Journal articles on the topic 'País Vasco (Spain) – Social conditions'

A performance assessment of two different indices (the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)) for monitoring short-term and short–medium-term drought impacts on daily specific-cause mortality in Spain was conducted. To achieve a comprehensive, nationwide view, a meta-analysis was performed using a combination of provincial relative risks (RRs). Moreover, the subdivisions of Spain based on administrative, climatic, and demographic criteria to obtain the measures of combined risks were also taken into account. The results of the SPEI and SPI calculated at the same timescale were similar. Both showed that longer drought events produced greater RR values, for respiratory mortality. However, at the local administrative level, Galicia, Castilla-y-Leon, and Extremadura showed the greatest risk of daily mortality associated with drought episodes, with Andalucía, País Vasco, and other communities being notably impacted. Based on climatic regionalization, Northwest, Central, and Southern Spain were the regions most affected by different drought conditions for all analyzed causes of daily mortality, while the Mediterranean coastal region was less affected. Demographically, the regions with the highest proportion of people aged 65 years of age and over reflected the greatest risk of daily natural, circulatory, and respiratory mortality associated with drought episodes.

In the town of Oñati (Basque Country, Spain) we find the community project of Eltzia: a public initiative aimed at enriching local cultural life through the articulation of its creative people. Eltzia is enlightening for having a model of organisation that can be related to the Basque Country’s cooperative movement, but also for showing the benefits of popular participation in culture policymaking. This research explores Eltzia as an example of democratization of cultural policy through the involvement of citizens; an expression of cultural rights that engages with how law is interpreted. Eltzia emerged from a municipal initiative and its creation was influenced by the participation of the local groups and a private company providing mediation services in social processes of community development. The analysis will focus on the contributions that are drawn from Eltzia in relation to the fields of cultural policy and socio-legal studies. El proyecto comunitario de Eltzia se desarrolla en Oñati (País Vasco, España): se trata de una iniciativa pública que tiene por objetivo enriquecer la vida cultural local a partir de la articulación de las personas con intereses creativos. Eltzia es ilustrador de un modelo de organización que se puede relacionar con el movimiento de cooperativas del País Vasco, pero que también muestra los beneficios de la participación popular en los procesos de diseño de política pública. Esta investigación explora Eltzia como un ejemplo de la democratización de la política cultural a través de la participación ciudadana; una expresión de derechos culturales que atiende a los procesos de interpretación del derecho. Eltzia surge de una iniciativa municipal y su creación fue influenciada por la participación de grupos locales y una compañía privada dedicada a los servicios de mediación en procesos sociales de desarrollo comunitario. El análisis se enfocará en las contribuciones que se derivan de Eltzia en relación con los campos de la política cultural y los estudios socio-jurídicos.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es visibilizar la relevancia del deporte para el desarrollo social y económico de las zonas rurales, y se centra en un escenario concreto, el espacio rural vasco, que actúa como soporte de unas actividades deportivas cada vez más amplias y diversas.Para ello, se analizan los expedientes de los proyectos vinculados al deporte en las dos últimas programaciones de desarrollo rural (2000-2014), junto a otra información de interés. Los principales resultados reflejan el papel difuso del deporte dentro de la política de desarrollo rural del País Vasco, a pesar del impacto económico y social de los proyectos deportivos en estas zonas. Las conclusiones reflejan la necesidad de incorporar el deporte como un vector más del desarrollo rural especialmente en aquellos territorios que cuentan con condiciones idóneas para su práctica.Abstract:The aim of this study is to bring to light the relevance of sport for the social and economic development of rural areas, and it focuses on a specific zone, the Basque rural space, which acts as a support of a more wide-ranging and profuse sports activities. For that purpose, there are analyzed the project files linked to sports along the last two rural development programs in the Basque Country (2000-2014) together with other relevant qualitative information. Main findings evidence the diffuse role of sport at the Basque rural development policy despite the progressive social and economic impact of sport projects on these areas. The conclusions reflect the need to include sport as a vector for rural development, particularly on those territories that ensure optimal conditions for sport practice.

