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Ramadan, Hawraman, Chris Patterson, Stuart Maguire, Ian Melvin, Kirti Kain, Elizabeth Teale, and Anne Forster. "Incidence of first stroke and ethnic differences in stroke pattern in Bradford, UK: Bradford Stroke Study." International Journal of Stroke 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493017743052.
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Background Information on ethnic disparities in stroke between White and Pakistani population in Europe is scarce. Bradford District has the largest proportion of Pakistani people in England; this provides a unique opportunity to study the difference in stroke between the two major ethnic groups. Aim To determine the first-ever-stroke incidence and examine the disparities in stroke patterns between Whites and Pakistanis in Bradford. Methods Prospective 12 months study consisting of 273,327 adults (≥18 years) residents. Stroke cases were identified by multiple overlapping approaches. Results In the study period, 541 first-ever-strokes were recorded. The crude incidence rate was 198 per 100,000 person-years. Age adjusted-standardized rate to the World Health Organization world population of first-ever-stroke is 155 and 101 per 100,000 person-years in Pakistanis and Whites respectively. Four hundred and thirty-eight patients (81%) were Whites, 83 (15.3%) were Pakistanis, 11 (2%) were Indian and Bangladeshis, and 9 (1.7%) were of other ethnic origin. Pakistanis were significantly younger and had more obesity ( p = 0.049), and diabetes mellitus (DM) ( p = <0.001). They were less likely to suffer from atrial fibrillation ( p = <0.001), be ex- or current smokers ( p = <0.001), and drink alcohol above the recommended level ( p = 0.007) compared with Whites. In comparison with Whites, higher rates of age-adjusted stroke (1.5-fold), lacunar infarction (threefold), and ischemic infarction due to large artery disease (twofold) were found in the Pakistanis. Conclusions The incidence of first-ever-stroke is higher in the Pakistanis compared with the Whites in Bradford, UK. Etiology and vascular risk factors vary between the ethnic groups. This information should be considered when investigating stroke etiology, and when planning prevention and care provision to improve outcomes after stroke.
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Jasch, Hans-Christian. "State-Dialogue with Muslim Communities in Italy and Germany - The Political Context and the Legal Frameworks for Dialogue with Islamic Faith Communities in Both Countries." German Law Journal 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 341–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200005642.
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Estimates of the number of Muslims in EU Member States vary widely, depending on the methodology and definitions used and the geographical limits imposed. Excluding Turkey and the Balkan-regions, researchers estimate that as many as 13 to 20 million Muslims live in the EU: That is about 3.5 - 4% of the total EU population. Muslims are the largest religious minority in Europe, and Islam is the continent's fastest growing religion. Substantial Muslim populations exist especially in Western European countries, including France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and the Scandinavian Countries. Europe's Muslim populations are ethnically diverse and Muslim immigrants in Europe hail from a variety of Middle Eastern, African, and Asian countries, as well as Turkey. Most Muslim communities have their roots in Western Europe's colonial heritage and immigration policies of the 1950s and 1960s used to counter labor shortages during the period of reconstruction after World War II. These policies attracted large numbers of North Africans, Turks, and Pakistanis. Furthermore, in recent years, there have been influxes of Muslim migrants and political refugees from other regions and countries, including the Balkans, Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, and the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
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Hjarnø, Jan. "Indvandrere som selverhvervende - en sammenlignende analyse af udbredelsen af selverhverv hos danske pakistanere, tyrkere og eksjugoslavere." Dansk Sociologi 11, no. 3 (August 22, 2006): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v11i3.621.
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Immigrants as small businessmen: a comparative analysis of the extent of selfemployment among Danish Pakistanis, Turks and ex-Yugoslavs.
There has been an increase in the number of immigrants having their own businesses in Western Europe and North America. There are variations in the proportion of self-employed among the different ethnic groups, even with the same length of residence in the new country. It is assumed that these differences may be caused by differences in the social and cultural background of the immigrants.The lifestyle hypothesis of the Danish ethnologist Thomas Hoerup and Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus are employed in an analysis of self-employment among migrants from Pakistan, Turkey and former Yugoslavia to Denmark. These three groups arrived in Denmark about the same time in the late 1960s. Migrants from Pakistan and Turkey have been very active as entrepreneurs, while only a small number of the migrants from the ex- Yugoslavia have become self-employed. The majority of the members of the first two ethnic groups came from small rural communities of self-employed farmers, while the majority of the migrants from the former Yugoslavia were skilled and semiskilled industrial wage earners, who were brought up in families with a tradition of wage work. The analysis indicates that the lifestyle/habitus that the migrants bring with them from the country of origin plays an important role in determining whether or not they will consider self-employment or look for waged work.
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Kapur, S. Paul. "India and Pakistan's Unstable Peace: Why Nuclear South Asia Is Not Like Cold War Europe." International Security 30, no. 2 (October 2005): 127–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228805775124570.
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Scholars attribute conventional violence in a nuclear South Asia to a phenomenon known as the “stability/instability paradox.” According to this paradox, the risk of nuclear war makes it unlikely that conventional confict will escalate to the nuclear level, thereby making conventional confict more likely. Although this phenomenon encouraged U.S.-Soviet violence during the Cold War, it does not explain the dynamics of the ongoing confict between India and Pakistan. Recent violence has seen Pakistan or its proxies launching limited attacks on Indian territory, and India refusing to retaliate in kind. The stability/instability paradox would not predict such behavior. A low probability of conventional war escalating to the nuclear level would reduce the ability of Pakistan's nuclear weapons to deter an Indian conventional attack. Because Pakistan is conventionally weaker than India, this would discourage Pakistani aggression and encourage robust Indian conventional retaliation against Pakistani provocations. Pakistani boldness and Indian restraint have actually resulted from instability in the strategic environment. A full-scale Indo-Pakistani conventional confict would create a significant risk of nuclear escalation. This danger enables Pakistan to launch limited attacks on India while deterring allout Indian conventional retaliation and attracting international attention to the two countries' dispute over Kashmir. Unlike in Cold War Europe, in contemporary South Asia nuclear danger facilitates, rather than impedes, conventional confict.
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COY, STEVEN P., MARGARET F. SHIPLEY, KHURSHEED OMER, and RAO NISAR A. KHAN. "FACTORS CONTRIBUTORY TO SUCCESS: A STUDY OF PAKISTAN'S SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 12, no. 02 (June 2007): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946707000617.
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Small business and entrepreneurship have been at the heart of Pakistan's economy for almost 60 years, yet little (if any) research has been conducted that identifies factors crucial for small business success in Pakistan. In the past, studies identifying factors crucial for small business success have focused primarily on the United States and Western Europe. This paper presents survey results from 265 small business owners located in and around Karachi, the largest city and hub of economic activity in Pakistan. The survey was designed to identify the internal and external factors that Pakistani small businesspersons believe are critical for success.
