Academic literature on the topic 'Pain of payment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pain of payment"
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Facility Payments for Interventional Pain Management Procedures: Impact of Proposed Rules." Pain Physician 7;19, no. 7;9 (September 14, 2016): E957—E984. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj/2016.19.e957.
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In the face of the progressive implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), a significant regulatory regime, and the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS), the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) released its proposed 2017 hospital outpatient department (HOPD) and ambulatory surgery center (ASC) payment rules on July 14, 2016, and the physician payment schedule was released July 15, 2016. U.S. health care costs continue to increase, occupying 17.5% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2014 and surpassing $3 trillion in overall health care expenditure. Solo and independent practices face unique challenges and many are being acquired by hospitals or larger groups. This transfer of services to hospital settings is indisputably leading to an increase in the net cost to the system. Comparison of facility payments for interventional techniques in HOPD, ASC, and in-office settings shows wide variation for multiple interventional techniques. Major discrepancies in payment schedules are related to higher payments for hospitals than comparable treatments in in-office settings and ASCs. In-office procedures, which have been converted to ASC procedures, are reimbursed at as high as 1,366% higher than ASCs and 2,156% higher than in-office settings. The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) has made recommendations on avoiding the discrepancies and site-of-service differentials in in-office settings, hospital outpatient settings, and ASCs. These have not been implemented by CMS. In addition, there have been slow reductions in reimbursements over the recent years, which continue to accumulate, leading to significant reductions in payments In conclusion, equalization of site-of-service differentials will simultaneously improve reimbursement patterns for interventional pain management procedures, increase access and quality of care, and finally, reduce costs for CMS, extending Medicare solvency. Key words: Hospital outpatient departments, ambulatory surgery centers, physician inoffice services, interventional pain management, interventional techniques
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Proposed Physician Payment Schedule for 2013: Guarded Prognosis for Interventional Pain Management." Pain Physician 5;15, no. 5;9 (September 14, 2012): E615—E627. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2012/15/e615.
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As happens every year, on July 1, 2012, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services issued a proposed policy and payment rate for services furnished under the Medicare physician fee schedule for 2013. The proposed rule would provide certified registered nurse anesthetists to practice independent interventional pain management. Other issues, though no less important, include a 27% sustainable growth rate formula cut in reimbursement, along with a 2% sequester, which could lead to a potential cut of 29%. Since the inception of Medicare programs in 1965, several methods have been used to determine the amounts paid to physicians for each covered service. The sustainable growth rate was enacted in 1997 to determine physician payment updates under Medicare Part B. Its intent was to reduce Medicare physician payment updates to offset the growth and utilization of physician services that exceed gross domestic product growth. This is achieved by setting an overall target amount of spending for physicians’ services and adjusting payment rates annually to reflect differences between actual spending and the spending target. Since 2002, the sustainable growth rate has annually been used to recommend reductions in Medicare reimbursements. Payments were cut in 2002 by 4.8%. Since then, Congress has intervened on multiple occasions to prevent additional cuts from being imposed. In this manuscript, we will describe important proposed changes to the physician fee schedule. Additionally, the impact of multiple changes on interventional pain management will be briefly described. Key words: Health policy, physician payment policy, physician fee schedule, Medicare, sustained growth rate formula, interventional pain management, regulatory reform.
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Proposed Medicare Physician Payment Schedule for 2017: Impact on Interventional Pain Management Practices." Pain Physician 7;19, no. 7;9 (September 14, 2016): E935—E955. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj/2016.19.e935.
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The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) released the proposed 2017 Medicare physician fee schedule on July 7, 2016, addressing Medicare payments for physicians providing services either in an office or facility setting, which also includes payments for office expenses and quality provisions for physicians. This proposed rule occurs in the context of numerous policy changes, most notably related to the Medicare Access & CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA) and its Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS). The proposed rule affects interventional pain management specialists in reimbursement for evaluation and management services, as well as procedures performed in a facility or in-office setting. Changes in the proposed fee schedule impacting interventional pain management practices include adjustments to the meaningful use (MU) program, care management in patientcentered services, identification and review of potentially misvalued services, evaluation of moderate sedation services, Medicare telehealth services, updated geographic practice cost index, data collection on resources used in furnishing global services, reporting of modifier 25 for zero day global services, Medicare Advantage Part C provider and supplier enrollment, appropriate use criteria (AUC) for advanced imaging services, and Medicare shared savings programs. The proposed schedule has provided rates for new epidural codes with or without imaging (fluoroscopy or computed tomography [CT]) and a fee schedule for a new code covering endoscopic spinal decompression. Review of payment rates show major discrepancies in payment schedules with high payments for hospitals, 2,156% higher than in-office procedures. Some procedures which were converted from in-office settings to ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) are being reimbursed at 1,366% higher than ASCs. The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) recommendation on avoiding the discrepancies and site-of-service differentials in in-office settings, hospital outpatient settings, and ASCs has not been agreed to by CMS. Thus, even though the changes appear to be minor in physician services and in-office service payment, these changes cumulatively have been reducing payments for interventional procedures. Further, in-office reimbursement is overall significantly lower than ASCs and hospital outpatient departments (HOPDs) specifically for intraarticular injections, peripheral nerve blocks, and peripheral neurolytic injections. The significant advantage also continues for hospitals in their reimbursement for facility fee for evaluation and management services. This health policy review describes various issues related to health care expenses, health care reform, and finally its effects on physician payments for all services and also for the services provided in an office setting. Key words: Physician payment policy, physician fee schedule, Medicare, Merit-Based Incentive Payment System, interventional pain management, regulatory tsunami, Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS) for Interventional Pain Management Practices: Challenges and Opportunities." Pain Physician 1;19, no. 1;1 (January 14, 2016): E15—E32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj/2016.19.e15.