El Contact Improvisation es una danza posmoderna de origen estadounidense (1972) con una lenta evolución en España: se inicia en los años 80 en un núcleo catalán y balear y se encuentra aún en periodo de crecimiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la expansión geográfica de esta danza en los años 90 así como su evolución en el periodo seleccionado. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo donde se combina el análisis de contenido con las comunicaciones personales mediante correspondencia y entrevistas. Los resultados indican que el Contact Improvisation se extiende desde finales de los 80 hacia regiones como Madrid, Andalucía y País Vasco. Se constata como durante su desarrollo se amplía su concepción desde la investigación coreográfica hacia una experiencia aplicable a otros ámbitos artísticos así como educativos y/o terapéuticos. Se da el paso de una danza escénica a una danza social multidireccional.Abstract. Contact Improvisation is a postmodern dance form originating in the USA (1972) which slowly spread and evolved in Spain: it started in the eighties in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands and continues to be in a growth phase. The aim of this paper is to analyse the geographic expansion of this dance in the 90’s and track its evolution during this period. This is a qualitative study combining the analysis of content with personal interviews and mails. The results indicate that from the late 80’s Contact Improvisation extends to regions like Madrid, Andalusia and the Basque Country. During its development it changes from being a choreographic investigation to an experiential one applicable to other areas such as education and/or therapy. It takes a step away from being a stage dance and moves toward a social multidirectional dance.

ResumenEste artículo toma el modelo de cinturón verde en Vitoria-Gasteiz (País Vasco, España) como un caso de estudio referente en planificación socio-ecológica. Más conocido como Anillo Verde, se analiza aquí con el objeto de contribuir a la revisión crítica de esta figura de planificación e informar su reinvención actual. El artículo presenta una síntesis de los trabajos de análisis y caracterización realizados a partir de la documentación vectorial y cartográfica generada en los primeros veinticinco años de este caso de estudio (1993-2018). Las distintas lecturas que se superponen en su evolución e implementación en el borde urbano, proporcionan los siguientes resultados: (i) muestran aspectos clave tanto en términos de proceso y estrategia, como de diseño y gestión; (ii) plantean la necesidad de una nueva mirada al proceso de planificación como un ensamblaje socio-ecológico complejo que trasciende la rigidez del planeamiento urbano convencional, y (iii) evidencian la necesidad de nuevos planteamientos, mecanismos y figuras que permitan avanzar hacia una integración sistémica entre ciudad y naturaleza.AbstractThis paper uses the green belt model in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country, Spain) as reference case study in socio-ecological planning. The analyses of this better known as “Anillo Verde”, aims to contribute to the critical review of this planning policy and to inform its reinvention. This paper presents a synthesis of the characterization and analysis based on the vector and cartographic documentation generated over the first twenty-five years of this case study (1993-2018). The various methods that overlap in its evolution and implementation on the urban boundary, deliver the following results: (i) They show key lessons in terms of process and strategy, and in terms of design and management; (ii) they uncover the need for a new approach towards the planning process, as a complex social-ecological assemblage that transcends the rigidity of conventional urban planning, and (iii) they demonstrate the need for new mechanisms and policies that allow progress towards a systemic integration between city and nature.

