation rates.

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5

Adams, Peter N. "Geomorphic origin of Merritt Island-Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA: A paleodelta of the reversed St. Johns River?" Geomorphology 306 (April 2018): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.01.005.

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6

Naudts, Lieven, Marc De Batist, Jens Greinert, and Yuriy Artemov. "Geo- and hydro-acoustic manifestations of shallow gas and gas seeps in the Dnepr paleodelta, northwestern Black Sea." Leading Edge 28, no. 9 (September 2009): 1030–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3236372.

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7

Martin, John, Anjali M. Fernandes, Jennifer Pickering, Nick Howes, Simon Mann, and Katja McNeil. "The Stratigraphically Preserved Signature of Persistent Backwater Dynamics in a Large Paleodelta System: The Mungaroo Formation, North West Shelf, Australia." Journal of Sedimentary Research 88, no. 7 (July 31, 2018): 850–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2018.38.

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8

Lobacheva, D. M., E. N. Badyukova, and R. R. Makshaev. "The Positions of the Channels of the Volga Paleodelta at the End of the Khvalynian Time According to Geomorphological Data." Arid Ecosystems 13, no. 3 (August 12, 2023): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079096123030071.

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9

Trobec, Ana, Martina Busetti, Fabrizio Zgur, Luca Baradello, Alberto Babich, Andrea Cova, Emiliano Gordini, et al. "Thickness of marine Holocene sediment in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea)." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 2 (June 14, 2018): 1077–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1077-2018.

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Abstract. We use various geophysical datasets (multibeam and singlebeam echosounder data, sub-bottom profiling Chirp and sonar data and very high-resolution boomer seismic data) along with published sedimentological data and depth data from nautical charts in order to create models of the depth of the seafloor and the base of Holocene marine sediment in the Gulf of Trieste. The two models are later used in order to calculate the thickness of marine Holocene sediment which has been depositing on the Late Pleistocene alluvial plain since the Holocene transgression in the Italian and Slovenian parts of the gulf. Thicker Holocene marine sedimentary sequences averaging at around 5 m are characteristic for the southeastern part of the gulf. In other parts of the gulf the Holocene marine sedimentary cover is very thin or even absent, except in close proximity to the shoreline and fluvial sediment sources, in the area of the Trezza Grande paleodelta and above topographic depressions of the Late Pleistocene base. The presented datasets available from the OGS SNAP data repository (http://doi.org/cpz2) represent a valuable reference for a wide variety of research disciplines dealing with the dynamic Earth system in the Gulf of Trieste and could be used as a valuable tool for designing sampling and geophysical campaigns in the studied area.

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10

Miluch, Jakub, Łukasz Maciąg, Andrzej Osadczuk, Jan Harff, Tao Jiang, Hongjun Chen, Ryszard Krzysztof Borówka, and Kevin McCartney. "Multivariate geostatistical modeling of seismic data: Case study of the Late Pleistocene paleodelta architecture (SW off-shore Hainan Island, south China sea)." Marine and Petroleum Geology 136 (February 2022): 105467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105467.

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11

Hooke, Roger LeB, Paul R. Hanson, Daniel F. Belknap, and Alice R. Kelley. "Late glacial and Holocene history of the Penobscot River in the Penobscot Lowland, Maine." Holocene 27, no. 5 (October 11, 2016): 726–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616670474.

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When the Laurentide ice sheet retreated rapidly (~150 m/a) across the Penobscot Lowland between ~16 and ~15 ka, the area was isostatically depressed and became inundated by the sea. Silt and clay were deposited, but no significant moraines or deltas were formed. The Penobscot River was reborn at ~14 ka when ice retreated onto land in the upper reaches of the river’s East Branch. As isostatic rebound exceeded sea level rise from melting ice, the river extended itself southward. Between ~13.4 and 12.8 ka, it established a course across marine clay and underlying glacial till in the Lowland. Its gradient was low as differential rebound had not begun. Discharge, however, was higher and the river transported and deposited outwash gravel. During the cold, dry Younger Dryas, ~11 ka, eolian sand began to accumulate in dunes in the Lowland. Some of this sand, along with fluvial sediment from the headwaters, was redistributed into terraces along gentler stretches of the river and into a paleodelta in Penobscot Bay. Eolian activity continued to ~8 ka and aggradation in terraces until ~6 ka. The climate became wetter and warmer after ~6 ka, the dunes were stabilized by vegetation, the river began to downcut, and braiding became less intense. Pauses in the downcutting are reflected in discontinuous strath terraces. In due course, the river re-encountered the old outwash gravels, marine clay, glacial till, and, in a few places, bedrock. Its profile is now stepped, with gentle, gravel-bedded reaches between bedrock ribs that form rapids.

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12

Sincavage, Ryan, Paul M. Betka, Stuart N. Thomson, Leonardo Seeber, Michael Steckler, and C. Zoramthara. "Neogene shallow-marine and fluvial sediment dispersal, burial, and exhumation in the ancestral Brahmaputra delta: Indo-Burman Ranges, India." Journal of Sedimentary Research 90, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1244–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.60.