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Khan, Irfan Hussain, Shumaila Hashim, and Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen. "Foreign influence on Pakistan's exports and imports Evidence from Pakistan." Review of Economics and Development Studies 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v2i2.129.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the Pakistani currency phase action on exports and imports. Two time series data base year and quarterly basic research use. Starting from the 1970 annual data for about 40 years, beginning with the beginning of 2000 to 2012 quarterly data. Johnson estimates quarterly observations using common integration techniques. In the current study results show that Pakistan first began trading volume for the US and developed countries, the UK and Europe. As a combination of export and import time Pakistan has improved. Production and manufacture of semi-finished goods and primary product alternatives, while the import of consumer goods, capital goods and petroleum products expanded. Due to low-cost elasticity of the export and import activity of the exchange of theoretical background reaction support. On the other hand, if the value of the rupees fell against the dollar, the import costs rose more than the export bills. In support of this study, Pakistan should focus on a small number of countries to reduce trade and expand trade. Similarly, on the basis of the goods may add some other goods.
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Razaq, Abdul, Sobia Ilyas, and Abdul Nasir Khalid. "Molecular and Phenotypic Descriptions of Cystodermella cinnabarina from Western Himalaya: A New Genus for Pakistan." Journal of Mycology 2013 (December 22, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/793124.
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Cystodermella cinnabarina is reported here for the first time from the moist temperate forests of western Himalaya and is the first collection of a Cystodermella from Pakistan. This species is redescribed here using morphological and molecular data. The phylogenetic analysis which is based on internal transcribed spacers (ITS) showed that the Pakistani collection clustered distinctly with similar European sequences in the Cystodermella clade. The Italian and north European sequences of this species clustered in two separate subclades and the Pakistani sequences closely matched the Italian sequences. It is evident that the Pakistani population has a very close evolutionary affinity with the Italian individuals rather than those from northern Europe. The species is distributed in Europe, in North America, and now in the western Himalaya of Asia.
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Fatima, Syeda Aiman, and Sadia Jabeen. "SOCIO-CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS ISSUES FACED BY PAKISTANI MIGRANTS IN SPAIN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 05, no. 01 (March 31, 2023): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i01.998.
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The study focuses on the socio-cultural and religious issues faced by Pakistani migrants living in Spain. The main research objectives were to explore the initial; issues faced by migrants in Spain, the socio-cultural and religious challenges faced by Pakistani migrants in Spain and the way Pakistani migrant ensure their own cultural identity. The qualitative research design based on an interpretive school of thought was used. By using purposive sampling method, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 Pakistani migrants. With the help of thematic analysis, the data was analyzed. Some major themes derive from analysis were socioeconomic issue a prime reason of migration, language a big barrier in settling down to the community, residential issues faced by Pakistani migrants in Spain, religious bias and discrimination towards Pakistani migrants, social bias and cultural issues faced by Pakistani children at school. The study concluded that Pakistani migrants face socio-cultural and religious discrimination and were in a struggle to maintain their own cultural identity. Keywords: Migration, Europe and Spain, Pakistani Migrants, Socio-cultural and religious challenges, language barriers, Culture differences, Living style.
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Naseer, Arooj, Isaac Garrido-Benavent, Junaid Khan, Josep Ballarà, Rafael Mahiques, Abdul Nasir Khalid, and Hassan Sher. "Cortinarius pakistanicus and C. pseudotorvus: two new species in oak forests in the Pakistan Himalayas." MycoKeys 74 (October 30, 2020): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.74.49734.
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The genus of basidiomycetous fungiCortinarius occurs worldwide, from subtropical to boreal latitudes. Although molecular systematics has triggered the study of these fungi in the Americas and Europe in the last two decades, there is still limited research on its diversity in large portions of the planet, such as the high mountain ranges of Asia. Several collections of Cortinarius were made during mycological field trips conducted between 2014 and 2018 in pure oak forests in the Pakistan Himalayas. An integrative framework combining morphological and phylogenetic data was employed for their study. As a result, the two species C. pakistanicus and C. pseudotorvus are here described as new to science. Detailed macro- and micro-morphological descriptions, including SEM images of spores, and a molecular phylogenetic reconstruction based on nrITS sequence data are provided and used to discriminate the new species from morphologically and phylogenetically close taxa. Whereas our phylogenetic tree inference gave unequivocal support for the inclusion of C. pseudotorvus within C. sect. Telamonia, the assignment of C. pakistanicus to any known sections remained elusive. These species likely establish ectomycorrhizal associations with trees in the genus Quercus, making this type of forest in the Pakistan Himalayas a promising focus for future research on the diversity of Cortinarius.
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Musthafa, M. M., T. Hussain, M. E. Babar, R. S. Aljumaah, M. A. Alshaikh, I. Muritala, V. Landi, et al. "Usability of metadata analysis of goat genetic resources among five countries from Africa, Asia and Europe: Metadata analysis of goat genetic." Agricultural Science and Technology 10, no. 3 (2018): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/10.15547/ast.2018.03.035.
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Abstract. Goats play a variety of roles all around the globe due to their capability to acclimatize different environmental conditions quite quickly since they have been regarded as one of the first sets of animals domesticated by the human. Even though domestic goats harbor precious genetic materials, research funding among developing countries is a major drawback for thorough study on them. Therefore, microsatellite markers seem to be affordable and informative. Genotypic data from different goat breeds across five countries (Nigeria, South Africa, Pakistan, France and Spain) was generated using eleven microsatellite markers for a comparative study in order to evaluate the usefulness of the available data for genetic characterization and identify the shortcomings of meta-analyses for combined data. The mean number of alleles (MNA) per population range from 6.44±2.83 alleles for Spanish to 10.25±0.96 for Pakistani goats, with an overall mean of 13.55±7.28. Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranges from 0.61±0.02 to 0.83±0.01 for Spanish goats and Pakistani goats, respectively with an overall mean of 0.65. Ho of the markers used ranged from 0.569 (INRA5) to 0.793 (MM12). Highest and least polymorphic information content (PIC) was observed in loci MM12 (0.925) and MAF209 (0.489), respectively. All the populations showed significant change from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05) indicating a low level of inbreeding. The genetic distance of each country’s goat populations ranged from 0.151 to 4.245. The highest genetic distance (4.245) was observed between Spanish and Pakistani goats while the lowest were observed between Spanish and French goats. Spanish and French goats are from a common ancestor while South African, Nigerian and Pakistani goats came from another ancestor or cluster. A lot of genetic admixture in the Nigerian ecotypes has been observed whereas France and Saudi Arabian breeds have been subjected to high amount of selection pressure.
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Impedovo, Maria Antonietta, and Sufiana Khatoon Malik. "Pakistani Teacher-educator Professional Learning Through an International Blended Course." Open Praxis 11, no. 2 (June 22, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.11.2.928.