Condiciones histórico-estructurales vinculadas al colonialismo, la pervivencia de estructuras de poder heredadas del franquismo y los actuales procesos de globalización del capital son algunos de los factores que explican que Guinea Ecuatorial continúe siendo un país expulsor de refugiados y migrantes desde su independencia en 1968. Y que España, como antigua metrópoli colonial, sea el país receptor de gran parte de su diáspora. El origen y el desarrollo de ésta no hace más que incidir en la asociación que en los estudios migratorios y transnacionales se ha establecido entre condiciones estructurales tanto en países expulsores como receptores con los modos de incorporación de refugiados y migrantes en los lugares de asentamiento, con el desarrollo de redes sociales y de relaciones transnacionales poscoloniales. A partir de investigaciones etnográficas llevadas a cabo con migrantes y refugiados ecuatoguineanos asentados en la región metropolitana de la Comunidad de Madrid, este artículo describe y analiza cómo estos factores afectan sus modos de incorporación y adaptación a esta región metropolitana, así como el mantenimiento de relaciones sociales y culturales con sus sociedades de origen.Historic structural conditions from colonialism, power political structures coming from franquismo, and current processes of capital globalization are factors explaining that Equatorial Guinea has become a postcolonial country expelling refugees and migrants to is former colonial metropole (Spain) since its independence in 1968. This migratory movement is an example in which we can observe how postcolonial structural conditions linking sending and receiving countries and social networks affect current refugees and migrants’ dynamics as well as the development of postcolonial transnational relationships. Based on ethnographic research done with refugees and migrants from Equatorial Guinea settled in the Madrid metropolitan region, this article describes and analyzes how these factors affect their modes of incorporation and adaptation to this host metropolitan area while maintaining social and cultural relationships with their home societies.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la presencia de la población extranjera en las zonas rurales vascas con el objetivo de conocer su perfil sociodemográfico y laboral, y valorar la sostenibilidad de su proyecto migratorio, que resulta oscilante según el ciclo económico. Para ello, el estudio examina los principales rasgos de este colectivo e incorpora algunas comparativas con el colectivo de extranjeros residente en las zonas urbanas vascas con el propósito de conocer si existen rasgos diferenciales. Con esta misma finalidad se contrasta la situación laboral de la población rural extranjera, y el rural total. La aproximación metodológica que se utiliza recurre a la explotación estadística confeccionada ad-hoc para este trabajo. Los resultados muestran que la población extrajera presenta un gran potencial para el frenar el despoblamiento y rejuvenecer las zonas rurales en declive. Se trata de un colectivo joven, equilibrado según el género, y con una elevada presencia de la generación soporte. Sin embargo, el análisis también refleja un mercado de trabajo segmentado según el origen de la población que es, además, desigual en cuanto a las condiciones laborales y las actividades que ocupan los trabajadores extranjeros. Una situación que puede desequilibrar la sostenibilidad de su estancia a largo plazo Palabras clave: Población extranjera, medio rural, migración laboral, País Vasco. Abstract: This paper analyses the presence of international migrant population in the Basque rural areas for the last two decades with the aim of understand their sociodemographic and labour profile, and estimate the sustainability of their migration project which might fluctuate depending on the economic cycle. For that, the research studies the main characteristics of this group and adds some comparisons with the international migrants living in Basque urban areas with the purpose of knowing if there are distinguishing features. Having in mind the same purpose, the labour situation of rural international migrant population is compared with the rural overall ones. The methodological approach focuses on a statistical analysis that has been elaborated ad hoc for this research. The results show that international migrant population presents a huge potential for reversing depopulation and revitalizing the most declining rural areas. They became a group with a significant presence of support generation, being young and gender balanced. However, the analysis also reflects a segmented labour market depending on the origin of population which is, besides, unequal in labour conditions and regarding the working activities foreign population occupy. A situation that might unbalances the sustainability of a longer term stay. Key words: International migration, rural areas, labour migration, Basque Country

Being a person with functional diversity can´t be an ideal for not playing sport, although their motivations will differ from those without disabilities. Adapting the different formats to the conditions of its practitioners has made wheelchair basketball today the most practiced. Different studies show that it promotes a person´s independence and covey’s great values such as overcoming, being also a great agent of social integration and rehabilitator (Moreno, 2019). In view of this premise, the purpose of this article is to know the reasons why 30 players belonging to the federations of Andalusia, Aragon, the Basque Country and Catalonia have to start in this sport, as well as the benefits that it brings to them. The study was conducted under a non-experimental and descriptive empirical research design, based on survey techniques, the questionnaire being the strategy used to gather information. The results show recreational and social motivations when deciding to practice this sport, finding benefits linked to the improvement of its physical condition, the overcoming of barriers, psychological and emotional stability, mutual support and the generation of new social relations, aspects that significantly improve your quality of life. Ser una persona con diversidad funcional no puede ser óbice para no practicar deporte, aunque sus motivaciones diferirán de aquellas que no tengan discapacidad. La adaptación de los diferentes formatos a las condiciones de sus practicantes ha hecho que el baloncesto en silla de ruedas sea hoy de los más populares. Diferentes estudios evidencian que promociona la independencia de la persona y transmite grandes valores como la superación, siendo además un gran agente de integración social y rehabilitador (Moreno, 2019). Ante esta premisa, el propósito de este artículo es conocer los motivos por lo que 30 jugadores y jugadoras pertenecientes a las federaciones de Andalucía, Aragón, País Vasco y Cataluña tienen para iniciarse en este deporte, así como los beneficios que les reporta. El estudio se realizó al amparo de un diseño de investigación empírica no experimental y descriptivo, basado en técnicas de encuesta, siendo el cuestionario la estrategia empleada para recoger información. Los resultados muestran motivaciones recreativas y sociales a la hora de decidirse por practicar este deporte, encontrando beneficios ligados a la mejora de su condición física, a la superación de barreras, a la estabilidad psicológica y emocional, al apoyo mutuo y a la generación de nuevas relaciones sociales, aspectos que mejoran de un modo significativo su calidad de vida. Ser uma pessoa com diversidade funcional não pode ser um obstáculo para não praticar esportes, embora suas motivações sejam diferentes daquelas que não possuem deficiência. A adaptação dos diferentes formatos às condições dos seus praticantes fez do basquete em cadeira de rodas um dos mais populares populares da atualidade. Diferentes estudos mostram que promove a independência da pessoa e transmite grandes valores como o auto-aperfeiçoamento, sendo também um grande agente de integração social e reabilitação (Moreno, 2019). Tendo em conta esta premissa, o objectivo deste artigo é conhecer as razões pelas quais 30 jogadores pertencentes às federações da Andaluzia, Aragão, País Basco e Catalunha têm para se iniciar neste desporto, bem como os benefícios que lhes traz. O estudo foi realizado sob um delineamento de pesquisa empírica não experimental e descritiva, baseada em técnicas de inquérito, sendo o questionário a estratégia utilizada para recolher informação. Os resultados mostram motivações recreativas e sociais quando se decide praticar este desporto, encontrando benefícios ligados à melhoria de sua condição física, superação de barreiras, estabilidade psicológica e emocional, apoio mútuo e geração de novas relações sociais, aspectos que melhoram significativamente a sua qualidade de vida .