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ABSTRACT The stratigraphic record of Cenozoic uplift and denudation of the Himalayas is distributed across its peripheral foreland basins, as well as in the sediments of the Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta (GBD) and the Bengal–Nicobar Fan (BNF). Recent interrogation of Miocene–Quaternary sediments of the GBD and BNF advance our knowledge of Himalayan sediment dispersal and its relationship to regional tectonics and climate, but these studies are limited to IODP boreholes from the BNF (IODP 354 and 362, 2015-16) and Quaternary sediment cores from the GBD (NSF-PIRE: Life on a tectonically active delta, 2010-18). We examine a complementary yet understudied stratigraphic record of the Miocene–Pliocene ancestral Brahmaputra Delta in outcrops of the Indo-Burman Ranges fold–thrust belt (IBR) of eastern India. We present detailed lithofacies assemblages of Neogene delta plain (Tipam Group) and intertidal to upper-shelf (Surma Group) deposits of the IBR based on two ∼ 500 m stratigraphic sections. New detrital-apatite fission-track (dAFT) and (U-Th)/He (dAHe) dates from the Surma Group in the IBR help to constrain maximum depositional ages (MDA), thermal histories, and sediment accumulation rates. Three fluvial facies (F1–F3) and four shallow marine to intertidal facies (M1–M4) are delineated based on analog depositional environments of the Holocene–modern GBD. Unreset dAFT and dAHe ages constrain MDA to ∼ 9–11 Ma for the Surma Group, which is bracketed by intensification of turbidite deposition on the eastern BNF (∼ 13.5–6.8 Ma). Two dAHe samples yielded younger (∼ 3 Ma) reset ages that we interpret to record cooling from denudation following burial resetting due to a thicker (∼ 2.2–3.2 km) accumulation of sediments near the depocenter. Thermal modeling of the dAFT and dAHe results using QTQt and HeFTy suggest that late Miocene marginal marine sediment accumulation rates may have ranged from ∼ 0.9 to 1.1 mm/yr near the center of the paleodelta. Thermal modeling results imply postdepositional cooling beginning at ∼ 8–6.5 Ma, interpreted to record onset of exhumation associated with the advancing IBR fold belt. The timing of post-burial exhumation of the IBR strata is consistent with previously published constraints for the avulsion of the paleo-Brahmaputra to the west and a westward shift of turbidite deposition on the BNF that started at ∼ 6.8 Ma. Our results contextualize tectonic controls on basin history, creating a pathway for future investigations into autogenic and climatic drivers of behavior of fluvial systems that can be extracted from the stratigraphic record.

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13

Keller, Gerta, and John A. Barron. "Paleodepth distribution of Neocene deep-sea hiatuses." Paleoceanography 2, no. 6 (December 1987): 697–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/pa002i006p00697.

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14

Whitehead, Jason M., and Andrew McMinn. "Paleodepth determination from Antarctic benthic diatom assemblages." Marine Micropaleontology 29, no. 3-4 (February 1997): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8398(96)00036-9.

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15

Coque, Brigitte, F. Debaine, and Joëlle Hazemann. "L'eau dans le désert du paléodelta de l'Ili (Sud du Lac Balkash, Kazakhstan) : bilan d'une reconnaissance géomorphologique et apport de la télédétection (Waterpresence in the Ili river paleodelta desert (South of the Balkhash Lake) during the upper pleistocene and the holocene : a survey based on satellite and geomorphological data)." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 77, no. 1 (2000): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.2000.2141.

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16

Alexander, Jason S., Brandon J. McElroy, Snehalata Huzurbazar, and Marissa L. Murr. "Elevation gaps in fluvial sandbar deposition and their implications for paleodepth estimation." Geology 48, no. 7 (April 29, 2020): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47521.1.

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Abstract Accurate estimation of paleo–streamflow depth from outcrop is important for estimation of channel slopes, water discharges, sediment fluxes, and basin sizes of ancient river systems. Bar-scale inclined strata deposited from slipface avalanching on fluvial bar margins are assumed to be indicators of paleodepth insofar as their thickness approaches but does not exceed formative flow depths. We employed a unique, large data set from a prolonged bank-filling flood in the sandy, braided Missouri River (USA) to examine scaling between slipface height and measures of river depth during the flood. The analyses demonstrated that the most frequent slipface height observations underestimate study-reach mean flow depth at peak stage by a factor of 3, but maximum values are approximately equal to mean flow depth. At least 70% of the error is accounted for by the difference between slipface base elevation and mean bed elevation, while the difference between crest elevation and water surface accounts for ∼30%. Our analysis provides a scaling for bar-scale inclined strata formed by avalanching and suggests risk of systematic bias in paleodepth estimation if mean thickness measurements of these deposits are equated to mean bankfull depth.

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17

Sanchez, Dennis, Marie-Pierre Aubry, and Robert D. Liska. "Neogene history of the Carapita Formation, Eastern Venezuela Basin." Stratigraphy 11, no. 1 (2014): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.11.1.01.

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Based on the stratigraphic distribution of planktonic microfossils (mostly planktonic foraminifera) and abundance patterns of benthic foraminifera we determine the temporal completeness of one land section and three wells through the Lower and Middle Miocene Carapita Formation of eastern Venezuela, compare the extent of the hiatuses in the sections and document changes in paleodepth at these localities during the early and Middle Miocene. We determine that changes in paleodepth are associated with hiatuses, but see no relationshipwith the global changes in sea-level inferred from deep sea isotope records. This strongly suggests that there was a strong tectonic forcing on stratigraphic architecture at upper and middle bathyal depths, as to be expected in a tectonically active area. However, similar stratigraphic patterns are also observed elsewhere, implying that a widespread tectonic structuring of the stratigraphic architecturemay have been operative. Recognition of hiatuses (not merely unconformities) as primary stratigraphic components will make possible an uninterrupted documentation of sequences boundaries from subaerial to bathyal environments, and help determine objectively the structural mechanism(s) operating on the genesis of stratigraphic sequences (sensu Catuneanu et al. 2009). Biostratigraphy (and biochronology) are the main tools to understanding this structuring.