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International teacher-educator learning supports a more complex vision of teacher professionalism for both developed and developing countries. The aim of this paper is the analysis of Pakistani teacher-educator professional learning after attending an international blended course, considering the impact of online and face-to-face participation and the main competencies involved in their professional learning. The blended learning course attended by the Pakistani Teacher-educators is part of an international project between Europe and Asia. The analysis is carried out using written traces in the online platform; 47 questionnaires at the end of the face-to-face training sessions in Pakistan and 10 deep-interviews with Pakistani educators; the written traces, open questions, and deep-interviews were qualitatively analyzed. Additionally, the educators’ technological, pedagogical and instructional design and interpersonal and intercultural skills were also analysed. The paper considers how international learning could affect the professional learning of teacher-educators in Global South and the centrality of the design of innovative learning courses for today’s environment of international globalization.
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Izhar, Aiman, Muhammad Usman, Hira Bashir, Shazia Ashraf, Abdul Rehman Niazi, Maria Latif, and Abdul Nasir Khalid. "First record of Lactocollybia variicysti s from Asia." Mycotaxon 137, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/137.335.
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During surveys of macrofungi in Pakistan, eight specimens belonging to the genus Lactocollybia were collected from the plains of Punjab and foothills of Murree. Morphological studies and molecular characterization refer all collections to a single species, Lactocollybia variicystis, previously restricted to Africa and Europe; this is the first report from Asia. Except for geography, no significant differences were found among African, European, and Pakistani collections.
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Kuszewska, Agnieszka. "Naya Pakistan?" Politeja 17, no. 1(64) (February 26, 2020): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.17.2020.64.15.
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Naya Pakistan? The Selected Issues of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy in View of the Transformations in the Regional Security
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan faces many internal and external challenges and remains a major point of reference in contemporary international security analysis. This article examines selected issues relating to Pakistan’s foreign policy contextualized within the transformations in the security dynamics of South Asia. The specificity of the security environment in South Asia, the least politically and economically integrated region of the world, engaged in the protracted Kashmir conflict, serves as the starting point for the multi-dimensional study of the key objectives of Pakistan’s foreign strategy towards its neighbouring states, such as India, China and Afghanistan. Methodological approach for this research is based on offensive realism, which seems to present the appropriate explanatory tool for studying the South Asian securityrelated specificity. The naya (new) Pakistan narrative, promoted by the Prime Minister Imran Khan seems hardly a game-changing chapter in the history of the state. Analysis of Pakistan’s current policies, persistent domination of the army over the state’s bureaucracy, increasing dependency on external loans and bailouts provokes rather opposite conclusions. Pakistan’s strategic goals vis-à-vis Afghanistan and India exploit its own resources and strongly affect the regional security system whilst the country has no adequate means to achieve them. Consequently, there is a vital need of a paradigm shift in Pakistan’s regional security calculus from ideologically motivated, unfeasible claims to a more cooperative posture, supplemented by campaigns for de-radicalization. This research study was conducted during seven trips to Pakistan during the last decade; the results and conclusions of this study were discussed and debated with academics and other South Asia experts both in Asia and in Europe.
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Joshi, Shashank. "The Prospects for EU-India Security Cooperation." European View 16, no. 2 (December 2017): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12290-017-0453-7.
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For Europe, four security challenges predominate: Russian revanchism, Islamist terrorism, the migrant crisis, and the associated problems of civil war and state collapse in the Middle East and North Africa. For India, the environment looks very different. Its two most important security challenges are cross-border terrorism from Pakistan-based militant groups, often sponsored by the Pakistani intelligence services, and the steady growth of China's economic and military presence along India's land and maritime borders, including as part of the Belt and Road Initiative. These differing priorities risk pushing Europe and India in different directions. India's hope is that an improved US-Russia relationship will create a thaw in Europe, allowing all parties—India, Europe and the US—to focus on addressing China's rise. But there is little sign of such a shift at present. However, there is considerable room for greater convergence on a range of issues, such as maritime security, Afghanistan and counterterrorism.
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Khan, Sahrish, Atiq ur Rahman, and Muhammad Imran. "COVID-19: Pakistan’s Preparedness and response." Pakistan Journal of Surgery and Medicine 1, no. 4 (March 10, 2021): e207. http://dx.doi.org/10.37978/pjsm.v1i4.207.
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At the end of December 2019 in the Wuhan City of China, a novel coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak has been proclaimed. Several cases have arisen in other cities of China. It spread simultaneously worldwide in 209 countries of Europe, Australia, America, Asia, and Pakistan. Mortality is high; millions of people have been affected while cases are rapidly increasing in the world. Different controlling strategies have been adopted for COVID-19. Pakistan took rigorous measures like the hospital, specific laboratories for testing, centres for quarantine, awareness campaign, Ehsaas Emergency Cash Programme and lockdown for controlling this virus. There is no antiviral and vaccine based treatment only preventive measures are taken.
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Hussain, Adil, Muhammad Qasim Hayat, and Syed Ali Imran Bokhari. "NEW DISTRIBUTION REPORT ON THE ALIEN SPECIES ARTEMISIA VERLOTIORUM LAMOTTE (ASTERACEAE-ANTHEMIDEAE) FROM GILGIT-BALTISTAN REGION OF PAKISTAN." JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH 27, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v26i2.826.
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Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte (Asteraceae), a species described from Europe but native to East Asia is an alien and/or invasive species grow naturally in many European regions, North and South Africa, South America, Australia, New Zealand and Western Asia. In continuance to our work on Northeastern Pakistani Artemisia, here we report the first local occurrence of verlotiorum Lamotte. from Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan by investigating its geographical distribution and phylogenetic analysis. To date, we have observed the species in stony landscapes of Ghizer district of Gilgit-Baltistan. Phylogenetic analysis of Northeastern Pakistani A. verlotiorum with maximum likelihood approach using its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and external transcribed spacer (ETS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences showed its resemblance with other Artemisia species reported from different parts of the world. This species needs to be included in the rare plant species list in the flora of Pakistan and immediate conservative approaches should be adopted to impede its extinction from the country.
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Adnan, Atif, Allah Rakha, Hayder Lazim, Shahid Nazir, Wedad Saeed Al-Qahtani, Maha Abdullah Alwaili, Sibte Hadi, and Chuan-Chao Wang. "Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective." Genes 13, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13030532.
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Gypsies are a separate ethnic group living in Pakistan and some other countries as well. They are mostly known as ‘Roma’ and ‘untouchables’. They have different types of lifestyles as compared to other common people, as they always keep migrating from one place to another. They do not have proper houses; they live in tent houses and most probably work on daily wages to earn their living. Gypsies cannot be specified according to the place of residence and can only be classified according to their migration route. Previous historical and linguistic research showed the north Indian origin of Roma people. The present study collected 285 unrelated Roma individuals living in Punjab and typed with the Goldeneye Y20 system. Allelic frequencies ranged between 0.0035 and 0.5266, with haplotype diversity (HD) of 0.9999 and discrimination capacity (DC) of 0.8790. Gene diversity (GD) ranged from 0.6489 (DYS391) to 0.9764 (DYS391) (DY385ab). A total of 223 unique alleles were observed. Interestingly, the haplogroup R accounted for 40.56% and J for 22.06%. In MDS analysis, Pakistani Roma formed a close cluster with Roma from Constanta, Romania. The migration pattern of the Roma population from Pakistan, India and Europe was inferred using coalescence theory in the Migrate-n program. Overlapping Y-STR data were used to test different migration models. These migration models showed us the dominant gene flow from Pakistan to India and Europe to Pakistan. The results of our study showed that Y STRs provided substantially stronger discriminatory power in the Pakistani Roma population.
