Journal articles: 'Pakistan Earthquake'

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Siddique, Muhammad Shahid, and Jochen Schwarz. "Elaboration of Multi-Hazard Zoning and Qualitative Risk Maps of Pakistan." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 3 (August 2015): 1371–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/042913eqs114m.

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Pakistan is situated in one of the highest seismic zones of the world, with the 1935 Quetta earthquake and the 2005 Kashmir earthquake as the most devastating earthquakes in the country. Pakistan has also recently suffered from severe flood events, in 2010 to 2012. Recent experiences in the above-mentioned events emphasize the need for a multi-hazard approach to assess the vulnerability of typical building types in Pakistan. The multi-hazard map is classified into four hazard-dominated areas: earthquake-, flood-, combined-, and no hazard–dominated areas in Pakistan. The distribution of the typical building types of Pakistan is globalized in terms of few, many, and most ranges to make a regional map of Pakistan. This map shows seven regions all over Pakistan, indicating the groups with certain predominant building types in each region. A multi-hazard risk map of Pakistan is the final outcome of the study.

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Martone, Gerald. "Earthquake Relief in Pakistan." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 106, no. 5 (May 2006): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200605000-00023.

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Sullivan, Kevin M., and S. M. Moazzem Hossain. "Earthquake mortality in Pakistan." Disasters 34, no. 1 (November 27, 2009): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2009.01121.x.

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Naseer, Amjad, Akhtar Naeem Khan, Zakir Hussain, and Qaisar Ali. "Observed Seismic Behavior of Buildings in Northern Pakistan during the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 26, no. 2 (May 2010): 425–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3383119.

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Recent earthquakes in Pakistan demonstrated that the region is highly seismic. Masonry buildings constructed with stones, concrete blocks, and fired-clay bricks and concrete buildings were damaged during the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake. This paper presents the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings in northern part of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Kashmir during the earthquake. Most of the buildings were observed to be nonengineered or semi-engineered. The paper presents an overview of the 1937 Quetta building code and the 1986 and 2007 building codes of Pakistan. Lessons learned during the earthquake are also presented.

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Abid, Muhammad, Haytham F. Isleem, Khan Shahzada, Afed Ullah Khan, Muhammad Kamal Shah, Salman Saeed, and Fahid Aslam. "Seismic Hazard Assessment of Shigo Kas Hydro-Power Project (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)." Buildings 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080349.

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In this paper, a seismic hazard assessment (SHA) of the Shigo Kas hydropower project has been performed by deterministic and probabilistic approaches. The previously developed MATLAB-based code has been used for deterministic SHA, incorporating local site effects through deep soil analysis. On the other hand, for probabilistic SHA, CRISIS 2007 has been used through diffuse areal source zones. The latest updated earthquake instrumental and historical catalogs have been developed. Based on the recommendations of the International Commission on Large Dams, peak ground acceleration (PGA) values for the maximum credible earthquake (MCE), safety evaluation earthquake (SEE), design basis earthquake (DBE) and operating basis earthquake (OBE) have been assessed, which are 0.50 g, 0.68 g, 0.35 g and 0.24 g, respectively, at the intake location, and 0.50 g, 0.61 g, 0.30 g and 0.22 g, respectively, at the powerhouse location. Hazard maps have been developed for scenario-based earthquakes (MCE) and for the peak ground acceleration of 145-, 475- and 2500-year return periods. The de-aggregation process has evaluated the combined effects of magnitude and distance. At a distance of 30 to 70 km from the earthquake source, earthquakes of magnitude 5 Mw to 5.6 Mw and 5.9 Mw to 6.5 Mw are more hazardous for the current project.

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Sarwar, Farhana, Saleem Iqbal, Muhammad Qaisar, Abdul Rehman, Faiza Akhtar, and Syed Mohsin Raza. "Earthquake Statistics and Earthquake Research Studies in Pakistan." Open Journal of Earthquake Research 05, no. 02 (2016): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojer.2016.52007.

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Bilham, Roger, Najeeb Ullah Kakar, Din Mohammad Kakar, Kang Wang, Roland Bürgmann, and William D. Barnhart. "The 1892 Chaman, Pakistan, Earthquake." Seismological Research Letters 90, no. 6 (September 25, 2019): 2293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190148.

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ABSTRACT The >1000‐km‐long transform fault defining the continental western boundary of the Indian plate (Fig. 1) is named after the town of Old Chaman (30.85° N, 66.52° E) that was damaged by an 6.5<Mw<6.7 earthquake there in 1892 (Griesbach, 1893). We quantify slip and afterslip in the 1892 earthquake from historical reports of rail offsets and rotation, and estimate rupture length from survey reports. We estimate that total slip exceeded 1 m, similar to the current potential slip deficit now prevailing on the fault derived from recent Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Positioning System studies. As a consequence, a recurrence of the 1892 earthquake could soon occur. In 1892, the population of Chaman numbered less than 1000. The present population of Chaman and nearby villages exceeds 0.5 million.

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Mughal, Assad. "Pakistan earthquake: a doctor's diary." BMJ 333, no. 7560 (July 22, 2006): s40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.333.7560.s40.

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Kumar, Mohi. "Major earthquake shakes northern Pakistan." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 86, no. 42 (2005): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005eo420005.

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Reitherman, Robert. "Earthquakes that have initiated the development of earthquake engineering." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 39, no. 3 (September 30, 2006): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.39.3.145-157.