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18

Adlis, David S., Ethan L. Grossman, Thomas E. Yancey, and R. Dennis McLerran. "Isotope Stratigraphy and Paleodepth Changes of Pennsylvanian Cyclical Sedimentary Deposits." PALAIOS 3, no. 5 (October 1988): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3514722.

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19

Caplan-Auerbach, Jacqueline, Fred Duennebier, and Garrett Ito. "Origin of intraplate volcanoes from guyot heights and oceanic paleodepth." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 105, B2 (February 10, 2000): 2679–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900386.

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20

Tibor, G., and Z. Ben-Avraham. "Late Tertiary paleodepth reconstruction of the Levant margin off Israel." Marine Geology 221, no. 1-4 (October 2005): 331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.03.005.

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21

Ghilardi, Renato Pirani, Juliana Mate Durek, Ana Maria Jara Botton Faria, Jalusa Prestes Abaide, and Cleverson Leite Bastos. "ORDENAMENTO JURÍDICO E A PROTEÇÃO DO PATRIMÔNIO PALEONTOLÓGICO: NECESSIDADES PREMENTES PARA A PALEONTOLOGIA NACIONAL." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 36, no. 75 (December 31, 2021): 14–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2021.36.75.02.

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Legal Ordinance and the Protection of Paleontological Heritage: Pressing needs for National Paleontology. This study seeks to analyze the specific legislation referring to fossiliferous deposits in relation to their controversy of jurisdiction, in addition to reasoning about measures to preserve the paleontological heritage after the extraction of fossils from the ground. It is noticed that the rules limit the responsibility for protection and supervision of the competent body. The ANM has its responsibility until the moment of extraction and IPHAN only if the paleontological heritage is listed. The absence of an understanding of what is considered paleontological heritage, and of a specific law designating a competent body as responsible for the paleontological heritage, hinders protection and inspection. Finally, it is concluded that there is a need for greater discussion on the subject, both with the community, as well as in the academic and legal world, in addition to the lack of regulation on the profession of paleontologist and clearer legislation in relation to paleontological heritage. Keywords: Fossil, Paleontological Heritage, Constitution, Brazilian legislation.

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22

Del Mouro, Lucas, and João Pedro Saldanha. "SPONGE FOSSIL OF BRAZIL: REVIEW AND PERSPECTIVES." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 36, no. 75 (December 31, 2021): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2021.36.75.03.

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The Brazilian fossil record holds crucial information regarding the evolutionary history of many invertebrate groups (e.g., cnidarian, bryozoan and brachiopods). Most of them are well-distributed through the formations of intracratonic basins (Amazonas, Paraná, Sergipe-Alagoas and others), which have been studied since the first expeditions in the second half of the 19th century. Among the invertebrate groups, the phylum Porifera, recognized as one of the earliest-branching of metazoan kingdom, is rarely recovered and studied. Beyond the taphonomic biases, one of the reasons for the scant occurrence may be related to lack of interest and inability to recognize the organisms. Thus, aiming to ratify the poriferan presence in time and space on the Brazilian rocks, here we present a review. Despite previously reported, complete sponges are restricted to Carboniferous–Permian interval. Keywords: Porifera, South America, Brazilian basins, Phanerozoic.

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23

Silva, Rafael Costa da. "REVIEW OF “Paleodictyon” (=Lophoctenium) FROM THE INAJÁ FORMATION AND CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT ITS OCCURRENCE IN THE BRAZILIAN DEVONIAN." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 36, no. 75 (December 31, 2021): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2021.36.75.06.

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Ferraz, Joseane Salau, Karine Pohlmann Bulsing, Joseline Manfroi, Margot Guerra-Sommer, André Jasper, and Felipe Pinheiro. "REDESCOBERTA DO AFLORAMENTO CERRO CHATO, UM IMPORTANTE SÍTIO FOSSILÍFERO PARA O PERMIANO DA BACIA DO PARANÁ." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 36, no. 75 (December 31, 2021): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2021.36.75.04.

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The Rediscovery of the Cerro Chato Outcrop, an Important Permian Fossil Site of the Paraná Basin. The Cerro Chato outcrop, Dom Pedrito municipality, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), represents an important fossil site for the understanding of the environmental changes that occurred throughout the end of the Paleozoic, culminating in the largest extinction event recorded thus far. The sedimentary beds of the Cerro Chato outcrop yield a unique fossil content, documenting a rich association of plants and fish remains. The taphoflora preserved in the outcrop documents an important evolutionary stage of the flora that inhabited lacustrine and lagoon environments during the continentalization of Paraná Basin depositional systems. Here we address the rediscovery of this important fossil site, whose geographic location was unknown for decades, preventing scientific research and the duly preservation of the outcrop. In this sense, the Cerro Chato outcrop is re-introduced to the scientific community and general public through revealing its precise location, its geological context and the discovery of completely new fossiliferous levels. Our work contributes to the expansion of paleontological data recorded for this location and the furtherance of the preservation of this important Brazilian paleontological site. Keywords: Permian, Gondwana, Rio do Rasto Formation, Taphoflora.