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Basing their rationale on multiple publications from Institute of Medicine (IOM), specifically Crossing the Quality Chasm, policy makers have focused on a broad range of issues, including assessment of the influence of medical practice organization structures on quality performance and development of quality measures. The 2006 Tax Relief and Health Care Act established the Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS), to enable eligible professionals to report health care quality and health outcome information that cannot be obtained from standard Medicare claims. However, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 required the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to incorporate a combination of cost and quality into the payment systems for health care as a precursor to value-based payments. The final change to PQRS pending initiation after 2018, is based on the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA) which has incorporated alternative payment models and merit-based payment systems. Recent publication of quality performance scores by CMS has been less than optimal. When voluntary participation began in July 2007, providers were paid a bonus for reporting quality measures from 2008 through 2014, ranging from 0.5% to 2% of the Medicare Part B allowed charges furnished during the reporting period. Starting in 2015, penalties started for nonparticipation. Eligible professionals and group practices that failed to satisfactorily report data on quality measures during 2014 are subject to a 2% reduction in Medicare fee-for-service amounts for services furnished by the eligible professional or group practice during 2016. The CMS proposed rule for 2016 physician payments contained a number of provisions with proposed updates to the PQRS and Physician Value-Based Payment Modifier among other changes. The proposed rule is the first release since MACRA repealed the sustainable growth rate formula. CMS proposed to continue many existing policies regarding PQRS from 2015 to 2016. In addition, 2016 will be the year that is utilized to determine the 2018 PQRS payment adjustment. However, after 2018 the PQRS payment adjustment will be transitioned to the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS), as required by MACRA. Overall, there will be over 280 measures in the 2016 PQRS. Readers might be surprised to find out that despite the cost intensity including time requirements personnel, the negative payment adjustments, are only the tip of the iceberg of cost. Indeed, all of the above may only be one-third or one-fourth of the cost to completely implement the PQRS system. Thus far, data across all specialties shows participation to be around 50%. In addition, penalties for lack of reporting of PQRS measures stands to be controversial to the Supreme Court ruling that unfunded mandates must not be permitted and also lack of significant relationships with improvement in quality in the overall analysis in multiple publications. Key words: Value-based modifier, Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA), alternative payment models (APMs), merit based payment systems, negative payments, bonuses
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Koh, Geumjoung, Young Woo Sohn, and Hye Bin Rim. "Decision-Making of Consumers with Higher Pain of Payment: Moderating Role of Pain of Payment When Payment Conditions Differ." Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14695/kjsos.2018.21.4.3.
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Interventional Techniques in Ambulatory Surgical Centers: A Look at the New Payment System." September 2007 5;10, no. 9;5 (September 14, 2007): 627–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2007/10/627.
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There has been an explosive increase in procedures performed in surgery centers, with approximately 4,700 Medicare-certified surgery centers in the United States. Total ambulatory surgical center (ASC) payments have increased substantially: $1 billion in 1996, and $2.9 billion in 2006. In June 1998, the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA; CMS), proposed an ASC rule in which at least 60% of interventional procedures were eliminated from ASCs and the remaining 40% faced substantial cuts in payments. Following the publication of this rule, based on public comments and demand, Congress intervened and delayed implementation of the rule for several years. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) granted broad statutory authority to the Secretary of Health and Human Services to design a new ASC payment system based on the hospital outpatient payment system. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) published its proposed outpatient prospective system for ASCs in 2006, setting ASC payments at 62% of HOPD payments. This rule faced substantial opposition from providers, patients, and Congress. Consequently, CMS revised the rule with a 4-year transition formula to provide ASCs with 65% of HOPD payments. Based on the new proposed rule, most interventional pain management procedures in ASCs will lose approximately 3% to 5% without taking into account that there have not been any increments since 2004, except for a few small increases for some procedures, along with the addition of office procedures, which can now be performed in an ASC setting. However, payments for procedures moved from the office setting to ASCs remain at the lower office rates, which face substantial cuts on their own. The proposed CMS rule will have widespread effects on physician payments, ASC payments, and particularly interventional pain management physicians. Key words: Outpatient prospective payment system, ambulatory surgery center payment system, Government Accountability Office, Medicare Modernization and Improvement Act, interventional techniques
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Medicare Physician Payment Systems: Impact of 2011 Schedule on Interventional Pain Management." Pain Physician 1;14, no. 1;1 (January 14, 2011): E5—E33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2011/14/e5.
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Physicians in the United States have been affected by significant changes in the patterns of medical practice evolving over the last several decades. The recently passed affordable health care law, termed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (the ACA, for short) affects physicians more than any other law. Physician services are an integral part of health care. Physicians are paid in the United States for their personal services. This payment also includes the overhead expenses for maintaining an office and providing services. The payment system is highly variable in the private insurance market; however, governmental systems have a formula-based payment, mostly based on the Medicare payment system. Physician services are billed under Part B. Since the inception of the Medicare program in 1965, several methods have been used to determine the amounts paid to physicians for each covered service. Initially, the payment systems compensated physicians on the basis of their charges. In 1975, just over 10 years after the inception of the Medicare program, payments changed so as not to exceed the increase in the Medical Economic Index (MEI). Nevertheless, the policy failed to curb increases in costs, leading to the determination of a yearly change in fees by legislation from 1984 to 1991. In 1992, the fee schedule essentially replaced the prior payment system that was based on the physician’s charges, which also failed to live up to expectations for operational success. Then, in 1998, the sustainable growth rate (SGR) system was introduced. In 2009, multiple attempts were made by Congress to repeal the formula – rather unsuccessfully. Consequently, the SGR formula continues to hamper physician payments. The mechanism of the SGR includes 3 components that are incorporated into a statutory formula: expenditure targets, growth rate period, and annual adjustments of payment rates for physician services. Further, the relative value of a physician fee schedule is based on 3 components: physician work, practice expense (PE), and malpractice expense that are used to determine a value ranking for each service to which it is applied. On average, the work component represents 53.5% of a service’s relative value, the fee component represents 43.6%, and the malpractice component represents 3.9%. The final schedule for physician payment was issued on November 24, 2010. This was based on a total cut of 30.8% with 24.9% of the cut attributed to SGR. However, as usual, with patchwork efficiency, Congress passed a one-year extension of the 0% update, effective through December 2011. Consequently, CMS issued an emergency update of the 2011 Medicare fee schedule, with multiple revisions, resulting in a reduction of the conversion factor of $36.8729 from December 2010 to $33.9764 for 2011. Key words: Health policy, physician payment policy, physician fee schedule, Medicare, sustained growth rate formula, interventional pain management, regulatory reform
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Reframing Medicare Physician Payment Policy for 2019: A Look at Proposed Policy." January 2018 1, no. 21;1 (September 15, 2018): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2018.5.415.
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On July 12, 2018, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) released the proposed 2019 Medicare physician fee schedule and quality payment program, combining these 2 rules for the first time. This occurred in a milieu of changing regulations that have been challenging for interventional pain management specialists. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) continuous to be amended by multiple administrative changes. This July 12th rule proposes substantial payment changes for evaluation and management (E&M) services, with documentation requirements, and blending of Level II to V CPT codes for E&M into a single payment. In addition, various changes in the quality payment program with liberalization of some metrics have been published. Recognizing that there are differing impacts based on specialty and practice type, as a whole interventional pain management specialists would likely see favorable reimbursement trends for E&M services as a result of this proposal. Moreover, in comparison with recent CMS final ruling, this proposed rule has relatively limited changes in procedural reimbursement performed in a facility or in-office setting. CMS, in the new rule, has proposed an overhaul of the E&M documentation and coding system ostensibly to reduce the amount of time physicians are required to spend inputting information into patients’ records. The new proposed rule blends Level II to V codes for E&M services into a single payment of $93 for office outpatient visits for established patients and $135 for new patient visits. This will also have an effect with blended payments for services provided in hospital outpatients. CMS also has provided additional codes to increase the reimbursement when prolonged services are provided with total reimbursement coming to Level V payments. Interventional pain managementcentered care has been identified as a specialty with complexity inherent to E&M associated with these services. Among the procedural payments, there exist significant discrepancies for the services performed in hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs), and offices. A particularly egregious example is peripheral neurolytic blocks, which is reimbursed at 1,800% higher in hospital outpatient department (HOPD) settings as compared with procedures done in the office. The majority of hospital based procedures have faced relatively small cuts as compared with office based practice. The only significant change noted is for spinal cord stimulator implant leads when performed in office setting with 19.2% increase. However, epidural codes, which have been initiated with a lower payment, continue to face small reductions for physician portion. This review describes the effects of the proposed policy on interventional pain management reimbursement for E&M services, procedural services by physicians and procedures performed in office settings. Key words: Physician payment policy, physician fee schedule, Medicare, Merit-Based Incentive Payment System, interventional pain management, regulatory tsunami, Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Analysis of the Carrot and Stick Policy of Repeal of the Sustainable Growth Rate Formula: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly." May 2015 3;18, no. 3;5 (May 14, 2015): E273—E292. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj/2015.18.e273.