La estructura educativa de la población joven en España es única en comparación con otros países de nuestro entorno. Ésta se caracteriza por la polarización del nivel de formación de sus jóvenes. España es el único país de la OCDE con altas tasas, tanto de jóvenes con educación superior, como de jóvenes con un nivel educativo bajo. Nos interrogamos sobre las condiciones educativas y laborales de este colectivo de jóvenes sin estudios obligatorios completados, muy castigados por el contexto de crisis económica. Precariedad, temporalidad, contratos de formación o prácticas, contratos a tiempo parcial se están cronificando en el mercado laboral español, y se están convirtiendo en una norma informal de acceso al empleo y de precarización prolongada del mismo; en parte, a consecuencia de los cambios en las políticas educativas que limitan sus oportunidades de promoción o mejora. Se pretende conocer, a través de los datos de la Encuesta de Población Activa, la situación sociolaboral de los jóvenes con escasos estudios, en un período sumamente convulso: entre el final del boom económico y la crisis económica en España. Y tratamos de interrogarnos hasta qué punto ambas coyunturas socioeconómicas han roto con la igualdad de oportunidades, propiciando la construcción de una sociedad dualizada, desde un punto de vista educativo y laboral.Palabras-clave: Jóvenes con escasos estudios; Desigualdad de oportunidades; Mercado laboral. ABSTRACTThe educational structure of the young population in Spain is unique compared to other neighbouring countries. It is characterized by the polarization of the levels of education of its young people. Spain is the only country in the OECD with the highest rates of young people with both higher education and low education level. We are considering the educational and working conditions of this part of our society who haven’t finished compulsory education and are really punished by the context of the economic crisis. Precariousness, temporality, training contracts or internship and part-time contracts are a constant in the Spanish labour market. They are becoming an informal norm of access to jobs and also a way of prolonged instability about employment. All this is partly due to changes in the educational policies that limit young people’s opportunities for promotion or improvement. This article intends to gain insight into the social and occupational situation of young people with low educational attainment in Spain. In order to do so, the Spanish Labour Force Survey will be used, analyzing the period of time ranging from the end of the economic boom from the beginning of the century to the current economic crisis. The research question focuses on the effect of both economic scenarios in the equality of opportunities and to what extent a dual society has emerged both in the educational and occupational realms.Keywords: Young people with low educational attainment; Inequality of opportunities; Labor market

Numerosos estudios han abordado las características y antecedentes de las personas que se encuentran o han estado en prisión, así como las importantes consecuencias que esta condición ha implicado en el devenir de sus vidas. Sin embargo, muchos menos trabajos han sido dedicados a analizar específicamente la conexión entre aquella y la situación de sinhogarismo, sin que apenas se haya prestado atención a dicha cuestión en nuestro país. Las investigaciones en esta materia apuntan a que ambas circunstancias se encuentran estrechamente relacionadas e interactúan de forma compleja a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con otros factores, tanto relativos al pasado como al presente, en la conformación final de la historia de vida de cada individuo. Con base en los datos recopilados por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística en la más reciente Encuesta a las personas sin hogar, realizada en el año 2012, se analizan diversos aspectos relacionados con las características, antecedentes personales y familiares y condiciones de vida de las personas en situación de sin hogar en función de si habían estado o no en prisión en algún momento de su vida. A nivel global, y en la línea de la literatura previa, los hallazgos sugieren que esta experiencia aporta un valor negativo añadido a la ya de por sí desafortunada situación de sinhogarismo, comportando unas peores condiciones de vida, a la vez que caracteriza a las personas sin hogar con antecedentes más desfavorables a lo largo de su infancia y adolescencia. Tales resultados evidencian la necesidad de diseñar e implementar estrategias de intervención que resulten eficaces para el logro efectivo de la inserción social y laboral de estos colectivos y, particularmente, de apostar por estrategias preventivas que incidan sobre las raíces de ambas condiciones. A lot of research has been conducted on the characteristics and backgrounds of people who are or have ever been imprisoned, as well as on the impact this condition has entailed on their lives. However, much less work has been specifically aimed at analysing the connection between imprisonment and homelessness, and hardly any attention has been paid to this topic in Spain. Previous research in this area has shown that both circumstances are closely related and interact in complex ways over time, in connection to other factors, both referring to the past and present time, in the final shaping of the individual’s life story. On the basis of the data collected by the National Institute of Statistics from its latest Survey to Homeless People, conducted in 2012, characteristics, backgrounds and life conditions of homeless people who had and had not been in prison are compared. In support of previous research, overall findings suggest that the fact of being an exprisoner adds negative value to the already adverse situation of homelessness, since life conditions were less favourable among individuals from the second group, who also reported coming from disadvantaged backgrounds to a greater extent. Such results evince a need for designing and implementing intervention strategies that are truly effective for achieving social inclusión and employability among these groups and, particularly, the relevance of developing preventive strategies to address the roots of both conditions.