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Silva, Rafael Costa da, and Bianca Gobbi Monteiro. "RENUMBERING THE TYPES OF Inoceramus wanderley AND Inoceramus remoratus (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA), AND SPECIMENS OF SPIRIFERIDA (BRACHIOPODA) FROM BRAZIL: SOLVING A TAXONOMIC AND CURATORIAL PROBLEM." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 36, no. 75 (December 31, 2021): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2021.36.75.05.

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Fernandes, Antonio Carlos Sequeira, Sandro Marcelo Scheffler, and Roberto Videira-Santos. "WYATT EARP, DE HERÓI DO FAROESTE NORTE-AMERICANO A NOME DE FORMAÇÃO DEVONIANA NO TERRITÓRIO ANTÁRTICO." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 36, no. 75 (December 31, 2021): 05–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2021.36.75.01.

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Wyatt Earp, from Hero of the American Western to the Name of Devonian Formation in Antarctic Territory.In science, it is common to name new taxa, geographic points or stratigraphic units with the names of important researchers, pioneer explorers or simply people important to the author who is describing these novelties. This paper presents a curious case of an Antarctic Devonian formation whose name is a tribute to Wyatt Earp, an illustrious character from the American Western. The story began with the American explorer Lincoln Ellsworth, who was a fan of Wyatt Earp and named one of the boats used by him during his expedition to Antarctica after his hero. Later, the name of the boat served as an inspiration to baptize a mount in Antarctica and its name served as a reference to name the Devonian age formation that outcrops in the region of that mount. Wyatt Earp died about four years before Ellworth’s explorations to Antarctica began, and he certainly never imagined that he would become immortalized with the name of a geographic point and a stratigraphic unit as far away as the South Pole. The nomenclature of novelties in the natural sciences encompasses several possibilities and reasons. Keywords: Nomenclature, Mount Wyatt Earp Formation, West Antarctica.

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Teofilo-Guedes, Gabriel, Márcio Luiz da Silva, Alessandro Batezelli, and Marcos Magalhães de Souza. "RECONHECENDO TOCAS FÓSSEIS DA ESTIVAÇÃO DE PEIXES PULMONADOS (SARCOPTERYGII, DIPNOI): ICNOTAXONOMIA E PALEOAMBIENTE." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 37, no. 77 (July 10, 2023): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2022.37.77.06.

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Recognizing lungfish (Sarcopterygii, Dipnoi) estivation burrows: ichnotaxonomy and paleoenvironment. Lungfishes first appeared on Earth around 350 million years ago in freshwater environments from Gondwana, since when they suffered harsh adaptations through the geological time, among which, the aestivation capability. Such a behavior keeps preserved in the geological record along the eras and the fossil burrows own a high potential for environmental inferences. From so much we developed this work aiming to (i) gather the records once published on this theme, (ii) to discuss the adopted standard by the authors for interpreting the burrows and their burrowers, and (iii) to discuss the paleoenvironmental significance of the lungfish burrows presenting a model of its probable occurrence in the landscape context. For such a purpose, we made the literature review searching for terms related to the theme, in different basis and pages of scientific journals. We have found 35 articles reporting new occurrences of lungfish burrows, besides uncertain or refuted records, according to ichnotaxonomical parameters. A large proportion of the papers inform about sedimentary facies and paleoenvironmental conditions. Essentially, the records occur in areas of shallow rivers and lakes of a semiarid to subtropical climate, with seasonal humidity variations, but also in coastal environments. Still, from the presented publications, we consider lungfish aestivation burrows to be safe paleoenvironmental indicators. Keywords: lungfish; aestivation; ichnofossils; ichnotaxonomy; floodplains; semiarid.

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Videira-Santos, Roberto, Sandro Marcelo Scheffler, Mariana Batista da Silva, and Jeanninny Carla Comniskey. "ESTADO DA ARTE DAS PESQUISAS SOBRE OS BRAQUIÓPODES DO DEVONIANO BRASILEIRO." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 37, no. 77 (July 10, 2023): 86–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2022.37.77.05.

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State of the art of research on brachiopods from the Brazilian Devonian. During the Devonian, much of what is now the Brazilian territory was covered by seas and brachiopods were one of the most abundant phyla in these regions. The objective of this paper was to survey the state of the art of research on Devonian brachiopods found in the Paraná, Parecis, Amazonas, Parnaíba and Jatobá basins. To this end, a broad survey was carried out by reading articles, dissertations, theses, and abstracts in scientific events available both digitally and in print. The first Devonian brachiopods recorded in Brazil were in the Amazon Basin in the nineteenth century, while the Paraná Basin has the largest volume of taxonomic studies. However, in both basins there is still a need to review many taxa. In the Parnaíba Basin there is a notable lack of taxonomic descriptions of inarticulate brachiopods. Finally, studies on brachiopods in the Parecis and Jatobá Basins are extremely scarce, representing areas with great potential for new discoveries. The paleobiogeographic considerations made here are limited due to the need to review certain taxa, as mentioned above. Nevertheless, it is expected that this paper will serve as a basis for future taxonomic work and, consequently, the refinement of paleobiogeographic and paleoenvironmental inferences in the basins analyzed here. Keywords: Evolution of knowledge, Paleozoic, Paleoinvertebrates, Brazil.