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The Balanced Budget Act which became law in 1997 was designed to help stem the increasing in costs of healthcare. The Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) formula was incorporated into that law as a method of helping balance the budget through a complex formula tying reimbursement to the growth in the economy. Soon after its inception, the flawed nature of the formula, linking the balancing of the federal budget to physician professional fees was realized. Congress has provided multiple short-term fixes known as SGR patches over the years so as to avoid generally progressively larger negative corrections to professional reimbursement. The near annual SGR correction requirement has been compared to Groundhog Day in the legislative arena. Over the years, physician and other providers faced numerous looming, large cuts. Most recently, on April 1, 2015 physicians faced a 21.2% cut in provider payments. To the surprise of many, in April 2015 a bipartisan bicameral effort permanently repealed the Medicare SGR formula for controlling provider payment. The repeal of SGR means the temporary measures to override the growth rate formula will no longer dominate Medicare policy discussions and now the focus turns to continue payment reforms. The MACRA provides physicians and other health care professionals with stable fee update for 5 years and it follows with a new incentive program, termed the Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) replacing and consolidating preexisting incentive payment programs: meaningful use of electronic health records (EHR), physician quality reporting system, and the value-based payment modified. Thus, payments to clinicians will be subjected to adjustments based on participation in MIPS or other approved alternative payment mechanisms. This legislation also creates numerous other regulations. The MACRA has been criticized for providing insufficient statutory updates, enacting a flawed quality and performance improvement program associated with MIPS and inappropriate use of utilization and payment data. Thus, the MACRA offers physicians a predictable schedule for Medicare rates – a carrot, and controls the physician behaviors with payment reforms analogous to a stick. Thus, it could be said that this legislation embodies some good, bad, and ugly aspects. Key words: Balanced Budget Act, sustainable growth rate, alternative payment models, Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015, Merit-based Incentive Payment System, payment reform, payment modernization, health information technology
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Semerikova, Ekaterina. "Payment instruments choice of Russian consumers: reasons and pain points." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 14, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-09-2019-0089.
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Purpose The paper aims to explore reasons for choosing different payment instruments and pain points from using them in a Russian context. It proposes that given the expansion of the range of personal payment instruments, the choice for payment is now influenced by many factors, including the type of financial provider and potential benefits for consumers. Design/methodology/approach This paper is an exploratory study that uses data from the qualitative research conducted in three Russian cities (Moscow, Yekaterinburg and Saratov) based on 50 online payment diaries and 12 group discussions. It was complemented by the analysis of consumers’ posts on six relevant media platforms. Findings The results show that a bank card is a new must and people choose it for convenience, safety and access to online purchases inside and outside Russia. Cash is used out of habit or wherever cashless payments are either not free or unavailable. Reasons for smartphone pass-through wallet usage include speed, attribute of style and higher cashbacks. Research limitations/implications The limitations of the study are similar to any qualitative research and include, in particular, lack of generalization. Proposed hypotheses might be further tested quantitatively on a representative sample. Practical implications The results might help providers of financial services in creating better quality products that address consumer pain points and in developing strategies that allow for the changing preferences of consumers. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first such study to consider reasons for choosing and pain points from using certain payment instruments in the emerging markets, in particular, Russia.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pain of payment"
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Wyngaard, Lisa Jade. "How can the rights of paying consumers to electricity be squared with the rights of Eskom to be paid?'." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6379.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Public Law and Jurisprudence)Electricity supply can be classified into three stages namely: generation, transmission and distribution, with the functions of generation and transmission being carried out by Eskom. In 2001, Eskom was converted from a statutory body into a public company having a share capital with its entire share capital held by the State. It is a major public entity and therefore an Organ of State and albeit that Eskom is classified as a public company, it is still a State-owned Enterprise. Municipalities purchase electricity from Eskom in bulk in order to carry out the distribution function and manage bulk supply of electricity to end-users in terms of the Local Government: Municipal Structures Act 117 of 1998 (Structures Act). Municipalities re-sell electricity purchased from Eskom to end-users as well as provide free basic electricity to indigent consumers.
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Kiršienė, Rūta. "Daliniai mokėjimai už sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas: jų priežastys ir pasekmės." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070108_125854-47244.
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Magistro baigiamąjį darbą sudaro: įvadas, 8 skyriai, 7 poskyriai. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados ir rekomendacijos, naudotos literatūros sąrašas, santrauka lietuvių ir anglų kalba bei priedai. Darbo uždaviniai: - išnagrinėti įstatymus ir kitus teisės aktus, reglamentuojančius mokamas medicinines paslaugas; - apžvelgti vaistų kompensavimo tvarką; - ištirti, kokios medicininės paslaugos, kiek jų teikiama ir kaip kinta jų apimtys dviejose Vilniaus ligoninėse; - išsiaiškinti atskirų grupių žmonių (medikų, pacientų, studentų- medikų, teisininkų) požiūrį į šiuo metu esantį sveikatos apsaugos finansavimą, dalinius mokėjimus už sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas. Metodika. Naudojantis finansinėmis ligoninių ataskaitomis, skaičiuojant kasos čekius, tirtos mokamos paslaugos ligoninėse. Atlikta anketinė respondentų apklausa. Duomenys apdoroti naudojant programas MS Excell ir SPSS for Windows 12.0. Išvados. LR įstatymuose ir kt. teisės aktuose yra aiškiai nurodyta, kada gyventojai turi mokėti už sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas ir kokios paslaugos jiems turi būti atliekamos nemokamai. Yra sukurtos gana tobulos vaistų kompensavimo metodikos, kurių pagrindinius principus būtų galima pritaikyti ir kt. medicininėms paslaugoms. Lėšos už mokamas medicinines paslaugas sudaro tik labai mažą dalį ligoninių biudžeto. Daliniai mokėjimai už sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas yra žmonėms nepatrauklūs. Labai mažai apsidraudusiųjų papildomuoju (savanoriškuoju) sveikatos draudimu.Scientific advisor: Prof. Ass. Dr. Gediminas Černiauskas The master degree thesis consists of introduction, 8 chapters, and 7 units. Conclusions, recomendations, a list of literature, a summary in Lithuanian and English, and supplements are given in the closing part of the thesis. Goals of the thesis: - to examine laws and other legal acts regulating paid medical services, - to provide and overview of paying out compensations for expenses relating to drug acquisition; - to investigate into the range, number, and dynamics of volume of paid services provided by two hospitals in Vilnius; - to reveal the attitude of groups of people (medical people, patients, medical students, and lawyers) towards the current funding of health care system and partial payments for health care services. Methodology. Paid medical services provided by the hospitals were analysed on the basis of relevant financial statements and cash-register receipts. To reveal people’s attitude to partial payments for health services, a questionnaire-based survey was carried out. Data were processed by MS Excell and SPSS for Windows 12.0 programs. Conclusions: LR laws and other legal acts specify the cases when residents are to pay for health care services and what services are to be provided to them free of charge. Quite perfect techniques for the compensation of expenses relating to drugs’ acquisition have been developed. The basic principles of these techniques might be applied in the area of other medical... [to full text]
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Shah, Avni Mahesh. "“What’s Pain Got To Do With It?”: How the Pain of Payment Influences Our Choices and Our Relationships." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/11381.