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Husain, Tariq. "Pakistan’s Energy Sector Issues: Energy Efficiency and Energy Environmental Links." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 15, Special Edition (September 1, 2010): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2010.v15.isp.a3.
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This paper analyzes Pakistan’s energy sector issues and highlights (i) the importance of the link between energy and the environment, and (ii) the central importance of energy efficiency for high return demand-side solutions to meet the country’s energy needs. The paper argues that energy planning should integrate the external cost of energy use in deciding about the composition of supply: coal, oil, gas, hydropower, renewable, nuclear, and solar. By utilizing external cost estimates made by the European Commission for Europe, and the US National Academy of Sciences, a total cost (external + internal) ranking of primary energy sources for Pakistan is estimated. This estimate is at the low end of the cost spectrum because classic pollutants—sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide—in Pakistan are significantly higher than in Europe or the US. The paper also discusses the experiences of China and OECD countries in increasing energy-wide efficiency. A central lesson emerging from the analysis is that Pakistan will have to significantly increase its energy-related research and development expenditure in order to adequately address its energy sector issues. A quadrupling from 0.25 % of gross domestic product is recommended over a decade.
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Inamdar, Neeta. "Book Review: Rajendra K. Jain (Ed.), India, Europe and Pakistan." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 74, no. 4 (November 14, 2018): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928418802084.
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Warikoo, K. "Book Review: Rajendra K. Jain (Ed.), India, Europe and Pakistan." International Studies 55, no. 4 (October 2018): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881718815309.
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Manco, Altay. "Good cities, good practices: systematization of a theoretical and methodological framework for local actions designed to combat religious discrimination." MIGRATION LETTERS 2, no. 3 (December 9, 2005): 189–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v2i3.36.
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The Muslim population of Western Europe composed of atleast 13 million individuals, brings together primarily peopleresulting from working class immigrants from the secondhalf of the twentieth century. Its roots are found deep in theTurkish countryside, in the Balkans and, of course, in the oldcolonies: the countries of the Maghreb, the Indo-Pakistanisub-continent, the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa andSoutheast Asia. There exists moreover, relatively low butgrowing numbers, of converts of European extraction. Thispaper presents the theoritical and methodological approachof whole of the project "Faiths and Social cohesion".
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Ullah, Sadiq, Mumtaz Alam, and Zulfiqar Ali Baig. "Effects of CPEC on the Economy of China and Pakistan." Asia Social Science Academy 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51600/jass.2022.8.3.1.
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CPEC is a huge investment that will bring prosperity and will heal the economic condition of Pakistan. It will also give China the shortest proximity to the rest of the world. It's a project which will benefit both of the countries as well as Europe and the Gulf. Descriptive analysis is used in this research study to investigate the effects of CPEC on Pakistan and China's economy. Diverse literature was found on this topic and is cited in the literature part of this research study. This study shows that Pakistan and China both of the countries will be better off and will achieve good economic results. Pakistan will get the maximum benefit from CPEC because its infrastructure and energy structure is less developed. And by the injection of this massive CPEC project, the Pakistani economy will boost up, and the mutual trade between China and Pakistan will be enhanced. GDP growth and welfare position of Pakistan will take more benefit from CPEC than China. Chinese export of non-agricultural products will increase more than the Chinese export of agricultural products. While in the case of Pakistani exports, the situation is the opposite one. Agricultural exports will be increased more than the increase in non-agricultural exports of Pakistan.
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Aubrée, Marion. "Un néo-pentecôtisme brésilien parmi les populations immigrées en Europe de l’Ouest." Anthropologie et Sociétés 27, no. 1 (October 2, 2003): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/007002ar.
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Résumé Le néo-pentecôtisme est l’une des formes récentes d’un type de religiosité néo-évangélique émotionnelle qui s’est développée en Amérique Latine durant tout le XXe siècle. Le Brésil a joué un rôle important dans la dynamique de ce mouvement, et il est le berceau de l’Église Universelle du Royaume de Dieu (Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus) qui est considérée par divers chercheurs comme le paradigme de la transnationalisation du néo-pentecôtisme latino-américain. Fondée à Rio en 1977, l’IURD s’est implantée en Amérique, en Afrique, au Japon et dans plusieurs pays d’Europe de l’Est comme de l’Ouest. Dans cette dernière région, si l’on excepte le Portugal, elle a peu de succès chez les nationaux mais est rejointe en masse par les populations immigrées, en particulier les Portugais et Africains de l’Ouest à Paris, Afro-Caribéens et Pakistanais à Londres. Après avoir présenté les différents éléments qui permettent de définir les catégories de pentecôtisme et néo-pentecôtisme, ce texte présente rapidement quelques cérémonies de l’IURD et analyse les stratégies rituelles spécifiques qui sont utilisées pour recruter des fidèles ainsi que les raisons probables d’une telle expansion pour un univers symbolique relativement différent des traditions culturelles de ses nouveaux adeptes.
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Alam, Khalid Mehmood, Xuemei Li, and Saranjam Baig. "Impact of Transport Cost and Travel Time on Trade under China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (February 25, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7178507.
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China is the second biggest economy in the world and almost 40% of its trade in 2016 is transported through the South China Sea. China needs a small, secure, and low-cost path to trade with Europe and the Middle East and China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a feasible solution to this requirement. This research analyzes the effect of CPEC on trade in terms of transport cost and travel time. In addition, the study compares the existing routes and the new CPEC route. The research methodology consists of qualitative and descriptive statistical methods. The variables (transport cost and travel time) are calculated and compared for both the existing route and new CPEC route. The results show that transport cost for 40-foot container between Kashgar and destination ports in the Middle East is decreased by about $1450 dollars and for destination ports in Europe is decreased by $1350 dollars. Additionally, travel time is decreased by 21 to 24 days for destination ports in the Middle East and 21 days for destination ports in Europe. The distance from Kashgar to destination ports in the Middle East and Europe is decreased by 11,000 to 13,000 km.
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Quednau, F. W., and G. Remaudière. "LE GENRE MYZOCALLIS PASSERINI, 1860: CLASSIFICATION MONDIALE DES SOUS-GENRES ET NOUVELLES ESPÈCES PALÉARCTIQUES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 2 (April 1994): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent126303-2.