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Xavier, Juan Henrique Bueno, Sandro Marcelo Scheffler, Aline Marcele Ghilardi, Cynthia Lara de Castro Manso, and Claude Luiz de Aguilar Santos. "EQUINOIDES DA FORMAÇÃO JANDAÍRA, CRETÁCEO SUPERIOR DA BACIA POTIGUAR, NORDESTE DO BRASIL: ESTADO DA ARTE." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 37, no. 77 (July 10, 2023): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2022.37.77.03.

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Echinoids from Jandaíra Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Potiguar Basin, Northeastern Brazil. The present paper analyzes the studies about fossil echinoids from the Jandaíra Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Potiguar Basin, Northeastern Brazil, with the purpose of showing the current knowledge about the species of the geological unit. The bibliography was obtained by searching websites such as Scholar Google, Memória da Biblioteca Nacional, Biodiversity Heritage Library, and Periódicos Capes. Furthermore, we contacted several researchers in the area of study, looking for access to any missing bibliography. We surveyed 32 studies, including monographs, dissertations, abstracts, papers in scientific journals, and book chapters. A timeline was produced for each species. We concluded that are fourteen valid species for the formation: Petalobrissus lehugeurae Alves; Petalobrissus setifensis Cotteau; Petalobrissus cubensis Weisbord; Mecaster texanus Roemer; Mecaster fourneli Agassiz & Desor; Hemiaster cearensis Brito; Hemiaster catandubensis Maury; Mecaster sp.; Rosadosoma riograndensis (Maury); Phymosoma major Coquand; Goniopygus durandi Perón & Gauthier; Coenholectypus upanemensis Beurlenou, Coenholectypus serialis sp.?; Phymosoma sp.; and Pygorhynchus sp.?. A considerable diversity. However, apart from taxonomy, few studies address other subjects such as paleoecology, taphonomy, biogeography, and stratigraphy. The observations raised, help to understand the taxonomic history of the echinoid species. Accordingly, they might indicate the direction of future studies about echinoids of the Jandaíra Formation. Keywords: Echinodermata, Echinoidea, Taxonomy, Upper Cretaceous.

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Ghilardi, Renato Pirani, Débora Eliza Henriques Baumann-Di Lábio, Henrique Bazzo Martins, Felipe Nascimento Sousa, Silvio Cesar Marqui Limeira Junior, and Victor Rodrigues Ribeiro. "QUINZE ANOS DO LABORATÓRIO DE PALEONTOLOGIA DE MACROINVERTEBRADOS (LAPALMA) DA UNESP/BAURU: PRINCÍPIO, ESTABILIDADE E CONTRIBUIÇÕES À PALEONTOLOGIA NACIONAL." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 37, no. 77 (July 10, 2023): 138–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2022.37.77.07.

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Fifteen years of the Macroinvertebrate Paleontology Laboratory (LAPALMA) at Unesp/Bauru: principle, stability, and contributions to national paleontology. The Macroinvertebrate Paleontology Laboratory (LAPALMA) celebrates its 15th anniversary in 2022, and since then has been actively contributing to the development of Brazilian paleontology. Founded by Prof. Dr. Renato Pirani Ghilardi at Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) on the Bauru campus, with Actuopaleontology and the study of Paleoinvertebrates (Taxonomy, Taphonomy and Paleobiogeography) as the main lines of research. LAPALMA’s productivity has been growing exponentially, as well as participation in scientific events (PALEOs, Symposiums, Congresses, etc.). Finally, since 2007, the Laboratory has been developing several field works, which allow the construction of a scientific collection of extreme importance for the studies on paleoinvertebrates, mainly the Devonians. Keywords: Historical paleontology, scientometry, paleoinvertebrates, museology.

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Terras, Rafael, Mirian Carbonera, Guilherme Budke, and Karla Janaísa Gonçalves Leite. "FAMÍLIA SPINOSAURIDAE (DINOSAURIA: THEROPODA): TAXONOMIA, PALEOBIOGEOGRAFIA E PALEOECOLOGIA (UMA REVISÃO)." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 37, no. 77 (July 10, 2023): 14–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2022.37.77.02.