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The recent 75th anniversary of the 1931 Hawke’s Bay Earthquake reminds us that a particular earthquake can have a great effect on the development of engineering methods to contend with this natural hazard. Factors other than the occurrence of a single earthquake are also present before and after such a historically important event, and there are examples of countries that began on the path toward modern earthquake engineering in the absence of any particular earthquake playing an important causal role. An earthquake that was large in seismological (e.g. magnitude) or engineering (e.g. destructiveness) measures may have had little effect on engineering tools developed to contend with the earthquake problem. The history of earthquake engineering is not merely a set of events rigidly tied to a chronology of major earthquakes. Nonetheless, some significant earthquakes have been step function events on the graph of long-term progress in earthquake engineering. Only earthquakes that bring together several prerequisites have had such historic effects, creating in a country a beachhead for earthquake engineering that persisted in the following decades. In this brief historical review, the following seminal earthquakes are discussed: 1906 Northern California, United States; 1908 Reggio-Messina, Italy; 1923 Kanto, Japan; 1931 Mach and 1935 Quetta, India-Pakistan; 1931 Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand.

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Mumtaz, Hamid, S. Habib Mughal, Maggie Stephenson, and Jitendra K. Bothara. "The challenges of reconstruction after the October 2005 Kashmir earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 41, no. 2 (June 30, 2008): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.41.2.68-82.

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The 8th October 2005 Kashmir Earthquake was one the largest earthquakes in Northern Pakistan in its recorded history. It caused an unprecedented level of damage and destruction in Pakistan Administered Kashmir (PAK) and the North Western Frontier Province (NWFP). It damaged or collapsed more than 0.6 million buildings - leaving 3.5 million people shelter less as winter approached. A large part of the earthquake-affected area is difficult to access and highly snow-prone, with rugged terrain and scattered settlements. It posed unique challenges and efforts on a massive-scale for reconstruction. For residential buildings, the Pakistan government adopted a house-owner driven approach. The reconstruction policy stated that the government and other agencies would provide equal technical assistance and subsidy to each family, without differentiating between who lost what. To increase capacity in earthquake-resistant construction, large-scale training of artisans, technicians, engineers, and community mobilisers has been conducted. Campaigns to “build back better” have raised awareness in the communities. Local Housing Reconstruction Centres have been established for training, advice, and dissemination of earthquake-resistant technology. This decentralised approach has helped in achieving reconstruction smoothly. This paper will present the authors’ first-hand experience in the reconstruction effort, and the opportunities and unique challenges faced.

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Ahmad, Junaid, Mokbul Morshed Ahmad, and Elena Espigares Rodríguez. "Earthquake-Induced Injuries: Retrospective Epidemiological Analysis of the 2015 Hindu Kush Earthquake in Pakistan." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 13, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.134.

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ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze retrospectively the earthquake-induced injuries caused by the October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake in Pakistan. This is the first population-based study to assess epidemiologically earthquake-induced injuries in the Hindu Kush region, one of the world’s most mountainous and seismically active regions. Unfortunately, only limited studies have investigated the earthquake-induced injuries and deaths in the region epidemiologically.MethodsThe 5 worst affected districts were selected according to the highest number of deaths and injuries recorded. A total of 1,790 injuries and 232 deaths were reported after the 2015 earthquake. In our study area, 391 persons were recorded and verified to have been injured as a result of the earthquake. We attempted to investigate all of the 391 injured people, but the final study looked at 346 subjects because the remaining 45 subjects could not be traced because of the non-availability of their complete records and their refusal to participate in the study.ResultsUsing the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision (ICD 10), we found that the highest number – 20.23% (70 of 346) – of injuries in the earthquake fall in the class of “Injuries to an unspecified part of trunk, limb, or body region (T08-T14).” The class of “Injuries to knee and lower leg (S80-S89),” which count 15.61% (54 out of 346), followed it, and “Injuries involving multiple body regions (T00-T07)” were making 14.74% of total injuries (51 out of 346).ConclusionIn times of natural disasters like earthquakes, collecting and analyzing real-time data can be challenging. Therefore, a retrospective data analysis of deaths and injuries induced by the earthquake is of high importance. Studies in these emerging domains will be crucial to initiate health policy debates and to prevent and mitigate future injuries and deaths. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;13:732–739).

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Danish, Aamar, Naveed Ahmad, and M. Usama Salim. "Manufacturing and Performance of an Economical 1-D Shake Table." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 9 (September 23, 2019): 2019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091390.

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The researchers and engineers encountered many problems to precisely replicate earthquake waves. Earthquakes are one of the nature's worst catastrophes and are still unpredictable. Statistical research has shown that the earthquakes have increased in frequency in recent years and have become a major concern for the world especially for those countries which are located on the fault lines such as Japan, Bangladesh and Pakistan. So, it was imperative to device a mechanism to check earthquake response and apply some necessary mitigations for the safety of humanity. After many years of research an indispensable testing apparatus was designed named as Shake Table. This apparatus is extensively used in earthquake research centers globally because it is the best available apparatus to replicate the earthquakes imposed dynamic effects on structures. A uni-axial shaking table was designed, manufactured and installed in University of Engineering & Technology Taxila, Pakistan which is operated on 3 HP servo motor coupled with encoder, motion controller and supported on HSB mechanical linear drive. The system was assembled in a simple way with care to endure sufficient replication of given (recorded) motion by shake table system. This paper focuses on the designing, manufacturing and performance of an economical analytical model of 1-D shake table incorporating conjunction of structural dynamics and linear control theory.