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One of the most frequent things we do as consumers is make purchase. We pay for a coffee or for food, we pay for necessities around the house, we even pay for one another, buying drinks or dinner for a friend every now and then. In today’s marketplace, the decision of whether to purchase is also coupled with the decision of how to make a purchase. Consumers have so many different methods to pay for their transactions. Can the way a consumer chooses to pay change the likelihood that s/he make a purchase? And then post-purchase, can the payment method used to pay for a purchase influence how connected individuals feel to that product, brand, or organization? Given that we sometimes pay for others (and vice versa), can the way we pay influence our interpersonal relationships?
In what follows, I argue that the way individuals pay, and specifically the pain associated with making a payment, can have a pervasive effect on their decision to make a purchase and how they feel post-transaction. Across three essays, I focus on how the pain of paying can influence the likelihood to purchase an item from a consideration set (Essay 1) and subsequently, how the pain of paying can influence post-transaction connection to a product, organization, or even to other people (Essay 2 and 3). Across field, laboratory, online, and archival methods, I find robust evidence that increasing the pain of paying may initially deter individuals from choosing. However, post-transaction, increasing the pain of payment may have an upside: individuals feel closer and more committed to a product that they purchased, organization that they donated to, and feel greater connection and rapport to who they spent their money on. However, I also demonstrate the boundary conditions of these findings. When individuals are spending money on something that is undesirable, such as paying for a competitor, increasing the pain of payment decreases interpersonal connection and rapport.
Dissertation
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Chen, Li-Kuei, and 陳李魁. "Construct an evaluation and continuous improvement system to upgrade the quality and quantity of self-payment medical services– Evidence from post-operative pain control service in the hospital." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67420577958679434160.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
會計與管理決策組
99
With the rapid progression of new technology, medical services have continuous changed and developed day by day. Different kinds of analgesic methods or packages for relieving postoperative pain are one of the items. At present, most of big hospitals, including NTUH (National Taiwan University Hospital) have provided patient controlled analgesia for postoperative pain management. Owing to the initial development stage of APS (Acute Pain Service) team in our hospital and the obstacle from traditional old concept, the applying percentage of APS for the clinical practice was beyond the expectation. At present, patients have to pay NT 7,300 for receiving APS and about 350 patients will apply APS per month. The overall gross income (patients have to pay by themselves and the health insurance does not cover) will be around NT 2,555,000 every month. If the case number could increase by improving the service quality and then around 500 patients (15% of total patients receiving operation) will apply APS per month, the overall gross income will increase to around NT 3,650,000 every month. Thus, how to popularize this service by upgrade the service quality and quantity, and then increase the willing of patient to adopt this service with increasing the self-payment income for hospital simultaneously should be an important issue for further study and investigation. This study was conducted to completely analyze, evaluate and propose the solution how to upgrade and improve the quality and quantity of APS in our hospital, since we have invested a lot of capital and manpower in setting up APS team. At first, we try to make sure and find out the target issues, problems and assumptions via BSC (Balanced Scorecard) analysis. Then, we will construct a dynamic modifying model from the APS systemic processing and try to dig out the key driver factor in the different wards and surgical departments through the cause & effect feedback diagram and the simulation results. At last, we will focus to make the modification and improvement for those key driver factors and by using the dynamic BSC and KPI value (Key Performance Index) to make the final evaluation and judgment of achievements. The main purpose or goal is tried to construct an evaluation and continuous improvement system model to upgrade the quality and quantity of acute pain service for different wards and surgical departments in our hospital. In the near future, we might popularize this APS system model to the other hospitals to upgrade the NTUH APS team as the leading index and role model in developing APS in Taiwan.
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Chen, Chun-Ling, and 陳君玲. "Can Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Patient be paid by Capitated Payment?" Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02083038836233879189.
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碩士國立陽明大學
醫務管理研究所
95
Abstract Objective：To analyze the medical resources utilization of different treatment modality in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Also investigate the influence between choice of treatment modalities and patient’ s individual characteristics、disease characteristics and different hospital level. Design：Retrospective study analysis between 2003 to 2005 claim data from the Bureau of National Health Insurance, Taiwan . Total 9,698 patients were included. Results：The patients were divided according to Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) method. The most important factor to influence patients who choice different treatment modalities is “distal metastasis”, the next is “hospital level”, “comobidity and complication”, “ single hospital admission”, “Age” according to order. To evaluate the main factor that influenced expenditure with logistic regression analysis revealed the most important factor was “radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy”, the second is “local hospital combined with radiotherapy”, the third were “radiotherapy”, all influences were positive. Conclusions：The capitation reimbursement is most suitable for NPC patients, duration is one year. Total medical fees will be obtained according to the results of step-wise regression analysis. Because current reimbursement for treating NPC patients is global budget and fee-for service, it’s not represent good prognosis. How to take patents as the center, provide adequate healthcare and quality of life are worthy to think between health provider, NHI and patients. The suggestion to health managers is cross teams cooperation must be needed for NPC therapy. The suggestion to NHI is moving capitation reimbursement, providing basic medical care for life support and medical resources utilization became more reasonable.