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Spinosauridae family (Dinosauria: Theropoda): taxonomy, paleobiogeography and paleoecology (a revision). Spinosauridae is a family of Tetanuran theropod dinosaurs that was widely distributed during the Early Cretaceous. Here we revised the state of art of the family’s taxonomy, paleobiogeography and paleoecology. We compiled updated diagnosis for the holotypes of the 20 species attributed to the family since 1841, alongside with the different hypotheses related to the family’s paleobiogeography and paleoecology. We also compiled updated diagnosis for a series of indeterminate elements that are relevant in literature. We conclude that out of these 20 taxa six can be regarded as nomina dubia (Ostafrikasaurus crassiserratus, Suchosaurus girardi, Spinosaurus maroccanus, Siamosaurus suteethorni, Sinopliosaurus fusuiensis, Suchosaurus cultridens) due to the lack of diagnostic material and autapomorphies. Out of these, three were regarded as incertae sedis (Ostafrikasaurus crassiserratus, Suchosaurus girardi, Suchosaurus cultridens) for the same reasons and the possibility of belonging to previously already established taxa inside Spinosauridae and for one of these (Ostafrikasaurus crassiserratus) for possibly being a member of Ceratosauria. As for paleobiogeography, the fossil evidence suggests that the family might have originated in Laurasia (Western Europe), but the existence of a tooth older than the European taxa might indicate that the family might have originated in Gondwana (Brazil). Finally, regarding paleoecology, the most accepted hypothesis is that they were generalist predators of the margins of aquatic environments (i.e. riparian zone), and waders in shallow waters like modern herons and storks, and if necessary also resorting to terrestrial environments. They would be capable of alternating between resources and environments, in addition to sharing their habitats with theropods of the Abelisauridae and Carcharodontosauridae families and even with other spinosaurids, if the environmental conditions favored it. Keywords: Theropoda, Spinosauridae, Spinosaurinae, Baryonychinae, paleobiogeography, paleoecology.

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Kellner, Alexander Wilhelm Armin. "MEU AMIGO JORGE CALVO!" PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 37, no. 77 (July 10, 2023): 03–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2022.37.77.01.

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Por volta das 11h30min do dia 10 de janeiro de 2023 faleceu o Dr. Jorge Orlando Calvo em um hospital de Neuquén, Argentina, onde estava internado desde o início do mês. Tendo desenvolvido uma excelente relação com a sua ex-mulher, que estava ao seu lado nas últimas horas, deixa dois filhos e um neto. Este texto ´é um resumo da vida acadêmica e uma singela homenagem a uma pessoa admirável pela sua dedicação à causa da paleontologia.

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33

Silva, João Lucas da, Felipe Lima Pinheiro, Mateus Anilson Costa Santos, and Maurício Garcia. "DE GALHO EM GALHO — LAGERPETIDAE & A ORIGEM DOS PTEROSSAUROS." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 37, no. 77 (July 10, 2023): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2022.37.77.04.

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Leaping from branch to branch - Lagerpetidae and the origin of pterosaurs. Pterosaurs are a group of extinct flying reptiles with emergence in the Triassic and great radiation in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, being the first vertebrates to develop active flight. Since the first pterosaurs already show morphologic patterns that are typical for the clade, there is a substantial gap between the first preserved pterosaurs in the fossil record and their closest relatives. Here, we discuss different phylogenetics proposals presented through decades, being the Dinosauromorpha–Pterosauromorpha Hypothesis the most usually recovered. Even considering this hypothesis, however, the morphological gap persists. Thus, we discuss how the knowledge about Lagerpetidae has helped to elucidate the origin of pterosaurs, since recent works indicates that the group would be nested inside the Pterosauromorpha. Lagerpetidae is a group of small reptiles found in the Upper Triassic of North America, Brazil, Argentina and Madagascar, with the Carnian record thus far restricted to the South hemisphere, and with the first records for North America being Norian in age. Recent discoveries point to the presence of insectivorous dentition among Lagerpetidae, as it happens in Triassic pterosaurs. Thus, insectivory can be assigned as an ancestral diet in Pterosauromorpha. This diet is assigned as a possible driving force to the evolution of flight in Pterosauria. Keywords: Pterosauria, Lagerpetidae, Ornithodira, Triassic.

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34

Hassan, Hatem F., and Magdy S. Nassif. "Campanian-Maastrichtian paleotemperature and paleodepth changes along Tethyan transect, North Sinai, Egypt." Journal of African Earth Sciences 144 (August 2018): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.03.019.

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35

Meunier, J. D., A. Trouiller, J. Brulhert, and Maurice Pagel. "Uranium and organic matter in a paleodeltaic environment; the Coutras Deposit (Gironde, France)." Economic Geology 84, no. 6 (October 1, 1989): 1541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.6.1541.

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36

Spezzaferri, S., and F. Tamburini. "Paleodepth variations on the Eratosthenes Seamount (Eastern Mediterranean): sea-level changes or subsidence?" eEarth Discussions 2, no. 3 (September 7, 2007): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/eed-2-115-2007.

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Meunier, J. D., A. Trouiller, J. Brulhet, and M. Pagel. "Uranium and organic matter in a paleodeltaic environment: The coutras deposit (Gironde, France)." Chemical Geology 70, no. 1-2 (August 1988): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90756-5.

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38

Howard, Jeffrey L. "Paleocene to Holocene paleodeltas of ancestral Colorado River offset by the San Andreas fault system, southern California." Geology 24, no. 9 (1996): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0783:pthpoa>2.3.co;2.

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39

Scheffler, Sandro Marcelo. "Resumos do V Simpósio Brasileiro de Paleoinvertebrados (SBPI) e III Reunião de Ostracodólogos do Brasil (ROB)." PALEONTOLOGIA EM DESTAQUE - Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia 38, Especial (February 1, 2024): 1–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/paleodest.2023.38.esp.

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40

Campeau, Stéphane, Reinhard Pienitz, and Arnaud Héquette. "Diatoms as quantitative paleodepth indicators in coastal areas of the southeastern Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 146, no. 1-4 (February 1999): 67–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(98)00143-6.

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41

Cairns, Stephen D. "Late Miocene (Messinian) Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Carboneras, southeastern Spain." Journal of Paleontology 94, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.91.