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AbstractIn the scope of a worldwide revision of the genus Myzocallis, a key of the following subgenera is presented: Agrioaphis Walker (type: Aphis myricae Kaltenbach), Californicallis subg.nov. (type: Myzocallis agrifolicola Richards), Castaneomyzocallis Quednau and Remaudière (type: Aphis castaneae Fitch), Globulicaudaphis Hille Ris Lambers (type: G. pakistanica H.R.L.), Lineomyzocallis Richards (type: Aphis bella Walsh), Myzocallis s.str. (type: Aphis coryli Goeze), Neodryomyzus subg.nov. (type: Myzocallis polychaetus David), Neomyzocallis Richards (type: Callipterus punctatus Monell), Paramyzocallis subg.nov. (type: Myzocallis tenochca Remaudière and Quednau), and Pasekia Aizenberg (type: Hoplocallis komareki Pasek). Four new species of Myzocallis living on various species of Quercus in southern Europe, Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan are described: M. (Neodryomyzus) naumanni sp.nov., M. (Pasekia) mediterraneus sp.nov., M. (P.) persicus sp.nov., and M. (P.) tauricus sp.nov., and a new subspecies, M. (Agrioaphis) castanicola leclanti ssp.nov., host-specific to Castanea in southern Europe. Keys are given for the species belonging to the palaearctic subgenera of Myzocallis.
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Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Anjum Shehzad, Urmila Dyola, Muhammad Qasim, Noor Fatima, and Zershina Maryam. "Two species of the hoverfly genus Eumerus Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae) new record for Pakistan." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 (November 1, 2022): e202262067. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.067.
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An updated checklist of the genus Eumerus Meigen, 1822 is presented from Pakistan along with two new country records, i.e., Eumerus vestitus Bezzi, 1912 and Eumerus sogdianus Stackelberg, 1952. Eumerus sogdianus is native to Central and Southern Europe, but recorded from east to Central and Southern Asia, and Eumerus vestitus is native to the Afrotropical region, but recently also recorded from India. Both species are collected from northern areas of Pakistan – the extreme edge of the western Himalayas, where a significant diversity of hoverflies has been reported in recent studies. A brief diagnosis, identification key, and a taxonomic remark on known Pakistani Eumerus species are presented. A distribution map and detailed photographs of the newly recorded species are also presented.
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Neofotistos, Vasiliki. "Going Home to Pakistan: Identity and Its Discontents in Southeastern Europe." Identities 18, no. 4 (July 2011): 291–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1070289x.2011.654102.
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Rytter, Mikkel. "Familielivets skyggesider: Religiøs genforhandling af transnationale steder og relationer." Tidsskrift for Islamforskning 6, no. 1 (February 4, 2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/tifo.v6i1.25308.
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This article discusses how and why some Pakistani migrants after forty years in Denmark experience various kinds of occult attacks, such as kala jaddu (sorcery), supposedly perpetrated by relatives in Pakistan who envy their success and prosperity. The emerging suspicions of occult intervention add transcendental qualities to the existing transnational social field stretched out between Pakistan and Denmark /Europe. The article suggests that the combination of distinct social mobility, on-going intergenerational negotiations of what it means to be and do family, along with the massive securitization of Muslim immigrants after 11 September 2001 have created a fertile ground for suspicions and conspiracies of occult attacks within and between migrant families. Finally, the article urges researchers of Islam to pay more attention to how religious technologies and imaginaries are used (and abused) to organise and reorganise family life and kinship networks.
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Zingel, Wolfgang-Peter. "Consumer Subsidies in Pakistan and other South Asian Countries." Pakistan Development Review 25, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 707–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v25i4pp.707-729.
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Consumer subsidies have been playing an increasing role in Pakistan since Independence. Largely as left-over economic controls of World War II, a number of sophisticated instruments! have been applied with different objectives at different times, surprisingly similar to those applied in Europe. It is interesting to see how South Asian countries, with their common colonial heritage of food administration and agricultural market and price regulations, developed different approaches after Independence, and to analyse the extent to which these can be explained by their different resource endowments and political ambitions and objectives.
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Sathar, Zeba A., and M. Framurz Khan Kiani. "Some Consequences of Rising Age at Marriage in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.541-556.
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Nuptiality changes have been at the core of demographic transitions in Europe and in several Asian societies [Caldwell (1993)]. Delayed marriages have been seen as precursors of fertility change in most societies. They underlie changes in family formation patterns and living arrangements, which ultimately are the bases of demographic transition. The concomitants of profound changes in marriage behaviour are worth studying because of their impact on demographic outcomes such as the population growth rate and fertility. Moreover, they are also strongly connected to the role and status of women, family living arrangements and power structures.
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Younis, Shoaib, Saubia Ramzan, and Nagina Gul. "Assessing the Impact of Vocational and Technical Education (VTE) for Human Capital Development in Balochistan." Global Social Sciences Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(v-iii).24.
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Technical Vocational Education and Training Program, also known as TVET, is broadly recognized as one of the most prominent disciplines in the education system. Technical education, as included in Pakistan's national education policy, is concerned with the quality technological human capital leading to a national pool of skilled and self-reliant artisans, technicians and technologists in the fields of vocational and technical education. The descriptive research design was used, and a total of 625 students and 137 TVET institutes of Balochistan participated in the study. The instrument for data collection was an adopted, and amended questionnaire based on study constructs, and data were collected by the researchers. Opportunities lie in the emerging demand for skills in CPEC projects, global markets of Europe, the Middle East and neighboring Gulf states for conventional work and profits, national skills requirements, human capital optimization through workforce skills development, provincial incorporation of skills in major projects.
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Korybko, Andrew, and Vladimir Morozov. "Pakistan’s Role In Russia’s Greater Eurasian Partnership." Полис. Политические исследования, no. 3 (2020): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2020.03.02.
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Connectivity is one of the key trends of the 21st century, which Russia is fully embracing with its Greater Eurasian Partnership (GEP) in order to counteract the chaotic processes unleashed throughout the course of the ongoing systemic transition from unipolarity to multipolarity. This outlook sets forth the grand strategic task of integrating with some of the former countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union through the Russian-led Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and then further afield with the other regions of Eurasia in order to benefit from the growing cross-supercontinental trade between Europe and Asia. President Putin declared during the second Belt & Road Initiative (BRI) Forum in April 2019 that this Chinese-led project “rimes with Russia’s idea to establish a Greater Eurasian Partnership” and that “The five EAEU member states have unanimously supported the idea of pairing the EAEU development and the Chinese Silk Road Economic Belt project”. It naturally follows that the pairing of the EAEU with BRI would involve Russia improving its connectivity with the latter’s flagship project of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in South Asia, thereby endowing Pakistan with an important role in the GEP. The rapidly improving relations between Moscow and Islamabad, as well as the peacemaking efforts undertaken by those two states and other stakeholders in Afghanistan across 2019, raise the prospect of a future trade corridor traversing through the countries between them and thus creating a new axis of Eurasian integration that would complete the first envisaged step of bringing the EAEU and BRI closer together. In pursuit of this multilaterally beneficial outcome, it’s important to explain the policymaking and academic bases behind it so as to prove the viability of this proposal.