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Lee, Yi-Ju, and 李宜儒. "Ownership Structures, Payment Methods and the Premiums Paid for Mergers and Acquisitions." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12660524899965209797.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
財務金融學研究所
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This paper examines how ownership structure and payment methods influence mergers and acquisitions premiums offered in Taiwanese financial industry in the period between the 4th quarter of 2001 and the year end of 2005. Our investigation of the factors that determine bid premiums paid for targets focuses on the importance of affiliation of both acquirers’ and targets’ ultimate controllers, payment methods, the divergence of control right and cash flow right of acquirer’s ultimate controller, and control leverage created by the acquirer. Different from traditional studies on mergers and acquisitions, this research centers on the relation between premiums and the ways of mergers and acquisitions. Previous studies show that there is a premium paid for stock over cash. With nonparametric statistic methods, our evidences also show that acquirer pays higher extra price-to-book ratios in mergers and acquisitions with stock payment, though there is no significant difference in terms of extra price-to-earning ratios. Our results further reveal that divergence of acquirer’s ultimate controller is significantly positive correlated with premiums measured in extra price-to-earning ratios. The results are consistent with Lu (2003) who suggests that acquirer with lower divergence is expected to pay lower premiums to the target. However, there is no significant relationship between divergence of acquirer’s ultimate controller and extra price-to-book ratios. When the acquirer enters mergers and acquisitions at a higher level of control chain (or pyramid), he will be willing to pay higher premiums for the target’s control with larger control leverage and divergence over the target. Our evidence supports this hypothesis when the premiums are measured in terms of extra price-to-book ratios. For the affiliation of both acquirers’ and targets’ ultimate controllers, we find higher extra price-to-earning ratios to the target in an internal merger and acquisition deal. This research contributes to the theory and practice of mergers and acquisitions in that the relationship between premiums paid and the ownership structure of the bidders as well as the targets has not been studies in the literature before. More statistical inferences may be made possible provided that the sample size is large enough.
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Lee, Yi-Ju. "Ownership Structures, Payment Methods and the Premiums Paid for Mergers and Acquisitions." 2006. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-0205200706232800.
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Chu, Koung Shing, and 朱光興. "1997~2000 Nation wide Survey And Evaluation on the Cost of Surgical Anesthesia and the Trend of Change as Releated to Four Surgical Operations Paid by Case Payment Plan." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24jkn5.
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碩士高雄醫學大學
公共衛生學研究所碩士在職專班
91
Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate islandwide the cost of anesthesia and its trend of change as applied to the common surgical operations paid by case payment plan for the calendar year 1997-2000 inclusive. Methods: A random sampling was drawn from the National Health Research Institute data base of all admilted hospital surgical cases specifically hemorrhoidectomy w/ or w/o fistulectomy, herniorrhaphy both inguinal and abdominal, appendectomy, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. By JMP statistical analysis, the total medical cost and the cost of anesthesia in particular were segregated by calendar year, sex, age, disease classification, the category of the health insurance branch, type of contract the hospital signed with the health insurance and the length of hospitalization with the corresponding cost of anesthesia in proportion to the total hospital expenses and its trend of change. A one-way ANOVA and the multiple regression statistics were utilized to analyze collected data. Result: After statistical analysis of surgical data taking into account all varibles, its was discovered that the total medical cost for each calendar year showed a variance of (P<0.05) in contrast to cost of anesthesia which had no significant variance (P>0.05). However as regards to the ratio of the cost of anesthesia to the total medical expenses for each calendar year, a significant variance existed (P>0.05). Conclusion: The total medical cost/expenses incurred by the surgical case payment procedures showed an increasing trend per year. However, the percentage of of the cost of anesthesia against the total medical cost showed a decreasing trend per year. In other words, the cost of anesthesia is inversely proportional to the increasing year in the study. The above findings call for re-evaluation of the structure of anesthesia as a whole with focus on quality and cost. Because of the limited access to detailed hospital record and the short time element, it is highly recommended that future studies geared to the same goal should have a longer time span to obtain a more representative and complete data base with significant result.
Books on the topic "Pain of payment"
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Homenko, Elena. Banking law. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1405583.
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The textbook contains a systematic presentation of the main institutions of banking law in accordance with the academic discipline "Banking Law", taught at the Department of Banking Law of the Moscow State Law University named after O. E. Kutafin (MSLA). It examines the banking system of the Russian Federation and its structure; the features of credit institutions as subjects of banking law; the legal basis of the national payment system, its relationship with the banking system of Russia; the legal regulation of the deposit insurance system; legislation on bank accounts; the main types of bank loans; currency transactions carried out with the participation of authorized banks, and operations of credit institutions in the securities market. Attention is paid to the ratio of electronic money with electronic means of payment, the mechanism of non-cash payments and the procedure for implementing the institute of payment clearing.
The proposed diagrams and tables facilitate the assimilation of the most difficult questions.
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Paid in Full: Your Debt, God's Payment. Lancaster CA: Striving Together Publications, 2014.
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Carnell, Nicholas J. Getting paid: An architect's guide to fee recovery claims. London: RIBA Enterprises, 2003.
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Archibald, Nancy. How long did they go?: Prospectively paid agencies contiune to reduce service use : final report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 2001.
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Hogan, Christopher. Medicare physician payment rates compared to rates paid by the average private insurer, 1999-2001: Final report. Vienna, VA: Direct Research, LLC, 2003.
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Kempson, Elaine. Payment of pensions and benefits: A survey of social security recipients paid by order book or girocheque. Leeds: Corporate Document Services, 2001.
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Gaiski, Stephen N. Making it right: Why your car payments are lasting longer than your factory paint job : basic guide. Novi, MI: Zestar Corporation, 2009.
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United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). Fiscal year 1995 budget amendments: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting amendments to the fiscal year 1995 budget that would implement savings from reduced rental payments paid by federal agencies to the General Services Administration (GSA), pursuant to 31 U.S.C. 1107. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
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Clinton), United States President (1993-2001 :. Fiscal year 1995 budget amendments: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting amendments to the fiscal year 1995 budget that would implement savings from reduced rental payments paid by federal agencies to the General Services Administration (GSA), pursuant to 31 U.S.C. 1107. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
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United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). Fiscal year 1995 budget amendments: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting amendments to the fiscal year 1995 budget that would implement savings from reduced rental payments paid by federal agencies to the General Services Administration (GSA), pursuant to 31 U.S.C. 1107. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Pain of payment"
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Desai, Mehul J., and Michael S. Leong. "Medicare Payment Quality Measures." In Deer's Treatment of Pain, 825–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12281-2_102.
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Williams, Kayode, and Daniel B. Carr. "Current and Emerging Payment Models for Spine Pain Care: Evidence-Based, Outcomes-Based, or Both?" In Spine Pain Care, 13–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27447-4_3.
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Holotiuk, Friedrich, Jürgen Moormann, and Francesco Pisani. "Blockchain in the Payments Industry: Developing a Discussion Agenda Based on Pain Points and Opportunities." In Business Transformation through Blockchain, 197–231. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98911-2_7.
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Marchetti, Sabrina. "Rights." In IMISCOE Research Series, 71–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11466-3_5.
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AbstractTransnational migration gives rise to multiple forms of potential exploitation of paid domestic work, being an occupation that is relegated to the informal labour market where migrant women often find themselves in powerless positions in relation to their employers and host society. This is especially so when they are undocumented migrants, as is the case for migrants who do not fulfil the requirements for labour or family migration. As a consequence, in many countries, migrants’ employment in private households is strongly deregulated and workers do not have access to social and labour protection (Triandafyllidou & Marchetti, 2017). In several countries, domestic work is not recognized as work, and is therefore excluded from labour protections. Domestic workers are often deprived of monetary payment and compensated with only food and shelter. Also, in countries where domestic work is regulated through labour laws, provisions differ significantly from those in place for other jobs, having lower remuneration and fewer social protections. This lack of a normative framework adds to the vulnerability that is typical of the sector due to the isolation that is characteristic of this kind of work (especially for live-in workers) and the social stigmatization that they face in different parts of the world.