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AbstractFifteen species of stylasterids from the late Miocene (Messinian) are reported from the Carboneras region of southeastern Spain. Eleven of these species are described as new: Lepidopora fistulosa, Pliobothrus striatus, Pliobothrus nielseni, Distichopora patula, Stylaster (Group A) digitiformis, Stylaster multicavus, Stylaster tuberosus, Conopora forticula, Conopora alloporoides, Crypthelia zibrowii, and Crypthelia ingens. The other four have been identified as species previously described from the Recent fauna. On the basis of bathymetric ranges of similar living stylasterids and other associated fauna, the paleodepth of this fauna is estimated to be from the upper bathyal zone (200–600 m). All fossil stylasterid records, worldwide, are reviewed, resulting in four new combinations and the transfer of one species to the Bryozoa. The species reported herein increase the known number of named fossil stylasterids from 24 to 32 species.UUID: http://zoobank.org/e9140758-847c-44cb-8223-302cc0a0a14d

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42

Myaing, Yu Yu, Arifudin Idrus, and Anastasia Dewi Titisari. "Fluid Inclusion Study of The Tumpangpitu High Sulfidation Epithermal Gold Deposit in Banyuwangi District, East Java, Indonesia." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24273/jgeet.2018.3.01.1039.

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The Tumpangpitu high sulfidation (HS) epithermal gold deposit is located in the south coast of East Java, Banyuwangi District, East Java Province, Indonesia. This area lies within the central portion of the Cenozoic Sunda‐Banda magmatic arc which trends southeast from northern Sumatra to west Java then eastward through east Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa and terminating at Banda sea. The geology of the Tumpangpitu is predominantly occupied by Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene low-K calc-alkaline to alkaline andesitic volcanic rocks and interbedded with volcaniclastic rock sequences, which are associated with low-K intermediate intrusions. The mineralization style at the Tumpangpitu area is composed of a high‐sulfidation (HS) epithermal gold-copper system which is typically associated with concealed gold-rich porphyry copper system. The HS epithermal mineralization is hosted by volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks in this research area. The mineralization domains are divided into Zone A, Zone B and Zone C which are situated along NW-SE-trending silica ledges zones. The HS epithermal mineralization is texturally occurs as vuggy replacements mineralization as well as stockworks, disseminated forms, fractures and veins. Fluid inclusion study was conducted for 6 quartz vein samples which petrographically entrapped fluid inclusions. Homogenization temperature (Th) and melting temperature (Tm) can microthermometrically be determined by fluid inclusion analysis. The average homogenization temperature (Th) of the fluid inclusions gives 180˚C to 342˚C and melting temperature are from -0.1 ˚C to -1.4˚C. Tm corresponds to the salinities ranging from 0.1 to 4.5 wt% NaCl equivalent. The paleodepth of ore formation can be estimated from the salinity of fluid. Since the deposit was not formed at boiling condition, the minimum paleodepth of ore (quartz) samples taken from both shallow level (53.35 m) and deep level (135.15 m) is determined at 650m and 1,220 m, respectively. The microthermometric data point out that the Tumpangpitu deposit formed at moderate temperature and low salinity by magmatic fluid mixing and dilution by meteoric water during the hydrothermal fluid evolution. On the basis of the fluid inclusion microthermometric data and its other key characteristics, the Tumpangpitu gold mineralization shares some similarities compared to other typical HS-epithermal gold deposits worlwide although it also shares few differences.

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43

Taylor, Paul D., Dennis P. Gordon, and Peter B. Batson. "Bathymetric distributions of modern populations of some common Cenozoic Bryozoa from New Zealand, and paleodepth estimation." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 47, no. 1 (March 2004): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2004.9515037.

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44

Hongo, Chuki, and Hajime Kayanne. "Holocene sea-level record from corals: Reliability of paleodepth indicators at Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 287, no. 1-4 (March 2010): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.033.

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45

Campeau, Stéphane, Arnaud Héquette, and Reinhard Pienitz. "Late Holocene diatom biostratigraphy and sea-level changes in the southeastern Beaufort Sea." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 1 (April 1, 2000): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-107.

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Late Holocene sediments from the Atkinson Point area were analysed to provide quantitative reconstructions of recent sea-level changes in the southeastern Beaufort Sea. The succession of diatom assemblages in five cores revealed paleoenvironmental changes induced by the transgression of the Beaufort Sea during successive periods of lacustrine conditions, breaching and flooding of thermokarst lakes by the sea, and the landward migration of sandy spits. Based on radiocarbon dates and quantitative paleodepth determinations, a relative sea-level curve for the late Holocene has been developed. Despite a loss of temporal precision due to old carbon contamination, an envelope of sea-level change has been defined for the last 2 ka BP, suggesting a sea-level rise in the order of 1.1 mm a-1 for the last millennium. This paper presents the first sea-level reconstruction inferred from a diatom-based transfer function. It represents an improvement over traditional methods which were limited to qualitative estimates of past sea levels.

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46

Berger, G. W., P. T. Doran, and K. J. Thomsen. "Micro-hole and multigrain quartz luminescence dating of Paleodeltas at Lake Fryxell, McMurdo Dry Valleys (Antarctica), and relevance for lake history." Quaternary Geochronology 18 (December 2013): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2013.04.002.