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Mehrotra, Sushma. "Humanitarian Projects and Growth of EMDR Therapy in Asia." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 8, no. 4 (2014): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.8.4.252.

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This article focuses on the accomplishments of humanitarian projects in Asia using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. The main thrust of EMDR humanitarian assistance programs has been to train local clinicians to provide EMDR to individuals suffering from the disaster. The article highlights the training projects and the experience of using EMDR therapy after earthquakes in China, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan; after tsunamis in Japan, India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka; and after accidents and terror attacks in Korea and Pakistan. Detailed descriptions are provided about the responses to the 2001 earthquake in Gujarat; the 2004 tsunami in India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka; the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan; the 2008 earthquake in China; and the 2011 tsunami in Japan. In addition, the article discusses how Asian EMDR therapists are working together to provide training, respond to crises, and establish professional standards, so that EMDR therapy can be established in Asia and integrated into regular practice. Further, this article describes the creation of EMDR Asia, which brought several Asian countries together and share the development of EMDR therapy in their countries. The challenges faced by EMDR Asia today are discussed in detail.

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Momeni, Payam, Katsuichiro Goda, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, and Jinhui Qin. "Stochastic Analysis of Tsunami Hazard of the 1945 Makran Subduction Zone Mw 8.1–8.3 Earthquakes." Geosciences 10, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110452.

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Historical records of major earthquakes in the northwestern Indian Ocean along the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) indicate high potential tsunami hazards for coastal regions of Pakistan, Iran, Oman, and western India. There are fast-growing and populous cities and ports that are economically important, such as Chabahar (Iran), Gwadar (Pakistan), Muscat (Oman), and Mumbai (India). In this study, we assess the tsunami hazard of the 1945 MSZ event (fatalities ≈300 people) using stochastic earthquake rupture models of Mw 8.1–8.3 by considering uncertainties related to rupture geometry and slip heterogeneity. To quantify the uncertainty of earthquake source characteristics in tsunami hazard analysis, 1000 stochastic tsunami scenarios are generated via a stochastic source modeling approach. There are main objectives of this study: (1) developing stochastic earthquake slip models for the MSZ, (2) comparing results of the simulation with the existing observations of the 1945 event, and (3) evaluating the effect of uncertain fault geometry and earthquake slip based on simulated near-shore wave profiles. The 1945 Makran earthquake is focused upon by comparing model predictions with existing observations, consisting of far-field tsunami waveforms recorded on tide gauges in Karachi and Mumbai and coseismic deformation along the Pakistani coast. The results identify the source model that matches the existing observations of the 1945 Makran event best among the stochastic sources. The length, width, mean slip, and maximum slip of the identified source model are 270 km, 130 km, 2.9 m, and 19.3 m, respectively. Moreover, the sensitivity of the maximum tsunami heights along the coastline to the location of a large-slip area is highlighted. The maximum heights of the tsunami and coseismic deformation results at Ormara are in the range of 0.3–7.0 m and −2.7 to 1.1 m, respectively, for the 1000 stochastic source models.

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Rafi, Muhammad Masood, Noman Ahmed, and Sarosh Hashmat Lodi. "Sustainable post-earthquake reconstruction in Pakistan." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 170, no. 2 (May 2017): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcien.16.00015.

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KIYOTA, Takashi, Ikuo TOWHATA, Khalid Farooq, and Obaid Hassan Qureshi. "Damage survey report of Pakistan earthquake." Journal of JAEE 6, no. 2 (2006): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5610/jaee.6.2_35.

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Siddiqi, Kamran. "The Pakistan earthquake: a personal experience." Lancet 367, no. 9515 (March 2006): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68423-7.

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Tariq, Nadia, Tamkeen Nishat Jaffry, and Sadaf Khalid. "Earthquake Preparedness in Schools of Islamabad." Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College 8, no. 3 (September 29, 2019): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35787/jimdc.v8i3.398.

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Background: Pakistan is located in the Himalayan region, which has the highest vulnerability to earthquakes. The Islamabad-Rawalpindi area lies in a tectonically active zone, where earthquakes have been frequent in the recent geological past. Earthquake preparedness in schools is relatively under studied area in Pakistan. The objective of this study was to determine the level of preparedness of schools for earthquakes and to compare it between urban and rural, government and private schools in Islamabad Capital Territory. Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional comparative study. The study population was schools of Islamabad Capital Territory. The total sample size was 74 and non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire pretested on 5% of the sample size and respondents were administrative staff of schools. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Data of the categorical variables was presented in the form of frequencies (percentages). Statistical significance of association between school profile and level of preparedness was determined by using bivariate tabular association analysis (Chi square). Results: Out of 74 schools, 61 were private and 14 were government schools. 46 schools were located in urban areas while 28 were in rural area of Islamabad Capital Territory. Out of the total schools, 66.2% had written preparedness plan for earthquake and 73% of the schools had a safety committee to lead disaster response planning. Most of the schools (82.4%) had minimum of two exits in high occupancy rooms. There was significant association of location of school with preparedness plan for earthquake (p=0.009), and type of school with two evacuation drills annually (p=0.03). Conclusion: Private schools and those located in urban areas are better prepared for earthquakes as compared to government schools and the ones located in rural areas.

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Korkmaz, K. A. "Seismic safety assessment of unreinforced masonry low-rise buildings in Pakistan and its neighbourhood." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 3 (June 29, 2009): 1021–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1021-2009.