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Farrell, Derek, Paul Keenan, Lorraine Knibbs, and Carolyn Hicks. "A Q-Methodology Evaluation of an EMDR Europe HAP Facilitators Training in Pakistan." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 7, no. 4 (2013): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.7.4.174.
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This article is an evaluation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) Europe Humanitarian Assistance Program (HAP) facilitators’ training in Pakistan based on a project set up in the aftermath of the 2005 earthquake. Q-methodology was the method of choice for this research because it permits the systematic study of subjective experiences by combining the richness of qualitative protocols with the rigors of quantitative ones. Research participants were 6 recently trained EMDR Pakistan consultants and facilitators, of which 5 were consultant psychiatrists and 1 was a general practitioner (GP)/psychologist. The Q concourse addressed issues such as EMDR clinical practice, cultural application of EMDR in Pakistan, EMDR research and development, and their experiences of their EMDR-HAP training. Results highlighted issues around professional role and application of EMDR, the teaching and learning experience of EMDR, clinical supervision, the importance of the therapeutic relationship, and the cultural sensitivity and application of EMDR in Pakistan. The article also considers how the EMDR-HAP training program could be improved in Pakistan.
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Llewellyn, Cheryl. "Book Review: Masculinity, Sexuality and Illegal Migration: Human Smuggling from Pakistan to Europe." Men and Masculinities 16, no. 3 (May 7, 2013): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x13487910.
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NOWROUZIAN, F., A. E. WOLD, and I. ADLERBERTH. "P fimbriae and aerobactin as intestinal colonization factors for Escherichia coli in Pakistani infants." Epidemiology and Infection 126, no. 1 (February 2001): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880100512x.
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The carriage rate of a range of virulence genes was compared between resident and transient Escherichia coli strains obtained from the rectal flora of 22 home-delivered Pakistani infants 0–6 months old. Genes for the following virulence factors were assessed using multiplex PCR: P, type 1 and S fimbriae, three P fimbrial adhesin varieties, Dr haemagglutinin, K1 and K5 capsule, haemolysin and aerobactin. The E. coli strains examined here differed from those previously obtained from hosts in Western Europe in a lower prevalence of genes for P, S and type 1 fimbriae, K1 capsule and haemolysin. Nevertheless, genes for P fimbriae, the class II variety of papG adhesin, and aerobactin were significantly more common among resident than transient strains, as previously observed in a Swedish study. The results suggest that P fimbriae and aerobactin, previously implicated as virulence factors for urinary tract infection, might contribute to persistence of E. coli in the normal intestinal microflora.
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Satiiar, Zeba A. "Child Survival and Changing Fertility Patterns in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (December 1, 1992): 699–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.699-713.
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Most earlier research, based on the theory of the demographic transition, focused on the association between mortality decline as a precedent to fertility decline. Whereas most of Europe experienced declines in mortality prior to fertility declines, even there the evidence is not conclusive that declines in mortality always preceded changes in fertility [Knodel and Van de Walle (1979)]. In most Asian countries which have experienced demographic transitions in the recent past mortality and fertility have declined in close succession. The position being taken here is that in certain settings substantial fertility declines, or at least an alteration in fertility patterns, may be a prerequisite to substantial declines in child mortality. The association between fertility patterns and child survival is to be investigated with a view to analysing the likely effects of changes in fertility patterns on chances of child survival.
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Ahmad, Mahvish, and Rabia Mehmood. "Surveillance, Authoritarianism and ‘Imperial Effects’ in Pakistan." Surveillance & Society 15, no. 3/4 (August 9, 2017): 506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v15i3/4.6721.
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To speak of ‘Surveillance and the Global Turn to Authoritarianism’ presupposes a moment with little connection to that which has gone before, or places outside of North America and Europe. While Trump and Brexit inaugurate a consequential shift, even rupture, in the political terrain, we must not lose sight of places and peoples where American Wars – with European support – were overtly and covertly waged in the decades preceding this ‘global turn’, nor the fate of these places today. We argue that the sustained transfer of sophisticated surveillance technologies, as part and parcel of both direct military assault and more expansive support for security states, has had lasting imperial effects outside imperial centres that reverberate today. We take our point of departure in Pakistan – the site of hundreds of drone bombardments under Obama, one of the top recipients of US military aid, and the largest known recipient of funding from the National Security Agency (NSA) – to argue that ’global turns’ must not forget the rest of the world, and Surveillance Studies may have far to go before it fully addresses its Eurocentrism.
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Muhammad Zahid Ullah Khan and Minhas Majeed Khan. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Opportunities and Challenges." Strategic Studies 39, no. 2 (July 25, 2019): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.039.02.00112.
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The paper discusses salient features of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and attempts to analyse the opportunities and challenges coming along its way. This research highlights the importance of the CPEC in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and focuses on the strategic importance of Gwadar port as well as the significance of the CPEC for both China and Pakistan that is providing the shortest connectivity to China with Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and onward to Europe. Moreover, it emphasises on how distance will be shorten for oil transportation from Gulf to China and will enable Beijing to play an important role as a major import and export corridor in the world. It also addresses the question about the trade deficit between China and Pakistan and highlights that the CPEC will also boost the bilateral trade. Furthermore, the study discusses different segments of the construction and prospects of the CPEC and questions the threat perception for the game changer project ─ the CPEC and how Pakistan can tackle these threats.
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Gholizadeh, Ali, Seyedashkan Madani, and Saba Saneinia. "A geoeconomic and geopolitical review of Gwadar Port on belt and road initiative." Maritime Business Review 5, no. 4 (April 29, 2020): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-11-2019-0051.
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Purpose By combining geopolitical and economic factors and from a geoeconomic perspective, the importance of Gwadar to China and Pakistan is discussed in detail. By applying geoeconomic approach and based on the historical approach, geographical and geopolitical conditions and international development trends of Gwadar port, the authors develop the analytical framework to analyze the Gwadar port and studied its importance in the development of China and Pakistan, as well as the positive influence on the economic growth of both countries. Design/methodology/approach A geoeconomic study is done to run a more profound and more comprehensive analysis of China–Pakistan economic relationship, as geoeconomic includes interrelations of geographical, geopolitical and economic factors in international relations. Findings The results show that Gwadar Port's development could enhance the economic security of both China and Pakistan. With the opening of Gwadar Port, oil and energy in the Middle East will be imported directly to China through Pakistan's oil pipeline. This is not only oil but also goods from Central Asia, and even Europe and the USA will land from Gwadar Port and enter China through the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The development of Gwadar port under the CPEC program could also dramatically increase the capacity of Pakistan's maritime trade while reducing its dependence on the current largest port, Karachi, near the India border. Originality/value Geo-economics theory is used to run a more profound and more comprehensive analysis of China–Pakistan economic relationship as geoeconomic includes interrelations of geographical, location, geopolitical and economic factors in international relations. By combining geopolitical and economic factors and from a geoeconomic perspective, this study seeks to analyze the Gwadar port development and its implications for both China and Pakistan.
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Fatima, Maham, Kamran Habib, Paweł Czarnota, and Abdul Nasir Khalid. "Two new Bacidina species (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) from Pakistan." Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 58 (December 17, 2020): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/fce.2021.58.03.