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"Disability Payment." In Encyclopedia of Pain, 1006. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_100607.
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"Time Loss Payment." In Encyclopedia of Pain, 3971. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_102342.
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George, Nimmy Lovely, and M. Rakesh Krishnan. "Pain of Paying and Different Payment Paradigms." In New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 4, 161–67. Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bpi/niebm/v4/15522d.
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Stein, Michael D., and Sandro Galea. "Pain Drain." In Pained, 127–30. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510384.003.0036.
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This chapter examines chronic pain. Pain starts as a symptom—associated, for example, with arthritis or neuropathy—and, for one in five Americans, this symptom becomes “chronic,” that is, it lasts for weeks, or months, or even years. Chronic pain has its own reliable neurobiology and its own brain activation signature—although it cannot be localized in any specific “pain area” like other sensory perceptions, such as smell or sight. Still, pain changes the brain’s structure, its neuronal configurations. Moreover, pain’s significance in a person’s life is highly individualized. The experience of chronic pain can be altered by mood, sleep quality, distraction, suggestion, or even anticipation of new pain. This implies that pain may be exacerbated by social conditions—by violence, by anxiety. Living in poverty, for example, increases the odds of living with chronic pain. Although pain is real, it is still doubted and disputed. In the legal system, it is the subject of arguments over payment for disability claims and personal injury suits. The lack of an objective measure of pain means that some who might deserve compensation miss out because they cannot “prove” their discomfort. Assessing and treating pain, recognizing the pain of others, coping with its presence, and limiting its ruinous effects without misusing opioids or taking one’s own life remain central tests of people’s empathy and their efforts to promote health.
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Coulson, The Rt Hon Lord Justice. "The Statutory Provisions Relating to Payment." In Coulson on Construction Adjudication. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822110.003.0004.
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At the heart of these provisions is the attempt to ensure that every construction contract contains a transparent and straightforward mechanism for the payment to the contractor of interim payments on account (sometimes called instalments or progress payments). In addition it recognizes that, although there will inevitably be a period between the date on which a payment becomes due, and the final date on which that sum must be paid, it imposes an obligation on the payer to notify the payee well in advance of the final date for payment how much is going to be paid and how that sum has been calculated.
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Sawtell, David, and Nicholas Higgs. "Certificates and the Right to Payment." In Wilmot-Smith on Construction Contracts, 297–309. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832805.003.0010.
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This chapter looks at the payment provisions introduced by the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (HGCRA) that apply to most substantial onshore construction operations in the UK. It analyses construction contracts defined under sections 104–105 of the HGCRA, which must contain a minimum, mandatory payment, and payment notice regime. It also explains how the HGCRA regulates and prohibits payment provisions, such as ‘pay when paid’ clauses. This chapter probes section 109 of the HGCRA, stipulating that any party to a construction contract in the UK is entitled to payment by instalments, stage payments, or other periodic payments for any work under the contract. It reviews the relevant statutory provisions in the HGCRA and the Scheme for Construction Contracts (England and Wales) Regulations 1998, which provide a payment code that must be followed in every UK construction contract from October 2011.
Conference papers on the topic "Pain of payment"
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Japarova, Damira. "None Budgetary Forms of Health Funding in the KR." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02077.
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In Kyrgyzstan, significant share of the state funds used on the preferential treatment and financing of treatment other patients largely tolerated by themselves. However, the replacement of free services with paid ones occurs spontaneously and haphazardly. The strategy of replacement of free Medicare to paid in official documents and normative acts are not formulated, however, it really exists.
With the introduction of co- payment system, patients are forced repeatedly pay for the same medical service, eventually not having a warranty for complete recovery. Many administrators in medicine believe that they do not need to take co-payment from patients, because the patients buying medicines themselves, and in this regard, there are many claims and perturbations on this subject.
Our point of view, informal payments in medicine, i.e., unofficial payments to the doctor should not be seen as a "bribe". In the absence of a regulatory mechanism, the informal payment for services acts as a state-nonregulated addition to the market price, this cannot be canceled or destroyed. The only way to put them to some kind of framework - is legalization these payments. Special funds, or receipts from paid services should become a source of own fund of a polyclinic or hospital, which can be used first of all for increasing the salaries of medical workers. Instead of fixed co-payments in medical care, it is advisable to introduce co-payment in relation to medicines, i.e. pay part of the cost of drugs used in the treatment of the patient.
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Japarova, Damira. "Health System Reform in Kyrgyzstan: Problems and Prospects." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00368.
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Today all over the world costs of medical services are growing and alternative ways of effective financing of health care are being researched.
During the reforms the Kyrgyz Republic introduced a system of compulsory medical insurance, the institution of family medicine and a "single payer" system. Methods of payment for hospital services flush to an artificial increase in the number of hospitalizations and unnecessary assignment of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
The main brake of health care reform is underfunding of sector. Improving health care is possible by limiting the free medical care. The replacement of free care by paid services occurs spontaneously, there are abuses and the shadow economy in health care.
The Compulsory medical insurance doesn’t have such terms as an accident, insurance risk, and the current model in Kyrgyzstan is not a real model of insurance and serves as a kind of state-funding health care. The most part of the population in rural areas is not involved in the payment of health insurance due to unemployment.
Patients pay a fee in addition to medication, and also carry out informal payments to doctors, that is, patient with co-payments have to repeatedly pay for the same medical service without a guarantee of a cure.
Taking into account the experience of other countries, the imposition of patient payment for their own care is more just to bringing the patient for his treatment.
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Samakhavets, M. P. "FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS: TAX ASPECT." In Культура, наука, образование: проблемы и перспективы. Нижневартовский государственный университет, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/ksp-2021/24.
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The article analyzes the payment of taxes by agricultural producers to the budget by number of payers, amount of taxes paid, and single tax for agricultural producers. The procedure for the payment of a single tax for agricultural producers (payers, object of taxation, rate) is considered in more detail. The tax burden on agriculture in dynamics is considered.
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Gao, J., K. Edunuru, J. Cai, and S. Ph D. Shim. "P2P-Paid: A Peer-to-Peer Wireless Payment System." In Proceedings. Second IEEE International Workshop on Mobile Commerce and Services. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wmcs.2005.16.
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Japarova, Damira. "Diagnostics of Financing the System of Public Health in the Kyrgyzstan Republic and its Modernization." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02378.