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Abstract. Pakistan and neighbourhood experience numerous earthquakes, most of which result in damaged or collapsed buildings and loss of life that also affect the economy adversely. On 29 October, 2008, an earthquake of magnitude 6.5 occurred in Ziarat, Quetta Region, Pakistan which was followed by more than 400 aftershocks. Many villages were completely destroyed and more than 200 people died. The previous major earthquake was in 2005, known as the South Asian earthquake (Mw=7.6) occurred in Kashmir, where 80 000 people died. Inadequate building stock is to be blamed for the degree of disaster, as the majority of the buildings in the region are unreinforced masonry low-rise buildings. In this study, seismic vulnerability of regionally common unreinforced masonry low-rise buildings was investigated using probabilistic based seismic safety assessment. The results of the study showed that unreinforced masonry low-rise buildings display higher displacements and shear force. Probability of damage due to higher displacements and shear forces can be directly related to damage or collapse.

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Miller, Andrew C., and Bonnie Arquilla. "Disasters, Women's Health, and Conservative Society: Working in Pakistan with the Turkish Red Crescent following the South Asian Earthquake." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22, no. 4 (August 2007): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00004842.

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AbstractIn recent years, numerous catastrophic disasters caused by natural hazards directed worldwide attention to medical relief efforts. These events included the: (1) 2003 earthquake in Bam, Iran; (2) 2004 earthquake and tsunami in Southeast Asia; (3) Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the southern United States in 2005;(4) 2005 south Asian earthquake; and (5) 2006 Indonesian volcanic eruption and earthquakes. Health disparities experienced by women during relief operations were a component of each of these events. This article focuses on the response of the Turkish Red Crescent Society's field hospital in northern Pakistan following the South Asian Earthquake of October 2005, and discusses how the international community has struggled to address women's health issues during international relief efforts. Furthermore, since many recent disasters occurred in culturally conservative South Asia and the local geologic activity indicates similar disaster-producing events are likely to continue, special emphasis is placed on response efforts. Lessons learned in Pakistan demonstrate how simple adjustments in community outreach, camp geography, staff distribution, and supplies can enhance the quality, delivery, and effectiveness of the care provided to women during international relief efforts.

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Makhdum, M. Akmal, and Afzal Javed. "Earthquake in Pakistan and Kashmir: suggested plan for psychological trauma relief work." International Psychiatry 3, no. 1 (January 2006): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600001466.

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On the morning of 8 October 2005, Pakistan and Pakistani-controlled Kashmir were hit by an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. Within 5 seconds, almost all buildings in two major cities of the north were destroyed: the capital of Pakistani-controlled Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, and Balakot, a picturesque mountain city. This was about 9 a.m. Children were in classrooms and mothers were doing household chores. Many men were in the fields. Therefore, when houses and buildings collapsed, thousands of young children and women were killed, as a result of falling roofs and walls. All government buildings, universities and colleges were destroyed and thousands of students died. In one town there were no children left alive: a generation had been wiped out. In two schools alone people were trying to retrieve 600 bodies of young girls. The earthquake hit hardest in difficult mountainous terrain. Even under normal conditions, four-wheel-drive vehicles are required to travel in this area; after the earthquake, landslides had blocked access to large villages. Many small villages were buried.

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Farooq, Hassan. "Relief Work After the Earthquake in Pakistan: A Pakistani-American Physician's Perspective." Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 19, no. 3 (July 2006): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2006.11928174.

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Avitzur, Orly. "NEUROLOGISTS OFFER AID IN EARTHQUAKE DEVASTATED PAKISTAN." Neurology Today 6, no. 5 (March 2006): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132985-200603070-00007.

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Suhail, Kausar, Farah Malik, Iftikhar Ahmad Mir, Syeda Salma Hasan, Abida Sarwar, and Samra Tanveer. "Psychological Health of Earthquake Survivors in Pakistan." Psychology and Developing Societies 21, no. 2 (July 2009): 183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097133360902100202.

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Ahmad, M. A., S. Z. Naqui, N. Shah, A. Khan, J. M. Alexander-Williams, and A. Jaffery. "The Pakistan earthquake: A British trainee's experience." Injury 37, no. 6 (June 2006): 567–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2006.03.008.

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Barnhart, William D., Gavin P. Hayes, and David J. Wald. "Global Earthquake Response with Imaging Geodesy: Recent Examples from the USGS NEIC." Remote Sensing 11, no. 11 (June 6, 2019): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111357.

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The U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center leads real-time efforts to provide rapid and accurate assessments of the impacts of global earthquakes, including estimates of ground shaking, ground failure, and the resulting human impacts. These efforts primarily rely on analysis of the seismic wavefield to characterize the source of the earthquake, which in turn informs a suite of disaster response products such as ShakeMap and PAGER. In recent years, the proliferation of rapidly acquired and openly available in-situ and remotely sensed geodetic observations has opened new avenues for responding to earthquakes around the world in the days following significant events. Geodetic observations, particularly from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and satellite optical imagery, provide a means to robustly constrain the dimensions and spatial complexity of earthquakes beyond what is typically possible with seismic observations alone. Here, we document recent cases where geodetic observations contributed important information to earthquake response efforts—from informing and validating seismically-derived source models to independently constraining earthquake impact products—and the conditions under which geodetic observations improve earthquake response products. We use examples from the 2013 Mw7.7 Baluchistan, Pakistan, 2014 Mw6.0 Napa, California, 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, and 2018 Mw7.5 Palu, Indonesia earthquakes to highlight the varying ways geodetic observations have contributed to earthquake response efforts at the NEIC. We additionally provide a synopsis of the workflows implemented for geodetic earthquake response. As remote sensing geodetic observations become increasingly available and the frequency of satellite acquisitions continues to increase, operational earthquake geodetic imaging stands to make critical contributions to natural disaster response efforts around the world.