Resumen. La situación de las mujeres, en relación con los periodos históricos, siempre ha sido la de supervivencia. Tras el inicio de la Guerra Civil, y la involución en derechos, las mujeres republicanas sufrieron una doble victimización, la pérdida de derechos y seres queri­dos, y represión sobre su honor, su intimidad, o su cuerpo siendo ultrajadas, violadas, encarce­ladas, vejadas, “paseadas”, rapadas, obligadas a ingerir aceite de ricino, asesinadas, e incluso, fusilamiento en grupo, como fue el caso de las 13 rosas. El trabajo esclavo sufrido por ellas, en ocasiones, en condiciones más duras que el de los hombres.Por el bando golpista, ellas eran deshumanizadas o asesinadas sin responsabilidad para el asesino, y por el lado republicano, terminaban sus días sin el reconocimiento merecido de los compañeros de lucha o resistencia. Su situación en la dictadura posterior, fue de reducción a minoría de edad, con la cooperación de la Iglesia católica.Con la llegada de la democracia, las conquistas de derechos sociales fueron muchas, no así, los avances en feminismo. Prueba de ello es que, no será hasta abril de 2004, cuando en España se conozca la paridad en el Consejo de Ministros.La metodología de la investigación, parte del análisis de las fuentes o literatura científica, dividida en seis grandes bloques: Ley de Memoria Histórica; documentación de las comandan­cias de la guardia civil, y archivo General del Ministerio del Interior; jurisprudencia de Juzgados y Tribunales nacionales y europeos; los libros “Valientes”, de la periodista de El País Natalia Jun­quera; “San Marcos. El campo de concentración desconocido”, de las periodistas López Alonso y Gallo Roncero; así como de una entrevista al presidente José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, para la tesis doctoral del autor de esta candidatura, “procesos legales en memoria histórica”.Las heroínas fueron ellas, porque sobrevivieron.Palabras clave: mujeres, republicanas, derechos, reconocimiento, represión, asesinadas.Abstract. The situation of women, in relation to historical periods, has always been that of survival. After the beginning of the Civil War, and the involution in rights, republican women suffered a double victimization, the loss of rights and loved ones, and repression of their ho­nor, their privacy, or their body being outraged, raped, imprisoned, vexed , “Strolled”, shaved, forced to ingest castor oil, murdered, and even, group shooting, as was the case of the 13 roses. Slave labor suffered by them, sometimes, in harder conditions than that of men.For the coup side, they were dehumanized or killed without responsibility for the mur­derer, and on the Republican side, they ended their days without the deserved recognition of the comrades in struggle or resistance. Its situation in the subsequent dictatorship was re­duced to a minority, with the cooperation of the Catholic Church.With the arrival of democracy, the conquests of social rights were many, not so, the ad­vances in feminism. Proof of this is that it will not be until April 2004, when parity in Spain is known in the Council of Ministers.The methodology of the investigation, part of the analysis of the sources or scientific literature, divided into six large blocks: Law of Historical Memory; documentation of the com­manders of the Civil Guard, and General Archive of the Ministry of the Interior; jurisprudence of national and European Courts and Tribunals; the “Valientes” books, by El País journalist Natalia Junquera; “San Marcos. The unknown concentration camp “, by journalists López Alonso and Gallo Roncero; as well as an interview with President José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, for the doc­toral thesis of the author of this candidacy, “legal processes in historical memory”.The heroines were them, because they survived.Keywords: republicans rights, recognition, repression, murdered.