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Despite the multi-channel resources, the financial sources of state health programs do not cover the needs of their implementation in the Kyrgyz Republic. The residual principle of health financing keeps unchanged and the amount of financing does not match the real health needs. The variety of problems in financing, the ambiguity of their positive practical solutions and controversy of theoretical aspects makes the research topic particularly relevant. No funds are allocated for prevention, and this type of medical service remains formally, just on paper. The main drawback of compulsory health insurance is the lack of forms for the insured patient to participate in the economic system of insurance relations. In this connection, it is relevant to develop a mechanism for attracting additional sources of financing. To increase the interest of commercial structure to this structure, it is proposed to introduce personalized accounting of compulsory medical insurance.
Informal payments in medicine shouldn’t be considered as a “bribe”, since this type of payment for medical services acts as an addition to the market price in the absence of an adequate regulatory mechanism by the state, and it is impossible to cancel such a mechanism. The only way to formalize them is legalization. Revenues from paid services should be the source of the own fund of health organizations and used primarily to increase the salaries of medical workers.
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Chabbi, Samir, and Chaouki Araar. "RFID and NFC authentication protocol for securing a payment transaction." In 2022 4th International Conference on Pattern Analysis and Intelligent Systems (PAIS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pais56586.2022.9946661.
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Mamalikidis, Ioannis, Christos Karapiperis, Lefteris Angelis, Grigorios Tsoumakas, and Ioannis Vlahavas. "Machine Learning Methods for Customer's Payment Acceptance Prediction in an Electricity Distribution Company." In PCI 2017: 21st PAN-HELLENIC CONFERENCE ON INFORMATICS. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3139367.3139406.
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Japarova, Damira. "Legalization of Paid Services - The Source of Increasing Salaries of Medical Workers." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01389.
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The main reason for the existence of informal payments in health care in Kyrgyzstan is low wages. On preferential treatment of patients is used 94% of funds allocated by the state. The financing of medical services largely transferred to the citizens themselves. Replacement free assistance paid services, in the absence of government regulation, acts as a natural addition to the market price, it is impossible to cancel or destroy. Promote the quality of work does not go beyond payroll. Kyrgyzstan should be legalized paid medical services. The source of the additional accrual of wages may become fund clinics, hospitals generated by paid services.
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Jumani, Nabi Bux, Fouzia Ajmal, Samina Malik, and Fatima Maqsood. "Online Education as a Key to Bridge Gender Digital Divide in Pakistan." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.9275.
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Educational systems are progressively attempting to provide equitable, comprehensive, and high-quality digital skills education and training. Females lag substantially behind males in digital abilities, paving the need for more learning and skill development, especially in developing countries. Creating equal opportunity in higher education for all individuals including both genders is a social responsibility. Gender equality is a cornerstone of a healthy, modern economy, and women may make a significant contribution to society and the economy as a whole. The current study was taken to analyze the gender digital divide among youth in Pakistan. The relevant policy documents such as Digital Pakistan Policy and reports were analyzed. The main causes identified included barriers to access, affordability, lack of technology literacy, and sociocultural norms. Moreover, the role of online education as an effort to bridge the gender digital divide was analyzed through interviews with key stakeholders in higher education in Pakistan. Women's use of ICT and digital platforms, mobile phones, and digital payments are among the recommendations, as are skills development for the digital era and enabling for better knowledge and meaningful use of digital technology. Individuals, communities, and the commercial sector will all need to work together to bridge the digital gender gap in Pakistan.
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Chen, Wenyu, Yan Cheng, and Meng Feng. "Research on Payment Attractiveness of Knowledge Contributors in Paid Q&A Based on Hidden Markov Model." In 2020 IEEE 11th International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsess49938.2020.9237691.
Full textReports on the topic "Pain of payment"
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Redmond, Paul, Seamus McGuinness, and Klavs Ciprikis. A universal basic income for Ireland: Lessons from the international literature. ESRI, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs146.
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A universal basic income (UBI) is defined as a universal, unconditional cash payment that is made regularly, is sufficient to live on, is not means tested, carries no work requirements and is paid on an individual basis. This study examines the international evidence on universal basic incomes and identifies key issues for consideration in the design of any UBI pilot for Ireland. Despite the mainstream interest in UBI as a potential policy tool, relatively little is known about the associated consequences of such policies. Even the definition of a UBI appears to be poorly understood and is often misused in the public discourse. Several pilot studies have been recently implemented across different countries. However, some pilot studies depart from the accepted definition of UBI. For example, some are not universal, in that they only target a specific subgroup of the population and/or have eligibility restrictions based on earnings. Others provide a relatively low level of payment, which may fall short of what an individual could reasonably be expected to live on. There are a number of potentially positive impacts associated with a UBI. A universal, unconditional payment could eliminate the stigma associated with welfare receipt. If replacing existing welfare payments, a UBI would also involve lower transaction costs, both on the recipient (in terms of the application procedure) and on Government (in terms of administering the payment). Universal, unconditional payments would also avoid situations where people choose not to work in order to retain means-tested benefits. UBI could give individuals the freedom to turn down or leave insecure, exploitative or low-paid work in pursuit of better or improved work opportunities. In addition, it would mean that persons in informal and often unpaid work, such as childcare and eldercare, which is mostly done by women, receive some compensation for their labour. Empirical results from several pilot studies have found evidence of positive health impacts following the implementation of a UBI. In terms of potential disadvantages, a UBI, by definition, may not target those that are most in need, as a large percentage of recipients will be high-earning individuals. Furthermore, the cost of a UBI is likely to be very expensive, even if other existing benefits (such as unemployment benefits) are no longer required. The net impacts of a UBI on labour supply are unclear, with both positive and negative influences on labour market participation potentially arising as a consequence of a UBI. In this study, we undertake some basic calculations relating to four possible UBI approaches, all of which would involve an unconditional payment to every individual aged over 18 in Ireland.
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Arango-Arango, Carlos A., Yanneth Rocío Betancourt-García, and Manuela Restrepo-Bernal. An Application of the Tourist Test to Colombian Merchants. Banco de la República, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1176.
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Cash is still widely used in Colombia, even among merchants that accept payment cards. Indeed, 60% of these merchants use dissuasive strategies to make their clients pay with cash. This shows that merchant service costs (MSC) for cards are not optimal in the sense of the Tourist Test. We present estimates of MSC compatible with the Tourist Test, such that merchants are indifferent between being paid with cash or cards. We find that cash is less costly than cards at the average retail-sales transaction-value, hence there is no positive optimal MSC at this ticket value. For the average card transaction ticket, the optimal MSC would be positive but far below the rates charge by the industry (0.74% in a short-term scenario). Yet, the additional incentive that sales-tax evasion provides to cash payments reduces the Tourist Test MSC to 0.44%. Our estimates for long-term scenarios yield even lower optimal MSC. An average price cap regulation that strikes a middle ground between these figures, and is complemented with sales-tax evasion measures, should discourage merchant strategies that deter consumers from paying with cards and will accommodate the wide heterogeneity in merchants´ scale, payment processing processes and ticket size. These results should be taken as a guideline as the estimations depend on the underlying assumptions and only consider the merchant´s side of the card industry.