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Mahmood, Irfan, Muhammad Farooq Iqbal, Muhammad Rizwan Mughal, Muhammad Imran Shahzad, Shahina Tariq, and Kalim Ullah. "An Investigation of 2013 M_w 7.7 Awaran Earthquake, Pakistan." International Letters of Natural Sciences 61 (January 2017): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.61.36.

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Earthquake is a major disaster responsible for vast losses both life and infrastructure. Pakistan is one of the highly earthquake prone areas in Asia. The present study is carried out to investigate the dynamics of disastrous Awaran earthquake. The 2013 Mw 7.7 Awaran earthquake and its Mw 6.8 aftershock caused numerous loss of lives and vast infrastructure damages. The earthquake triggered along Hoshab fault rupturing 230 km of the fault. The rupture propagated at 3 Km/s on average and was concentrated in top 10 km with no major displacement in the underlying decollement. The rupture released a cumulative moment of 5.4 x 1020 Nm. This study reveals that although Hoshab fault originated as thrust fault, the slip was purely strike slip during the earthquake and that the rigid block rotation of southeastern Makran is responsible for the Awaran earthquake. The study concludes that the earthquake significantly increased the coulomb stress on Makran mega thrust and strike slip faults in Chaman fault system, hence increasing the risk of a major seismic event. Therefore, in order to prevent major loss of lives and infrastructure damages; designing of new building codes, reassessing the seismic hazard of the region and marking of hidden faults is of utmost importance.

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Gul, Shehla, Atta-Ur Rahman, Samiullah, and Rafiq Ali Khan. "Comparing the agenda setting role of the Pakistani and Indian newspapers in disasters: a case study of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake." ERDKUNDE 74, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2020.04.05.

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In the aftermath of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the media played a central role in linking victims to the government apparatus and the national and international community and highlighting weaknesses in the disaster management process. This study was conducted to analyze and compare the ‘agenda setting role’ of the Pakistani newspapers with that of the Indian newspapers after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake with a magnitude of 7.6 and resulting in over 78,000 fatalities in Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and the Indian part of Kashmir. Two Pakistani and two Indian newspapers each with high circulation were selected for qualitative and quantitative analysis. A total of 630 articles were downloaded for analysis out of which 120 front page articles were finally analyzed with the help of five selected themes including extent of damage, phases of disaster, responsibility issues, types of framing and focus on disaster policies. The study revealed that there was a strong agenda setting role of both Pakistani and Indian newspapers in post 2005 Kashmir earthquake. The newspapers focused on broad policy issues using thematic framing techniques with a strong emphasis on response phase, whereas the least attention has been given to preparedness and mitigation strategies. The analysis further revealed that in both the countries, federal government was considered to be responsible for disaster management system by both Pakistani and Indian newspapers and the Indian newspapers have also strongly criticized the Indian army for their unsatisfactory emergency response operations. Newspapers are still one of the most important sources of information in many developing countries including Pakistan and India and they can play a positive role in the management of natural disasters by focusing on mitigation and preparation to prepare communities for future disasters.

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SENO, Tetsuzo. "On the Pakistan Earthquake on October 8, 2005." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 114, no. 5 (2005): 820–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.114.5_820.

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Rajpura, Asim, Ihab Boutros, Tahir Khan, and Sohail Ali Khan. "Pakistan Earthquake: Experiences of a Multidisciplinary Surgical Team." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, no. 4 (August 2010): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008359.

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AbstractIntroduction:Four weeks after the earthquake in Kashmir, Pakistan, multi-disciplinary surgical teams were organized within the United Kingdom to help treat disaster victims who had been transferred to Rawalpindi. The work of these teams between 05-17 November 2005 is reviewed, and experiences and lessons learned are presented.Methods:Two self-sufficient teams consisting of orthopedic, plastic surgical, anesthetic, and theatre staff were deployed consecutively over a two-week period. A trauma unit was set up in a donated ward within a private ophthalmological hospital in Rawalpindi.Results:Seventy-eight patients with a mean age of 23 years were treated: more than half (40) were <16 years of age. Fifty-two patients only had lower limb injuries, 18 upper limb injuries, and eight combined lower and upper limb. The most common types of injuries were: (1) tibial fractures (n = 24), with the majority being open grade 3B injuries (n = 22); (2) femoral fractures (n = 11); and (3) forearm fractures (n = 9). Almost half (n = 34) of the fractures were open injuries requiring soft tissue cover.Over 12 days, 293 operations were performed (average 24.4 per day). A total of 202 examinations under anesthesia, washouts, and debridements were performed. The majority of wounds required multiple washouts prior to definitive procedures. Thirty-four definitive orthopedic procedures (fixations) and 57 definitive plastic procedures were performed. Definitive orthopedic procedures included 15 circular frame fixations of long bones, nine of which required acute shortening and five open reduction and internal fixation of long bones. Definitive plastic procedures included 21 skin grafts, four amputations, 11 revisions of amputations, 20 regional flaps, and one free flap.Conclusions:A joint ortho-plastic approach was key to the treatment of the spectrum of injuries encountered. Only four patients required fresh amputations. Twenty patients may have required amputation without the use of ring fixators and soft tissue reconstruction. Having self-sufficient teams along with their own equipment and supplies also was mandatory in order not to put further demand on already scarce resources. However, mobilizing such teams logistically was difficult, and therefore, an organization consisting of willing volunteers for future efforts has been established.