Resumen:En este trabajo se reflexiona con amplia perspectiva histórica sobre la cuestiónde la organización territorial del Estado en España hasta desembocar en la situación actual y ofrecer, a la luz de esa evolución, algunas claves para la reforma constitucional en sentido federal que se entiende necesaria en nuestros días. Partiendo de la evidencia de que la respuesta ofrecida por el constitucionalismo histórico español ante la forma territorial del Estado ha sido, como tónica general, la de configurar a España como un Estado unitario, centralizado, simbolizado por la Monarquía, se analizan sumariamente los dosgrandes intentos de distinto signo que existieron antes de la Constitución de 1978 para salir del unitarismo y poner en pie modelos de descentralizaciónpolítica. La primera experiencia, de cuño federal, gestada durante la Primera República (1873-1874) se consumió en unos meses sin que pudiera discutirse siquiera el Proyecto de Constitución Federal de 1873, elaborado en el marco de una situación política y social extremadamente convulsa que desembocó en la anarquía del cantonalismo. La segunda, que durante el quinquenio de la Segunda República (1931-1936) ensayó la compatibilidad de un llamado «Estado integral» con la autonomía de las regiones, fue llevada muy parcialmente a la práctica y acabó con la sublevación militar encabezada por el general Franco y la guerra civil (1936-1939).Tras el franquismo y la Transición democrática, la Constitución de 1978 no constitucionalizó un modelo preciso y acabado de descentralización políticasino que prefiguró un Estado «descentralizable», abierto a distintas posibilidades, dando curso a un «proceso autonómico» a partir del reconocimiento del derecho a la autonomía de las nacionalidades y regiones en su Título Preliminar y el establecimiento de complejas reglas en el Título VIII. La apertura de este proceso fue evolucionando hacia el llamado «Estado autonómico» mediante la práctica política y la doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional, desarrollándose paulatinamente con las técnicas del federalismo y en su campo de atracción hasta configurar un Estado federal en los hechos, aunque con notorias carencias e incoherencias de estructura y funcionamiento. El estado autonómico entró en crisis a partir, sobre todo, de los embates del nacionalismo político en el País Vasco a comienzos de la década de 2000 y especialmente en Cataluña desde mitad de la década pasada hasta la actualidad, momento álgido del desafío secesionista. A lo largo del trabajo se intenta mostrar primero que si bien en 1873, 1931 y 1978 hubo un rotundo rechazo del centralismo y una aspiración indubitada al establecimiento de la autonomía regional bajo distintas formas, no pudo fraguarse en ninguno de estos momentos, por diferentes razones, una neta voluntad constituyente en esta materia que estuviera en condiciones de sostener eficazmente un modelo definido. Se considera que por esta y otras causas la cuestión territorial sigue estando recurrentemente abierta en canal, a la espera de una constitucionalización adecuada que permita vertebrar con la estabilidad necesaria el Estado español. Tras un diagnóstico general del modelo autonómico en su evolución en la órbita del federalismo, se abordan, de acuerdo con este planteamiento, los elementos centrales que se consideran necesarios para una reforma constitucional en clave federal que racionalice un Estado que ya es federal en los hechos y que permita integrar todos los territorios con sus singularidades, dedicando una especial atención a la cuestión catalana en el marco del actual desafío independentista.Abstract:In this work we reflect from a broad historical perspective on the question of the territorial organization of the State in Spain leading to the current situation and offer, in light of this evolution, some keys to the constitutional reform in a federal sense that is deemed necessary in our days. Starting from the evidence that the answer offered by the Spanish historical constitutionalism to the territorial shape of the State has been, in general, to configure Spain as a unitary, centralized state, symbolized by the Monarchy, we analyzed the two large and different attempts that existed prior to the 1978 Constitution to emerge from unitarianism and to establish models of political decentralization. The first experience, with a federal character, developed during the First Republic (1873-1874) was consumed in a few months without even being able to discuss the Draft of the Federal Constitution of 1873, elaborated in the context of an extremely convulsive political and social situation that ended in the anarchy of cantonalism. The second, which during the five-year period of the Second Republic (1931-1936) tested the compatibility of a so-called «integral state» with the autonomy of the regions, was taken very partially into practice and ended with the military uprising led by general Franco and the Civil War (1936-1939).After Franco’s regime and the democratic Transition, the Constitution of 1978 did not constitutionalize a precise model of political decentralization but prefigured a «decentralized» State, open to different possibilities, giving way to an «autonomic process» from the recognition of the right to the autonomy of nationalities and regions in their Preliminary Title and the establishment of complex rules in Title VIII. The opening of this process evolved towards the so-called «Autonomous State» through political practice and the doctrine of the Constitutional Court, developing gradually with the techniques of federalism and in its field of attraction until setting up a the facto federal State, although with notorious deficiencies and inconsistencies in structure and functioning. The autonomous state came into crisis starting, above all, from the clashes of political nationalism in the Basque Country in the early 2000s and especially in Catalonia from the middle of the last decade to the present, the height of the secessionist challenge.In the course of this work we try to show that, although in 1873, 1931 and 1978 there was a resounding rejection of centralism and a clear aspiration to establish regional autonomy under different forms, it could not be forged in any of these moments, for different reasons , a net constituent will in this matter that would be able to effectively support a defined model. It is considered that for this and other causes the territorial question is still recurrently open in a channel, pending the appropriate constitutionalization that allows to vertebrate with the necessary stability the Spanish State. Following a general diagnosis of the autonomous model in its evolution in the orbit of federalism, the central elements are considered according to this approach, which are are regarded as necessary for a constitutional reform in a federal key that rationalizes a State that is already federal in the facts and that allows to integrate all the territories with their singularities, devoting a special attention to the Catalan questionwithin the framework of the present independence challenge. Summary:1. Introduction. 2. The Republican Federal Constitution Project of 1873. 3. The Constitution of 1931 and the Second Republic. 4. The opening of the autonomous process with the Constitution of 1978. 5. The evolution of the Autonomous State. 6. Towards a constitutional reform? Some keys in federal sense. 7. Special reference to the Catalan question. BIBLIOGRAPHICNOTE