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47

Samsoondar, Sadie, Xavier Moonan, and Brent Wilson. "Seafloor topography, paleodepth and bottom water conditions in the Miocene Cipero Formation, Southern Trinidad, SE Caribbean Sea." Micropaleontology 63, no. 6 (2018): 429–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47894/mpal.63.6.05.

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Six well logs and two seismic lines are used to reconstruct the paleo-seafloor surface onto which was deposited the Middle Miocene age Golconda Marl Member (Globorotalia fohsi peripheroronda to G. fohsi robusta planktonic foraminiferal Zones, = Zones N9/M6 to N12/M9) of the Cipero Formation of Trinidad, western tropical Atlantic Ocean, The reconstruction reveals five N-S oriented, south-vergent, reverse thrust fault sheets within the underlying Princes Town Marl Member (Catapsydrax dissimilis through Globigerinatella insueta Zones, N5/M2 â€“ N7/M4) and Retrench Sandstone Member (Globigerinatella insueta planktonic foraminiferal Zone, N7/M4) onto which the Golconda Marl Member was deposited. The occurrence of sandy sections, determined from well-log signatures and illustrated on the reconstructed surface, can be used as an aid in locating potential hydrocarbon reservoirs within the Golconda Marl Member. Micropaleontology is used to infer (a) paleodepth and (b) changing paleoenvironmental conditions throughout the Cipero Formation. Foraminiferal investigation of 21 Cipero Formation samples collected at the La Fortune Anticline (LFA) places the Golconda Marl Member of the Cipero Formation at this site in the Globorotalia fohsi peripheroronda planktonic foraminiferal Zone (N9/M6). Planulina wuellerstorfi, recovered in abundance, places the LFAsection and remaining Golconda Member at water depths >700 m. The statistical similarity of the benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the >63 um and >106 um fractions suggests winnowing of the LFA section, which is thus hypothesized to comprise a contourite. The statistical similarity of previously published data from Zones N6/M3 and N12/M9 (Shannonâ€™s H, the Berger-Parker Dominance Index, Evenness E, a Nutrient Flux Index [NFI = sum of proportional abundances of Bolivina + Bulimina + Uvigerina], and the Benthic Foraminiferal Dissolved-Oxygen Index [BFOI]) suggests that these were deposited in comparable paleoenvironments with, in contrast to Zone N9/M6 at the LFA, relatively little bottom current action.

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48

Tugolesov, D., A. Gorshkov, and L. Meisner. "The Black Sea Basin ancient slopes and associated breakes and unconformities." Geologica Balcanica 20, no. 1 (February 28, 1990): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.20.1.3.

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The structure of the basin's slopes is interpreted as a huge flexure which has been developing throughout alI Cenozoic. The basin is filled with a thick series of Paleocene to Quaternary deposits without apparent signs of breaks. A thin but stratigraphically relatively complete column of Cenozoic marine deposits is determined above the slope brow on paleoshelves. So, in the mode of occurrence of any Cenozoic series taken separately, a flexure is distinctly outlined, its common limb coinciding with the slope of the basin. Within the dropped side of the flexure (in the basin), each series is several times thicker than the synchronogenic series within the upper side (on the shelf). At the slope of the basin, each series thins out reaching zero thicknesses at the limit. Narrow tortuous zones of no deposits shift upslope with rejuvenation of deposits and merge into a single variable-age unconformity surface appearing as a common surface at the seismic section. Such structure of the slopes points to their underwater consedimentational washout and to the existence of a deep-water basin throughout all Cenozoic era. There are observed numerous particular differences in the character of the slope, steps at various levels, numerous local breaks in thin strata above the slope brow, gradual transitions along the strike from steep areas of the slope to gentle sloping ones, thick clinoforms of paleodeltas and submarine fans.

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Collins, Laurel S. "Neogene paleoenvironments of the Bocas del Toro Basin, Panama." Journal of Paleontology 67, no. 5 (September 1993): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000037008.

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Outcrops of upper Miocene to upper Pliocene sediments in the Bocas del Toro Basin, Caribbean coast of western Panama, contain a record of the emergence of the southern Central American isthmus. Paleodepths and characteristics of past sedimentary regimes within the basin were determined from benthic foraminiferal species assemblages. The present Valiente Peninsula shallowed from upper bathyal depths of about 300–500 m to outer neritic depths of 150–200 m between latest Miocene (5.6–6.5 Ma) and middle Pliocene (3.5–3.6 Ma) times. Outer neritic assemblages from about 100–150 m paleodepth on the island of Escudo de Veraguas indicate negligible emergence through the late Pliocene, and their present sea-level altitude suggests rapid Quaternary shallowing. Middle neritic foraminiferal assemblages of Cayo Agua island shallowed from depths of about 40–80 m to 20–40 m between early (4.5–5.0 Ma) and middle (3.5–3.6 Ma) Pliocene times. Cayo Agua assemblages indicate establishment of a carbonate regime in the southwestern Caribbean region prior to complete closure of the Caribbean–East Pacific seaway around 3.5 Ma.

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AGIRREZABALA, L. M., and J. M. DE GIBERT. "Paleodepth and Paleoenvironment of Dactyloidites ottoi (Geinitz, 1849) from Lower Cretaceous Deltaic Deposits (Basque-Cantabrian Basin, West Pyrenees)." PALAIOS 19, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2004)019<0276:papodo>2.0.co;2.

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