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McQueen, K. A. Kelly. "Pakistan Earthquake: Experiences of a Multidisciplinary Surgical Team." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, no. 4 (August 2010): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008360.

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Charters, A. "Shaken and Stirred – Experience from the Pakistan Earthquake." Journal of the Intensive Care Society 7, no. 2 (July 2006): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175114370600700213.

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Saba, Sehrish, Faraz Ahsan, and Sajjad Mohsin. "BAT-ANN based earthquake prediction for Pakistan region." Soft Computing 21, no. 19 (May 10, 2016): 5805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00500-016-2158-2.

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Ahmad, Naveed, Qaisar Ali, Helen Crowley, and Rui Pinho. "Earthquake loss estimation of residential buildings in Pakistan." Natural Hazards 73, no. 3 (April 22, 2014): 1889–955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1174-8.

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Farrell, Derek. "Developing EMDR Therapy in Pakistan as Part of a Humanitarian Endeavor." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 8, no. 4 (2014): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.8.4.233.

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The empirical justification for the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy as part of the repertoire of interventions used in response to humanitarian endeavors continues at a pace. A devastating earthquake, measuring 7.6 magnitude on the Richter scale, occurred in Northern Pakistan in October 2005. In response, the first EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Program to be facilitated by an academic institution was established. This article highlights how 3 research projects assisted in the continued development of EMDR therapy in Pakistan to the point where presently more than 125 Pakistani mental health professionals have now been trained; it now has its own EMDR National Association and is an active participant within EMDR Asia.

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Vallage, A., Y. Klinger, R. Lacassin, A. Delorme, and M. Pierrot-Deseilligny. "Geological structures control on earthquake ruptures: The Mw 7.7, 2013, Balochistan earthquake, Pakistan." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 19 (October 9, 2016): 10,155–10,163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl070418.

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Khan, Nisar Ali, Giorgio Monti, Camillo Nuti, and Marco Vailati. "Effects of Infills in the Seismic Performance of an RC Factory Building in Pakistan." Buildings 11, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11070276.

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Infilled reinforced concrete (IRC) frames are a very common construction typology, not only in developing countries such as Pakistan but also in southern Europe and Western countries, due to their ease of construction and less technical skills required for the construction. Their performance during past earthquakes has been in some cases satisfactory and in other cases inadequate. Significant effort has been made among researchers to improve such performance, but few have highlighted the influence of construction materials used in the infill walls. In some building codes, infills are still considered as non-structural elements, both in the design of new buildings and, sometimes, in the assessment of existing buildings. This is mainly due to some difficulties in modeling their mechanical behavior and also the large variety of typologies, which are difficult to categorize. Some building codes, for example, Eurocode, already address the influence of infill walls in design, but there is still a lack of homogeneity among different codes. For example, the Pakistan building code (PBC) does not address infills, despite being a common construction technique in the country. Past earthquake survey records show that construction materials and infill types significantly affect the seismic response of buildings, thus highlighting the importance of investigating such parameters. This is the object of this work, where a numerical model for infill walls is introduced, which aims at predicting their failure mode, as a function of some essential parameters, such as the friction coefficient between mortar and brick surface and mortar strength, usually disregarded in previous models. A comprehensive case study is presented of a three-story IRC frame located in the city of Mirpur, Pakistan, hit by an earthquake of magnitude 5.9 on 24 September 2019. The results obtained from the numerical model show good agreement with the damage patterns observed in situ, thus highlighting the importance of correctly modeling the infill walls when seismically designing or assessing Pakistani buildings that make use of this technology.

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Ali, Syed M., Akhtar N. Khan, Shahzad Rahman, and Andrei M. Reinhorn. "A Survey of Damages to Bridges in Pakistan after the Major Earthquake of 8 October 2005." Earthquake Spectra 27, no. 4 (November 2011): 947–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3650477.

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An earthquake measuring Mw 7.6 struck the Pakistan-administered part of Kashmir on 8 October 2005. The epicenter of the earthquake was located 22 km from the city of Muzaffarabad. The earthquake resulted in the loss of more than 80,000 lives and caused extensive damage to property and infrastructure. A survey of an approximately 400-km road network was carried out, in which 90 bridges were inspected for earthquake-associated damage, out of which 14 bridges (16%) experienced damage of varying degrees, of which nine bridges (10%) either failed or became nonfunctional. The survey revealed some of the deficiencies of the construction practices in Pakistan and also highlighted the need for improvement to the country's current bridge design practices. This paper reports the prominent types of failures observed and discusses the deficiencies in current design practices. Based on the findings of the survey, various recommendations are made, with the objective of minimizing earthquake-associated damages to new and existing bridges in areas with a high seismic risk.

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Noh, Hae-Young, Anne Kiremidjian, Luis Ceferino, and Emily So. "Bayesian Updating of Earthquake Vulnerability Functions with Application to Mortality Rates." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 3 (August 2017): 1173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/081216eqs133m.