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Thompson, Alison, Nathan M. Stall, Karen B. Born, Jennifer L. Gibson, Upton Allen, Jessica Hopkins, Audrey Laporte, et al. Benefits of Paid Sick Leave During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.25.1.0.
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Multiple jurisdictions have adopted or adapted paid sick leave policies to reduce the likelihood of employees infected with SARS-CoV-2 presenting to work, which can lead to the spread of infection in workplaces. During the COVID-19 pandemic, paid sick leave has been associated with an increased likelihood of workers staying at home when symptomatic. Paid sick leave can support essential workers in following public health measures. This includes paid time off for essential workers when they are sick, have been exposed, need to self-isolate, need time off to get tested, when it is their turn to get vaccinated, and when their workplace closes due to an outbreak. In the United States, the introduction of a temporary paid sick leave, resulted in an estimated 50% reduction in the number of COVID-19 cases per state per day. The existing Canada Recovery Sickness Benefit (CRSB) cannot financially protect essential workers in following all public health measures, places the administrative burden of applying for the benefit on essential workers, and neither provides sufficient, nor timely payments. Table 1 lists the characteristics of a model paid sick leave program as compared with the CRSB. Implementation of the model program should be done in a way that is easy to navigate and quick for employers.
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Gómez-Lobo, Andrés, Santiago Sánchez González, and Vileydy González Mejia. Means-tested transit subsidies in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004532.
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This paper reviews three targeted transit subsidies applied in Latin America. The Vale Transporte scheme in Brazil is the oldest, having been introduced in 1985. Household survey data for 26 metropolitan areas were used to estimate the distributional impact of the Vale Transporte. The results indicate that this program is badly targeted to low-income individuals. In 19 of the 26 cities, this subsidy is regressive. The reason is that only formal sector workers are eligible for this benefit while many low-income individuals work in the informal sector in Brazil. In addition, since this subsidy is paid by employers it is reasonable to expect compensating equilibrium effects in wages or unemployment. We present evidence that suggests that this may have occurred with wages. In contrast, Bogota and Buenos Aires have implemented demand side means-tested subsidies during the last decade. In these cases, criteria from the general welfare system are used to determine eligibility and both have been implemented using smartcard payment technology. We review the available information on the design, operation, and distributional outcomes for each case. This review provides useful information for policymakers interested in the design and implementation of targeted transit subsidies.
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Totten, Annette, Dana M. Womack, Marian S. McDonagh, Cynthia Davis-O’Reilly, Jessica C. Griffin, Ian Blazina, Sara Grusing, and Nancy Elder. Improving Rural Health Through Telehealth-Guided Provider-to-Provider Communication. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer254.
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Objectives. To assess the use, effectiveness, and implementation of telehealth-supported provider-to-provider communication and collaboration for the provision of healthcare services to rural populations and to inform a scientific workshop convened by the National Institutes of Health Office of Disease Prevention on October 12–14, 2021. Data sources. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of Ovid MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, Embase®, and Cochrane CENTRAL. We searched for articles published from January 1, 2015, to October 12, 2021, to identify data on use of rural provider-to-provider telehealth (Key Question 1) and the same databases for articles published January 1, 2010, to October 12, 2021, for studies of effectiveness and implementation (Key Questions 2 and 3) and to identify methodological weaknesses in the research (Key Question 4). Additional sources were identified through reference lists, stakeholder suggestions, and responses to a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Our methods followed the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Methods Guide (available at https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/cer-methods-guide/overview) and the PRISMA reporting guidelines. We used predefined criteria and dual review of abstracts and full-text articles to identify research results on (1) regional or national use, (2) effectiveness, (3) barriers and facilitators to implementation, and (4) methodological weakness in studies of provider-to-provider telehealth for rural populations. We assessed the risk of bias of the effectiveness studies using criteria specific to the different study designs and evaluated strength of evidence (SOE) for studies of similar telehealth interventions with similar outcomes. We categorized barriers and facilitators to implementation using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and summarized methodological weaknesses of studies. Results. We included 166 studies reported in 179 publications. Studies on the degree of uptake of provider-to-provider telehealth were limited to specific clinical uses (pharmacy, psychiatry, emergency care, and stroke management) in seven studies using national or regional surveys and claims data. They reported variability across States and regions, but increasing uptake over time. Ninety-seven studies (20 trials and 77 observational studies) evaluated the effectiveness of provider-to-provider telehealth in rural settings, finding that there may be similar rates of transfers and lengths of stay with telehealth for inpatient consultations; similar mortality rates for remote intensive care unit care; similar clinical outcomes and transfer rates for neonates; improvements in medication adherence and treatment response in outpatient care for depression; improvements in some clinical monitoring measures for diabetes with endocrinology or pharmacy outpatient consultations; similar mortality or time to treatment when used to support emergency assessment and management of stroke, heart attack, or chest pain at rural hospitals; and similar rates of appropriate versus inappropriate transfers of critical care and trauma patients with specialist telehealth consultations for rural emergency departments (SOE: low). Studies of telehealth for education and mentoring of rural healthcare providers may result in intended changes in provider behavior and increases in provider knowledge, confidence, and self-efficacy (SOE: low). Patient outcomes were not frequently reported for telehealth provider education, but two studies reported improvement (SOE: low). Evidence for telehealth interventions for other clinical uses and outcomes was insufficient. We identified 67 program evaluations and qualitative studies that identified barriers and facilitators to rural provider-to-provider telehealth. Success was linked to well-functioning technology; sufficient resources, including time, staff, leadership, and equipment; and adequate payment or reimbursement. Some considerations may be unique to implementation of provider-to-provider telehealth in rural areas. These include the need for consultants to better understand the rural context; regional initiatives that pool resources among rural organizations that may not be able to support telehealth individually; and programs that can support care for infrequent as well as frequent clinical situations in rural practices. An assessment of methodological weaknesses found that studies were limited by less rigorous study designs, small sample sizes, and lack of analyses that address risks for bias. A key weakness was that studies did not assess or attempt to adjust for the risk that temporal changes may impact the results in studies that compared outcomes before and after telehealth implementation. Conclusions. While the evidence base is limited, what is available suggests that telehealth supporting provider-to-provider communications and collaboration may be beneficial. Telehealth studies report better patient outcomes in some clinical scenarios (e.g., outpatient care for depression or diabetes, education/mentoring) where telehealth interventions increase access to expertise and high-quality care. In other applications (e.g., inpatient care, emergency care), telehealth results in patient outcomes that are similar to usual care, which may be interpreted as a benefit when the purpose of telehealth is to make equivalent services available locally to rural residents. Most barriers to implementation are common to practice change efforts. Methodological weaknesses stem from weaker study designs, such as before-after studies, and small numbers of participants. The rapid increase in the use of telehealth in response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is likely to produce more data and offer opportunities for more rigorous studies.
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Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.
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This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.
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Research Department - Balance of Payments - Obsolete Files - War Imports paid for in Australia - 1942 - 1945. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/14097.
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