The soil organic carbon content was analyzed in more than 7 000 soil samples under different land uses, climates and lithologies from northern Spain (Galicia, Asturias, Cantábria y País Vasco). GIS maps (1:50 000) were made of the % SOC and SOC stocks. The % SOC varies according to land use (higher in forest and scrub soils and lower in agricultural soils) and climate, and there is a highly significant correlation between SOC content and mean annual precipitation. There are significant differences between the soils of Galicia/Western Asturias (GA_w) and those of the rest of the study area (Central and Eastern Asturias, Cantabria and País Vasco) (A_ceCV), although these are neighbouring regions. In forest and/or scrub soils with a <em>udic</em> soil moisture regime, in GA_w, the SOC is usually &gt; 7% and the average stocks 260 t ha^-1 (0-30 cm), and &gt;340 t ha^-1 (0-50 cm) in soils with thick organic matter rich horizons (&gt; 40 cm); these values greatly exceed the average contents observed in forest soils from temperate zones. Under similar conditions of vegetation and climate in soils of A_ceCV the SOC average is 3% and the mean stocks 90-100 t ha^-1 (0-30 cm). The <em>andic</em> character of acid forest soils in GA_w and the formation of C-Al,Fe complexes are pointed out as the SOC stabilization mechanism, in contrast to the neutral and calcareous soils that predominate in A_ceCV, where the main species of OC are easily biodegradable.

En los últimos años han aumentado los estudios relacionados con el fenómeno de la concentración escolar a nivel europeo. El sistema educativo vasco tampoco es ajeno a estas dinámicas, aunque la literatura existente al respecto es bastante escasa. Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir los perfiles de las familias de origen extranjero que afirman que sus descendientes están matriculados en centros con elevada presencia de escolares inmigrantes. Para ello, hemos analizado las condiciones socioeconómicas de las familias inmigrantes, así como otros factores que pueden incidir en el fenómeno de la segregación escolar. En este sentido, el estudio vuelve a corroborar que las condiciones socioeconómicas inciden en el fenómeno de la segregación, pero, a su vez, apunta la necesidad de atender al conjunto de los factores que pueden influir en la misma. Así, se han detectado diferencias significativas en función del origen de las familias, poniendo de relieve la heterogeneidad del colectivo inmigrante, así como la necesidad de analizar la influencia que el sistema de modelos lingüísticos de la CAE tiene en la concentración escolar del alumnado inmigrante.In recent years, studies related to the phenomenon of school concentration in Europe have increased. The education system of the Basque Country has also these dynamics, although the literature on this subject is quite scarce. The aim of the article is to describe the profiles of foreign students’ families who consider that their children are studying in schools with a high presence of immigrants. To that end, we have analyzed the socioeconomic conditions of immigrant families, as well as other factors that may affect the phenomenon of school segregation. In this sense, our study corroborates that socioeconomic conditions affect the phenomenon of school segregation, but, in turn, points out the need to take into account other factors that may influence it. Thus, significant differences have been detected according to the origin of the families, highlighting the heterogeneity of the immigrant collective, as well as the need to analyze the influence that the system of linguistic models of the Basque Country has on immigrant students’ school concentration.