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Vulnerability functions often rely on data from expert opinion, post-earthquake investigations, or analytical simulations. Combining the information can be particularly challenging. In this paper, a Bayesian statistical framework is presented to combining disparate information. The framework is illustrated through application to earthquake mortality data obtained from the 2005 Pakistan earthquake and from PAGER. Three different models are tested including an exponential, a combination of Bernoulli and exponential and Bernoulli and gamma fit to model respectively zero and non-zero mortality rates. A novel Bayesian model for the Bernoulli-exponential and Bernoulli-gamma probability densities is introduced. It is found that the exponential distribution represents the zero casualties very poorly. The Bernoulli-exponential and Bernoulli-gamma models capture the data for both the zero and non-zero mortality rates. It is also shown that the Bernoulli-gamma model fits the 2005 Pakistan data the best and has uncertainties that are smaller than either the ones from the 2005 Pakistan data or the PAGER data.

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Ulubieva, T., R. Mikhailova, and L. Risling. "TAJIKISTAN." Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia, no. 23 (December 15, 2020): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2020.23.09.

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In 2014, a seismic monitoring system, restored with the participation of the Swiss government, continued to operate in Tajikistan. Seven digital stations Trident+Trillium-40 devices, provide registration of events located in Tajikistan and hundreds of kilometers beyond. This network recorded 5306 earthquakes with КР=8.6–14.5, of which 4308 are deep-focus Pamir-Hindu Kush earthquakes with h=70–270 km and 998 are shal-low, scattered throughout the territory. The total seismic energy released in the sources of all earthquakes amounted to Е~6.61014 J. Within the borders of the Republic, the most powerful earthquake (with КР=13.3) was on September 13. The earthquake located in the southern spurs of the RushanRange at the end of the system of dual Karakul-Sarez faults dividing the Pamirs into Western and Eastern parts. It was felt with an intensity of Ii=4–5 in Khorog and Roshtkal, Ii=4in Rushan and on the lake Sarez. Shocks with Ii=4–5 from the November 1 earthquake with KP=12.1 were also felt in Rogun, at the site of Rogun hydropower plant under construction. The maximum deepest earthquake (КР=14.5, Mw=5.4, h=200 km) occurred on June 14 in the Afghan subzone. Due to the great depth, the area of its perceptibility Ii=3 amounted to 220 thousand km2 in Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan. However,in general the seismic process in the Republic proceeded in the background.

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Dorosh, Paul, Sohail J. Malik, and Marika Krausova. "Rehabilitating Agriculture and Promoting Food Security After the 2010 Pakistan Floods: Insights from the South Asian Experience." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 167–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i3pp.167-192.

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The 2010 floods in Pakistan had a devastating effect on the Pakistani population. This paper summarises recovery experiences from previous natural disasters in South Asia, including the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan and the 1998 flood in Bangladesh, and suggests several lessons relevant for recovery efforts following the 2010 Pakistan flood. First, market and trade policies should maintain adequate price incentives so that private trade and imports can contribute to postdisaster recovery. Second, a strong institutional framework is needed to coordinate the large-scale disaster response. Third, recovery efforts should also include support for livelihood security and restoration, ensuring inclusion of the stakeholders. Fourth, restoring and upgrading infrastructure facilities can lead to enhanced flood resistance as well as a reduction in future disaster loss. Two alternative institutions may be possible vehicles for poverty-alleviation—the Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) and the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP). To address future disasters, however, it is important to establish and strengthen disaster response capability, including applying lessons learned from the relief and rehabilitation response to the 2010 floods.

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Khan, Murad M. "Earthquake 2005: challenges for Pakistani psychiatry." International Psychiatry 3, no. 3 (July 2006): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600004859.

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At 8.52 a.m. on 8 October 2005 an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale struck the northern part of Pakistan and devastated large areas of North West Frontier Province and Azad Kashmir. Almost 90 000 people died and many thousands were reported missing. Half the dead were estimated to be children, killed in their classrooms. Some 3.5 million people were rendered homeless. The mountainous terrain made relief work a logistical nightmare.

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Mahmood, Khalid, Naveed Ahmad, Usman Khan, and Qaiser Iqbal. "Seismic hazard maps of Peshawar District for various return periods." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 1639–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1639-2020.

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Abstract. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Peshawar District has been performed for a grid size of 0.01∘. The seismic sources for the target location are defined as the area polygon with uniform seismicity. The earthquake catalogue was developed based on the earthquake data obtained from different worldwide seismological networks and historical records. The earthquake events obtained at different magnitude scales were converted into moment magnitude using indigenous catalogue-specific regression relationships. The homogenized catalogue was subdivided into shallow crustal and deep-subduction-zone earthquake events. The seismic source parameters were obtained using the bounded Gutenberg–Richter recurrence law. Seismic hazard maps were prepared for peak horizontal acceleration at bedrock level using different ground motion attenuation relationships. The study revealed the selection of an appropriate ground motion prediction equation is crucial for defining the seismic hazard of Peshawar District. The inclusion of deep subduction earthquakes does not add significantly to the seismic hazard for design base ground motions. The seismic hazard map developed for shallow crustal earthquakes, including also the epistemic uncertainty, was in close agreement with the map given in the Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions (2007) for a return period of 475 years on bedrock. The seismic hazard maps for other return periods i.e., 50, 100, 250, 475 and 2500 years, are also presented.

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Fujiwara, Satoshi, Mikio Tobita, Hiroshi P. Sato, Shinzaburo Ozawa, Hiroshi Une, Mamoru Koarai, Hiroyuki Nakai, et al. "Satellite data gives snapshot of the 2005 Pakistan earthquake." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 87, no. 7 (2006): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006eo070001.