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Bacidina margallensis and B. iqbalii from Pakistan are described and illustrated. Phylogeny of ITS nrDNA region confirms their position within the genus Bacidina, and morphological data make them distinct from other known species of the genus. Based on molecular data, corticolous Bacidina margallensis appears to be a sister species to B. chloroticula, but morphologically, when dry, is the most similar to known from Europe B. mendax because of the granular and warted greenish grey thallus, whitish-cream to dark brown and often piebald apothecia. It differs from that species by shorter, wider and less septate ascospores; 1–3-septate in B. margallensis vs 3–5(6)-septate in B. mendax, and by unusual parrot-green colour of wet thallus. Saxicolous Bacidina iqbalii is closely related to B. neosquamulosa but differs in having crustaceous thallus, transculent when wet entirely pale apothecia, larger asci and less septate large ascospores.
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Hamid, Naved, and Azka Sarosh Mir. "Exchange Rate Management and Economic Growth: A Brewing Crisis in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 22, Special Edition (September 1, 2017): 73–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2017.v22.isp.a4.
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In this article it is argued that Pakistan has had a consistently overvalued exchange rate and the policy with regards to management of the exchange rate has undergone a significant change in recent years. We show that prior to March 2013, the policy target of the exchange management was stability of the real effective exchange rate. However, during the tenure of the current government, the policy target for exchange rate management seems to have been stability of the nominal exchange rate against the US dollar. As the currencies of Pakistan’s major trading partners (UK, Europe and China) have depreciated against the dollar during this period, the real effective exchange rate has appreciated by over 20 percent since the time that the current policy makers took office. Overvaluation in general and the recent reversal in the exchange rate management policy in particular have had an adverse impact on exports and the manufacturing sector. This not only has serious negative consequences for the long term, growth of the economy, but has greatly increased the short-term risk of a balance of payments crisis.
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Kalybekova, Zh T. "ALLELIC DIVERSITY OF GENES CONTROLLING RESPONSES TO VERNALIZATION AND PHOTOPERIOD AMONG SPRING BREAD WHEAT VARIETIES OF DIVERSE GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 180, no. 4 (January 8, 2020): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2019-4-177-185.
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Spring bread wheat is the most important cereal crop, cultivated under various climatic conditions and on different latitudes. Modern molecular genetic studies of wheat are aimed at investigating the crop’s genetic potential. By now, molecular markers have been developed to identify alleles of the Vrn (vernalization response) and Ppd (photoperiod response) genes. Vrn genes are responsible for crop development rate regulation and crop yield structure. Ppd genes determine the response of plants to the length of the day, that is, the timing of flowering and the beginning of heading in plants under different cultivation conditions. The use of diagnostic DNA markers made it possible to analyze the presence of allelic combinations of the Vrn and Ppd genes in local and commercial wheat varieties from Europe, Asia, North and South Americas, Africa and Australia. This review summarizes the results of studies on the distribution of alleles of Vrn and Ppd genes in wheat breeding material over different geographical areas of its cultivation. For example, the dominant Vrn-A1a allele was found in 62% of European varieties; 52% of the studied Turkish wheat varieties carried dominant Vrn-B1 alleles. A dominant Vrn-D1 was found in 61% of Pakistani wheat accessions. Vrn-D1 is present in 41.9% of the studied varieties of Chinese wheat. Higher incidence of Ppd-D1A is typical for West European varieties. A Ppd-D1a allele was found in 58.6% of varieties preserved in the Turkish wheat collection, with a 60% frequency of this allele in commercial cultivars. Among local Afghan varieties, 97% are sensitive to photoperiod (carriers of Ppd-D1b); they are distributed throughout the country without much dependence on agroecological zones. All Pakistani varieties are insensitive to photoperiod (carriers of Ppd-D1a). In China, the highest incidence of the Ppd-D1a allele was observed in zone VII (87.5% of varieties).
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Hassan, Tariq, Asad Tamizuddin Nizami, and M. Selim Asmer. "Forensic psychiatric service provision in Pakistan and its challenges." BJPsych. International 14, no. 2 (May 2017): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s205647400000177x.
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In the Islamic Republic of Pakistan the law relating to people who are mentally ill, until 2001, was set out by the Lunacy Act of 1912, which was inherited from the British colonial occupiers. In 2001 the Mental Health Ordinance 2001 took its place but only for this federal law to be superseded in April 2010 with the 18th constitutional amendment. As part of that amendment, provinces have become responsible for (psychiatric) healthcare, including mental health legislation. Forensic psychiatry is practised in Pakistan but is very much in its infancy; it needs to develop and learn from more experienced countries in Europe and North America. Cultural factors and misconceptions arising from religion can at times contribute to, or create, barriers to the implementation of forensic psychiatric services in Pakistan. This paper reviews the current state of forensic psychiatric services in Pakistan and is intended to open the debate on the challenges ahead.
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Jan, Asad, Ather Elahi, and M. A. Zahid. "Managing Foreign Exchange Inflows: An Analysis of Sterilisation in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (December 1, 2005): 777–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.777-792.
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A number of developing countries from Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe have experienced surge in capital inflows during recent years.1 These inflows have potential effects on macroeconomic stability; export competitiveness, and inflation. If not properly managed, these inflows can induce appreciation of local currency leading to serious repercussions for the rest of the economy. Under these conditions, the proactive role of monetary authorities in the management of capital inflows was highly desirable, wherein they intervened in the domestic exchange market in order to contain volatility in exchange rate besides accumulation of foreign exchange reserves. The main instruments available to deal with the possible effects of large capital inflows include sterilised intervention, fiscal tightening, trade and exchange liberalisation including easing controls on capital outflows. The foreign exchange interventions are typically accompanied by active sterilisation policy to keep inflation under control.
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Naz, Asmat. "China-pakistan Relations and Regional Development in the Context of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v4i2.497.
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Pakistan and China as all weather strategic partners have a history of glorious friendly relations. Both countries always try to make strong these relations through different geo-political, strategic and economic projects/agreements. The Pak-China Economic Corridor (CPEC) is also a key to make strong economic relations of both countries. It is considered to be an extension of China’s proposed 21st century Silk Road initiative and considered a centre for their relations. It is a huge project under construction that will undertake the construction of highway and railway links running through the areas from Gwadar in Baluchistan and culminating in Kashgar in western China, while passing through the regions of Baluchistan, Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and Gilgit-Baltistan (Khunjrab Pass) and run through most vital geostrategic locations. It will connect Pakistan with China and the Central Asian countries by the highway connecting Kashgar to Khunjrab and Gwadar. The CPEC is of high significance, as it making this region more economically viable, stable and sustainable. It is also one of many mega projects planned by China in Central, South and South East Asia for expanding its political and economic influence to counter the US influence in the region. China has made an attempt to fulfill multiple interests of its own by the financial investments in region on CPEC. It shall act as a trade bridge between China, Middle East and Europe through Pakistan and proved a source of economic benefits. The paper through the empirical and inductive research approach tries to identify the China-Pakistan relations and the regional development by the construction of CPEC. In this paper makes consideration of the main traits of the CPEC on both regions. It also emphasizes on the impacts on the economic situation of Pakistan at regional and global levels as well.