Public television faces various challenges in the digital world. On the one hand, technological transformation is forcing it to deploy new content distribution strategies. On the other, it faces limited budgets that force a rationalization of priorities. Moreover, it faces a profound change in the dynamics of television audience consumption, which is observed with particular clarity among younger audiences. This communication presents an overview of public television in Spain, emphasizing its presence in social media and mobile applications, to analyze how Spanish university students relate to public media. It presents the results of a survey applied in six Spanish communication faculties (the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Barcelona, ​​Complutense University of Madrid, University of Malaga, University of the Basque Country, and University of Santiago de Compostela). Trends are identified in the consumption and assessment of future communication professionals and the global challenges faced by public service media. Resumen La televisión pública se enfrenta a diferentes retos en el escenario digital. Por un lado, la transformación tecnológica le está obligando a desplegar nuevas estrategias de distribución de contenidos. Por otro, disponen de presupuestos limitados que le llevan a racionalizar sus prioridades. Además, afrontan un profundo cambio en las dinámicas de consumo de las audiencias televisivas que se manifiesta con especial claridad entre los públicos más jóvenes. Esta comunicación parte de una radiografía de la televisión pública en España, con énfasis en su presencia en las redes sociales y las aplicaciones móviles, para analizar cómo los universitarios españoles se relacionan con los medios públicos. Se presentan los resultados de una encuesta realizada en seis facultades de comunicación españolas (Universidad de Alicante, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Universidad de Málaga, Universidad del País Vasco y Universidad de Santiago de Compostela) que permiten identificar las tendencias de consumo y valoración de los futuros profesionales de la comunicación; así como identifica los retos generales a los que se enfrentan los medios de servicio público.

ABSTRACTResilience is the capacity that the persons have in order to confront the adversities and become strengthened from the same ones. The professional in social-education is a fundamental figure in the process that will create conditions that will promote the resilience in the persons and groups they interact with. Because of this and of their own work's nature, the social educator not only must have an adequate resilience level but also they must have the tools and techniques that will allow them to educate in this topic. This statement shows a study on the resilience profile of future social educators within the Social Education students of the University of the Basque Country. In order to measure the level of resilience in this sample, an adaptation of the scale made by Walnid y Young (1993) has been used. The results obtained seem to indicate that the resilience level of the future educators is moderated and that there are no statistically significant differences in resilience regarding sex or age. On the other hand in the theoretical study, diverse and significant aspects on resilience are approached: conceptualization, history and current importance in the scientific investigation; and the educational strategies that are necessary for its promotion.RESUMENLa resiliencia es la capacidad que tienen las personas para afrontar las adversidades y salir fortalecidas de las mismas. El/la profesional de la educación social es una figura fundamental en el proceso de creación de condiciones que promueven la resiliencia de las personas y/o grupos con los que interviene. Por eso y por la propia naturaleza de su trabajo, en el que frecuentemente se enfrenta a situaciones adversas, el/la profesional del ámbito socioeducativo ha de tener un nivel adecuado de resiliencia. Esta comunicación expone un estudio exploratorio sobre el perfil resiliente de futuros/as educadores/as sociales, en concreto del alumnado del grado de Educación Social de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU). Los resultados parecen indicar que el nivel de Resiliencia de los futuros/as educadores/as es moderado y que no hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas en resiliencia en cuanto al sexo ni en cuanto a la edad. En la ponencia también se abordan las bases y estrategias para una pedagogía de la resiliencia.

The State of Alarm period declared by the Spanish Government due to the coronavirus crisis has had an exhaustive media coverage. However, it is observed how the visual story / narrative that has been published in the newspapers goes beyond the health field, focusing mainly on aspects of a social, political or economic nature. The types of images with the greatest presence in the representation of the harshest weeks of the pandemic determine the type of coverage, causing some relevant aspects to be minimized or invisibilized, and conditions the impact and the understanding of the severity of the disease in the society, in a particularly difficult and decisive moment such as the confinement of citizens. In the same way, the published images will have a later impact as a document by becoming part of the historical memory in the future. This article focuses on the analysis of the images published during the State of Alarm in three of the most relevant and broader scope national newspapers (El país, La vanguardia and El mundo), which is complemented by semi-directed interviews with several photojournalists who have covered Covid-19 during its first stage. The cataloging of the photographs in various categories is intended to observe the type of story that has been made visible of the Covid-19 (assessing the way in which this pandemic is being shown as an epidemic or syndemic), as well as to detect some of the most present and/or recurring visual representations and identify which are the most prominent absences.

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