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Khan, Sarfraz, Muhammad Waseem, Muhammad Asif Khan, and Waqas Ahmed. "Updated earthquake catalogue for seismic hazard analysis in Pakistan." Journal of Seismology 22, no. 4 (March 1, 2018): 841–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-018-9736-y.

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Chadda, R. K., and A. Malhotra. "An experience of provision of psychiatric services in the earthquake-affected area of Kashmir in India." International Psychiatry 3, no. 3 (July 2006): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600004781.

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Developing psychiatric services for disaster-affected populations in a place with meagre resources is a challenge, especially if the place is remote and offers limited access, and the weather conditions are harsh. The earthquake in October 2005 posed just such a challenge (Makhdum & Javed, 2005). Massive damage was reported from Pakistan, as the epicentre was in Muzaffarabad, in Pakistani-controlled Kashmir. There was also extensive damage to life and property in some areas of Kashmir in India. The road and communication network had been completely destroyed in many of the affected areas.

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Sami, Fahad, Fahad Ali, Syed Habib Haider Zaidi, Hiba Rehman, Tashfeen Ahmad, and M. Irfanullah Siddiqui. "The October 2005 Earthquake in Northern Pakistan: Pattern of Injuries in Victims Brought to the Emergency Relief Hospital, Doraha, Mansehra." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 24, no. 6 (December 2009): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00007470.

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AbstractObjective:Knowledge of injuries of earthquake victims is important to plan relief efforts. This cross-sectional study was conducted following the 08 October 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan to determine the pattern of injuries sustained and their relationship with age and gender in order to identify the medical needs in an earthquake-affected zone.Methods:The study was conducted between 13 October and 23 October 2005 at the Emergency Relief Hospital, Doraha, Mansehra. From the 1,700 patients registered in the hospital, 310 were sampled randomly for the study. Demography and details of the patients' injuries were noted by history and physical examination. Twelve cases were omitted due to incomplete data.Results:Of the cases, 54% were female. Children ≤10 years old formed the largest age group. Isolated bone injuries were present in 41%, soft tissue injuries in 36%, and mixed injuries in 23% of the patients.The most common bone injury was lower limb fracture (52%), while the most common non-bone injury was non-infected, soft tissue wounds on the limbs (33%). Among patients with soft tissue injuries, gangrenous wounds were present in 9%, and grossly infected wounds in 30% (20% on limbs and 10% on rest of the body).Conclusions:The population injured during the earthquake showed a higher proportion of females and children ≤10 years old, and lower limb bone injuries. The data highlight the need to address orthopedic, pediatric, and women's health issues, and for logistic arrangement of relevant diagnostic and therapeutic facilities at the initial stages of relief activities after earthquakes.

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Pasari, Sumanta, and Yogendra Sharma. "Contemporary Earthquake Hazards in the West-Northwest Himalaya: A Statistical Perspective through Natural Times." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 6 (August 5, 2020): 3358–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200104.

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Abstract Himalayan earthquakes have deep societal and economic impact. In this article, we implement a surrogate method of nowcasting (Rundle et al., 2016) to determine the current state of seismic hazard from large earthquakes in a dozen populous cities from India and Pakistan that belong to the west-northwest part of Himalayan orogeny. For this, we (1) perform statistical inference of natural times, intersperse counts of small-magnitude events between pairs of succeeding large events, based on a set of eight probability distributions; (2) compute earthquake potential score (EPS) of 14 cities from the best-fit cumulative distribution of natural times; and (3) carry out a sensitivity testing of parameters—threshold magnitude and area of city region. Formulation of natural time (Varostos et al., 2005) based on frequency–magnitude power-law statistics essentially avoids the daunting need of seismicity declustering in hazard estimation. A retrospective analysis of natural time counts corresponding to M≥6 events for the Indian cities provides an EPS (%) as New Delhi (56), Chandigarh (86), Dehradun (83), Jammu (99), Ludhiana (89), Moradabad (84), and Shimla (87), whereas the cities in Pakistan observe an EPS (%) as Islamabad (99), Faisalabad (88), Gujranwala (99), Lahore (89), Multan (98), Peshawar (38), and Rawalpindi (99). The estimated nowcast values that range from 38% to as high as 99% lead to a rapid yet useful ranking of cities in terms of their present progression to the regional earthquake cycle of magnitude ≥6.0 events. The analysis inevitably encourages scientists and engineers from governments and industry to join hands for better policymaking toward land-use planning, insurance, and disaster preparation in the west-northwest part of active Himalayan belt.

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Ulubieva, T., Raisa Mikhailova, and L. Risling. "TAJIKISTAN." Zemletriaseniia Severnoi Evrazii [Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia], no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2019.22.10.

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The catalog of Tajikistan earthquakes for 2013 contains 4997 earthquakes with КР=8.6–15.0, of which 3865 are deep-focus Pamir-Hindu Kush earthquakes with h=70–250 km and 1132 – shallow earthquakes scattered throughout the territory. The total seismic energy released in the foci of all earthquakes amounted to Е=1.461015 Joules. Immediately within the borders of the Republic the largest perceptible (КР=12.4, Mw=4.7, I0=6) was the earthquake on November 10 in the Wakhdat region. The largest among deep earth-quakes in 2013 occurred in the Afghan subzone on April 4 with КР=14.0, Mw=5.4, h=250 km. Due to a big depth, it caused shocks of low intensity (I3) in the epicentral zone but was felt in Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan. However, in general, the seismic process in the Republic proceeded in the background regime.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pakistan Earthquake'

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