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Al-Hamidhi, Salama, Asia Parveen, Furhan Iqbal, Muhammad Asif, Naheed Akhtar, Elshafie I. Elshafie, Albano Beja-Pereira, and Hamza A. Babiker. "Diversity and Genetic Structure of Theileria annulata in Pakistan and Other Endemic Sites." Pathogens 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030334.
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Background: Theileria annulata is a tick-borne protozoan parasite responsible for bovine theileriosis, a disease that impacts cattle population in many developing countries. Development and deployment of effective control strategies, based on vaccine or therapy, should consider the extent of diversity of the parasite and its population structure in different endemic areas. In this study, we examined T. annulata in Pakistan and carried out a comparative analysis with similar data garneted in other areas, to provide further information on the level of parasite diversity and parasite genetic structure in different endemic areas. Methods: The present study examined a set of 10 microsatellites/minisatellites and analyzed the genetic structure of T. annulata in cattle breeds from Pakistan (Indian sub-continent) and compared these with those in Oman (Middle East), Tunisia (Africa), and Turkey (Europe). Result: A high level of genetic diversity was observed among T. annulata detected in cattle from Pakistan, comparable to that in Oman, Tunisia, and Turkey. The genotypes of T. annulata in these four countries form genetically distinct groups that are geographically sub-structured. The T. annulata population in Oman overlapped with that in the Indian Subcontinent (Pakistan) and that in Africa (Tunisia). Conclusions: The T. annulata parasite in Pakistan is highly diverse, and genetically differentiated. This pattern accords well and complements that seen among T. annulata representing the global endemic site. The parasite population in the Arabian Peninsula overlapped with that in the Indian-Subcontinent (India) and that in Africa (Tunisia), which shared some genotypes with that in the Near East and Europe (Turkey). This suggests some level of parasite gene flow, indicative of limited movement between neighboring countries.
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Yousaf, Areeba, Nerum Tasneem, Aqsa Mustafa, Ramsh Fatima, N. Nabia, Raza Ahmad Khan, Hafiz Abdulbasit, et al. "Gastric Cancer Associated Risk Factors and Prevalence in Pakistan." ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering 1, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ajse.v1i2.41124.
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Gastric cancer (GC) is the most lethal disease of all cancer types. In the last three decades, it has become the most common reason for death among all cancer types. Gastric cancer is at the fourth number in all over the world and annually 8,00,000 deaths are reported. Female gastric cancer has been increased in the last 5 years. Unexpected diversity has been noted in GC spreaders in the whole world. Eastern Europe, China, and South America are the major regions of Gastric cancer prevalence. Its main sources are correlated with 2 agents, dietary intake and Helicobacter pylori infection. Although in south Asia occurrence of H. Pylori is high but less prevalence risk. The sole methods to minimize the prevalence of gastric cancer include elimination of Pylori, standard hygienic condition, proper diet, and improved living standards. One of the most common and complicated factors of gastric cancer is infection with Pylori. The main intention of this article is to elaborate the concerned review of GC and up-to-date information about its occurrence moreover its risk aspects in Pakistan.
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Ahmad, Muhammad Shakeel. "CPEC and Politics of Infrastructural Development." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. IV (December 30, 2018): 662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-iv).45.
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China-Pakistan's economic corridor provides a strategic link to Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI) and its global outreach. The infrastructural connectivity between China and Pakistan is primarily focused on the trade route to get access in the markets of theMiddle East, Europe, and Africa. In the context of CPEC,what does infrastructure mean? What does it reflect/represent? And to whom is it? Are the major questions that have been explored in this paper.Infrastructural development encompasses a holistic social sphere that relates to physical and institutional structures. It also facilitates the flow of commodities, including capita land sources of production. After the 9/11 incident, Pakistan became a front line state against the war on terror; then, its internal and external factors compelled Pakistan towards Chinese-led infrastructural development to consolidate State power. This paper is an attempt to explore the politics of infrastructure development in the context of CPEC. The findings are based on empirical evidence with strong insights from a theoretical framework. Positivist, post positivist, and critical approaches have been used to explore the relationship between CPEC and the politics of infrastructural development.
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Mubashra Shaheen and Munawar Hussain Panhwar. "BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE." Asia-Pacific - Annual Research Journal of Far East & South East Asia 39 (January 20, 2022): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol39.iss0.4369.
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Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is primarily aimed at strategic interconnectedness of Asia, Europe and Africa and regional economic connectivity in South Asia, East, West and Central Asia by maintaining connection among partner countries in highly interconnected globalised World. Pakistan’s integration into BRI through CPEC can play a vital role in terms of regional economic and political development encompassing variety of opportunities for Pakistan. This Chinese initiative will diffuse geopolitical rivalries, giving leverage to geo-economics over geo-politics in South Asian region. BRI also poses multiple and critical geo-strategic challenges for the region especially for Pakistan. The objectives of the study are to explore the possible outcomes of Belt and Road Initiative, Prospects of regional economic developments, Challenges and Opportunities for the region especially for Pakistan. The study brings out the emerging trends concerning primacy of the geo-economics over geopolitics albeit in the nascent stage amid CPEC. The challenges likely to be faced by Pakistan by these developments would equally present numerous opportunities. These, if capitalised through prudent policies and execution would enhance strategic relevance of Pakistan among comity of nations. The paper attempts to proffer relevant policy level recommendations for the implementation.
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García, María Isabel Maldonado. "Politics of Immigration and Language: The Case of Pakistani Residents in Spain." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 3 (February 5, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n3p36.
Full textAbstract:
The new Spanish nationality law requires a certain level of Spanish language proficiency for the application of Spanish nationality. The law, which is on the Official State Bulletin (BOE-Boletin Oficial del Estado) N. 167, Section I, Page 58, 149 and which was drafted on the 14th of July, 2015, came in effect on the 15th of October, 2015. The new regulation outlined the new requirements for the immigrants to be able to become Spanish citizens. The law was mainly targeted towards the descendants of those Jewish people who were thrown out of Spain in 1492 in an effort of the Spanish government to normalize relations. Nevertheless, all new applicants are somehow affected by it since a minimum knowledge of Spanish language is required, (level DELE A2 according to the Common European Framework of Reference for languages (CEF; Council of Europe, 2001 & Little (2005)) and a certain cultural and constitutional knowledge as well, to be measured by additionally passing the CCSE exam. These exams, according to the law, are to be administered by Instituto Cervantes, the official Institute of Spanish language of the Government of Spain. This paper aims to study the repercussions and new effects the law is having on the Pakistan Instituto Cervantes Examination Center in terms of enrollments as well as the effects on a specific group of immigrants themselves; the immigrants from Pakistan.